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PROPERTIES of
BASIC-OXYGEN STEEL
Presented at the
NATIONAL MEETING ON STEEL
Published by the
AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING AND MATERIALS
1916 Race St., Philadelphia 3, Pa.
© 1965 by American Society for Testing and Materials
Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 65-22073
PAGE
Materials and Experimental Work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Results and Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Tensile Properties of A 20 l (Grade A) Steel . . . . . . . . . . 3
Tensile Properties of A 212 (Grade B) Steel . . . . . . . . . . 4
Creep and Creep-Rupture Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
ASTM A 201 Steel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
ASTM A 212 Steel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Summary of the Creep and Creep-Rupture Properties of
the Basi~ Oxygen ASTM A 20 l and A 212 Steels . . . 7
Metallographic Studies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Supplementary Testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Summary and Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1O
Tables 1 to 11 ................................. 11 to 18
Figures 1 to 23 ................................ 19 to 38
Appendix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
Tables 12 to 18 ................................ 41 to 44
Figures 24 to 42 ............................... 45 to 55
iii
Related ASTM Publications
iv
FOREWORD
This symposium was presented during the National Meeting on Steel
held in Mexico City, Mexico, Jan. 24-29, 1965, under the sponsorship
of Committee A-1 on Steel.
DS39A-EB/Jul. 1965
Elevated-Temperature Properties
of Basic-Oxygen Steel
BY c. E. SPAEDER, JR. 1
As shown in Table I, the four steels used in the investigation are within
the chemical composition limits required by the pertinent ASTM specifi-
cation. These steels were made by Kaiser Steel Corp. in accordance with
firebox-quality coarse-grain practice and were then processed to I-in.-
thick plate. One heat of each steel was produced by the basic-oxygen
process, and one heat of each steel was produced by the open-hearth
process. The 1-in.-thick plates were tested both in the hot-rolled condi-
tion and in the normalized ( 1625 F for I hr) and tempered ( 1150 F
for l hr) condition.
From the midthickness of the 1-in.-thick plate, standard longitudinal
tension specimens were machined from the basic-oxygen A 201 and
3 The Task Group comprised the following members: C. L. Kent (chairman), H. E.
Berger, J. E. Carney, G. T. Jones, J. R. LeCron, T. B. Linn, E. E. Powell, J. J. B.
Rutherford, and L. H. Wilson. In addition, J. S. Worth, P. W. Marshall, M. Korchynsky,
and R. F. Miller assisted the Task Group.
l The following companies participated in the investigation: The American Oil Co.,
Armco Steel Corp., Bethlehem Steel Co., Kaiser Steel Corp., Jones and Laughlin Steel
Corp., Republic Steel Corp., Sharon Steel Corp., and United States Steel Corp.
r. The italic numbers in brackets refer to the list of references appended to this paper.
Sl>AEDER ON ELEVATED-TEMPERATURE PROPERTIES 3
A 212 steels. Transverse tension specimens were also prepared for the
basic-oxygen A 212 steel. The room- and elevated-temperature tension
tests on the basic-oxygen A 201 and A 212 steels were. conducted at
75, 200, 400, 500, 600, 800, and 1000 F on 0.505-in.-diameter speci-
mens with a 2-in. gage length. For the open-hearth A 201 and. A 212
steels, the room- and elevated-temperature tension tests were conducted
at these temperatures but on 0.250-in.~diameter specimens with a 1-in.
gage length. Because elongation in i in. and reduction of area· obtained
on a 0.250-in.-diameter specimen are equivalent to the elongation in 2 in.
a'.nd reduction of area of 0.505-in.-diameter tension specimens, the elon-
gation and reduction-of-area values obtained for the basic-oxygen and
open-hearth steels can be readily compared [4]. The tension tests were
conducted in accordance with ASTM Recommended Practice for Short-
Time Elevated-Temperature Tension Tests of Materials (E 2·1-58 T).
Longitudinal creep and creep-rupture test specimens were also ma-
chined from the midthickness of the 1-in.-thick plate both in the hot-
rolled and in. the normalized and tempered conditions. The creep and
creep-rupture tests were conducted at 800, 900, and I 000 Fon 0.252-in.-
diameter specimens of the A 20 I steel and on either 0.357- cir 0.505-in.-
diameter specimens of the A 212 steel. Both tests were conducted in
accordance with Recommended Practice for Conducting Creep and Time
for Rupture Tension Tests of Materials (E 139-58 T).
Metallographic studies were conducted on the steels before and after
long-time creep and creep-rupture testing. The microstructures' were
examined after· being etched both in nital and picral reagents to reveal
.primarily the ferrite and the pearlite structure, respectively.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
per cent offset) and tensile strengths of the A 201 basic-oxygen and open-
hearth steels are presented in Fig. I for the hot-rolled condition and in
Fig. 2 for the normalized and tempered condition.
A comparison of the yield and tensile strengths for the basic-oxygen
A 20 I steel with the properties for the open-hearth A 20 I steel, Figs. 1
and 2, indicates that their tensile properties are about the same with the
exception ,that the yield strength of the hot-rolled open-hearth steel is
somewhat higher.than that of the basic-oxygen steel. Because of the scat-
ter in tensile properties observed for most steels, the difference in the
yield strength for the hot-rolled basic-oxygen and open-hearth A 201
steels is not significant.
As shown in Figs. 1 and 2, the tensile strength decreases first as the
test temperature is increased from room temperature to 200 F, then in-
creases to a maximum at 400 F, whereupon it decreases again with in-
creasing temperature. The maximum tensile strength usually observed in
the range 400 to 600 F is due to strain aging [6]. The temperature at
which the maximum tensile strength occurs for a particular steel depends
primarily on the strain rate during tension testing.
The yield-strength curves, Figs. I and 2, indicate that the yield strength
decreased with increasing temperature above 400 F. However, in the
range room temperatures to 400 F, the effect of temperature on the yield
strength was not consistent. This inconsistent behavior is probably as-
sociated with strain aging.
The effect of temperature on the elongation and reduction of area for
the two steels in the hot-rolled condition is shown in Fig. 3 and for both
steels in the normalized and tempered condition in Fig. 4. These prop-
erties of the basic-oxygen A 201 and open-hearth A 201 steels do not
differ significantly in the range 80 to I 000 F.
The elongation and reduction-of-area curves, Figs. 3 and 4, show
minima at about 400 F, that is, at the same temperature at which the
maximum in the tensile-strength curve occurs. For example, the elonga-
tion of the hot-rolled basic-oxygen A 20 I steel, Fig. 3, decreases from
42 per cent at 75 F to 22 per cent at 400 F. As the test temperature is
increased further the elongation increases to 52 per cent at 1000 F, the
highest test temperature.
ASTM A 201 Steel: The 800, 900, and 1000 F creep and creep-
rupture test data for the hot-rolled and for the normalized and tempered
A 201 steels made by the basic-oxygen process are shown in Tables 7 and
8 and are plotted in Fig. 9-12. The 1000-hr creep-rupture strength for
the hot-rolled A 201 steel at 800, 900, and 1000 Fare 29,000, 16,000,
and 9200 psi, respectively (Fig. 9). About the same properties were ex-
hibited by the normalized and tempered A 201 steel (Fig. 10); the 800,
6 ELEVATED-TEMPERATURE PROPERTIES OF BASIC-OXYGEN STEEL
.900, and 1000 F creep-rupture strengths are 30,000, 16,000, and 9000
psi, respectively.
Stress versus minimum creep-rate curves for the A 201 steel in the
hot-rolled condition and in the normalized and tempered condition are
shown in Figs. 11 and 12. For the 800, 900, and 1000 F, the stresses for
a· creep rate of 0.0001 per cent per hr for the hot-rolled •steel are 23,000,
6600, and 3700 psi, respectively, compared with 23,000, 8500, and
4600 psi for the normalized and tempered steel. Many of the strain-
versus-time curves from which the minimum creep rates were derived
exhibited changes in slope during second-stage creep [8]. These changes
· in slope. made it difficult to establish accurate minimum creep rates;
hence, the observed differences in creep strength for the hot·rolled and
for the normalized and tempered A 201 steels probably do not represent
true differences in.the creep strength of the steels.
The 1000 F creep and creep-rupture test data for six heats of A 201
. (Grade B) open-hearth steel are plotted along with the data obtained
on the A 201 basic-oxygen steel {Grade A) in the present investigation,
Fig. 13. The only difference :between the A 201 Grades A and B steels is
the .somewhat higher room-temperature yield and tensile strengths of
Grade B. The time-to-rupture and minimum creep data for the basic-
oxygen A 201 (Grade A) steel may be, therefore, compared with the data
fot the open-hearth A 201 (Grade B) steel. For both steelmaking proc-
esses the creep and creep-rupture data are within a single scatter band, an
indication that the creep and creep-rupture properties of the basic-oxygen
and open-hearth A 201 steels are the same at 1000 F.
ASTM A 212 Steel: The 800, 900, and 1000 F creep and creep-
. rupture test data for the hot-rolled and for the normalized and tempered
A.212 steel.are shown in Tables 9 and 10 and are plotted in Figs. 14-16.
For the hot-rolled steel, at 800, 900, and 1000 F, the 1000-hr creep-
rupture strengths are 37,000, 20,000, and 11,000 psi, respectively,
(Fig. 14), compared with 41 ;000, 25,000, and 1 1,000 psi, respectively,
for the nor:malized and tempered material (Fig. 15). For the same steel
made by the same process and heat-treated in the same way, the differ-
ences in cre.ep-rupture strength between the A 212 steel in the hot-rolled
and in the.. normalized and tempered conditions are not considered
. significant.
The stress versus minimum creep-rate curves. for the .A 212 steel in
the normalized and tempered and in the hot-rolled conditions, Fig. 16,
were derived from combined data for these conditions. The limited num-
ber of test points available made it impossible to accurately define a curve
when the data for each condition were plotted separately. The stresses for
a creep rate of 0.0001 per cent per hr for the hot-rolled and fot the
normalized and tempered A 212 steel at 800, 900, and 1000 F are
25,000, 10,000, and 4300 psi, respectively.
. A comparison between the 800, 900, and 1000 F creep-rupture test
data for the basic-oxygen and the open-hearth A 212 steels, Fig. 17,
reveals a single scatterband for both steelmaking practices. ·
SPAEDER ON ELEVATED-TEMPERATlJR,E P~OPERTIES 7
Metallographic Studies:
The microstructure of the hot-rolled A 20 I steel before and after creep-
rupture testing are shown in Figs. 19 and 20. The photomicrographs
shown in Fig. 19 were obtained on samples that were etched in picral
reagent, and those in Fig. 20 were obtained on the same samples after
being repolished and etched in nital reagent.
The initial microstructure of the steel consisted of ferrite and pearlite,
Fig. 19a. After long-time testing (4478.1 hr) at 800 F, Fig. 19b, some
of the fine detail in the pearlite lamella is lo!;t because of some agglomera-
tion of the carbide platelets. The microstructure after 900 F (3663.1 hr)
testing, Fig. I 9c, is similar to the 800 F microstructure except that ag-
glomeration has progressed to much greater extent than at 800 F. After
long-time testing at I 000 F ( 3816 hr). Fig. I 9d, spheroidization and
graphitization have occurred. The formation of graphite [9] in carbon
steel of similar carbon content has been observed previously at 1000 F.
The same microstructures are shown in Figs. 20a, h, c, and d but
etched with nital reagent; these photomicrographs show the development
of a substructure in the ferrite after long-time testing at 800, 900, and
1000 F. The formation 1101 of a substructure is often observed after
creep-rupture testing and is due to dislocation climb during high-tem-
perature deformation.
The microstructures of the normalized and tempered A 20 I steel before
and after long-time creep-rupture testing at 800, 900. and 1000 F, Figs.
2 la, b, c, and d, were about the same as those of the hot-rolled material.
Microstructural studies were conducied on the hot-rolled and normal-
ized and tempered .A 212 steel, Figs. 22 and 23. As was true for the
A 201 steel, the microstructure of the steel before exposure consisted of
. ferrite and pearlite, Figs. 22a and 23a. Some of the ferrite is present in
a Widmanstatten pattern. For the hot-rolled material, long-time exposure
8 ELEVATED-TEMPERATURE PROPERTIES OF BASIC-OXYGEN STEEL
at 800 F (2878.8 hr) and 900 F 876 hr) resulted in some agglomera-
tion of the earbides in the pearlite, Figs. 22b and c. As would be expeeted,
the tendency for agglomeration was mueh greater at 900 F than at 800 F.
After long-time testing of the hot-rolled matei-ial at 1000 F ( 1354.5 hr),
Fig. 22d, appreeiable agglomeration had oeeurred. However, eompared
with the hot-rolled material, the extent of the agglomeration is mueh less
for the normalized and tempered material after 4500 hr at 800, 900,
and 1000 F, Figs. 23b, c, and d. The differenee in the tendeney to ag-
glomerate is due to the large differenee in the amount of deformation
that oeeurred during ereep and ereep-rupture testing. The normalized
and tempered A 212 steel speeimens were tested for longer times but at
relatively low stresses resulting in little deformation (these tests were
designed to obtain ereep data only), whereas the hot-rolled steel speei-
mens were tested at stresses resulting in rupture. Beeause deformation
aeeelerates mierostruetural ehanges, more aggkimeration of the hot-rolled
A 212 steel is exp,:cted.
As was true fm the A 201 steel. by rcpolishing and etehing these A 212
steel specimens in nital reagent, a substrueture was observed in the hot-
rolled speeimens after long-time testing at 800, 900, and !000 F. As
would be expeeted, because of the small amount of deformation that
oeeurred during the ereep tests, no substrueture was deteeted in the
normalized and tempered A 212 steel.
A eomparison of the microstructures of the A 20 I and A 212 steels
after long-time exposure indieates that the ehanges in mierostrueture were
greater for the A 20 I steel. For example, despite the higher earbon
eon tent ( 0.29 per eent) of the A 212 steel eompared with that ( 0.15 per
eent) of the A 20 I steel, no graphite was formed in the A 212 steel. The
ditferenees in the mierostruetural ehanges may be the result of the differ-
enees in the exposure eondition for the A 212 steel. As was already
mentioned, the hot-rolled A 20 I steel was tested for longer times than the
hot-rolled A 212 steel. Although the exposure times were similar for the
normalized and tempered material, the A 20 I steel was tested under high
stresses that resulted in extensive deformation, whereas speeimens of the
A 212 steel were tested under low stresses, and, eonsequently, the amount
of deformation was very small.
Supplementary Testing:
The Appendix shows the results of supplementary tests eondueted by
Kaiser Steel Corp. on the basie-oxygen and open-hearth A 20 I and A 212
steels used in the investigation of the elevated-temperature properties of
these steels. The results presented in the Appendix may be summarized
as follows:
I. The longitudinal and transverse room-temperature tensile prop-
erties of the basie-oxygen and open-hearth A 20 I and A 212 steels in the
hot-rolled and in the normalized and tempered eonditions are shown in
Tables 12 and 13. These results show that the steels investigated exhibit
the tensile properties required by the pertinent ASTM speeifieations. A
SPAEDER ON ELEVATED-TEMPERATURE PROPERTIES 9
comparison of the tensile properties of the two steels made by the basic-
oxygen process with those of the open-hearth steels indicates that the
tensile properties are essentially the same.
2. The results of standard longitudinal and transverse Charpy V-notch
impact tests conducted in the range - I 0 to I I 0 F are shown graphically
in Figs. 24-39. From the curves presented in these figures showing the
effect of test temperature on the energy absorbed and the per cent shear
fracture, the transition temperatures at the 15 ft-lb energy absorption
level and at 50 per cent shear fracture were obtained. These transition
temperatures are shown in Table 14 for the A 201 steel and in Table 15
for the A 212 steel. A comparison of the transition temperatures for the
basic-oxygen with the open-hearth A 201 and A2 I 2 steels in the hot-
rolled condition and in the normalized and tempered condition indicates
that the transition temperatures generally are not markedly affected by the
steelmaking process. The generally lower transition temperatures of these
steels in the normalized and tempered condition compared with the hot-
rolled condition are a result of the smaller grain size of the normalized
and tempered material.
3. The results of ferrite and austenite grain-size measurements for the
A 20 I and A 212 basic-oxygen and open-hearth steels, Table 16, are
typical for these steels made in accordance with coarse-grain practice.
The ferrite-grain size of the hot-rolled A 201 and A 212 steels is larger
than that of the steels in the normalized and tempered condition. The
differences in grain size for the two conditions are due to grain refinement
that occurred when these steels were normalized.
4. The results of tension and impact tests on the hot-rolled basic-
oxygen and open-hearth A 201 and A 212 steels that had been strain-
aged are shown in Table 17. The strain-aging treatment consisted of
elongating the steel 10 per cent at room temperature and aging the steel
at 450 F for 2 hr. A comparison of the tension and impact test results
indicates that the strain-aging characteristics of the steels made by the
basic-oxygen or open-hearth process are about the same.
5. The results of welding-qualification tests conducted in accordance
with the procedures outlined by the American Soc. Mechanical Engrs.
(ASME) Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, Section IX, Welding Qualifi-
cations, are shown in Table 18. The results of macroetch, tension, and
bend tests on plates welded by the manual shielded-metal arc process with
American Welding Soc. (AWS) E7018 electrodes indicate that the per-
formance of such a weld in the basic-oxygen A 201 and A 212 steels is
satisfactory by the ASME standards and equivalent to that customarily
observed with these steels made by the open-hearth process.
6. The results of homogeneity and bend tests conducted in accordance
with ASTM General Requirements for the Delivery of Rolled Steel
Plates of Flange and Firebox Qualities (A 20-63T) indicate that the
material met all the qualification requirements set forth by this specifica-
tion. The results of the homogeneity and bend tests are shown in
Figs. 40-42.
10 ELEVATED-TEMPERATURE PROPERTIES OF BASIC-OXYGEN STEEL
REFERENCES
Steelmaking c Mn p s Si Cu Ni Cr y :\fo Al N
Heat Steel Process
LADLF, A:'<.U.YHES
:JI0-1;';3. A :!01 ba~ic oxygPn u J:l () .51 0 007 u () ]\) () ]\) () .07
-l:!S:l5. A :WI open h0arth 0. ].! () 5-1 u UUfl u .0:!5 U. ]\) u 07
:!IJ\)!);l\). A:!!:! basic· oxygen 0 2x () 7S 0 Ul(j 0.01-1 u :!5 u ())';
SS2-l-1 ,\ 212 O(H'n hPart h 0 :!(; u .rn o.umi 0.025 u :!:! u us
('HF.I'!< ..\.S:\l.Y~ES
----·---
.'ll-!O.i:l. A 201 lm~i<' oxygPn 0. 15 u .51 () oos u 02:! u ]\) 0. ];j fl. 0 I u 010 u 005 () UO;i () ()().'i () 00·1
-12X:J5. A 201 op1•n hearth 0 15 u 50 U Oil u u;i I u ]\) 0.07 U UI 0 02X u 005 () oo:; () ()().'> () 007
20\)!)39. A 212 hasic oxygen 0 :!9 u SU 0.009 () 016 u 25 0 1:2 0 Ul U Oil () 005 () ()();j II 110.; () IJ()(i
XX:!H A 212 open hearth u 2!) u .7X U O!X () 027 u .23 u 07 0.02 0 0:!7 0 005 () OU;i () ()(),; () 0(17
° Fin·hox-quality st1'el.
N
tTl
r
tT1
<
TABLE 2-LONGITVDI'.'.'AL ROOM- AND ELEVATED-TEMPERATl:RE TE~RILE PROPERTIER REPORTED BY THI•, >-
...,
AMERICAN OIL co. FOR ARTM A 201 RTEEL (GRADE A) MADE BY THE BARIC'-OXYGE'.'.' J'ROC'E:-::-:, HEAT :nu4,j3, tT1
t;'
....,
Test Yield Strength Yield Strength Tensile Elongation Redurtion of Modulus of
F.lnstieity,
Temperature, F 0.01 % Offset, psi 0.2% Offset, psi Strength, psi in 2 in., per cent Area, per cent
millions of psi
tT1
::::
"O
HOT-ROLLED CONDITION tT1
HOT-ROLLED CONDITION
75 ................ 32 600 60 100 38 65
200 ................ 33 300 58 900 24 64
400 ................ 33 300 77 400 22 51
500 ................ 32 800 74 000 28 51
600 ................ 29 800 68 100 33 61
800 ................ 29 500 48 500 40 73
1000 ................ 21 100 30 300 51 70
HoT-R,OLLED CONDITION
75 ........ ' 40 400 87 500 30 53
200 ................ :38 300 81 800 27 53
400 ................ 44 300 92 500 18 38
500 ................ 45 600 95 700 14 30
600 ................ 43 200 94 800 21 30
800 ................ 39 400 76 800 27 63
1000 ................ 31 600 49 900 2,8 66
HOT-ROLLED CONDITION
75 ................ 43 900 86 800 29 50
200 ................ 41 800 81 700 26 51
400 ................ 44 100 90 800 17 36
500 ................ 44 000 92 800 13 32
600 ................ 43 500 93 800 22 30
800 ................ 40 1)00 76 400 25 60
1000 ................ 32 300 48 700 27 61
HoT-RoLLED CONDITION
75 ................ 39 100 78 000 29 58
200 ................ 36 300 74 200 26 57
400 ................ 39 200 88 100 17 37
500 ................ 42 900 91 000 20 33
600 ................ 37 400 83 600 27 43
800 ................ 34 300 65 100 29 64
1000 ................ 27 800 41 600 28 49
NOTE-The steel was normalized at 1625 F for I hr and then temperrd at 1150 F
for l hr.
16 ELEVATED-TEMPERATURE PROPERTIES OF BASIC-OXYGEN STEEL
Te•I 8tresR,
Time to Elongation Herluction Minimum
TempP.rature, psl Ruh~ure, in 1.5 in., of Areit, Creep Rate,
F per cent per cent per cent per hr
Elongation in 2 in.
a
NOTE-The American Oil Co. tesb were conducted on 0.505-in.-dinmeter specimens,
and the Bethlehem Steel Co. tests were conducted on 0.357-in.-dianwter Hpccimens.
SPAEDER ON ELEVATED-TEMPERATURE PROPERTIES 17
a These creep tests were discontinued after test times between 2000 and 4500 hr.
• The creep results were obtained by conducting the creep tests at a stress of 20,000
psi for 2500 hr and then increasing the stress to 25,000 psi for 2000 hr.
' The creep results were obtained hy conducting the creep tests at a stress of 10,000
psi for 2500 hr and then increasing the stress to 13,000 psi for 2000 hr.
NoTE-1. The time in parenthesis indic>ites the approximate duration of the
creep tests.
2. The steel was normalized at 1625 F for 1 hr and then tempered at
1150 F for 1 hr.
3. The creep tests were conducted on 0.505-in.-riiameter specimens, and
the creep-rupture tests wrrf> conducted on 0.357-in.-diameter specimens.
-
00
TABLE 11-A SUMMARY OF THE CREEP- AND CREEP-RUPTURE PROPERTIES OF ASTM A 201 AND A 212 STEELS
MADE BY THE BASIC-OXYGEN PROCESS.
HOT-ROLLED CONDITION
951-----+----+-----1 o---o OPEN-HEARTH STEEL
o--a BASIC-OXYGEN STEEL
65
en STRENGTH
....
vi 55
CJ)
LL.I
a::
I-
CJ)
45
15......~~--~~~.._~~-'-~~~"'-~~......~~~.._~~-'
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200
TEST TEMPERATURE, F
~ 55t-~~-+-~~~t-~~-+-~~r-+-~~-+~~~+-~~-i
w
a::
I-
C/)
15 ......~~......~~~._~~......~~~..._~~.......~~~......~~.....
0 200 400 600 1200
TEST TEMPERATURE, F
FIG. 2-Effect of testing temperature on the longitudinal yield and tensile
strengths of normalized and tempered ASTM A 201 steel produced by the basic-
oxygen and open-hearth processes.
SPAEDER ON ELEVATED-TEMPERATURE PROPERTIES 21
...
'E 70
i:
Q.
z ~R
0 50
a-- .,~
~
C>
z
g
0
o~
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.,,IJ
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11.1 30
'o~l~o-
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'E
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~8---=::o0
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oolllc8:!!o.
ct
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z HOT-ROLL.ED CONDITION
0 O•••O OPEN-HEARTH STEEL
i=
u o-o BASIC-OXYGEN STEEL
5 30
~
10
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200
TEST TEMPERATURE, F
FIG. 3-Effect of testing temperature on the longitudinal elongation and reduc-
tion of area of hot-rolled A 201 steel made by the basic-oxygen and open-hearth
processes.
22 ELEVATED-TEMPERATURE PROPERTIES OF BASIC-OXYGEN STEEL
..
c 70
..
~
z
0
~
0.
50
o ~7---o
/I
~ 0 ~
C>
z
g ~
o o"
.,,,,.,., ,,
LLJ 30 ~ 0o..., ri/o,'
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~8 0,...,.,.
~ o/o"
<[
LLJ
a: ... , ..... 0.,,,,.,.
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z NORMALIZED AND TEMPERED CONDITION
0 o---o OPEN-HEARTH STEEL
j::
u
o - o BASIC-OXYGEN STEEL
5
LLJ
30
a:
10
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200
TEST TEMPERATURE ,F
FIG. 4-Effect of testing temperature on the longitudinal elongation and reduc-
tion of area of normalized and tempered A 201 steel produced by the basic-oxygen
and open-hearth processes.
SPAEDER ON ELEVATED-TEMPERATURE PROPERTIES 23
HOT-ROLLED CONDITION
o---o OPEN-HEARTH STEEL
c - c BASIC-OXYGEN STEEL
75
I/I TENSILE STRENGTH
"'
ui 65
VI
u.I
Q:
I-
VI
55
TEST TEMPERATURE, F
.....
in
(/)
60
WJ
0::
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YIELD STRENGTH
o~ / 1 0 . 2 PERCENT OFFSET) \ 0
40
~--o~l I
\I
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'
, __ ...., I
30
c
.. 70
..
~
a.
HOT- ROLLED CONDITION
o--o OPEN-HEARTH STEEL
o - o BASIC-OXYGEN STEEL
~ 50
~
(!)
z
g
w 30
-s..::::::s o---g-==s
~ ,,"'1----
~"'B-<:o/o
0
10
c.. 70
..
~
a.
cf
w
Q:
~ 50
o--o
o-0~ .. .~
,.~,
·1 ' ',
-1
0
"B~o')v
0
z
0
j::::
u
5 30 o-o
w
Q:
10
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200
TEST TEMPERATURE, F
Fm. 7-Effec.t of testing temperature on the longitudinal elongation and reduc-
tion of area of hot-rolled A 212 steel made by the basic-oxygen and open-hearth
processes.
26 ELEVATED-TEMPERATURE PROPERTIES OF BASIC-OXYGEN STEEL
c.. 70
.
z
u
~
NORMALIZED AND TEMPERED CONDITION
o---o OPEN-HEARTH STEEL
c - c BASIC-OXYGEN STEEL
I
0 50
~ I
"z
0
__o,~c
,-9
_J
30 A-
'-8~ ,u:,..- ---~-
LL.I
... -.;;; , c
,o/
co'-.c
10
c
c
...~ ~)
<I:
LL.I
a:
70
o--g
c - ...
-~ .. o~
.,;-;g
,--;
~ 50 ~o ~,I,
0
z
0
,-.. 0/0
c,c
t
5 30
LL.I
a:
10
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200
TEST TEMPERATURE, F
100
0
0
0
.,___
- ...........
.... ·~
-ru-
~q-- ___F
.... 1000
,__
.,;
4
..."'
l! 3,( .........__
"' 20
--.,, t - -
--
~
--
900 F
•0
-Q~ 800 F
--L
0
0
-
10 !O 40 100 200 400 1000 2000 4000 I0,000 20,000 40j)OO
TlllE TO RUPTURE, houn
FIG. 9-Stress \ ersus time to rupture for hot-rolled ASTM A 201 steel made by
the basic-oxygen process.
00
30
--- - ---
20
"'"-
10 IOlOF - -
-
.
... 5
I
-- ~
:i 30 a.,__
..."'a:
-
20
--.:...~ 900 F
"' -..:
10
--~
50
.. '·
20 - -~if --
10
2 3 10 20 30 50 100 200 300 500 1000 2000 5000 10,000 20,000 50,000
Tl llE TO RUPTURE, houn
FIG. 10-Stress versus time to rupture for normalized and tempered ASTM
A 201 steel made by the basic oxygen process.
28 ELEVATED-TEMPERATURE PROPERTIES OF BASIC-OXYGEN STEEL
100
eo
40
20
---"
.
...
10
6
i.o.- 1.2.--
~~ n,ooor
.,;
----
1~
; 4 J..--0"
...
'" 20
l,....-o- !--1 - 1
I 900 F
-~
10 ~
FIG. 11-Stress versus minimum creep rate for hot-rolled ASTM A 201 steel
made by the basic-oxygen process.
100
40
20
10 -
L - -i - - ~
f-lloo'oF
:: 6
- 4 ~t:----
- a.- !..--
~ -
:;; 20
---' I - -
i-
r-r~
10
!O
.
20 --- ----- laob F
10 ''
0.00001 0.llOOI 0.001 0.01 0.1
lllNlllUll CREEP RATE, puc1nt per houri
FIG. 12-Stress versus minimum creep rate for normalized and tempered ASTM
A 201 steel made by the basic-oxygen process.
00 ,_
-
,.._
OPEN HEARTH DATA(HOT-ROLLEDAN:>STRESS-REUEVEO'
- 0
SHEET PAGE
~ ~ STP PRACTICE
2
I 37
37
GRAIN
l8o COARSE
180 COARSE
,_ D
{;. 3 37 180 COARSE
STRESS VERSUS TIME TO RUPTURE
0 4 37 180 FINE
30 v 5 38 180 FINE
0 6 39 180 FINE
20 .-0\r 0-
____.J!i. e -HOT-ROLLED BASIC-OXYGEN STEEL (US STEEL CORP:
· • - NORMALIZED AND TEMPERED BASIC-OXYGEN STEEL
Iii ea Ol>V (US STEEL CORP)
a•....2.V_o__ I I I
10 ,_
,_ - ~~~ I
....
<Ii
Ul
5
,_
I I I I I I I I I I
I I 11
a•
I
I
!f_
--
tr.
I 11 I
~F
I ll1'"T-
UJ 10 IOO 1000 1opoo
a:
1- - TIME TO RUPTURE, hows
Ul
20
I
0
v
{;. v L 0
-..
D
10
-- 0
0
0 ~ • 0
0 {;.
--
- 012--~-- IOOOF
- {;.
a_i--- I
5 •
~
• STRESS VERSUS MINIMUM CREEP RATE
3
• v v
0 0
2
I I I I I I I I 11 I
I I 11 I I 11 I I I I 11
0.0001 0.001 QOI 0.1
MINIMUM CREEP RATE, percent per hour
FIG. 13-Comparison of creep and creep-rupture test data for ASTM A 201 steel made by the open-hearth and basic-oxygen processes.
30 ELEVATED-TEMPERATURE PROPERTIES OF BASIC-OXYGEN STEEL
00
30
......._
·;
.~
.,;
....
a:
20
6
-
- r - - b-
-t--
·u
~
rlOOO F
-.... - -- ....
---
D
~
0
--aa - - ~D_ 900 F
20
I
~ - ... ·----
-
50
30
-r-o.
-- - _r81XJ F
20
10
--~
--
2 3 10 20 30 50 100 200 300 500 IOOO 2000 5000 10,000 30,000 ioopoo
TlllE TO RUPTURE, houn
Fm. 14-Stress versus time to rupture for hot-rolled ASTM A 212 steel made
by the basic-oxygen process.
00
50
-
2
~ ...._
- t--- 1-4
1--c" - 1000 F
·;;;
...
I
6
-~--..;-;;-.i
---
-
30
20 -------.J -- I 900F
10
70 ,.
5
3 ------ --- 800 F
20
10
2 3 10 20 30 50 100 200 500 IOOO 2000 5000 10,000
TlllE TO RUPTURE, hours
Fm. 15-Stress versus time to rupture for normalized and tempered ASTM
A 212 steel made by the basic-oxygen process.
SPAEDER ON ELEVATED-TEMPERATURE PROPERTlES 31
100
I I I
0 HOT-ROLLED
40 a HOT-ROLLED
*
0 HOT-ROLLED
NORMALIZED AND TEMPERED
--
20
NORMALIZED ANO TEMPERED
+NORllALI ZED AND TEMPERED - I
.
~
10
QF
:i o-'15! ~
... 4
.....
a:
20
-a i
I
-~ ~ rt;"o F
10
5
:50 1'
I
20 t-o ~ Y 1eooF
10
4 I
ODOOOOI 0.00001 00001 0.001 J.01 0.1
MINIMUM CREEP RATE, ptrconl ptr ~our
FIG. 16-Stress versus minimum creep rate for normalized and tempered and
for hot-rolled ASTM A 212 steel made by the basic-oxygen process.
100
-- OPEN-HEARTH DATA,(WORTH PAPER)'
I
- O COOE B, HOT-ROLLED AND STRESS-RELIEVED
- D CODE B, NORMALIZED AND TEMPERED
50 0 COOE C, NORMALIZEO ANO TEMPERED
-
-· I I
BASIC-OXYGEN STEEL•
- .------
30 - .6 HOT-ROLLED (BETHLEHEM STEEL CO)
'9 NORMALIZED AND TEMPERED (BETHLEHEM STEEL CO)
D 0 ~ ...._.._
20 D t HOT-ROLLED (AMERICAN OIL CO)
~ r--,.
~I--
~
IO 0
10 1-- ~
~i?;OOOF
~
~
D
1--
.: 30
50
....
... ••
---- r-4. r-a-
----- h
__
--
-~
.;,; ~
~ - ,'A
"'
II! 20
....
"'
., 900 F - D
10
....
~
r---
11.__1 •
~
,..__
50 • ~ *'--l ~
--> A
=-
30 STRESS VERSUS TIME TO RUPTURE
~2
0 ., - 800 F
20
I I 0 I I I I I
10 ' ' ' I I I I I
I 2 3 5 10 20 30 50 100 200 300 500 IOOO 2000 3000 5000 1opoo 20,000
TIME TO RUPTURE, houra
Fm. 17--Comparison of creep-rupture test data for ASTM A 212 steel made by the open-hearth and basic-oxygen processes.
100 ~
'- I I I I I
~
STRESS VERSUS MINIMUM CREEP RATE
~
50
'-
30
. teo6F
20
10
i 6 0 •> 0
60
<>-
~
- •
__..!. ......--
0
D
0
"
OPEN-HEARTH DATA,(WDRTH PAPER):
CODE A, NORMALIZED AND TEMPERED
CODE B, HOT-ROLLED AND STRESS-RELIEVED - -
- l
- 0 0 CODE C, NORMALIZED AND TEMPERED
...... - 6 CODE D, NORMALIZED AND TEMPERED'
BASIC-OXYGEN STEEL:
ui50
"'a:
.... I-
I
• HOT-ROLLED, (AMERICAN OIL CO) I
! • NORMALIZED AND TEllPERED,(BETHLEHEM STEEL CO)
lii 30
- - b::-ci:F
-.- c--r
20
·~e- ~ ~ l
D
--- ---
DD
10 D-11
'-
'-
D
D ~6
0666
~kF
'- I~
5 0
0
.Iii....-·
60 0
3 -
6 0
2
FIG. 18--Comparison of creep-test data for ASTM A 212 steel made by the open-hearth and basic-oxygen processes.
34 ELEVATED-TEMPERATURE PROPERTIES Ol' BASIC-OXYGEN STEEL
1-:~~
\ • 9'•
. .....
b
\
--
,/
.- ,\
,.
c \ ~·)
d
{1.1) Prior 10 testing, hot· rolled condition.
(b) After rupturing in 44 78.1 hr at 800 F, s!rcss-25,000 psi.
(c) After rupruring in 3663.l hr at 900 F, stres~-13,000 psi.
(d) After rupturing in 3816 hr ~t 1000 F, s\rcss-7000 psi.
,
-
_..,..-
'-
d
r" I-~·
\,.
d'
. '·
(a) Prior to testing, normalized and tempered condition.
(b) After rupturing in 3900 hr a1 800 F, stress-25,000 psi.
(c) After rupturing in 4740.7 hr at 900 F, stre""-12,000 psi.
(d) After rupturing in 3989.6 hr at 1000 F, slress-7000 psi.
Fm. 21-Microstructure of normalized and tempered basic-oxygen A 201 steel
before and after long· time creep· rupture testing at 800, 900, and 1000 F ( X500),
picral reagent.
St> AEDER ON Et.EVA1' ED- TE l\I PER 1\ TUR E PRO l'E It Tl ES 37
-. '
.
: .t~':,a, ::: . .
• Ji~ .....
APPENDIX'
1
Data reported by Kaiser Steel Corp.
SPAEDER ON ELEVATED-TEMPERATURE PROPERTIES 41
HoT-RoLLED CoND1T10N
hasi<' oxygen longitudinal :rn 800 61 700
transver~c 30 500 61 300
open hearth longitudinal ;31 000 61 800
trans\·erse :rn 500 61 800
HoT-RoLLED CoNDITlON
209939. basic- oxygen longitudinal 42 300 83 800 28
transverse 42 500 87 600 26
88244. open hearth longitudinal 44 800 83 800 27
transverse 41 400 87 300 27
Transition Temperature, F
Heat Steelmaking Orientation
Process t;O Per Cent
15 ft--lb Shear
HoT-Rm.1.ED Co:-io1T10N
310453. batiic oxygen longitudinal 35 90
trans,·erse 40 ... a
aln8Ufficif'nt data.
N OTE-1. Tho"e re8ult• are baHed on impact tests on Charm· V-not<·h specimen•.
2. The •teclR were normalized ut 1625 F for I hr and then tempered at
1150 F for 1 hr.
HoT-Rm.1.ED CoNDITION
209939. basic oxygen longitudinal HO
HoT-ROLLED CoNDITION
310453 .. A 201 basic oxygen 4 to 5 3 to 5
42835 .... . A 201 open hearth 4 to 5 3 to 5
209939 ... . A 212 basic oxygen 5 to 6 2 to 5
88244 .. . A 212 open hearth 5 to 6 3 to 5
NoTE-These tests were eondueted on hot-rolled steel that wa• st.raine<l 10 pPr cent
and then agrd at 450 F for 2 hr.
44 ELEVATED-TEMPERATURE PROPERTIES OF BASIC-OXYGEN STEEL
IOO
80
c..
60 ~
.-
u
""a::::::>
I-
u
..."'
a::
a::
20 "'~
Ill
90 100 110
TEMPERATURE. F
TEMPERATURE. F
FIG. 25-Etfect of test temperature on the longitudinal Charpy V-notch impact
properties of hot-rolled open-hearth A 201 steel.
46 ELEVATED-TEMPERATURE PROPERTIES OF BASIC-OXYGEN STEEL
IOO
0
80
... .
c
;:'
c 30ll----l----+---+----+----+---~'-------l---l--------I 60
.
u
~
Cl.
...m ...a::
a:: ::i
I-
5l
m 2('»_ __..._ __ u
<t 40 ~
LL
>-
C) a::
...z
a::
...<t
... Or
"'
30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110
TEMPERATURE. F
35 I40
'
/
(
v I 20
25 IOO
...c:
..
I\ ~v~
0
:!:!
I EINERGY AiSORBED l:!
;: , Cl.
~- 0 80 ...!§-
!/V l-
I
"'
o ~
___)-/ 1 SHEAR FRACT~CI
I I
LL
a::
...::c
<t
1~ Cl- 40 U)
,,....ccI_.....
00
Cl CCI
5
r -~ -~ ! 20
k-_.
D?D--110..--- I I
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
TEMPERATURE, F
120....--......--....,.----.---..---...---....---......- -.......----.120
0
.....
Q.
UJ
a-----+----+-----<60 ~
1-
u
<I
a:
---t-----,-+-----t---1-------140 a::
<I
UJ
:I:
IJ)
--:;!:-:::;,,,C.:-cii:l"":::..._--''f---+---+---+---+-.:;__.,_-+------120
-10 0 20 30 40 50 60 10- BO
TEMPERATURE, F
.0
'
-10 0 10 20 30 40 60 80
TEMPERATURE. F
60li-----.---......- -......--....,....--...,..--.......----.---..----.1120
-10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
TEMPERATURE, F
5()'--....,..--....,..--....,.--....,.--....,.--....,.--....,.--....,.---,100
""'
-10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
TEMPERATURE, F
30 120
25 100
I
0
""7 20 L----'-----1----1---~0~-----'i------h..C---+---+---~
c
80 ~
I
:: ENERGY ABSORBED 0 O;
0.
Q
UJ UJ
ID
a:: 15 60 g;
0 I-
u
"'
ID
<I
<I
a::
0 IL
>- 10 40 a::
"a::
UJ
<I
UJ
z J:
UJ
5 20 "'
,_,,.poo_ -000-
0 o-aco-
30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120
TEMPERATURE, F
25
20
.Q
.
c
='
..
u
~
z 5 DDD 20 ~
<I
C/I
"' D
000-0' 0-
30 4.0 50. 70 80 90 100 110 120
TEMPERATURE, F
I 0
---:::,,,..,__ _., 100
0
.Q
c
7 l!O t--~+----+------'T----'-----OC•.:;oooo--- 80 ~
..
----t----1
~
c.
_,gpm
c _ c c o _ -000-0~
DD
50 100
0
4or----+----+---+----+----+--~t----+----r--~----j8o
0
I
D
.
c
u
a::
<(
LIJ
..-"'---1----1 io :r
"'
30 40 80
TEMPERATURE, F
-10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
TEMPERATURE. F
30
25
LU LU
m -----11----+----+-----lf-----l60a:
a: 15
0 ~
Ill u
m
C[ ~
i..
>-
C) 10 ----l---+----+---·--l---+----140 a:
a: C[
LU LU
z J:
LU 0 SHEAR FRACTURE Ill
20
-10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
TEMPERATURE. F
FIG. 38-Effect of test temperature on the transverse Charpy V-notch impact
properties of normalized and tempered basic-oxygen A 212 steel.
0
2~r------1r---t----+------t-----t----t------'t--:;;;JJ~oor----t100
&
-10 0 10 20 30 40 ~o 60 70 80
TEMPERATURE,F
l
(a) Basic.oxygen A 201 ~1ecL
(b) Open-hearth A 201 stceL
(c) Basic oxygen A 212 s1eeL
(d) Open-heanh A 212 sieel.
F1G, 40---Results of homogeneity tests on hot· rolled basic- ox::gen and open-
hearth ASTt\J A 20 I and A 212 steels.
54 ELEVATED-TEMPERATURE PROPERTIES OF BASIC-OXYGEN STEEL