ASME PTC 3.3 - W (1979) Gaseous Fuels

COPYRIGHT American Society of Mechanical Engineers
Licensed by Information Handling Services

ASME P T C * 3 - 3 b 9 W 0 7 5 9 b 7 0 0053474 4 W
PERFORMANCE
Gaseous
TEST
CODES

Licensed by Information Handling Services 标准分享网 www.bzfxw.com 免费下载
ASMEp~P'TC*3 3~-b9W -075qb70 0053495 b W
(The Standard Methods published and copyrighted by The American

Society of Testing and Materials cue reproduced with their
permission.)
Library of Congress Card Catalog No. 68-59099
Copyright, 1969 by
The American Society of Mechanical Engineers
Printed in the United States of America

ASME P T C m 3 . 3 67 0757670 0053496 B
FOREWORD
The edition of the ASME P e r f o r m a n c e T e s t C o d e s i s s u e d i n 1915 didnotcontain a TestCodefor
Fuels. When,however,itwasdecidedtorevisethisseries of t e s t c o d e s , t h e s t a n d i n g C o m m i t t e e o n
P e r f o r m a n c eT e s tC o d e sw a so r g a n i z e d .I t ,i nt u r n ,a s s i g n e dt o a committee of e x p e r t st h et a s k of
formulating Test Codes for Solid Fuels, Liquid Fuels, and Gaseous Fuels,
When the Test C o d e f o r G a s e o u s F u e l s h a d p a s s e d t h r o u g h t h e p r e l i m i n a r y s t a g e s i n t h e p r o c e d u r e
prescribed by thestandingcommittee,notification of thisfactappearedintheMarch, 1941 i s s u eo f
h!echanica¿ Engineering. The standingcommittee at i t sD e c e m b e r 3, 1943meetingapprovedtheTest
Code for Gaseous Fuels in its finally revised form. It was then approved and adopted by the Council as
a standard practice of the Society on April 24, 1944.
In 1958, PTC Committee No. 3.3 on F u e l s w a s r e o r g a n i z e d a n d i n s t r u c t e d b y t h e s t a n d i n g c o m m i t t e e
to revise the 1944 version of t h e T e s t C o d e f o r G a s e o u s F u e l s . I n t h e p r e p a r a t i o n of t h i s r e v i s i o n PTC
ｗｗｗ．ｂｚｆｘｗ．ｃｏｍ
Committee No. 3.3 has worked in close cooperation with ASTM Committees D-2 on Petroleum Products
and Lubricants and D-3 on Gaseous Fuels. It should be noted that certain of t h e ASTM p r o c e d u r e s h a v e
b e e n a d o p t e d a s s t a n d a r d s i n t h e n e w T e s t C o d e for G a s e o u s F u e l s .
This Code was approved by the Performance Test Codes Committee on June 14, 1968. It was approved
and adopted by the ASME C o u n c i l a s a s t a n d a r d p r a c t i c e of the Society by action of t h e P o l i c y B o a r d ,
Codes and Standards, on September 25, 1968.
The members of PTC Committee No. 3.3 w i s ht or e c o r dw i t hs i n c e r ea p p r e c i a t i o nt h ei m p o r t a n t
service rendered in the development of this revised Code by their late Chairman, Mr. Martin A. Mayers.
A member of the Committee since 1945, he s e r v e d a s i t s C h a i r m a n f r o m 1 9 5 8 u n t i l his untimely death on
March 5, 1964.
iii

PERSONNEL OF PERFORMANCE TEST CODE
COMMITTEE NO..3.3 ON FUELS
Edward D. McOwan, Chairman
Alhert F. Cascioli, Engineer (ret,), Consolidated Edison Company of New York, Inc., 4 Irving Place, New York,
New York 10003; representative of ASTM Committee D-3 on Gaseous Fuels.
J. R. Eaton, Jr., Chief Engineer, Systems Engineering, Texas Gas Transmission Corporation, P. O. ßox 1160,
Owensboro, Kentucky 42301
Martin A. Elliott, Academic Vice President, Illinois Institute of Technology, IIT Center, Chicago, Illinois 60616.
Frederic G, Ely, Rummel Road, Paris, Ohio 44669; formerly Consultant, Bahcock & Wilcox Research Center, The
Bahcock & Wilcox Company, Alliance, Ohio.
A. L. Jordan, Mechanical Engineer (ret.), Engineering Division, Ehasco Services Incorporated,
2 Rector Street,
New York, New York 10006.
Martin A. klayers, formerly Manager of Research, American Society o f Heating, Refrigerating and Air-conditioning
Engineers, Inc., United Engineering Center, New York, New York ( d e c e a s e d March 5, 1964).
Edward D. hlcowan, Production Engineer (ret.), Consolidated Edison Company of New York, 4 Irving Place,
New York, New York 10003.
N. Nacovsky, Division Chemist (ret.), Consolidated Edison Company of New York, Inc., 4 Irving Place, New York,
New York 10003.
Abbott A. Putnam, Division Consultant, Mechanical Engineering Department, Battelle Memorial Institute, 505 King
Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43201.
Louis Shnidman, Superintendent (ret.), Gas Production Department, Rochester Gas and Electric Corporation,
89 East Avenue, Rochester, New York 14604.
Harold 111. Smith, Research Scientist (ret.), U.S. Bureau of Mines, Bartlesville Petroleum Research Center, Post
Office Box 1321, Bartlesville, Oklahoma 74303; representative of ASTìvI Committee D-2 on Petroleum Products
and Lubricants.

ASME P T C * 3 - 3 b 7 E 0757b70 0053478 1 W
P e r s o n n e l of Performance Test Codes Committee
F. H. Light, Chairman
J. W. Murdock, Vice-Chairman
J. H. Anderson J. H. Fernandes W. T. Moore

Theodore Baumeister F. K. Fischer W. C. Osborne
H. S, Bean L. J. Hooper W. A. Pollock
K. C. Cotton T. J. Judge J. H. Potter
R. C. Dannettel R. C, King, Jr. C. B. Scharp
J. M.
Driscoll E. L. Knoedler H. C. Schweikar
M. D. Engle R , T. Mathews J. F. Sebald
v. F. Estcourt W. G . McLean J. C.Westcott
vi

TABLEOFCONTENTS
Page
ObjectandScope ...................................................................................................................................1
Definitions ....1.1.....1.1111.,(.(1(1(11....1.11..1.,...,,..,..... ..,,,1.1.11.1.1.11.1111.1.111...(....1..11.(,....,...,~...,...,... .l..l,l.l.,l.l..,.. 1
SamplingGaseous Fuels ...1.11....11.....1...1.1....111..1.).1....~~~~.~.~.~.,..,,.~...~,,,.,,,.,.,...,,.,.,.,..,.,~...,..,,,,.,.,,,,,.,,,, 2
ScopeandGeneralConsiderations ,.,,.,,.,.,.,,,, ............................................................................ 3
Termi.no1ot-g .....,..,,,.........1.1.......1.1.1.....1.))1..11.1.1111.1..,.,.,,..,.,., ..l.ll..l..lll.l,l.....I ,,.,;,,. ......................... 3
Natural Gas, Standard Method of Sampling (ASTM Designation D-1145-53 with minor
changes) .... . ...,. ..... . . . ..
,, ,,,,,,,,,,,, , . ..... ...
,., , ,, , ,,,,,,,,,.:,, , ,..,,,,, ,, , , , . , I I , , ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,.,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ,,. 3
.#, ..
Liquefied Petroleum Gases, Standard Method of Sampling (ASTM Designation D-1265-55 10
Manufactured Gas, Standard Method of Sampling (ASTM Designation D-1247-54.
Apparatus for taking continuous sample revised. ASTM s e c t i o n 9 r e p l a c e d b y
reference to ASME P T C 27.) ,.....,.,.,..,,.....1......1.1111.(..111,.,.,,,,,,,.,,,,,,..,.,,,,,,.,.,..,.,,,,,,.,,,.,,,,,,, 12
Measurement. Standard Method for Gaseous Fuel Samples (ASTM Designation D-1071-55.
Rotary Displacement Meters omitted and section 24 formula units revised) ..,,o...,.,,1 18
V o l u m e t r iAc n a l y s ioFsfu eGl a s e s I.I.I..II.,II.I.I,I.II..I.II....I.I........II.. ,,...,,........,. ...l.,,,.l.,,..,.l, 27
Volumetric-Chemical Method, Standard Method for .Analysis of Natural Gas by the -
(ASTM DesignationD-1136-53) ...l.l,l,l,....111...1....)111(11.1...,.......,,..,.,~,,......,.,~..,,,,..,,,.,,,,,,.,,~ 28
OtherAnalyticalMethods ..111..11...1....1.1..........r........~...,.,,..,,,.,,,....,,,.,.......,,,.,..,,~.~,..,...,.,,,.......,.,.31
Chromatography, Standard Method for Analysis of Natural Gas by -(ASTM Designation
0-1945-64) ........1.1.,...1..1.11.11..(.(1..1.1.1.,..,,,.....,,.~~~.~.,..,,.,.,....,.,.,..,....,....,....,~,.,,.,,.,,.,...,.,.,..,,.,, 31
Water Vapor Content
Water Vapor Content of Gaseous Fuels by Measurement of Dew-Point Temperature,
Standard Method of Test for -(ASTM Designation D-1142-63. Section 5c a n d
T a b l e s II and III omitted.) ......11.1.11..1.11.....1))11.1..11.1.....,...,........,.,,......,,,....,,,,,.....,.,....,,.,...., 40
Water Dew-Point Temperature Of Gas, Simplified Method of Measurement ........................ 43
Oil Dew-Point Temperature of Gas, Method of Measurement .,,.,.,................................................. 43
Sulfur Content of Fuel Gases
Total Sulfur in Fuel Gases, Standard Method of Test for-(ASTM Designation D-1072-56) 44
Hydrogen Sulfide in Gas, Method of Test for 1..1.1.1....1...11....11..1.1...1.1.(..1,.....~.,,....,,....,,,.,,,..,,,..47
Calorific Value of G a s e o u s F u e l s
Water Flow Calorimeter, Standard Method of T e s t f o r C a l o r i f i c V a l u e o f G a s e o u s F u e l s
by - (ASTM DesignationD-900-55) .................................................................................. 49
High-Heat Value of Gases in the Natural Gas Range .11.1.1111,.1..1,,,,).1.111.1.1111..,,,,,...,,,,,,,,,,.,.,,, 80
Continuous Recording Calorimeter, Standard Method of T e s t f o r C a l o r i f i c Va1u.e of
Gases in the Natural Gas Range by - (ASTM Designation D-1826-64) ...................... 80
Physical Properties of Gases -
Specific Gravity ..,.,...,..l......l..l.lll.l.lI ..,.,........,...,. .II..III.II.I.... ,,,,.,.I...I....,,I.III.I I ,,...,...., ...,.. .,, .,.,.,,,, 87
Specific Gravity of G a s e o u s F u e l s , M e t h o d s o f T e s t f o r - ( a d a p t e d from ASTM
DesignationD-1070-63) .11...11.1.1111.1..1.11.11..1.1.1...1111.,.,.,.,.,,,,,...,.,,,,.,....,,,...,.,...,...,.,,..,.....,,,., 88
Principles of Other Methods for Determining Specific Gravity .............................................. 96
Compressibility ..................................... ......,................................................................................ 97
Stoichiometric Calculations .......................... ...............,.................................................................... 97
L i s t of Illustrations 1.1.11....1....11..1.1(1.11..1..11.1..1.....,,.,.,.,,,...,.,,...,,,..,,...,., ,...,..,.,... . .....,,.,
,.,......,,,.. ,.,.,,.,,. 103
L i s t o f T a b l e s .....1.111..1.11.1.....1.11..11.11)1..1..~,~.,,.,.,..,.,,~.~,.~...~,.,~..~...,,.,.,.~....,,.,...,.,..,...~.,...,,....,,,..,.,,,,..,,., 104
Bibliography 1.1.........11....1..1.111..1...1...1...,..,,.,...,..,,...,,,.,.....,,......,,,,,...,...,.,,,,..,,,..,..,..,,,,....,.....,..,.,.,,,.,,,, 104
vii

ASME P T C x 3 . 3 h4 a% 0757670 0053500 b E
ASME PERFORMANCE TEST CODE

FOR GASEOUS FUELS
Object and Scope include natural gas, liquefied petro- tively high concentration of hydro-
The Test Code for Gaseous Fuels is leum gases, and mixtures of these gen sulfide.
intended primarilyto specify standard with air or inert components. (e) Natural Gas is a combustible gas
methods for determining those chemical (b) Gas mixtures containing significant found in natural underground reser-
and physical properties of gaseous fuels concentrations of combustible con- voirs. Methane is usually the major
that are required in tests of equipment stituents other than, or in addition constituent, with ethane, propane,
using such fuels as a source of energy for to hydrocarbons, as well as inerts and higher molecular-weight hydro-
generating heat or power. in concentrations less than 50 per carbons present in concentrations
Insofar as possible, appropriate stand- cent by volume. Such gases include decreasing as the molecular weight
ard methods published by TheAmerican coke oven or oil gas. increases. Some natural gases also
Society for TestingandMaterials are (c) High-inert gases containing 50 per contain small quantities of nitrogen,
specified for the determination of these cent or more by volume of inert carbon dioxide, hydrogen sulfide and
properties, and the essential information constitutents. Such gases include other sulfur compounds, and helium.
blast furnace gas and producer gas. (f) Liqtdefied PetroleunzGas ( L P G ) is
from these methods is reproduced in
this
Code. When such ASTM a fuel which is liquid under condi-
methods are not available, the Code Definitions tions of storage a t elevated pressure,
outlines suitable methods. Generally, and is vaporized for use as a fuel.
Gaseous Fzcel is a mixture of combus-
the methods and procedures specifíed tibles with or without inerts in It usually is a propane-propylene
which each
may be applied at the location of the mixture or a butane-propylene mix-
power or heat generating equipment to component is present as a superheated or ture, and sometimes is a mixture of
be tested. In exceptional cases, how- saturated vapor under the conditions of all these hydrocarbons.
ever, the necessity of usingfixed, handling and use.
(g) Manztfactured Gas is a gaseous fuel
specialized apparatus in the methods (a) Dry Gasis a gas containing no water
specifiedherein, may dictate the resulting as either the principal
vapor.
necessity of transportingsamples to (b) Moist Gas is gas containing water product or one of theimportant
the location of that apparatus. products from the processing of
vapor. The gas is said to be “satu-
The methods and procedures included solid or liquid fuels a t gasification
rated” when the water vapor in the
in the Code are limited to the following temperatures. The common manu-
mixture exerts a partial pressure
general areas: (a) sampling, (b) chem- factured gases are:
equal to the absolute pressure of
ical composition, (c) moisture content, saturated water vapor a t the speci- (1) Coke Oven Gas, a mixture of
(d) dust content, (e) calorific values, fied temperature. This condition gases produced in the carbon-
(f) specific gravity, (g) calculation of ization of coal,
exists at thewater dew point of the
physical properties from chemicalcom- (2) Producer Gas, a high-inert gas
gas.
position, and (h) stoichiometric calcula- (c) W e t Gas is a gas containing concen- of low calorific value resurting
tions from chemical composition. trations of the more readily con- from the incomplete combus-
For
purposes of thisCode, densable hydrocarbons high enough tion of coal or coke by air, or
gaseous fuels areclassified as follows: so that condensation occurs under by air and steam, at high tem-
(a) Gases in which hydrocarbons are the perature in the gas producer,
the conditions of handling and use.
only fuel components. Such gases (d) S o w Gas is a gas containing rela- (3 ) Blue Gas or Water Gas, the

E . 0 7 5 7 6 7 0 0053503 4
~
m
ASME PERFORMANCE TEST CODES
fuel gas obtained by the endo- a pressure of 29.921 in. Hg (at from the methods standardized
thermicreaction of steam in 32OF) and a temperature of by that Society.
one portion of a cyclic process, 68OF, with the gas saturated at (d) When gas measurements are
with coke heated during the that temperature with water reported under conditions other
other portion of the process by vapor. W h enno t otherwise than those standardized by the
its combustion with air. qualified, the term Standard ASME, theparticular condi-
(4) Carbureted Water Gas, water Conditions will be considered tions used shall be clearly
gas enriched with gaseous prod- to refer to these. stated.
ucts of higher calorificvalue re- (b) Other codemaking and com-
sulting from the thermal crack- mercial agencies frequently use Sampling Gaseous Fuels
ing of liquid hydrocarbon fuels. other standard conditions for Procedures in sampling gases vary de-
(5) Oil Gas, a high Btu fuel gas reporting gas quantities. In re- pending on the class of gas to be sampled
obtained by the thermal crack- porting quantities of gaseous and the conditions under which it is sup-
ing of liquid hydrocarbon fuels, fuel used by power equipment, plied. In general, hydrocarbon gases are
used as a substitute for natural it will usually be found advan- to be sampled by the Standard Method
gas. tageous to quotethe results of Sampling Natural Gases, ASTM Des-
(6) Reformed Gas or Catalytic Gas, under the standard conditions ignation D 1145-53, or by the Standard
a gas. produced to desired defined for sale of the gas used. Method of Sampling Liquified Petroleum
specifications by the treatment Accordingly, several other sets Gases, ASTM Designation D 1265-55.
of hydrocarbon fuels passed of commonlyusedconditions Gas Mixtures containing combustibles
through a fuelbedor a cata- are defined in Table 1. The last other than hydrocarbon gases and high-
lytic bed. column of the tabulation gives inert gases are usually to be sampled by
(7) Blast Furnace Gas, a high-inert the factor by which the results the Standard Method of Sampling
gas of low calorific value pro- measured under the defined Manufactured Gas, ASTM Designation
duced as a by-product of the conditions must be multiplied D 1247-54.
reduction of iron ore inthe to reducethem to the ASME
blast furnace. Standard.
(8) RefineryGas, is a mixture of (c) Of special interest are the con- CAUTION: A x intportatttprecautionto be
gases produced as a by-product ditions adopted by the Ameri- observed in tmts of fuel gases is the proper dis-
canSocietyfor Testingand position of t h e gas flowing frottt the satnpling
in the refining ot petroleum. or analyticalequipment. I t is essential that
Refinery gas may consist Materials, because the proce- suchoff-gas beproperlyflared or otherwise
predominantly of hydro- dures given inthisCode safely vented, to eliminate any danger of fire,
carbons or it may contain are, for the most part, adopted explosion, or poìsonozrs concentrations.
substantial proportions of
hydrogen. When the crude be-
TABLE 1. STANDARDCONDITIONSUSED FORMEASUREMENT OF GASES
ing refined has high sulfur con-
tent, hydrogen sulfide may be a Multiplying Factor
Absolute
Defining Tempera- Moisture Convert to Volume
significant constituent. Agency Pressure ture ContentConditions to ASME
(h) Cubic Foot of Gas is the usual meas- ASME 29.921 in. Hg* 68°F Saturated 1 .o000
Ureof gas quantity. I t is, of course, ASTM D 1071-55 30. in. Hg* 60°F Saturated 1.0240
Scientific Laboratories 760 mm Hg* 0°C Dry 1.O985
definite only whenthe conditions of Gas Industry 30. in. Dry
Hg* 60°F 1.0418
measurement are established. When I "Mercury at 32°F) under standard gravity of32.2 ft/seca
theseconditions are standardized,
The general equation for converting gas volume from Condition (1) to Condition (2)
a cubic foot of gas, measured under of NOTE:temperature, pressure, and vapor content is:
the standard conditions, may be re-
ferred to as a Standard Cztbic Foot.
(i) StandardConditions are variously
defined by different organizations. where V = Volume of gas mixture, including water vapor if present ...................................... CU f t
P = Absolute total pressure = (barometer + gage) .................................................... in. Hg
(a) The AmericanSociety of Me- T = Absolute temperature (460 + 1) ............................................ :........ ................................. R
chanical Engineershas adoptedl t = Fahrenheit temperature ........................................................................................................ F
p = Partial pressure of water vapor (See Fig. 59) ........................................................ in. Hg
IASME Performance Test Code on Defini- For dry gas p = O
tions and Values, PTC 2-1945.

r ASME P T C * 3 * 3 b 9 M O759670 0053502 T
GASEOUS FUELS
Scope and General Considerations quently from the container to the point are recommended. These quantities will
I n the three ASTM Standard Methods of use. Accountmust be taken of the pos- normally suffice for two tests, an original
mentioned above, some of the introduc- sible constituents in the gas, whether it and a check:
tory comments are common to two or may contain only hydrocarbons and inert For chemical analysis ...... 1000 CU cm
more of them, These are, therefore, gases such as nitrogen and carbon diox- For specific gravity with bal-
statedseparately in the following and ide or whether hydrogen sulfide, mercap- ance type instruments .... 1.0 CU ft
are omitted from the textof the Standard tans, or other sulfur contaminants may For heating value
Methods subsequently reproduced. be present. Consideration must be given determination ................ 3 to 5 CU ft
Scope. These mehodscover the pro- to the effect of changes of temperature For superexpansibility
cedures for securing representative sam- and pressure on the components of the tests .......... 10 CU ft, approximately
ples of gas and correlate the size or type fuel gas. Should suspensoids, such as oil,
of sample with the analysis to be done fog, or dust be present, the gas flow pat- Terminology
subsequently on that sample. tern in the gas main relative to the sam- (a) SamplingProbe. The sampling
Getzeral Considerations. In collecting pling connection andthe gas sampling probe is that portion of the sampling.line
samples of gas, consideration must be rate become important. The object is to attached to and possibly extending into
given to the purposes forwhich the obtain a representative gas sample be- the pipe or vessel containing the gas to
samples are to be used and the conditions cause any subsequent analysis, regardless be sampled.
under which they must be secured. Con- of the care and accuracy in making any (b) Sampling Line. The sampling line
sideration must also be given to the such analytical test, is useless unless a is that portion of a flexible or semirigid
volume of sample required for the pur- representative sample has been obtained. tubing or piping- used for conducting the
"
pose intended; to the size,design, and V o l t m e lof Sample Reqzkred. Volume sample from the sampling probe t i the
material of containers; and to the size, of sample required depends both upon sampling container.
length, and material of which the sam- the analyses to be made and the appara- (c) SalltpleContainer. The sample
pling line and auxiliary equipment are tus to be used. In general, the following container is the vessel in which the gas
constructed to convey gas from the source minimum volumes of samples, including sample is collected, stored, retained, and
of supply into the container and subse- volume needed forpurging the apparatus, transported to the analytical equipment.
Standard Method nf
SAMPLING NATURAL GAS
ASTM Designation: D 1145-53
Approved as USA Standard 277.4-1955
(Minor changes made. Omitted satnpling at wells to determine gasoline and condensibles.
Revised section for collecting average samples in portable containers.)
Scope mainly in degree, ratherthan in kind, considered as an average sample. Aver-

1. ( a ) This method of sampling covers ( A S T M Sections í ( b ) through 5 not age samples also may be obtained by a
the procedures for the sampling of included.) continuous collection method. This may
natural gas, containing different gases as be done by continuous sampling direct
Outline of Method to a recording or indicating analytical
contaminants such as: (1) natural gases instrument or collecting a continuous
containing primarily hydrocarbons and 6. (u) The method in its broadest sample in .a portable container over a
nitrogen, (2) natural gases containing sense is a means of suitably conducting 24-hr. period (or other desired time),
hydrogen sulfide, or organic sulfur com- a flow of gas from the sampling source
intoa properly purged container (or (b) The purging of sampling probe,
pounds, or other sulfur contaminants,
containers) and obtaining thereby a sampling line, and sample container
( 3 ) natural gas containing carbon diox- representative sample of natural gas. may be done either by the gas to be
ide. Theseare treated separateIy and To do so may require the taking of grab, sampled (air displacement) or by water
special precautions stated whenneces- spot, or snap samples. A series of grab displacement, or by application of
sary. The differences in procedure are samples, taken consecutively, maybe vacuum.

I ~ 9l’ = I
141-1 S A M P L I N GT U B E
ZINC. METAL COPPER OR OTHER

OF GLASS.
B
GLASSBOTTLE
I 9‘ 4
I ,
C
HORIZONTAL STEEL CYLINDER
E F G H
HORIZONTAL
STEEL
CYLINDER
E, F AND G W E LSDTC
EED
YELLI N DSEERASM LSETSESE L
CYLINDERFORHIGH
PRESSURESAMPLING
FJG.l.-Garr Sample Containers.
(c) Generally, natural gas is under conditions, water-cooled probes of special may be used for sampling lines when the
sufficient pressure to purge and fill the construction may be required.’ gas pressure is low, (For special sampling
container without the use of additional (a) SumpZing Lines may be made of of gasescontaining sulfur compounds, see
means; however, in instances where this 9 or +in, iron pipe; & to &in. outside Section lo.)
is not the case, some mechanical means diameter copper, brass, or alurmnum
must be provided (see Section 7 (4) tubing; or &in. high-pressure hose (Note NOTEl.-If rubber is used, it should be used
to a minimum extent and should be a product
( d ) The choice of the type of sample 1). Largersizes maybe used if conditions that will not react with the sampleand that has
(“spot” or “continuous”), the method require them, Regardless of the size and low permeabilitycharacteristics,Various types
of purging, thetype of container, and length of the sampling line, flow and of flexibleplastictubingmaybesuperior to
the choice of any auxiliary pressure time of purge should be sufficiently rubberfor this service.Rubbershould not be
equipment, if necessary, will be dictated rapid to ensure that an ‘äccurate and considered for anything but lowpressure condi-
tions.
by the analysis or analyses to be run on fresh sample is obtained from the
the sample, by thetype of gas tobe supply source, In general, sampling (c) Sample Containers shall be gas-
sampled, and by the existing equipment lines should be as short and as small in tightand easily handled for sampling
available. diameter as practicable to decrease and delivering the sample to thetest
purging time and contained volume. I n apparatus.They shall be of adequate
Apparatus the case of a continuous sampling line size and shall be made of material that
7. (a) Sampling Connection.- direct from the source or supply to will not react with the sample (Note 2).
Threaded or welded pipe connections of analytical apparatus,the above char- The size of the container may vary from
# or +-in. diameter pipe to the side of the acteristics are especially desirable to 250 CU. cm. to several cublc teet. It IS
vessel containing the gas are satisfactory. permit a rapid change of sample so that usually made of iron, steel, or glass, but
If wall condensation may be present, the the test instrument may followclosely it may be made of any metal or alloy
sampling probe should be extended any change composition
in of the sufficiently strongand gastight. (For
some distance into the vessel. A distance supply. Glass, quartz, or porcelain tubing special sampling of gases containing
of one sixth of the diameter of the vessel IV. Altieri “Gan Aadynis and Testing of G**OUS
hydrogen suEdeand organic sulfur,
has been found satisfactory. For unusual Materiai&” Am. b a s Asna., PP. 1679. see Section 10.) The design andtype

ASME P T C m 3 . 3 h7 W -0759670 0053504 3 W
GASEOUS FUELS
of container may take any number of

forms,such as bottles, cans, tubes,
cylinders,
or tanks which may be
sealed with stopcocks,valves,corks,or
rubber clips. If the sample is to be
shipped under pressure, the vessel must A
RUBBER BULB HAND PUMP
comply with the requirements of, and
beapproved by, theInterstate Com-
merceCommission. Except for small TUBE
samples for gas analysis, it is preferable
to sample natural gas without the useof CHECK VALVES
confining liquids, such as water or water
solutions of various chemicals. Water or
mercury may beused to force the sample
out of the container into the test appara- PAIL
tus,Types of sample containers are
illustrated in Fig. 1.
NOTE2.-The confining fluid should not react B C
with the container or the sample. HAND
PUMP DISPLACING CONFINING LIQUID
(d) Azcxiliary Presswe Eqtcipmm!.- FIG.2.-Apparatus for Inducing or Forcing Gas FIow.
In instances where the pressure of the
natural gas is not sufficient to purge and
fill the container the following equipment
is generally employed: (1) a rubber bulb
equipped with valves at each end-one
for suction and one for pressure, (2) a
R
hand pump equipped withdouble-acting
valves,or (3) displacing of a confining
liquid in two containers such as water ""
""-
""
""
"
_"
"
-- - - - - -
"-
or mercury.Theseitems are shown in
Fig. 2. """"-
""""
(e) Shipfiftg Tags or Stickers.-To

properly identify and describe all samples
they should be markedfor identification
and proper handling by the analyst. A
sticker or a shipping tag attached to the
containershould include the following
information: 1 2
Sample taken where,

Sample taken from whatline,
Sample taken by,
Date of sampling,
Time of sampling,
Kind of gas, and
Remarks. i -"""
'
"""_I
" ""-
"""
"""
"""
Procedures for Sampling Natural Gases

Containing Primarily Hydrocarbons
and Nitrogen ~"""l-l/
8. (u) For collecting small samples in
low-pressure sample containers for analy-
sis of chemical constituents the following
procedures are recommended:
(1) In the cases where glass bottles
are used as sample containers, blow 3 4
out the gas line thoroughly until no

ASME P T C 8 3 . 3 b 7 W 0 7 5 9 b 7 0 , 0 0 5 3 5 0 5
r GAS SAMPLE (4) Whenusing the method em-

ploying sampling containers with
valves or stopcocks on each end (dis-
placement of water or air), blow out
the line thoroughly until no dead
gas remains. Stretch rubber tubing
over a 3 or *-in.pipe connection made
a t this place, and leave a small stream
of gas flowing through the tubing in
order to make certain that no air will
get into the sample from an outside
source. Completely fill the sampling
container with water by holding it
z
vertically and allpwing water to flow
FIG.4.-Steps in Taking a Sample by Water Displacement in a Sample Container. in through the bottom valve until it
dead gas remains. Stretch rubber 1/41 WELDERSRUBBER HOSE

tubing over a or &-in.pipe connection
made at this place, and leave a small
stream of gas flowing through the
tubing in order to make certain that
no air will get into the sample from an
outside source. Displace the air in the
small-necked quart glass bottleby
immersing it in a bucket of water.
This can best be done by standing the
bottle on the bottom of the bucket in
an upright position and allowing the
water to flow into the mouth of the
bottleuntil it is entirely filled (Fig.
3 (I)). Then, without C Y L I N D Etaking
S
RT E H
ELA N the
DPUMP
MAIN GAS
bottle out of the water, invert it so
that the mouth will be towards the Fio. 6.-Apparatus for Collecting a Sample in a Steel Container Under Pressure, Either Direct
from Gas Main or Using a Hand Pump.
bottom of the bucket (Fig. 3 (2)). Do
not remove the bottle from under the
water until the sample of gas has been (2) If no bubble of air can be seen ovedlows from the top valve, making
collected and it has been firmly in the bottle after having inverted it, sure that all airhas been displaced
stoppered. allow. the gas to bubble slowlyfrom and close both valves (Fig. 4 (I)).
r the rubber hose into it while in this Attach the rubber hose through which
e GAS TO S A M P L E gas is slowly flowing to the top valve,
position (Fig, 3 ( 3 ) ) . The rate of flow
should be such that it will take about open the valve, andthen open the
1 min. to displace all of the water in bottom valve, emptying the water
thebottle, Allow the gas to bubble into a bucket or on the ground as i t
into the bottle 2 min, longer. flows from the container (Fig. 4 (2)).
(3) After the gas has displaced all Regulate the flow so that ittakes about
water, have a nonporous, high quality 1 min, to displace all water, close the
cork stopper ready asthe flexible bottom valve, and then close the top
tubing is withdrawn. As the tubing valve.
leaves the mouth, the bottleshould be (5) For air displacement follow
immediately and tightly closed. Wire the procedure outlined above up to
or clamp the cork in place and if not the point of actually filling the cyl-
I AIR OUT
to be used immediately seal.with paraf- inder. While holding the'sample con-
t fin or wax, Dry the bottle and attach tainer vertically, attachthe rubber
FIG.5.-Collection of a Sample by Air Displace- a t once the identification tag, properly tube through which. the gas is flowing-
ment from a Sample Container. filled out. tothe top valve (Fig. S), open this

ASME P T C * 3 - 3 b 9 - . m . 0 7 5 9 b 7 00 0 5 3 5 0 6
GASEOUS FUELS
30 sec. The temperature of the gas .in

the line should be determined. Ground
temperatures at line level will serve if
the gas pressure has notbeen com-
b pressed or reduced nearby,
( d ) After the samples have been shut

..
II il in and thevalves plugged, the containers
II II should be checked for leaks and moved
II II
II II to the laboratory promptly. To minimize
r1 II condensationwithin the sample con-
II II
II II tainer, the tanksshould bekept as warm
II II at all times as the line temperature a t
II
GAS MAIN
II II which they were filled. This precaution
II canbe neglected if the weather and
II II II
II laboratorytemperatures are above the
II II temperature of the gas supply from which
LJ L1
L L L the samples were taken.
FIG,7.-Apparatus for Collecting a Gas Sample Under Pressure in Several Steel Containers.
Procedures for ObtainingRepresenta-
tive Average Samples
valve, andthen open thebottom atmospheric pressure. Repeat the fill-
9. Average samples consist of samples
valve. Allow the gas to flowdown taken over a designated period of time,
ing. and emptying of the container
through the sampling container at a eight to ten times. Then fill the tank froma few minutes to several hours,
rapid rate displacing all air. Continue representing the average composition of
tothe desired pressure, close both the gas over a given time at a particular
to let the gas flow at least 2 min., or
valves and the regulating valve, displace. Where the gas composition may
until it is certain that all air has been
connect the fitting, and mark the varyand a sufficient number of grab
displaced. A flowof gasequivalent container.
to ten times the volume. of the sam- samples cannot be obtained for use as an
(2) If it is necessary to collect large average sample€ora given period.of time,
pling container will usually suffice.
samplessuch as for the determina- the following procedures . are recom-
(b) For collecting relatively large tion of gas law deviations or for mended for securing a representative
samples in high pressure sample con- analysis by fractionation, several sample:
tainers for the determination of heating sample containers mayhave tobe (uj Forcontinuoussamplingdirect
value, specific gravity, and analysis the filled, This can best be accomplished to a recording or indicating analytical
following procedure is recommended: by a manifolding system that will instrument, small-diameter copper, iron,
(1) Attach &in. high-pressure hose, permit taking the several samples or aluminum sampling lines as short as
copper tubing, or iron pipe tothe simultaneously (Fig. 7). This ensures possible are most satisfactory. The line
point of sampling. Blow the gas thesame composition of gas a t the shouldbe of such size as to permit a
throughthissampling line until no same pressure and temperature in all complete change of sample in. the
deadgas remains. Attachtheoutlet tanks, and the several tanks give an sampling line in 15 min. or less. If this
end of the sampling line to the adequatesupply of gas at a high cannotbe done, aportion of the gas
sample container, as shown in Fig, 6, pressure for each test run. Satis- should be bled fromthe line and burned
if gas pressure is sufficient to fil! the factorysamples are best ensured by or returned to another line, or a circu-
tank to the desired pressure, or to the filling the sample containers slowly. lating pump should be installed in the
suction side of the handpump and After several (eight to ten) fillings at sampling line to ensure rapid change of
with anotherline from pressure side of low pressure, say to 100 psi., to ensure gas in it.
pump to container if the pressure is purgedtanks, thetanks should be
too low-also showninFig. 6 . Open brought up to pressure slowly. (ASTM Section 9 ( b ) replaced 6y the
inlet andoutletvalves on the con- (c) Samplesfromgas lines shall be following.)
tainer. Open the valve on-the sample taken from vertical
a connection overthe ( b ) For collecting average samples in
line, controlling rate of flow as de- center of the line, if possible, so that portable containers three procedures
sired. Fill the container to the desired trapped condensables arenotdrawn using apparatus as shown in Figs. 8, 9,
pressure by closing theoutlet valve into the sample line. To ensure the re- and 10 are recommended: (1) A method
and regulating the valve on the moval of any condensables, the connec- forcollecting an average sample, dry,
sample lhe. Empty thetank- to about tion should. be blown a t full flow for under pressure, is illustrated in Fig. 8.

ASME P T C m 3 - 3 .6 9 - W 0757670 0053507 9 W
filled with water and with the rate of

VALVE OPEN SUFFICIENTLY
sampling controlled by the rate of dis-.
TOPERMITCHANGE OF charge of water from the tank. A con-
CYLINDER
CONTENT
OPE
VALVE stant rate of gas collection is obtained
ED PERIOD
as thewater i n passing through the float
valve controlledchamber is maintained
at a fixed head upstream of the needle
c ORIFICE O F PROPER
SIZE MAYBE USED
valve or if desired a fixed orifice.
I N THIS LINE
Sampling Natural Gas Containing Hy-
II drogenSulfide, or Organic Sulfur
II
II Compounds or
Other Sulfur Con-
II taminants
II 10. It is advisable to sample natural
II gas containing hydrogen sulfide, or
II
II organic sulfur, or both, directly from the
II II source, such as a naturalgas well head or
II gas line, into the test apparatus through
II a minimum length of either aluminum or
II CYLINDER FILLED glass tubing joined with rubber sleeves
II NlTH GAS FROM
II àAS LINE AT LINE
with the ends of the tubing
butted *’.
GAS LINE II together so that no rubber is exposed to
DRESSURE
II the flowing gas. If this cannot be done,
II
dry glass containers andthe displace-
II ment of air method may be used to
II
II collect the samples. Sampling lines and
II sample containers made of iron, steel,
II copper, or brass must not be used as the
II sulfur will combine with these materials,
II causing a decrease in the sulfur content
II of the sample. Water must not be used
as a confining liquid in the container as
LJ it will dissolve a portion of the gaseous
sulfides and possibly other sulfur com-
FIG.&-Arrangement of Apparatus for Collecting an Average Sample, Dry, Under Pressure.
The cylinder is first filled with gas from
.2
the supply line under pressure and the
rate of sampling controlled by a valve or
orifice in the outlet line. ( 2 ) A method
of collecting an average sample over
water is shown in Fig. 9. When starting
with a sample container, such as the gas
holder illustrated, it is necessary to.ad-
just the pressure regulator and orifice ORlFlCE O F
size to permit continuous flow of gas into
the holder to completely fillit in the time
desired. Purge the sample line and holder 1
thoroughly with the gas being sampled, ”“
then start the sampling period with the ””-
holder either completely filledwith water,

or with the smallsection of the holder ”“”
crown sheet, which may extend above

the water, filled with the same gas as it
is intended to sample. (3) A method for 10 CU, FT, GASCONTAINER
collecting an average sample by water O F 1.LIFT HOLDER
TYPE ,
displacement isshown in Fig. 10. The FIG.9.-Arrangement of Apparatus Employing a Gas Holder for Collecting an Average Sample
Over Water.
sampling is started with the container
8

GASEOUS FUELS
#AS PRESSURE RLOULATOR

ANO ORIFACL YAY BC WC0
T
In rnlo LIML IC 01SlREO
I \
GA8 8AYPLINO LINE
W t t D L L VALVE NEEDLE VALVE

OUTLET
DiL
WATER FLOW INTO TANK

REOULbTEO WITH THIO
VALVE
I
Fig. 10.-CollectinganAverageSampIe of Water Displacement.
Sampling Natural Gas Containing

Carbon Dioxide
11. Natural gas containing more than
0.5 percentcarbon dioxide should be
collected in dry containers because
carbon dioxide is very.soluble in water.
Sampling of such gases must proceed in
accordance with the dry methods listed
underSection 8 (a)(5). Displacement
from the container to the test apparatus
should be done with mercury or release
of pressure. Gas containing less than
0.5 per cent carbon dioxide should also
be sampled in dry containers, but because
of the very low percentageand less

ASME P T C m 3 . 3 h7 m. 0757b70 0053507 2 W
Standard Method o f
SAMPLING LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GASES
(Identical ‘with ASTM Procedures)
Scope ( d ) Because ofwide variation in the sampled. The size of the container de-
1. This method describes the pro- construction details Of COnhinerS for pends upon the amount of sample re-
cedures for obtaining representative liquefied petroleum gases, it is quired for
the laboratory tests that
are
samples of liquefied petroleum gases such to Specify method for Obtain to be
made. If the container is to be
ing representative samples of heter-
as propane, butane, or mixtures thereof, ogeneous mixtures, If it is not practicable
transported> it must Often ‘Onform to
in containers other than those used in the specifications published in Tariff
toagitate a mixture for homogeneity,
laboratory testing apparatus. N o . 10, “I. C. C. Regulations for Trans-
obtain liquid samples by’ a procedure
Outline of Method which has been agreed upon by the con- portation of Explosives and Other.
2. A liquid sample is transferred from tracting parties. Dangerous Articles,” its supplements or
“
the source into a sample container by reissues”I’he container may be of the one-
Obtaining Samples
purging the container and filling it with valve or two-valve type and may contain
liquid to 80 per cent of capacity. 4. Directions for sampling cannot be an outage tube. Typical sample con-
made explicit enough to cover all cases. tainers are shown in Fig. 1.
General Information Theymust be supplemented by judg-
3. Considerable effort may be re- ment, skill, and sampling experience. (b) Sample Transfer Line.-A sample
quired to obtain a representative sample, Extreme care and good judgment are transfer line made of copper or alumi-
especially if the material being sampled necessary to insure samples which repre- num tubing or other flexible metal hose,
is a mixture of liquefied petroleum gases. sent the general character and average impervious to the productbeing sampled,
The following factors must be considered: condition of the material. Because of is required. The most satisfactory line is
(a) Obtain samples of the liquid thehazards involved, liquefied petro- one equipped with two valves on the
leumgases should be sampled by,or sample-container end, Fig. 1, a control
phase only.
(b) When it is definitely known that under the supervision of, persons fa- valve, A , and a vent valve, B.
the material being sampled is composed miliar with the necessary safety pre- PROCEDURE
predominantly of only one liquefied cautions.
Purging Sample Transfer Line
petroleum gas, a liquid sample may be
taken from any part of the vessel.
(c) When the material being sampled
10

..
GASEOUS FUELS
D a t the top, close vent valve B, and

inlet valve C and open control valve A .
Open inlet valve C, and partly fill the
container with sample byslowly opening
theoutletvalve D. Close the control
valve A , and allow part of the sample to
so escape in the vapor phase through outlet
valve D. Close outlet valveD and release
the remainderof the sample in theliquid
phase by opening vent valve B. Repeat
the purgingoperation a t leastthree
times.
Transfer of Sample
8. Close the vent valve B, open the
control valve A , and inlet valve C, and
fill the container with sample. Close the
inlet valveC, and the valve a t the product
source. Open the vent valveB. After the
pressure is fully released, disconnect the
VALVE OUTLET VALVE transfer line from the source and fromthe
C c VALVE
O sample container, Discard the sample if a
leak develops or if either valve isopened
during subsequent handling oÍ the sample
container before performing theopera-
tions outliied in Sections 9 (a) or (b).
Sample Outage
9. Immediatelyafterobtainingthe
sample, provide a 20 per cent outage in
the sample container as follows:
(a) By Weight.-Weigh the filled con-
L
tainer,deduct itstare weight, and de-
termine the weight of product that must
be released to give a 20 per cent outage
by volume. Draw off thisamount by
ONE-VALVE
""" opening slightly the valve C withthe
OUTAGE TUBE cylinder in such position that the liquid
phase of the material mill be released.
Caulion.-If & container annot be weighed
immediately, release a small amuunt of sample to
prevent excessioc p~esswewlaicla may be caused
TWO-VALVE by expansion of the sample when its temperatwe
increases.
FIG.1.-Sample Containers and Transfer Line. (b) By Outage Tu6e.-If thesample
containerhas an outagetube of the
proper
length (20 percent
outage),
place the container inan upright position
atthe product source andpurgethe sample in the vapor..phase through vent and immediately open valve C slightly,
transfer line by opening the control valve B. Invertthe containerand re- Allow the excess liquid to escaDe and
11

remains, immerse it in a water bath and Care of Samples develop leaks, Protect
the valves on the
leaks.
forcheck If a leak is detected at sample container, by either packing
any time during the sampling operation, 11. Place Samples in a Cool location the container. in a crate in an approved
discard the sample. Repair or replace as soon as possible. Keep them there manner or by using a protective cap,
the leaky container before obtaining until all tests have been completed. Dis- SO that accidental unseating of the valve
another sample. card any samples in conQiners which or tampering with it is avoided.
Stalzdard Method of
SAMPLING MANUFACTURED GAS
(Fig. 9 forImprovedApparatusforTakingContinuous.Sample Dy Liquid
Displacementandthe corresponding texthavebeenrevised.TheASTM
Procedure for Collecting Samples for Determination of Suspended Particles has
beenreplaced b y reference t o A S M E Performance Test Code for Determining
Dust Concentration i n a Gas Streatit, PTC 27.)
( A S T M Paragraphs 1-4 omitted. See will be determined bythe analyses to countered, water-cooled probes (see
page 14 and 15: 16c Scope, General Con- be done on the sample, by the composi- Fig. 2) may be r e q ~ i r e d . ~
siderations,etc.) tion of the gas to be sampled, and.by the (b) Samtling Lines.-Iron pipe Q or 4
available equipment. in. in diameter, and copper, monel
Outline of Method metal, or brass tubing & to 2 in, in
Apparatus
5. (a) The methodspecifies the con- outside diameter, are recommended as
ditions for conducting a stream of gas 6. The sampling equipment should sampling lines. Where sulfur compounds
from the sampling source into a purged guard against contamination by air, are tobe determined, glass or quartz
container, andthus securing a repre- leakage, and losses by absorption or tubing should be used for the low pres-
sentative sample. Snap samples may chemical reaction, The use of rubber sures and aluminum whenhigher pres-
sufice,or a series of consecutive snap should be kept to a minimum, and any sures are met. Any sampling line should
samples may be considered as an aver- rubber used should be of a grade that be as short and of as small a diameter
agesample.Average samples may also will not react with the sample and that as practicable to decrease purging t h e , ,
be obtained by continuous sampling into will have low permeability character- particularly in the case of a continuous
a portable container or direct to a re- istics. Plastic tubing may be as satis- sampling line direct from the source of
cording or indicating instrument over a factory whereflexibilityis imperative. supply to analytical apparatus in order
predetermined period of time. Rubber hose should not be used where thatthe testinstrumentmay follow
(b) Purging may be accomplished by high pressures are involved. closely any change in composition of the
means of the gas to be sampled, either (u) Sumtling Probes of metalare supply.
by displacement of air or by water dis- preferable because of their durability, (c) SampleContainers mayvary in
placement; or by the utilization of a Iron pipe, or in. in diameter, threaded size from 125 CU cm to several cubic
vacuum. or welded to the main or other source of feet, The design and type may take many
(c) Manufactured gas will usually be sample and extending some distance into forms, such as tubes, cylinders, or tanks,
undersufficientpressure to purge and the vessel, makes a satisfactory connec- which may be sealed.by stopcocks or
fi11 the sample container; otherwise aux- tion. Condensate on the inside surface valves. They shall be made of material
iliary mechanical equipment must be of the main will be avoided, and the that will not react with the sample, usu-
employed (Section 6 (G!)). point of average velocity of the gas, one ally glass, steel, or any metal or alloy
(d) The choice o): the type of sample sixth of the diameter of the main, can be sufficiently strong and gastight, Figures
(“snap” or “continuous”), the method reached a t the same time. Figure 1shows 3, 4, and 5 illustrate typical sample
of purging,the kind of container, and the a simple open-end sam~ling tube. If 8 V. .Altieri “Gas Analysis 4nd Testing of Gaseous
selection of auxiliary pressure equipment, unusually high temperatures are en- Am.
M4teri41s,’* %as Assn.,pp. 16-79.
12

ASME P T C m 3 . 3 67 W 0757670 0053532 2 M
GASEOUS FUELS
t (1) A very simple form of aspirator,

whichalso serves as asample con-
tainer, is shown in Fig. 6 (a). It con-
sists of twointerchangeablebottles
of equal size, Water from the upper
bottle, A , flows through the siphon
tube, E, to thelower bottle, C, thereby
creating a vacuum at tube F. If tube
F is connected to the sampling probe,
#k
the gas will be aspirated into bottle
A . Whenall of the water has been
siphoned from the upper bottleinto edied by the removal of such dust or
the lower bottle, they may be inter- by wetting the valve seats withwater.
changed and the aspirating continued An added precaution against air con-
as before. tamination
through
leakyvalves
should be taken duringsampling. This
(2) A double-action, rubber-bulb is most readily accomplished by con-
handpump, as showninFig, 6 (b), necting a length of rubber tubing to
is convenient forpurging sampling the effluent end of the bulb and plac-
apparatus and fìlling sample containing the outletof this tube underwater.
ers, It may be used for either suction (3) A handpump equipped with
\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ . \ \ \
or pressure as it has a simple valve double-acting valves (Fig, 6 (c)) may
FIG. 1.-Simple Open-End Sampling Tube. at each end, the two being of opposite be used.
action, In use, one end of the empty (4) When running water is avail-
containers. Whenever necessary to ship sample containeris connected with the
asample of manufactured gas under able, anordinarylaboratory filter
gas supply and the bulb is connected pump of the “Chapman”type,as
pressure, the containermust meet the to theother end with the valves insuch
requirements of theInterstate Com shown in Fig, 6 (d), may be used for
a position that the pressure and relief aspiratingthegasthroughthe sam-
merceCommission, andit should be on the bulb will draw air outof the con-
correctly labeled for identification and pling apparatus. I
f a water pump of
tainer and admit the gas. Fifty com- thistype is not available,onemay
proper handling by the analyst. If the pressions of an ordinary40- to 60-CU cm readily beimprovised.
sample is to be shipped under pressure capacity bulb will completely replace
the vessel must comply with the requíre- (e) Conjìning or Displacing Mediutn.-
the airin a 250-CUcm sample container. The confiniigand dispIacing medium
ments of, and be approved by, the Inter- A large enough safety is provided
state CommerceCommission. because the bulbs become less efficient
with use, although their usefulness can
(d) Aspirators attd Pwnps.--When be fairly well determined bycompress-
the gas to be collected is not under posi- ing the bulb, closing the intake end,
tive pressure,someform of aspirating and noting whether there is any leak-
device (see Fig. 6 ) must be employed to age, and then repeating; endeavoring FIO.4.-Metal Gas Sample Container.
draw the gas throughthe sampling probe €0 compress the bulb with the effluent
andintothesample container. This end closed, Dust sometimes collects used in the sample container should not
device may be of any of the following on the ledges of the valve seats, and a react with the container or the sample.
types: seemingly defective bulbis often rem- Water is the most convenient, btit has
more or less solvent action on all gases,
The error may be minimized by slightly
acidifying the waterorby dissolving
certain salts in it; for example, sodium
chloride, Mercury is the most satisfac-
I r ‘ 1 r tory liquid and should be used for pre-
cise work as no solubilityprecautions.
are necessary; however, it has the dis-
advantages of its cost, excessive weight,
and the fact that it reacts with hydro-
gen sulfide, Displacement of the sample
from the container to the tést apparatus
FIG,l.-Water-Cooled Sampling Tube. may be accomplished by release of pres-

.. .
aspirating device of the type described

in Section 6 (d) may be connected to the
end of the sample container and purging
operations performed untilthe original
air has been displaced,
(G) In taking a sample when the gas
supply is limited, the liquid displace-
ment method is usually employed, The
co.ntaineris first fdled with displacing
liquid andthen connected tothe gas
supply by means of connections that
have previously been purged of air and
FIO.S.--High-pressure Sample Container. dead gas. Thelatter may be done by
gas displacement, that is, allowing the
Primary stream to flow for a short time
sure if neither water nor mercury is per- Fig. 3, type C, and in Fig*4 are generally before sampling or filling the connections
missible. used for taking snap samples. with the displacing liquid before connect-
(f) Stopcoch Lubricant.-Anexcessive (b) If there is an abundant supply of ing the container. The container is then
amount of grease should be avoided gas and appreciable pressure, dry pro- filled by allowing the displacing liquid
when lubricating stopcocks, since many cedures (air displacement) may be used. to run out ahead of the gas, after which
gases, pFrticularly the hydrocarbons, are In this method, the container is purged the outlet end of the container is closed
soluble m these greases, The new silicone with the gas to be sampled untilthe and then the inlet.
lubricants may be superior to the older original contents are displaced, a flow of (d) When the gas to be sampled is not
commercial products for this purpose. gas equivalent to ten times the volume of under pressure, one of the various types
the sampling container being sufficient. of aspirators or suction pumps previously
Procedure for Collection of Snap Samples If it is desired to use the air displace- described should be used to set up a pri-
7. (a) Sample containers shown in ment method under negative pressure, an marystream of gas. A satisfactory ar-
(a) Aspirating Bottles (b) Rubber Bulb Hand Asp'irator
Check Valves
(c) Hand
Pump (d) Chapman
Pump
Filter
FIO.6,"Apparatus for Indudng or Foicing Gas Flow.
I
14
ASME P T C x 3 . 3 h7 II 0757b70 0053514 b m
GASEOUS FUELS
D the volume of B ) and immediately dis-

, From c charge it back through E. Repeat the
supply mbe purging procedure and when the liquid
reaches E the second time, closescrew
clamps D and G. Remove the connec-
tion to G and replace it in the stopper of
bottle C, upon which the apparatvs is
ready for collecting a sample. The screw
clamp D may be adjusted to anydesired
flow of solution and, consequently, col-
lection of sample. The correct adjustment
of the regulating pumpcanbemade
easily by observing the amount of water
dripping from F. The size of the dropfor
the particular tube in F should be de-
termined and used as a basis for calcu-
lating rates of collection of sample,
After the gas has been collected, close
screw damp D, then A , and again con-
nect F to G (being careful to avoid en-
trapping air bubbles). Place the sample
under slight positive pressure by raising
FIG.7.-Filling Sample Containers by Liquid Displacement,
C until thelevel of th; liquid is about an
inch or two above that in B and open
sure or, what is moredesirable, the sam- D for a minute or two. The sample may
rangement for filling containers either now betaken tothelaboratory or a
by water or mercury displacement from ple can be put under positive pressure
snap sample taken for analysis.
streams under supply positive pressure, which tends to avoid air contamination
neutral pressure, or a fewinches of through leaks at E and F during the (b) An improved and more desirable
negative pressure is similar to the de- interim before analysis. The entire de- method for collecting accumulative sam-
vice shown in Fig. 7. If the gas is under vice may be mounted on a ring stand ples, using aspirating bottles, is shown in
appreciable positive pressure, bottle A with a large clamp to receive the sam- Fig. 9. In the diagram, A and B are
may be omitted fromthe device and the ple container, C. aspiratorbottles of suitable size for
hoseconnected directly tothe sample collecting the samples. If. 24-hr samples
container, C, but if the gas is at neutral Procedures for Collection of Contin- are to be collected, the capacity of the
pressure, and especially if it is under uous Samples bottles should be not less than 10 liters
slight negative pressure, A is necessary. 8. (a) Figure 8 shows a simple ar- Gas Lhe
The container, C, is filled with the dis- rangement of two 8- to 10-liter aspirator
placing liquid from the aspirator bottle bottles connected by about 4 ft of me-
andthen connected tothe sampling dium-heavy-wall rubber tubing. In use,
tube, D, uponwhich the connection is the lower bottle is placed 2 to 4 ft below
also filled with the liquid or purged by the upper one, The flow of water can be
drawing a portion of the sample and re- regulated more easily at a greater differ-
jecting it either back into the primary ence in the two heights of the bottles,
sampling stream if there is a continuous and this results in a more uniform rate 1""- I
flow, or to the exterior by means of a of collectinggasesoverlong periods.
three-way stopcock, as shown. After the In constructing the bottle, care should
connections have been purged, the sam- be taken that the "ell" inlet of B does
ple container is filled by allowing the not extend below the stopper and trap
liquid to return to the aspiratorbottles. gas.
I n case of neutral or negative pressure, To collect a sample, connect the bottles
bottle A is partly filled with gas a t the to the secondarygasoutlet as shown,
time of takingthe sampleand,after except that F shall be connected to G.
closing stopcock E, the aspirator bottle, With screw clamps open, force the con-
B, is raised; this forcessome gas back fining liquid to the point E. Then,by
into the container; stopcock F is then lowering D,draw enough gas into B to FIO.8.-Apparatus for Taking Contin&s
closed, This restores atmospheric pres- purge the connection (about one fourth Sample by Liquid Displacement.
15
~-

ASME P T C a 3 . 3 h9 BI 0757670.0053535 B W !
to the sample container by raising the

levelof bottle B. For additional assur-
ance that a true average sample is ob-
tained for the test, the liquid in A should
be agitated to mix the gas in A thorough-
ly before starting the withdrawal.
(6) The sample container illustrated
in F, Fig. 3, isused for colle&ingcon-
tinuous samples by mercury displace-
ment, as shown in Fig. 10. The container
should have a capacity of about 250 cu
cm,
To take a sample, open stopcocks A
and B. As the mercury flows from the
lower outlet, the gas will be drawn into
the container and will collect above the
mercury, As long as the surface of the
mercury remains abovethe gas inlet
tube, the flow of mercury will becon-
stant and the same volume of gas will
be collected in each equal interval of
sampling period. The time required for
the mercury to flow from the container
may be varied by attaching a glass ori-
fice to the outlet end of the container.
The rateof sampling is íïxed by the stop-
cock and by the distance C-D between
the end of the inlet tube and the end of
the stopcock. This sampler may also be
Fro. 9.4mproved Apparatus for Taking Continuous Sampleby Liquid Displacement. used with water or salt solution.
After the sample of gas has been col-
lected (stop the flow when the level of
each. Bottle A is connected to the gas the mercury is about the level of C) and
forces the liquid back into A and the air?
line with glass or metal tubing, but may or gas from the previous sample, con- close stopcocks A and B ; then fil: the
be connected to B with rubber tubing, tained in A is forced out through the tube above A . with mercury from a small
Bottle B should be connected to the gas funnel whose stem has been drawn out to
tube to where the connection is broken
line by flexible tubing. A flow indicator, a capillary. Invertthe container and,
H , of the bubble bottle type serves to at G. Also purge piping with liquid to Jby means of a rubber tube attached to
give visual control of the flow of gas allowing liquid to flow from outlet a t J
anaspiratorbottleor levelling bulb
through the primary gas iine. A pressure before closing this stopcock. When A is reservoir
filled with mercury, admit
regulator, F, and a flow meter, G, are filled with the liquid as-far as the broken
mercury through A (using precaution
provided for regulating the rateof collec- connection, close stopcock C’ and screw not to entrap air in the connection) and
tion. The sample container, E, isnot clamp L. Now, open stopcock C and al- put the gas under a pressure of about
connected until -the sample is to be low the gas to purge t h r o a h F and G, 100 mm of mercury, as observed by the
tested. Connect the flow meter G to A again and height of the level of the mercury in the
To collect a sample, open stopcock D lower bottle B. Open the outlet stopcock reservoir and the height of the mercury
and allow the primary stream of gas to at M and connect to a burner or purge a t C. Close stopcock A and return the
flow through the bubble bottle to a line, and adjust the screw clampL at the vessel to its original position, as shown
bleederconnection. Fill bottle B with bottom of A to give the desired rate of in the illustration, The mercury will
the confiningliquid and, with all stop- flow as indicated by the flow meter. then be well above the level of C and the
cocksclosed,exceptscrew clamp L a t At the end of the sampling period, stopcocks A and B will be mercury sealed
theoutlet of A , break the connection close stopcock C, the stopcock M at the, against leaks.
between bottle A and the flow meter, G. outlet B, and take thesample from A by When it is desired to remove the sam-
Openstopcock C’ to admitthe gas to attaching asample container-E, as shown ple for analysis, again invertthe con-
bottle B. Raise B so that the gas pressure in Fig. 10. Transfer a portion of the gas tainer andattach D totheburet. By
16
. . GASEOTTS FUELS
means of a mercury reservoir, mercury

may beadmittedto displace the gas
Contlnuous current of
while filling the buret. Gos from Sampling I b e
(d) For collecting continuous samples

of several cubic feet, a metal gas holder
as shown in Fig, 11 is recommended.
Adjust the pressure regulator outlet and
orifice size to permit continuous flow of
gasintothe holder to completely .fill
To Asplrotor
it in the time desired for taking an aver-
age sample. Purge the sample line and 7-
holder thoroughlywith the gas being
sampled; then start the sampling period
with the holder either completely filled
with water, or the small section of the
holder crown sheet, which mayextend
above the water, filled with the same
gas as it is intended to sample.
FIO.10.-Apparatus for Taking Continuous Sample by Mercury Displacement,
(ASTM Section 9 replaced b y the

following.)
Procedure for Collecting Samples for the i
Determination of Suspended Particles
When the dust contentof the gas is an
important characteristic to be deter-.
mined, additional precautionsmustbe
taken to assure obtaining a representa-
tive sample.Complete instructions for
obtaining samples of dust are given in Orifice of
Proper Slre
the ASME Performance Test Code for
Determining Dust Concentration in a
Gas Stream, PTC 27." In general, sepa-
pe7) Regulator
rate samples of gas will have to be taken br 1

for analytical determination of other
Volue
characteristics.
* See Bibliography Reference (9).

Gas Lhe IO Cu. Ft. Gas Container of
I-Llft Holder Type
-
"
FIG.11.-Arrangement of Equipment Employing a Gas Holder for Collecting an Average Sample

Over Water.
17

Standard Methods for
MEASUREMENT OF GASEOUS FUEL SAMPLES

Approved as USA Staltdard 277.5-1963
( T h e descriptimt of rotarydisplacementmetersand calìbratìort hasbeenomitted.
UnderCalibration of Rate-of-FlowMeters,theformulaunitsandtexthavebeen
revised. A slight change was made i n the specification for oil for secondary standards.)
Scope of exactly 1 CU. ft. when under the conditions, and the calibration, of each
1. These methods are applicable to the standard conditions (Paragraph (6)). type are given in Table I.
measuring of gaseousfuelsamples, in- (a) TemperatureTerm for Volume
Reductions.-For the purpose of referring CAPACITY OF APPARATUS A N D RANGE
cluding liquefied petroleum gases, in the OF OPERATINGCONDITIONS
gaseous state at normal temperatures and a volume of gaseous fuel from one
pressures. The apparatus selected covers temperature to another temperature Cubic-Foot Bottles, Standards, etc.
a sufficient variety of types so that one (that is, in applying Charles’ law), the
temperature terms shall be obtained by 4. The capacities of cubic-foot bottles,
or more of the methods prescribed may standards, etc., are indicated by their
be employed for laboratory, control, ref- adding 459.7 to each temperature in
names. A portable cvbic-foot standard
erence, or in fact any purpose where it degrees Fahrenheit.
of the Stillman type is shown in Fig, 1
is desired to know the quantityof gaseous Apparatus and a fractional cubic-foot bottle is
fuel or fuel samples under consideration.
The various types of apparatus are listed 3. The various types of apparatus shown in Fig. 2. The temperatures and
in Table I. used for the measurement of gaseous pressures a t which these types of ap-
fuel samples may be grouped in three paratusare used must be very close
Terminology and Units of Measurement classes, as shown in Table I. References to those existing in the room in which
to theportions of these methods covering they are located. Since these containers
2. (u) U n h of Meusuremenl.-All are generally used as standards for the
measurements shall be expressed
in the capacity and range of operating
testing of other gas-measuringdevices,
English units (that is:fooGpound (mass), TABLE 1,-APPARATUS FOR MEASURING GASEOUS the rate a t which they may be operated
second, and degrees Fahrenheit,) FUEL SAMPLES.
is of little or no importance, It will
(b) Siundurd Conditions.-The stand- CapaCitJ always be low, and probably nonuni-
ard conditions a t whichgaseous fuels and
Range Calibra-
tion
form, and in any given instance will be
samples shall be measured, or to which of Pro- affected by the test being made and the
Operatin; cedure
such measurements shall be referred, Apparatus Condi- Covered connectionsused.
tions
are as follows: In
Coverel Section
(1) A temperature of 60.0 F., in No.
Section Burets, Flasks, etc.
(2) A pressure of 30.000 in. of mer- No.
cury, the mercury to be at the ice 5. The capacities of burets, flasks, etc.,
Conthers: will dependupon their function in the
point temperature and subject to an Cubic-foot bottle, immersion
acceleration of gravity of 32.174 ft.
type or moving-tank type..
Portable
cubic-foot
standard
I . I li equipment and service in which they are
(980.665 cm.) persec. per sec., and (Stillman-type) ................
Fractionalcublc-foot bottle.. ....I il to beused. The range of temperatures
li
(3) A condition of complete water- Ëürets, flas$s, etc., f0.r chemical and pressures under which they may be
and phyma1 analyslr ..........
Calibrated gasometers (gas meter
11
used,which will be affected by their
vapor saturation (Note). provers). ...................... 12 to 15 function, will depend upon the material
NOTE.-This condition is equivalent to saying Gas meters, dsplacement type: of construction andmay be relatively
that the absolute partial pressure of the dry gas Llquid-sealed
rotating-drum
meters...... .................. 16 to 21 high (for example, 1000 F. and 10,000
shallbe 29.478 in. of mercury. In thesale of Diaphragm- or bellows-type
“natural” gaseous fuels the customary basis is meters.equipped with observa- psi.) if suitable materials are used.
“a condition of dryness with respect to water-
tion index.. ...................
Rotary displacement meters., ...
at
23
vapor other
and
normally
condensible Calibrated Gasometers
Gns metersrate-of-floytype:
constituents.” Porousplugandcaplllaryflow- , 6. The stock capacities of calibrated
meters ....................... 10 24
(c)Standard Cubic Foot of Gas.- Float (variable-area, constant-
bead) flowmeters.. ............ 10 24
gasometers (gas meter provers) are
A standard cubic foot of gas is that Orifice, flow nozzle, and venturi
type flowmeters....... ._....... 24
2, 5, and 10 CU ft. The temperature and
quantity of gas whichwillfill a space pressure a t which they can be operated
18
.
ASME P T C m 3 . 3 b 4 U 0 7 5 4 b 7 0 0053538 3 W
GASEOUS FUELS
must be close to the ambient temper- (b) The temperature a t which these type test meters range from about 0.05
ature and within a few inches of water metersmay be operated will depend to 2.5 CU ft per revolution. The oper-
column of atmospheric pressure. The. almost entirely upon thecharacter of ating capacities, defined as the volume
equivalent rates offlow that may be the sealing liquid. If water is the sealing of gas having a specific gravity of
attained, conveniently, are as follows: liquid, thetemperaturemust be above
0.64 that a meter will pass with a pres-
size, Equivalent Rate, the freezing pointand below thatat
Cu. ft. CU.ft. of air pcr hr. which evaporation will affect the ac- sure drop of 0.5 in. of water column
2.. * .*... . .... . ..* . .. 990 across the meter, range from about20 to
S... ....,... ..... .......,2250 curacy of the meter indications (about
. . a
10.. * ,... , , ., . . ,., , .. ....5OOo

* 120 F.). Outside of these limits some 1800 CU. ft. per hr. Usually these meters
other liquid will be required. can be operated a t rates in excess of
Liquid-Sealed Rotating-Drum Meters their rated capacities, a t least for short
7, (a) Thedrum capacities of com- periods. A meter having a capacity of
mercial stock sizes of liquid-sealed rota- 1CU. ft. per revolution is shown in Fig 4.
ting-drum metersrange from & CU. (b) The temperature range under which
ft. (or 1 liter) to 7.0 CU. ft. per revolution. these meters may be operated will de-
A 0.1-Cu. ft, per revolution meter is shown pend largely upon the diaphragm
in Fig. 3. The operating capacities, de- material. For leather diaphragms, O F.
fined as the volume of gas having a spe- to 130 F. is probably a safe operating
c z c gravity of 0.64 that will pass through range. At very low temperatures the
the meter in 1 hr. with a pressure drop diaphragms are likely to become very
stiff and cause an excessive pressure
drop across the meter. At higher
temperaturesthe diaphragms maydry
out rapidly, or evenbecome scorched
causing embrittlementand leaks,
(c) The pressure range (linepressure)
to which these meters may be subject$d
safely will depend upon the casematerial
and design. For the lighter sheet metal
(tin case) meters, the line pressure should
not be more than 3 or 4 in. of mercury
column above or below atmospheric
pressure. For use under higher or lower
PIG. 2..-One-Tenth CubicFoot Bottle, Transfer line pressures, other types of meter
Tank, and Bubble-Type Saturator for Testing
Laboratory Wet Gas Meters. cases are available, such as cast alumi:
num alloy, cast iron, or pressed steel.
(c) While the cases of most meters (ASTM Section 9 not itzcluded.)
of this type may withstand pressures of Nom.-The diaphragm-type test meter and
about 2 in. of mercury column above or the diaphragm-typeconsumers meter 3re similar
below atmospheric pressure, it is recom- in most respects. The principal difference is the
mended thatthe maximum operating type of index or counter. The test meter index
.
. .
. pressure to which theyare subjected has B main hand indicating 1cu.ft. per revolution
FIG.1,"Stillman-Type Portable should not exceed 1 in, of mercury or over a 3-in. or larger dial, with additional smaller
Cubic-Foot Standard.
13 in. dials givingreadings to 999beforerepeating.
of water column. For higher On the index of consumers meters, aside from
in.
of 0,3 water column across the meter,
pressures the meter case must
proportionally heavier or the
be
meter
the test hand, the first dial indicates 1000 CU. ft.
per revolution of its hand so that the smallest
range from 5 to 1200 CU. ft. perhr. enclosed in a suitable pressure chamber. volume read is 100 CU. ft. The maximum reading
Liquid-sealed rotating-drum meters may for a consumers,meter index may be 99900 or
For pressures more than 1 in.of mercury 999900.
becalibratedfor use at anyrate for Anotherminordifference is that the
which the pressure drop across the meter (13 in. of water) below atmospheric maximum ratedcapacity for the largercon-
does not blow the meter seal, However, pressure, not only must a heavier case sumers meters may be 17000 CU. ft. per hr.
if the meter is to be used for metering or a pressure chamber be used, but a
differing rates of
flow, a calibration sealing fluid having a very low vapor Rate-of-Flow Meters
curve should be obtained, as described in pressure must be used in place of water. 10. (u) Rate-of-flow meters, as the
Section 19, or the meter should be fitte, Diaphragm-Type Test Meters name implies, indicate rates of flow, and
with a rate compensating chamber 8. (U) The displacement capacities of volumes are obtained only for a definite
(see Appendix). commercial stock sizes of diaphragm time interval.They are especially use-

ASRIE PERFORMANCE TEST CODES
quantity of water, adjusted to a temperature of

60 F, should be 1.000 rt: 0.05 per cent.
(b) AStillman-typeportable cubic-
foot standard is calibrated by comparison
with an immersion-type cubic-footbottle.
The calibration involves adjusting the
stroke of the bell so that as 1 CU. ft. of
air is transferred from the bottle, or the
reverse, the pressure within the system
does not change, provided the tem-
perature of the entire system is
maintained constant. This requires that
the test should be made in a room in
which the temperature can be maintained
constant and uniform within less than
0.5 F. Moreover, to diminish the cooling
effects of evaporation from the surfaces
of the ’bottle and bell, the sealing fluid
should be alight, low-vapor pressure oil.
Other observationsforming a part of this
calibration are those of the time intervals
required for raising the bottle and bell
from their respective tanks andthe
intervals they are held up for drainage
totake place before pressure readings
are made. From these times, corrections
are determined for the volumes of
undrained liquid.
(G) Burets, flasks, etc., are considered
a part of the analytical apparatus- in
FIG.3.-Liquid-Sealed Rotating-Drum Gas Meter of 0.1 CU. ft. per Revolution Size. which theyare used, and methods of
calibrating them therefore are not
ful in those situations where the flow is only low (a few inches of water column) covered here (Note 2).
NOTE 2 . - h outline of .such methods is
steady,butarenot suited for usein but its relationship to the rate offlow given in National Bureau of Standards C ~ Y C U ~ U V
the measurement of specified quantities is very nearly linear. C434, “Testing of Glass Volumetric Apparatus,”
nor on flows that are subject to wide or by E. L. Peffer and Grace C. Mulligan.
more or lessrapid variations of either CALIBRATION 02 APPARATUS
rate or pressure. Inthe smaller sizes Calibration of PrimaryStandards
theymay be particularly useful for 11. (a) Cubic-foot bottles and frac-
both regulating and measuring con- tional cubic-foot bottles are calibrated
tinuous samples of a gaseous‘ fuel, by weighing thequantity of distilled
(6) Nodefinite limits can be set to water that will be deliveredbetween
the range of rate of flow to which these the gage marks (Note l), correcting for
.meters may be applied, nor to the range the buoyancy of the air. At the standard
of temperaturesand pressures under conditions speczed in Section 2 (b)
which they maybe operated, Where the weight of water contained between
meters of this type are desired it wilk the gage marks of a correctly adjusted
usually be possible to design one to meet cubic-foot bottle should be 62.299 lb.
the particular service requirements. Of
NOTE1.-It is now the practice at the Na-
particular interest for continuous samp tional Bureau of Standards to calibrate or ad-
ling and sample measurement, are flow- just these standards “to deliver” the specified
meters of the capillary tube and porous quantity of water from a we! condition. To do
plug (forexample, sintered glass filter) this, the standard is íilled with water, then
type. The rates offlow that they a n emptied slowly over a period of 3 min and al-
to drainfor an additional 3 min. Next
meter satisfactorily range upward from lowedthe quantity (weight) of distilled water con-
about 0.03 CU. ft. per min.’The pressure tained between the two gage marks is deter- FI@.4.-Iron-Case Diaphragm-Ty e Gas
drop across the metering element is not mined.. The correspondingvolume of this Meter with Large Observation i d e x .
20”- _I
-
.

GASEOUS FUELS
Calibration of Secondarg or Working the main scale. This scale shouldbe moving-tanktype of bottle, that 'thé
Standards (Provers), General Consid- dividedinto 10 or 20 divisions, and valves in the connections between the
erations mounted so that its mid-point willbe bottleandprover shall beopen while
12. (u) Gasmeterprovers 2-,
of a t aboutthe same elevation asthe adjusting the quantity of water in the
S-, and 10-Cu. ft. capacitycustomarily regular pointer. tank and the positions of the stops so
are calibrated by comparison with a that the water will come to rest in the
Calibration of Provers by Means of an planes of the gage marks aboutthe upper
cubic-foot bottleorstandardas de- Immersion-Type Bottle
scribed in Sections 13 and 14. The
procedure consists of measuring air
13. (a) While it is possible to measure TABLE II.-SAMPLE DATA SHEET FROM
CALIBRATION OF GAS bfETER PROVER
air out of aproverinto an immersion Serial No. 272
out of or into the prover by means of
bottle under the usual prover pressure,
- Date: April 30, 1947
the standard, 1 CU, ft. a t a time, not.ing
the reading of the prover scale at the it is difficult not to lose some air 8,s the
start and finish of each transfer. Some lower neck of the bottleis raised close to Interval
Scale
general considerations to beobserved the surface of the sealing fluid inits

are given in the following Paragraphs
(b) and (c).
tank. Therefore, it is advisable to make
the test a t atmospheric pressure. This -
o to 1
(b) Provers should belocated in a we& requires increasing the counterweights
lighted room provided with some degree untiltheyjust balance the bell. This
of temperature regulation. It is desirable adjustment is necessary jf air is to be 1 tb 2
that this regulation should be adequate measured into a prover from an immer-
sion bottle.
to maintain the temperature within (b) Starting with the prover bell raised to 3 2.000 3.003 1.003 0.997
plus or minus 2 F. of the desired average and the connection between prover and
3.000 2.000 1,000 1.WO
2.000 3.005 1.005 0.995
temperature. The prover tank should be bottle open, adjust the position of the
3.000 1.999 1.001 0.999
raised from the floor by legs or blocks as prover bell to zero scale reading. Raise 3 to 4 3.000 3.998 0.998 1.002
4.000 3.008 0.992 1.008
this notonly reduces thelag between the the bottle, therebydrawing air into it 3.000 3.996 0.996 1.004
4.000 3.007 0.993 1.007
prover and room temperatures but from the prover. As the lower neckof the
decreases the accumulation of moisture 4 to 5
bottle reaches the surface of the sealing
on the underside of the tank, If water fluid, proceed carefully so as to stop just
is used as thesealing fluid in the provers, short of breaking the seal, and close the o to 1
the relative humiditywithin the room valve b.etween prover andbottle, Observe 21 to 2
to 3
should be maintainedas high as possible, and record the scale reading. Vent the 3 to 1
4 to 5
However, it isrecommended thatthe air in the bottle as it is again lowered
sealing fluidused in provers(and in into the tank. Open the valve between
cubic-foot bottlesandstandards also) prover and bottle, adjust the prover bell and lower necks of the bottle. Also, since
should be a light oil with a low vapor to a scale reading of 1.00, and repeat the the transfer of air to or from the prover
pressure.
process of removing another cubic foot takes place within a completely closed
NOTEl.-The use of oil as a sealing fluid will system, there is no possibility of losing a
decreasethe cooling effect due to evaporation,
of air from the prover.
when the proverbell is raised from the tank, (c) In measuring air into the prover, small amomt of air a t one end of the
and will alsoretard any tendency of the bell reverse the procedurejust described. transfer, as with an immersion-type
to corrode. In this case, adjust the prover bell to a bottle.
NOTE2.-These requirements will be met by scale reading a t one of the even foot (b) The procedure followed with either
an oil having anopencupflash point over marks, and hold it there while lowering type of standard is very simple, After
310aF anda Saybolt Universal viscosity less the bottle until the bottomof the lower the connections have beenchecked for
than 100 seconds at 100'F. (Commercial No. 2 neck just meets the surface of the seaIing leaks, and with the valves between
Paraffin Oil usually meets these requirements.) fluid. Release the prover bell and meas- prover and standardopen, bring an even
(c) Before startinga calibration the ure acubic foot of air into it bylowering foot mark on' the prover scale in line
bell shouldbe examined to see that it the bottle. with the index zero; Transferacubic
is clean and free of dents. It should move Calibration of Provers by Means of a foot of air to the standard,and note and
freely throughout its entire travel with Moving-Tank Type of Bottle or a record the prover scale reading. Dis-
neither binding norexcessive play within Stillman-Type Portable Cubic-Foot charge the air in the standard from the
its guides a t any position, To facilitate Standard system and repeat the cycle.
reading the prover scale to one decimal 14. (a) With either a moving-tank (c) If so desired, several transfers
placebeyond that normally usedwhen type of bottle or a Stillman-type portable each may be madefor the same 1-Cu. ft.
testing meters, the regular scale pointer cubic-foot standard the calibration may interval of the prover scale before going
may be replaced with a short auxiliary be carried out undertheusualprover on to thenext interval. In doing this the
scale coveringa 0.2-CU,ft. interval of pressure. This requires,whenusing a prover scale reading should be readjusted
21. _.."

ASME PTC*K3-3 67 m 0 7 5 7 b 7 0 0053523 3
AShlE PERFORMANCE TEST CODES
to the even foot mark before a transfer the meter are tobe multiplied to give the the longindex hand nearly over the
in either direction isstarted, being correct volumes of gas, a t outlet con- large dial zero, and open both the inlet
careful to have the connection between ditions, that have passed through- the and outlet of the meter to atmosphere;
prover and standard open so that both meter. without altering the leveling adjustment
are under the full prover pressure, (b) The two procedures described in of the meter, set the water level gage to
Section 18 are intended for the routine the height of thebottom of the water
NOTE:Ewrmplc.-The observations and cal- calibration of a 0.1-CUft wet test meter meniscus in the gage glass.
culations involvedin the calibrationof a 5-CU.ft. that is to be used in conjunction with If the gage is the yoke type, the plane
gas meter prover with a Stillman-type standard a water-flow calorimeter in the determi- of the yoke top should coincidewith that
are showninTable II. Theaveragedelivery
capacities of the O to 1 and 1 to 2-CU.ft. intervals, nation of the heating valve of a fuel gas. of thebottom of the meniscus, If the
from the five determinationsoneach interval, are Furthermore, it isrecommended that gage is the pointer type, start with the
1.008 and 1.004 respectively. This means that if a these calibrations be made with the tip below the water surface and raise it
correctlyadjusted gas metu is testedagainst meter in the position in which it will be untilthetip appears tojust meet its
the O to %CU.ft. interval, the h a 1 prover scale
readingwouldbe 1.99. used in the calorimetric determinations. image in the water surface as viewed
When the conditions under which the from below. Lock the gage inthe position
Calibration of Large Provers meter will be used are such that the rate thus determined so that it may be used
offlow through the meter will beless for checkingthe proper quantity of water
15. The method to be used in cali- than 8 CU ft per hrthe procedure de- in the meter before each subsequent use
brating gasometers of over 10-CU.ft. scribed inSection 18(u) to (c), using a of the meter.
capacity will depend upon the capacity, 0.1- CU ft bottle, may be followed. If the (r) When the purpose of thetest is
design, and mode of operation of the rate of flow through the meter, when in to determine a calibration factor to be
gasometer. If it is not too large (100 CU. use, will exceed 8 CU ft per hr, the aspira- used in conjunction with a predetermined
ft. or less) it may be most convenient to tor method of calibration describedin amount of sealing water (see Paragraph
use a cubic-foot standard or 5- a or IO-CU. Section19should be followed. (u) (Z)), it is usually convenient to set
ft. prover that has been calibrated. For (c) The average rate offlow a t which the surface of the sealing water tothe
other .gasometers it will probably be the calibration isperformedshouldbe last position of the water-level gage. In
necessary to determine the capacity adjustedand maintained as nearly as this case, the position of the metering
from a measurement of the dimensions. possible the same as that at which the drum should be adjusted as prescribed
The procedure usually followed is to meter will operate wheninuse. In no in Paragraph (e), and add water to the
measure the outside circumference of event should the difference b.etween the meter until its surface is slightly above
the prover bell a t several sections. From test rate and the use rate exceed 30 per the gage. Then very slowly (a drop a t a
these measurements and the metal cent of the use rate. This is. because the time) withdraw water until, with a yoke-
thickness, the average inside cross-sec- volume of gasdeliveredper revolution type gage, the bottom of the water me-
tional area and capacity per unit height of a liquid-sealed rotating-drum meter niscus in the gage glass is in the plane
are computed. In making this calcula- increases slightly with increasing rate of of the top of the gage yoke. If the gage
tion it may be necessary to takeaccount flow. In this connection it may be noted is the pointer type, withdraw water until
of changes of the sealing fluid height that by proper adjustment of the rate the reflection of the point, as viewed from
produced by raising and lowering of the during calibration theaspirator pro- slightly below, appears to just touch the
bell. cedure may be followed when the meter tip of the gage point.
is to be used a t rates below 8 CU ft per
Calibration of Small Water-Sealed Ro- hr. Preparation of Test Assembly for Cali-
bration of Small Water-Sealed Ro-
tating Drum Meters, Especiallyfor ( d ) The calibration procedures are
Use with Water-Flow Calorimeters applicable when either fuel gas or air is tating-Drum Meters
(General Considerations) used asthe testing medium. If gas is 17. (a) The essential items of equip-
16. (u) The objective of the calibra- used, the discharge from the meter must mentand
the connections between
tion of 5 rotating-drum gas meter may be vented or burned. If air is used, the themare shown diagrammatically in
be : meter water must be resaturated with Figs. 5 and 6. Where the installation is
(1) To establish that relative eleva- gas prior to its usein subsequent calo- to be maintained in a permanent loca-
tion of the sealing water (that is, the rific value tests. tion, some of the connections may be
amount of sealing water) with which the (e) When the purpose of the test is to made with metal tubing. All other con-
meter will indicate correctly (forex- determine the correct amount of sealing nections, and especially the flexible
ample, within 0.2 per cent) the volume water for the meter (see Paragraph ( 4 connections, should be made with a
ofgas, a t the outlet conditions, that ( I ) ) and this has been done by one of synthetictubing, such as neoprene or
passes through it, or thetest procedures described in Sec- Tygon, of appropriate sue and strength.
(2) With a given quantity of sealing tion 18, bring the metering drum to a (b) If possible, the meter and cali-
water, to determine the factor (calibra- position about midway betweentwo bration equipment (and the flow calorim-
tion factor) by which the indications of of the seal-off positions, preferably with eter also) should be located in a tem-
22

ASME P T C * 3 * 3 h7 S 0757670 0 0 5 3 5 2 2 5 m
GASEOUS FUELS
perature-regulated room. Where such a the zero of its dial nearly midway be- manometer to its limit, closecock C
room is not available the equipment tweentwo fluctuations of the water and read the manometer. If after 5
should be in a location protected from surface in the gage glass. If it does not min the manometerreadinghas not
drafts,direct sunlight, andthe direct do this, loosen the lock nut by which changed, the system is free of leaks.
effects of radiators or heaters. In no the hand is secured and shift the posi- NoTE.-I~the test is to be madewithair,
case .should the following temperature tion of thehand as maybeneeded; the meter outlet may be closed with a stopper,
differences be exceeded: then tighten the lock nut. If possible
Pe,rmissible the relative position of the hand on the ( h ) Occasionally,whenleakage is in.
Varlatlon from
Room Temperature shaft should be marked so that it may dicated thatcannotbe located exter-
..
Meter water temperature, , , , , , et1.0 F
Reservoir water temperature, , , , , &l,O F
be reset in the same position in case it nally, it may be necessary to check for
leaks in the meter drum,and this may be
becomesloose or displaced during sub-
sequent handling of the meter. done in the following manner.First
The saturator water should be within calibrate the meter a t the normal rate as
a few degrees (2 or 3 F) of room tempera-
v) If the water in the meter has been
changed, or water is added to the meter, described in Section 18. Then repeat the
ture, and preferably on the high side. it should be saturated (or partially calibration with cock C partly closed
(c) Carefully examine the meter to so that it requires 10 to 12 min for the
saturated) with air or gas, whichever is
be tested for anyoutward signs of transfer to be made. If the slow calibra-
to be used in the test. This may bedone
damage. The drum should rotate freely tion does not d8er from the first by
by operating the meter with air or gas
withoutbinding a t any position. The for three or more revolutions. more than 0.001 CU ft there is probably
water-levelgageglass shouldbe clean, (g) A check for leaks in the connec- no leak in the drum,
or if necessary it shouldbe cleaned (i) The modifications tothis pro-
tions maybemade as follows:Refer-
withsoap oralcohol and rinsed thor- cedure where the aspirator method is
oughly. If the water-level gage is of the ring to Fig. 5, turn cock A to connect
bottle B to meter M. Close cocks D,E, used(seeFig. 6 ) would be: Close off
central pointer type, see that its tip is the inclined gage, as with a pinch clamp,
clean andsharp,The levelingscrews C, and N , and placereservoir R on
shelf SZ (Note). Opencock C slowly and also the inlet to the meter.With-
in the meter base should be straightand drawwaterfrom theaspirator bottle,
while observingthe water in the manom-
turn freely but not loosely. Thespirit A , untilthemetermanometer is near
eter of the meter. When the pressure
levels(orlevel) shouldbe so mounted its limit, in thiscase a negative gage
on the top of the meter case that once in the system forces the water in the
in place their positions relative to the
meter case cannot be altered.
(d) If themeterhad been emptied,
fill it with clean water (preferably dis-
tilled water) to slightly above the gage
11 i
vent or Burner
mark. Check for any water leakage,

especially around the lower end of the
gage glass and the front bearing of the
drum shaft. Level the meter by means
of the adjusting screwsin the feet and
by reference to the spirit levels on the
meter,
(e) When water-sealed
a rotating-
drum meter is in operation the surface
of the water in the gage glass rises and
falls noticeablyfour times during each
revohtion of the drum (and of the large
hand of the meter index). These fluc-
tuations occur as one drum compart-
ment seals off and another unseals to
the outlet, With many of these meters,
particularly the 0.1-CUft per revolution
size, the large index hand is mounted
directly on the drum shaft. With other
sizes thishandis geared to make an
even multiple or submultiple of turns NoTE.-Dotted lines indicate additional connections when gas is used. In this case it may be
with respect to the drum, The position preferable to att.ach the inclined gage to the meter outlet.
(azimuth) of thehand on its shaft FIG.S.-Schematic Diagram of Equipment and Connections for Calibration of a 0.1-Cu ft Wet
should be such that the hand will pass Test Meter with a 0.1-Cu ft Bottle.
23

ASME P T C * 3 - 3 b 7
~ ~~
m 0 7 5 9 6 7 0 .O053523 7 m
interval, in seconds, required forthe inclined gage,again turn cock -A to

meter hand to pass from 0.01 to 0.09. connect bottle B with the saturator, and
(3) Divide 288 by the observed time close cock K .
interval. The quotient is the average (12) Closecock C whilemoving the
calibration rate in cubic feet per hour. reservoir to shelf S1 and then open cock
If this rate is within =t30 per cent of C.
therate at which themeter is tobe (13) Read and record the timewhen
used,no further adjustment for rate is the water appears in the lowergage
necessary. glass
close tothe gage
marked W.
If, however, therate is found tobe Open cock K . Readand record the
more than 30 per cent higher than the reservoir water temperature.
desired rate, it may be slowed byplacing (14) Thirty seconds afterthe water
a clamp on the hose between the reser- wasapproximately at the lowergage
voir and the bottle. Repeat the rate test marker, turn cock A so that the bottle
II 5 rT,OR YORE withvarious adjustments of the clamp B is isolated from bothsaturatorand
untilthe desired rate is obtained. meter.Closecock C and replace reser-
(c) Calibration Procedwe Using Air.- voir R onshelf S2 . The meter hand
If air is used asthe testing medium, shouldbe a t the samereading as in
Step (11).
proceed with the calibration of the meter (15) Turn cock ’4 to connect bottle
FIO.B.--Simple Equipment for Calibration by as follows: B with meter M , and then open cock C.
Aspirator Method. (1) For starting, the reservoir should (16) RepeatSteps (9) through (15)
be on shelf St , cocks C and E open, cock untilthe meterhascompleted four or
pressure. The procedure from this D closed, and cock A set to connect the
point wouldbe thesameasalready more revolutions.
bottle B with saturator H. The meter (17) Divide the difference between
described. handshould be a t approximatelyzero. the final and initial meterreading by
Calibration of Small Water-Sealed Ro- (2) Read and record the roomtem- the number of revolutions. The result
tating-Drum Meters by Means of a perature,saturatortemperature, meter is the indication of the meter for 0.1
0.1-Cu ft Bottle temperature and barometric pressure, CU ft of air (or gas) as delivered by the
18. (u) Adjzcsling ‘Waler Level.-Ad- (3) Closecock C, and move reservoir bottle.
just the water level in the reservoir and R to shelf SI,
bottle system as follows: (4) Open-cock C, reading and re- KOTE1: Bmnnrple.-Let us assume that the
cording the time, bottle temperature was 71.0 F, the metcr tem-
(1) Vent the bottle to atmosphere by perature 70.2F, and the meter indication 0.0999.
(5) Read and record the reservoir Taking the pressure at the meter outlet as the
setting cocks A and D. water temperature. “meteringpressure”gives,in this case, fim =
(2) Placereservoir R on self S2 and (6) Thirty seconds after the water p b = 29.70in. of mercury. Then the indication
observe the water level at gage T. Add appeared close to the lower gage marker, of the meter adjusted to the bottle temperature
orremovewater to bring the levelex- opencock K ; shift cock A to connect would be as follows:
actly to the gagemark. ’
(3) Closecock D and shift cock A to

thebottle B with the meter M , and
0.0999 X
459.7 + 71.0 29.70 - 0.74 = 0.1001
connect the bottle to thesaturator H
open cock D,
(7) Move the meter hand from nearly
459.7 + 70.2 x 29.70 - 0.76
(if gasisusedin the test, opencock F zero to exactly zero and hold it there NOTE 2.-~hc eNect of using 400 inplace
part way). Move the reservoir
from until the inclined gage reads zero, then of 459.7 in this rclation will be less than 1 part
shelf SSto shelf SI. ‘ close cock D. Record the meter reading in 20,OGO in most cases.
(4) When the water level passes gage (zero). NOTE3.-As provided by the instructions,
W , againbring thebottle to atmos- thc observed temperatures should not diffcr by
pheric pressure through cocks A and D. (8) Quickly transfer reservoir R to more than 1 P. On the otherhand, if the dif-
Thirty seconds later, check the water shelf S2 , ference is 0.3 P or less, no adjustment need be
madebecause the effectwill be less thanthe
level and if necessary adjustthe posi- (9) Note and record the meter water smallest amount to which the meterreading
tion of shelf SIto bring the water level temperature. can be estimated.
exactly to the plane of the gage. (10) After the waterhascome to
(b) Adjustittg for Rale of Test: rest in the upper gage glass a t or close (18) If the objective of the calibra-
(1) With reservoir R onshelf SI, set to gage marker T , force the meter hand tion is to make the meter indication per
cock A to connect the bottle to the meter, SO asto producezeroreadingon the revolution correspond as nearly as pos-
with cock D closed, E open, and meter, inclined gage. Then read and record the sible to the delivery capacity of the
outlet open (or cock N open). Close cock reading of the meter hand. standard bottle, that is as nearly 0.1000
C and place reservoir R on shelf S2 (11)While still holding the meter as possible, then if the value obtained by
(2) Open cock C and observe the time handto producezeroreading of the Step (17)differsfrom 0.1000 by more
24

ASME P T C m 3 - 3 h7 W 0757h70 005352q 7
GASEOUS FUELS
than 0.0002 adjustment should be made (7) to ( U ) Proceed as directed in TABLE 111.-SAMPLE DATA SHEET FOR
CALIBRATION OF METER WITH AN
to the quantity of sealing water in the Paragraph (G), Steps (7) to (U). ASPIRATOR BOTTLE.
meter. Changing the quantity of sealing (12) Close
cock C while
moving Time.. .. .................
I
Meter reading CU. ft.. , ,,.(Start) &%..., 2:59:17

26.9000
water in themeter by 10 ml (3 oz) reservoir to Shelf 5'2, then open cocks C Room temper& deg. Fahr ..............
...,,.,....
hieter temperature) deg. Fahr.. , .. .... .....
........, 77.1
, ,, , 78.4
changes the capacity of the meter per and F as nearly together as possible. Bottle temperaturi, deg. Fahr, 11.4
..
Gas prerrure at meter inlet, inches of water.. , 1.42
revolution by about 0.0002 CU ft. (13) Same asStep (5) in this para-
.......... . .. .......,.,....
Gas reasure in bottle, inches of water..
WeIgit ?f water, lb.. , , , ,,
,,, 1.10
, 18.6914
(19) When the object of the test is to
determine the calibration factor by
graph.
(14) Continue in accordance with
Caltulakorrr:
-
Ivcight of-water at 77.4 F., lb... .... ... ..
, , ,, 18.6974
Correction for buoyancy 18.6914 X 0.00106..~0.01Sa
which the indications of the meter (as
previously adjusted)shouldbe multi-
Paragraph (G), Steps (13) to (19).
density at 39.2 F, = 18,6974X [e
Correction for density of water at 77.3 F. to
-
Correction for temperature difference =
1 3 . .+0,0557
plied in order to obtain the true volume 459 I1 784 -

(in terms of the volume of the bottle),
18.6914 X [ i5- 11 ......,..,... 10.0348
Calibration by the Aspirator orWeighed- Correction fo; p&sÚre &fferencëa P 18.6974 X
the first step is to adjust the meter in- -
(29.92 10.0131) X (1.10 0.938)
dication for any observed temperature

Water Method -
c(29.92 4- 0.0137) X (1.42 0.980)
Corresponding welght of water at maximum
'" ' *+o.oos!
19. (a) A simple and accurate method .....................................

denrlty
....,... . .,.. . ..,.
18,8128
difference between the bottle and meter Equivalent volume, CU. ft. , , , , , ,,, , 0,3014
using the method just described. Then
the required correction factor will be
equal to one tenth of the reciprocal of
of calibrating laboratory meters is that
of displacement, using an aspirator
bottle. Inexpensiveequipment for this of mercury,
0.0137
(0.946)
-
One revolution of index.. , , ,, , , , ,,,, , , 0.1005
conversion factor, inches of water to inches
vapor pressure, inches of mercury, bottle
-P-
the adjustedmeter indication. method is shown in Fig. 6. The volume of 0.980 vapor pressure,inchen of mercury, meter
gas drawn throughthe meter for a given
NOTE4: Exanrple.-Assume that .the meter number of revolutions of the index is vations NOTE2: ExampZe.-An example of the obser
indication,afteradjustment, as shown above, calculated from the corresponding.weight is shownand calculations involved in such a test
in Table III,
for anytemperaturedifferencebetween bottle of water displaced from the bottle.
The above example was taken from the Na-
and meter is 0.0991. Then the meter correction
factor is (b) Before starting a calibration, the tional Bureau of Standards Technologic Paper
system should
be
operated through 36, p 37. The samemwlt i s obtained by con-
0.1 x several cycles of emptying and filling vertmg to volume after,applying the buoyancy
~
0.0991
= 1.0091
the bottleso as tobring the temperatures correction and multiplying the result by P-
Pb
SI
1 -
(d) Calibration Procedure Usiltg Gm,-- of all parts as close together as possible. wh'ere P is the correction factor for gas volume,
súbscript b refers to the bottle, and subscript m
If gas is used in the calibration of the To do this, open cock B and allow the reten to the meter.
meter, the additional connectionsin- water to drain from the bottle into a
dicated by dotted lines in Fig. 5 will be suitabl'e container; this draws air throughAccuracy of Laboratory WetGas Meters
needed, Also several of the steps will be the humidiiïer and meter and into the and an Evaluation of the Methods of
modified as follows: bottle. To return thewater to thebottle, Calibration
open the connection between bottle and
20. (G) The smallest division of the
( I ) For starting, the reservoirshould meter by disconnectingit (or by opening main dial of a wet test meter such as is
be on shelf SI; cock C open; cocks D,B, a cock); then with length of rubber tub- shown in Fig. 3 represents 0.001 CU. ft.
F, and H closed; and cock A setto ing and funnel, shown in dotted lines in
connect the bottle B with saturator IT. Fig. 6, the watercanbereturned to It is customary practice to estimate the
meterreading to of these divisions,
The meter hand should be approximatelythe bottle. The samewatershouldbe or 0,0001 CU. ft. However, one can
a t zero. used as this will help equalize tempera-
hardly claim an accuracy of thislast
(2) Read and recordroom temperatures, estimated figure betterthan plus or
ture, saturator temperature, meter tem- (G) When temperatures are as nearly
uniform as it seemspossible to attain, minus 1, which is equivalent to an un-
perature, andbarometric pressure, certainty of plus or minus 0.1 per cent
(3) Close cock C and place the reser- set the water discharge tube or diverter of the volume represented by a single
voir on shelf SI . to discharge water into a waste bucket
revolution of the large hand.
(4) Opencocks C and F as nearly and open cock B. As the index of the (b) Thereare two otherimportant
simultaneously as possible. meter passes through the zero position,
sources of variation or uncertainty in
(5) As soon as water appears in lower shift the discharge tube (or diverter) to the indications of these meters. One of
gageglass,closecock F and opencock allow water to run intothe weighing these is the mechanical condition of the
K. Noteand record the (approximate) bucket. After the index of the meter has meter. Of course it is usuallyassumed
time when the water passed the lower made the desired number of revolutions, that the meter is or should be in good
gage mark W ,Read and record reservoir shift the discharge back tothe waste mechanical condition. But evenwhen
water temperature. bucket just as the index passes through this condition appears to be satisfied, it
(6) Thirty seconds afterthewater the zeroposition.Close the cock B. has been noticed that a slight longi-
passed the lower gage marker, shift cock Calculate the volume of air which passed tudinalmovement of theshaft in its
A to connect the bottleB with meter M, through the meter into the bottle from bearingsmaycause a change in tbe
and opencocks D and E. the. weight of water displaced. meter indietion of 0.2 to 0.5 per cent,
-
-_
25

Licensed by Information Handling Services 标准分享网 www.bzfxw.com
. 免费下载
"
and ob course excessive dryness or tight- closed,close the provervalve and ob- mode of operation and size or capacity
ness of thefront bearingpackingwill serve the pressure gage. If the pressure of the meter. For example, a small rate-
cause irregular operation. falls, there is a leak either in the con- of-flow meter of the float and tapered
(c) The. other source of variation is nections or the meter case that must be tube type may be calibrated by passing
that of the observer, As a measure of stopped before proceeding with the test. air through it from or into a prover. The
this variation, several experiencd ob- (b) Place the proper cap on the meter flow is adjusted to give a desired reading
servers wereasked to level and adjust outlet to allow air (or gas) to pass a t of the meter and the time interval for a
the quantity of sealing water in a meter, about one fjfth the rated capacityof the convenientnumber of cubic feetinter-
Aftereachsuch adjustment, the meter meter. By manipulation of the prover vals on theprover scale to pass the index
was calibrated by an aspirator method. valve, bring the meter test hand in line mark is obtained with a stopwatch, or
The maximum spread between these with one of the divisions of its dial (pref- some other more accurate means of
calibrations was 0.46 per cent and the erably on its upwardswing) and close measuring the time interval. Other data
average difference was plus or minus 0.1 the valve. Fill the proverwith air (or that should be recorded are the pressure
per cent. As a result of these several gas) and set to zero scale reading, Open and temperature of the air in the prover
factors, it is concluded that,onthe the provervalveallowing air (or gas) and a t the inlet. Also, it may bedesirable
average, the recorded indications of to pass through the meter until the test to determine the relative humidityof the
these metersaresubjectto an uncer- .hand makes exactlyone revolution, air. With these data it willbepossible
tainty of about plus or minus 0.2 per closing the valve quickly. Noteand to calculate the mass or volume rate of
cent. record the prover scale reading tothe flow referred to any specified set of
nearest 0.01 CU. ft. conditions.
Calibration of Large Water-Sealed Ro- (c) Calculate the meter correction and (b) A smallorifice meter or a flow-
tating-Drum Meters the meter ‘(proof” as follows: meter of the capillary tube type may be
21. Water-sealed rotating-drum gas calibrated inmuch the sameway as
meters, registering 1 CU. ft. or more per Correction to meter reading, per cent = described in Paragraph (u). I n this case,
revolution of the main index hand, may it will be _necessaryto measure the static
A-B
betested with a cubic-foot bottle of - B
x 100 pressure-on the inlet side of the orifice
the moving-tank type. The procedure or capillary tube and the pressure drop
will
be similar tothat described in Percentage error (meter “proof”) = across it. From the pressure and temper-
Section 18 for the calibration of the 0.1 ature (and humidity) the density Df the
CU. ft. meter. The aspirator method B-A
- A
x 100 fluid (airand moisture) enteringthe
may be used also, provided the aspirator orifìces and the “flow coefficient” of the
tank hassuflìcient capacity, at least orifice may be calculated as follows:
1.5 CU. ft., to allow for startingand where:
stopping. Finally, if the accuracyre- A = prover reading, and *’ 0.3786
quirements of the meter are nottoo high, B = meter reading.
pl = 1.3273
459.7 +
I
the test may be made with a gas meter ( d ) Gasmeters are ordinarily tested QI = 0.0997 KD:l/hx
prover.However, to keep therate of at two rates of flow, which are approxi-
W = O.O9971iD:d/I;;;;
flow within the meters operating range mately one fdth rated capacity and full where:
and to avoid blowing the seal, it will be rated capacity. Prover pressures are Dn = diameter of the orifice, in.
necessary to increase the counterweights ordinarily adjusted to 1.5 in. of water, e = pressure of water
vapor at the
of the prover bell, or to regulate the rate The number of cubic feet required to temperature
relative
and
by a valve placed on the meter outlet. cause onerevolution of a meter test hand humidity of the air, in, H g
is 1, 2, 5, or 10, depending on the size of
the meter and type of index. h pressuredrop across orifice, inches
Calibration of Small Dry Diaphragm of mater,
Meters (ASTM Section 23 not included.) K = orificeflowcoefficient (a ratio),
22. (u) Connect the meter to a prover, Nom.-More detailed
discussions of gas pl = absolute pressure at. the orifice
using the propersize of hose coupling, metertestingaregiven in thereport of the inlet, in. H g
and by opening the prover valve pass a 1920 Consumers’MetersCommittee of the 1 r temperature of theair(usually at
small amount of air (or gas) through the American Gas Association,Proceedings of the
SecondAnnualConvention,andthereport of the orifice inlet), O F
meter to ensure thatit is operating .the 1930 Subcommittee on Meters, Distribution QI = actual volume rate of flow at
properly. Test for tightness of the con- Committee, American’Gas Association.
orifice inlet condilions as cal-
nections and the soundness of the meter
by closing the meter outlet and opening Calïbration of Rate-of-Flow Meters culated from the prover obser-
the prover valve, thus applying the full 24. (a) The method selected for the vations, cubic feet per second,
prover pressure to the meter and con- calibration of a gas meter of the rate-of- zli = actual mass rate of flow as- cal-
nections. Keeping the meter outlet flow type will dependlargelyupon the culated from the prover obser-
~- ~
26

ASME P T C * 3 - 3 h 9 m 0 7 5 9 6 7 00 0 5 3 5 2 6 2 W
GASEOUS FUELS
vations, pounds per second,

PI = density of the fluid (air and mois-
ture) a t theorifice inlet, pounds
per cubic foot.
(c> If the rate of flow is subject to
variations such that the differential
pressure, h, will vary by more than 3 in.
of water from the value a t which R
was determined, several values of R
corresponding to dBerent values of h
should be determined. These may be
plotted against h, or better against
h/ P l .
NOTE1.-For a more complete treatment of
the calibration and use of rate-of-flow meters,
reference should be made to Bibliography Ref-
erences (2) and (3).
a
ir
- Rate, CU. ft. per hr.
Rate without rate compensating chamber,
Rate with ratecompensatingchamber.
FIG.t.-Calibration Curves of a Wet Test Meter Without and With a Rate Compensating
NOTE 2.-For the application of rate-of-flow Chamber.
meters, particularly orifice meters, to the com-
mercial metering of fuel gases, see Bibliography
Reference (4).
APPENDIX
RATECOMPENSATINGCHAMBERS
volume of gas that the drum will’contain per metering compartments at a constant elevation
POR LIQUID-SEALED revolution.
ROTATING-DRUM METERS In this way the volume of gas discharged per
This change inthe elevation of thewater revolution of the drum remains practically con-
surface within the metering compartment with stant over the full operating rangeof the meter,
From the curve in Fig. 7, it is seen that the change in rate of flow may bediminished or
volume discharged per revolution by a wet gas completely compensated for by attaching to or as shown by Fig. 7. It may be noted that, in
meter increases astherate of flow increases. incorporating within the metercase an auxiliary general, the pressure drop-across the metermg
This change with rate may amount to as much water compartment of a special cross-sectional drum is less than half the total pressure drop
as 1 per cent over the operating range of the shape. There is also a restricting orifice or tube across the meter, since the drop in theinlet tube
meter. The explanation for it is that the in- placed in the inlet of the meter and so situated was the larger part of the total. Por this reason,
crease in the rate offlow through the meter is that the gas pressure wit& the auxiliary water the inclusion ofthe regulatingorifice ortube does
accompaniedby(or is caused by)an increase compartment is greater than within the meter- not increase the over-allpressure drop to any
inthe pressure dropthroughthe metering ing drum. This pressure difference increases as significant extent.
drum. Thisincrease in thepressure drop’through the rate of flow increases and causes water from
themeterdrum depresses thesurface of the the auxiliary compartment to be displaced into A complete descriptionof this method of rate
water within the measuring compartments as the main body of the meter in such amount as compensationis given. in U. S. Patent No.
they are filled with gas, thereby increasing the will maintainthesurface of thewaterinthe 2321038, assigned to the U. S. Government.
VOLUMETRIC ANALYSIS OF FUEL GASES

The current ASTM Standard for vol- which this Code i s concerned, those con- moved by the use of fuming sulfuricacid
umetric analysis applies specifically to taining significant’ concentrFtions of as described inthenormal procedure
the analysis of natural gas. The same other combustible constituents and high (Paragraph 7c, page 29). Extension of
method may be applied to all gases in inert gases, the apparatus should include a pipette
which hydrocarbons arethe only fuel containing ammoniacal cuprous chloride,
components provided the sample for Since the lattergases may contain sig-
or one of theproprietarypreparations
analysis can be completely vaporized a t nificant amounts of unsaturated hydro-
atmospheric pressure and temperature. carbons. carbon monoxide. and hydrogen, such as “Cosorbent” for the removal of
consideration must be given for their carbon monoxide. I n addition, it will be
removal prior to the determination of .necessary to estimate hydrogen from
I n addition, the same methods, with methane and ethane. by slow combustion catalytic combustion on copper oxide or
slight extensions of the apparatus, can be in the normal procedure. “Hopcalite” with subsequent .determina-
applied also to thevolumetric analysis of tion of methane andethaneby slow
the other twoclasses of fuel gas with The unsaturated hydrocarbons are re- combustion.
21

Standard Method for
ANALYSIS OF NATURAL GASES BY THE
VOLUMETRIC - CHEMICAL METHOD

(Identical with ASTM Piocedures)
Scope Nom-Thedetermination of the complete ( 3 ) A distributing-tip bubbling pi-

1. This methodis intended for the composition of natural gas is covered inthe
Standard Method for Analysis of Natural
pettecontaining alkaline py-
analysis of natural gases when the com- Gases and Related Types of Gaseous Mixtures rogallol solution.
plete composition is not required (Note). by the Mass Spectrometer (ASTM Designa- ( 4 ) A slowcombustion pipette with
If more than two saturated hydrocarbons tion: D 1137)2 In selecting the methodmost platinum spiral.
are present, the true composition is not suitable for theparticular problem at hand, ( 5 ) A simple bubbling pipette con-
considerationshouldbegiven totherelative
given. Acidgases aredetermined as a precision and accuracy obtainable by the mass taining KOH solution.
group,unsaturatedhydrocarbons as a spectrometer method‘ as compared to those
group, and inert gases (nitrogen, helium, indicatedin Section 10 of this volumetric- (6) A distributing tipbubbling pi-
neon, argon) as a group. The data ob- chemical method. pette containing alkaline py-
tained by this method are usually S&- rogallol solution,
Principle of Method
cient for the calculation of heating value
and specific gravity when the gas con- 2. The method combines absorption The pipetsshall be so designed that they
and combustionmethods. Acidgases, will not trap gas on the return passage
tains onlysmall amounts of C3 and to the buret. They should be efficient
heavier hydrocarbons.When the entire oxygen, and unsaturated hydrocarbons
enough to remove oxygen from the mix-
hydrocarbon content of a gas iscalcu- are absorbed; saturated hydrocarbons are
ture in four to five passes, and COZ or
lated as methane and ethane only, the burned with excess oxygen over hot plati-
unsaturated hydrocarbonsinthreepasses.
calculated heatingvalueand specilk num; and thecontraction, carbon dioxide The slow combustion pipet must be free
gravity, as well as the composition, will produced, and oxygen consumed are all
from all leaks when hot as well as cold.
be in error. The extent of this error measured. (b) The buret shall be engraved with
depends on the partial pressures of the Apparatus all marks extending slightly over halfway
Cs and heavier hydrocarbonsin the gas. 3. The apparatus shall be of the con- around the circumference, graduations
Thus, C3Hs is calculated as 2C2Ha - C&, ventional volumetric type in which vol- corresponding to odd numbered milliliters
and the error in heating value is only umes are made comparable by meansof three fourths of the way around,and
0.07 Btu. per cubic .foot for each 1 per a pressure - temperaturecompensator graduations corresponding to even num-
cent C3He. C & J is calculated as with manometer interposed between the bered milliliters completely around. The
-
3CzHo 2CH4, with an error of 0.54 Btu. compensating tube and buret, thepipets length of the graduated section (100 ml.)
per cubic foot per 1 percent CdHlO. are connected to the buret by a manifold, ‘shallbe about60 cm., each 0.2-ml. inter-
Each 0.1 of propylene causes an error of andmercury isused asthe confining val to be separated about 1.2 mm. The
0.1 Btu. per cubic foot. (Usually no un- fluid! The apparatus shall comply with buret should be calibrated by weighing
saturates, oronly very small amounts, the following detailed requirements: mercury delivered’betweenmeasured h-
are found in a natural gas.) Calculated (a) The apparatus shall be equipped tervals and should beaccuratewithin
speciíïc gravity is in error by 0.0008 for with the following pipets placed in the 0.1 ml. in 100 ml. over-all, and 0.02 ml.
each 1per cent propane, 0.0005 for each following order, starting next to the buret in 10 ml.
0.1 per cent propylene, and 0.001 for and from thence outward: (c) The manometer shall presentno
each 1per cent butane. From such con- ( I ) A simple bubbling or contact pi- signifìcant error of capillarity and shall
siderations, it may be established when pette containing KOH. solution. be connected so that the gas in the arm
it isreasonableorunreasonable to use ( 2 ) A simple bubbling pipette con- attached to the distributor can be dis-
the analytical data for calculating these placed into the the distributor by using
characteristics. taining fuming sulfuric acid.
the monometric fluid asthe confining
8 This a paratus complies with the requirements fpr
type VIRI& a paratus as given m the report h Martln fluid for this purpose.
8 See p. 1168.
Shepherd on dnalysis of a Standard Sam le o?Natural
G a s by Laboratories Cooperatingwith thek e r i c a n SoCi-
(d) All connections preferably should
cbfartin Shepherd “Analysis of a Natural Gas by ety for Testing Materials ” Journul o j Rarearcfi, Nat. be made withinterchangeable, spherical,
Volumetric Chemical &thods and by the blass Spectrom- Bureau Standards Vol. 38: No. i, January, 1947, p. 19.
eter,” Analyficol Chamisfry, Vol. 19, p. 635 (1947). (Rerearch Paper b 1 7 S 9 . ) ground-glass joints. All stopcocks shall
2%

ASME P T C * 3 * 3 b 7 m 0759670 0053528 b M
GASEOUS FUELS
be precision ground and free from leakage termined, the sample shall be taken di- water into the buret andslowly expelling
when properly lubricated. rectly into evacuated glass. The sample it.
(e) The volumetric reproducibility of shall be stored only as long as absolutely (e) Flush the manifold, pipet inlets,
the apparatus, as determined by actual necessary. Thelubricant on thestop- and arm of manometer connected to the
measurement, shall bewithin 0.02 ml, cocks of the samplershouldbe equili- manifold with nitrogen, and balance to
on repeated measurement of a single por- brated with respect to the sample if Ca the reference (compensator) pressure,
tion of gas, or 0.05 ml. when three sepa- and heavier hydrocarbons are present.
rate portions of gas are measured and NoTE.-T~~ssampling procedureis applicable ProcedureforAbsorptionAnalysis
thereafter combined and measured (see only to gaseous samples. 7. (u) Transfer about 95 to 100 ml. of
Section 6 (b)). the sample totheburetwithout con-
Preparationand
Standardization of tamination, allow 3 min. to saturate the
Reagents Apparatus
4. (a) Polusshm Hydroxide Solt~tiot~ 6. (u) Test the assembled apparatus
sample with respect to water if it is dry,
-Dissolve A.C.S. grade ROH sticks or for leaks by applying approximateIy 15 and then adjust the pressure until the
manometer indicates the sample is a t
pellets in distilled water until an excess cm. (6 in.) mercury gage positive, then
the reference (compensator) pressure.
of solid ROH remains. Cool this solution negative pressure, andmeasuring any Measure this volume, VI,to the nearest
to about 3 C . below the lowest tempera- change in volume that may occur as 0.02 ml.
ture that will exist in the pipet during oneafteranotherthe sections of the
(b) Removal of Carbon Dioxide OY Acid
analysis. Decantthe clear solution for apparatus are opened totheburet a t Gases (Note),-Displace the gas in the
use. 5- or 10-min, intervals. A total change of
arm of the manometer 'connected to the
(b) Alkalitte Pyrogallol Sol&ion.-To volume greater than 0.03 ml. indicates
distributor (manifold) into the buret, and
each 100 ml. of the ROH solution add possible leakage. then transfer the sample tothe ROH
17 g. of reagent gradepyrogallol crystals, (b) Determine the volumetric repro-
pipet 1. Return the gas to the buret and
protectfromair in a glass-stoppered ducibility of the apparatus as follows: pass twice more into the ROH solution;
reagent bottle, and place in a refrigerator (1) Take approximately 90 mI, of
then allow to stand 3 min. in the buret,
to keep cool until the crystals are dis- air into the buret, balance the pres-
balance the manometer, and measure the
solved, This solution will generateno sure, and read the volume. Destroy
volume, VZ,to the nearest 0.02 ml.
significant amount of CO. the balance, rebalance, and read again (c) Retfoval of Unsaturated Hydro-
(c) Fwttittg Sdfaric Acid,-A.C.S. Makeand record ten such measure-
carbons (Note).-Displace the gas from
grade fuming sulfuric acid containing a t ments.Note thetemperature of the the manometer arm and pass twice in
least 15 per cent free SOS. water jacket. and out of pipet 2 containingfuming
(d) Ascarile (or an equivalent CO2 ab- (2) Raise thetemperature of the sulfuric acid, once intopipet 1, then
sorbent consisting of a 20- to 30-mesh water in the water jacket 2 C. and once again into pipet 2, and twice into
inert base impregnated with NaOH) may repeat the measurementsmade in pipet 1. Finally, measure the volume Vi
occasionally be required for the accurate step (1).
of the gas after standing 3 min. in the
determination of small amounts of COZ, (3) and (4) Repeat steps (1)and (2)
buret.
and isused to remove SOa when the with approximately30 ml. of air in the
(d) Removal of Oxygen (Note).-Dis-
accurate determinationof small amounts buret. place the gas from the manometric arm
of unsaturated hydrocarbons is made. (5) Take three successive portions
and pass twice into pipet 3 containing
of about 30 ml. of air, measure each
Sampling alkaline pyrogallol solution, once each
and transfer to the combusion pipet,
S. The sample shall be representative intopipets 1 and 2, and finally twice
then return and measure the combined more into pipet 3. Measure the residual
of the material being sampled and shall volume of the three portions. Repeat
be taken from its source without change this procedure three times. Record all volume,- Vd.
of composition. If rubber tubing is used NOTE:Avoidance of Errors Ca~sedby Physical
data. Absorption.-It is very important thatthe
a t all, it mustbe used only to secure butt reagentsbeproperlyequilibrated with respect
Nm.-Tolerances on
volumetric
repro-
joints inglass or Metal tubing. The sam- ducibility are given in Section 3(e). to the particularmixturebrought into contact
ple shall be taken under slight pressure with thembeforetrustworthy results are ob-
in a glass sampling pipet equipped with (c) Equilibrate the reagents with retained. Reproducibility will serve as a guide to
three-way stopcocksat each end, so that spect to the sample to be analyzed. This properequilibration.Changes in temperature
is best done by performing four analyses and pressure may alter equilibria; and overnight
the sampling line may bethoroughly standing usually does, since the atmospheric
flushed beforeadmitting thesample over before making umpireor very important arm of the pipet offers no real bar to the escape
mercury intothe sampler and againafter analyses. For usual work, equilibrate by of dissolved gases, even thoughequipped with
connecting to the buret. If sulfur gases making six passes into each reagent, us- oil seal or rubber bag.
(or oxides of nitrogen) aretobe de- ing the gas that is to go into each reagent hydrocarbonsIf the acid gases, oxygen, andthe unsaturated
occur in small amounts-say less
during the actual analysis, than O S per cent-they are best determined in
# Suitable reaction tubes are described by Martin
Shepherd "Nodifications of Apparatus for Volumetric (d) Wet the buret wall with a film of reactiontubes'ratherthan in pipets. Such
Analysis Ir Journal of Research Nat. Bureau Standards
Vol. 26, fio. 4, April, 1941, P, 354: (Research Pager RP1.782. j waterbytaking several milliliters of tubes, in principle, forma part of the distributor,
29

. 3 b 7 W 0757b7000,53527
ASME P T C x 3.~ ~
B W
are about 8 to 10 cm. long and have a5- to 6-cm. pass, allow the gas in the combustion os = ve - v, + vlcr- (vlo- vl,)
bore, and contain small amounts of reagents so pipet to cool before returning tothe
thatthe appreciable errors of solubility are buret. Measure the residue, Vo. N2 v11 - vs - v 7
avoided. For example, a series of three tubes
containing Ascarite (or equivalent COZ ab- NOTE.-NO more than 0.1 ml. of water should CH4, Per cent = 3 [7 (TC -k Co*)- 9 0 2 1 -
100
sorbent), 10 drops of fuming sulfuric acid on be allowed to collect in the combustion pipet. V8
glass wool, and (again) Ascarite are ideal for
removing traces of unsaturated hydrocarbons.
A tubecontaining 20 drops of alkaline pyrogallol
(d) Removal of COI Prodztced.-Dis- C A , per cent = [6 0%- 4 (TC COA]- + 100
V8
solution will yield better oxygen determinations place the gas from the manometer and
than ordinarily obtained fora naturalgas. Many pass three times from the buret into the where:
of the oxygen determinations reported for ROH solution in pipet 5, once into the
natural gases have been significantly too high, combustion pipet, and once more into TC = total contraction of sample upon
and unsaturates are often reported when none combustion,
are present. A small tube of Ascarite will suffice pipet 5. Measure the residue, VIO. C02 = carbon dioxide produced by com-
V (e)Rewoval of Excess Oxygen.-Dis-
to remove COZfrom such gases.
place the gas from the manometer and bustion of the sample,
Procedure for Combustion Analysis pass four’ times into pipet 6, once into 0 2 = oxygen consumed,
pipet 5, once into the combustion pipet, V1 and V2 = values defined in Para-
8. (a) Prepare nitrogen, for use as a graph ( 4 ,
transfer gas,by absorption of oxygen and once again intopipet 6. Measure
V6 = volume of nitrogen takenas a
from uncontaminated air in pipet c5 con- the residue, Vll,
transfer gas,
taining alkaline pyrogallol solution. Calculations Va = volume of oxygen taken for com-
Flush the distributor with this nitrogen bustion, the actual volume of
and balance to reference pressure; then 9. (u) From the results of the absorp-
tion analysis (Section 7), calculate the pure oxygen being V6 corrected,
measure about 40 ml. of the nitrogen, V7 = volume of inert impurities in the
Vs, and transfer it for storage over the percentages of carbon dioxide, unsatu- oxygen taken for combustion,
ROH solution in pipet 5. rated hydrocarbons, and oxygen present
V8 = volume of sample taken for com-
(b) Measure about 95 ml. of approxi- in the original sample, as follows: bustion,
mately pure andcarefully analyzed oxy- Carbon dioxide (or acid gas), per cent V S = volume of residual gas after com-
gen, Vc, and transfer to the slow bustion of sample,
combustion pipet. Let V7 represent the - v1 - v 2 x 100
”
Vl0 = volume of residue after removal
volume of the inert impurities in this v1
of COz produced by the com-
oxygen. Unsaturated hydrocarbons, per cent bustion, plus the transfer
(c) Measure a fresh sample, Vg, of gas
for combustion analysis (about 35 ml.,
-~
- v0 - va .x 100 nitrogen, and
v1 Vlt = volume of residue after removal
or less than 35 ml. when the proportion of excess 0 2 , plus the transfer
of heavier hydrocarbons is great). If the Oxygen, per cent = Va
- - V4 x nitrogen,
v1
absorption analysis shows more than 0.2 V12 = volume of CO2 originally present
per cent unsaturated hydrocarbons, pafs where: in the sample, and
this sample through fuming sulfuric acid V13 = volume of 0 2 originally present
before the combustion analysis. Adjust VI = volume of sample takenforab- in the sample.
the pressure in the buret and slow com- sorption analysis,
bustion pipet to atmospheric, with the V2 = volume of sample after removal of NOTE 1.-If the sample has beenpassed
COz (acid gases), through fuming sulfuric acid prior to the com-
platinum wireglowing dull red;then bustion analysis, results of the analysis shall be
open the combustion pipet to the buret Va = volume of sample after removal of corrected to the basis of the original sample,
and slowly pass the sample over the hot unsaturated hydrocarbons, and NOTE2.-If propane or other hydrocarbons
platinum spiral. Allow fully 15 min. for V , = volume of residual gas after re- are present, the results will be in error. A.full
this first passage of sample into the com- moval of oxygen. discussion of this is given in a report by Martin
Shepherd?
bustion zone.When the sample has all (b) Calculate the results of the com-
left the buret, displace the gas from the bustion analysis (Section 8) as follows Accuracy
manometer arm connected tothe dis- (Notes 1 and 2): 10. Since it is not possible to determine
tributor and pass this into the combus- more than two saturated hydrocarbons
tion pipet. Then return thegas from the TC = Ve 3. VE - V9 by this method, and the errors caused by
combustion pipet to the buret until the the presence of other hydrocarbons de-
2 = (V1 - v21 -
V8
mercury is just under theplatinum v 1
v1 pends upon theù identity and amounts,
spiral, taking about 5 min. for this, and
reverse the flow to return the gas to the Vla W C -
V41 -V8
v1 7 See the rewrt by Martin Sheuherd on “Analvsis of
combustion pipet, Three more complete a Standard Sample of Natural Gas by Laboratories-Coop;,
erating with the American Society for Testing Materials
passes toand from theburet should
complete the combustion.On thelast CO, = V6 + -
va v10 - vu Journal of Research, Nat Burenu Standards Vol. 38, do.
1, January, 1947, p. 19 (Research Pa)er lZPi759.)
30

ASME P T C * 3 * 3 67 m 0759670 0053530 Y
GASEOUS FUELS
nostatementcan be made concerning Reproducibility

the actual accuracy of the method with Probable
respect to the hydrocarbons. Any CSHS The accuracy of determinations of other Accuracy Diaerent 3ne L a b
.abarato- oratory
would be calculated as 2CzH6 C€&; - components and the precision of all can ria and and A p
would be calculated as 3C2H6 - be estimatedfrom the results of a co- rpparatua paratus
PC&; and so on. If C a 6 is present, the operative study of this method.’ The fol- Carbon dioxide, per
cent ...... .........
I 0.05 0.05 o. o2
errors in C€& and CzHa are indicated lowing table gives these estimations for Oxygen, per cent. O. 1 to 0.2 o. 1 0.03
Unsaturated hydro-
thus: some of the important components: carbons as a
group, per cent.. . ò:i
0.01
o. 1
6.6
Nitrogen, per cent.,
Methane, per cent..
Ethane, per cent.. .. ..... 1.0
1.0
0.2
o. 2
OTHERANALYTICALM.ETHODS
Advanced methods are now available and the individual ions passed through is available for carrying out this process,
for the identification and measurement the chamber underthe influence of a so that the analysis becomes a matter of
of the specific components that used to magnetic field, substantially without col- interpreting a graphical result furnished
be lumped under the general designations lision with other molecules,ionizedor by the spectrometer.
of “saturated hydrocarbons” or “illumi- un-ionized. The magnetic field acts on
nants” in the volumetric-chemical meth- the individual ions in such a way as to
ods. These methods require the use of disperse their trajectories, so thatthe Most fuel gases can be analyzed by
specialized apparatus which usually is particles of least mass, Le., lowest molec- the procedures .given in ASTM D 1137-
installed only in major laboratories. For ular weight, are deflected mostfrom 53, StandardMethod for Analysis of
important testprograms, however,it may their original direction. Ions having the Natural Gases and RelatedTypes of
be necessary to secure the use of such same mass-to-charge ratio havethe same Gaseous Mixtures by the Mass Spectro-
facilities in order to obtain the signifi- deflection. Asuitable sensing element meter. For analysis of other gas mixtures
cantly improved characterization of the can be used to measure the intensity of follow the more restrictive procedures of
fuel that their use makes possible. These the individual ion beams at each location ASTM D 1302-61 T, Tentative ivlethod
methods include the use of themass in the spectrum. The location and rela- for the Analysis of CarburetedWater
spectrometer andof gas chromatography. tive intensities of the ion peaks in the Gas by the Mass Spectrometer. The de-
In the mass spectrometer, a mixture spectrumpermit identification and cal- tailed procedures for analysis by mass
of gases to beanalyzed is discharged culation of the relative concentrations of spectrometer arenot included in this
through a narrow aperture into a highly the individual molecularspecies in the Code because of the limited availability
evacuated chamber. The gas .. is ionized original mixture. Automaticequipment of this type of analytical equipment.
StandardMethod for
ANALYSIS OF NATURAL GAS BY GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY
Approved as USA Standard Zll.160-1964
(Identical with ASTM Procedures)
Scope Summarg of Method column a t suchtime asto group the

1. This method covers the determina- 2. Components in a sample of natural heavy-ends either as Cg and heavier, Cs
tion of the complete chemical composi- gas are physically separated by gas and hea;ier, or C, and heavier. The
tion of natural gases and similar gaseous chromatographyandcompared to cor- &romätogram is interpretedby com-
mixtureswithin the range of composi- responding components separated under paring the peak heights of the pentanes
tion shown in Table I. The method may identical operating conditions froni a
be
abbreviated for the analysis of reference standard mixture of known and lighter components with those ob-
lean natural gases containing negligible composition. The numerousheavy-end tained on the reference standard,The
amounts of hexanes and heavier hydro- components of natural gas are grouped total area under the reverse flow peak‘is
carbons, or for the determination of one into irregular peaks by reversing, the compared tothearea of the pentane
or more components, as required. direction of the carrier gas through the peaks in the standard.

Apparatus (I) Adsorption Column.--Thiscol-

3. (a) Deteclor.-The detector shall be Umn must completely separate oxygen,
a thermal conductivity-type or its equiva- nitrogen, and methane, as indicated by
lent in sensitivity and stability. It return of the recorderpen to the base
must be sdiciently sensitive to produce linebetweeneachsuccessivepeak. A
a peak height on the recorder chart of at COLUMN-MOLECULAR SIEVE-5FT '
5-ft column packed withmolecular sieves
least 20 m for 1 per cent n-butane in a TEMPERATURE-JOC
INLET PRESSURE-5 PSlG
will makethis separation in about 6
0.5-ml sample under conditions used for SAMPLE SIZE- 0.25ML min, as shown in Fig. 1.
this analysis. (2) Partition Co1um.n.-This col-
(b) Recorder.". strip chart recorder umn must separate ethane through
with a full-scale range of 10 mv or less pentanes and COZ. The recorderpen
shall be required. A maximum full-scale must return to the base line on propane
balance time of 2 'sec and a minimum and succeeding peaks, andon com-
chart speed of 3 in. perminshallbe 1:
ponents eluted ahead of propane, the
required. Y pen must return to within 2cent
per of
P
full scaledeflection,measured a t the
(c) Attetzwtor.-A multistep attenu-
ator for the detector output signal shall
be necessary to maintain maximum
peaks within the recorder chart range.
4
L
MINUTES
2 0
attenuation of the peak.Separation of
CO2 must be suflicient so that a 0.25-ml
sample containing 0.1 mole Der cent
v I ~~
Theattenuatormust be accurate to FIG.í.-Separation column for Oxygen,.Ni- C0.2 will produce a clearly measurable
0.5 per cent, Methane.
and
trogen, C02 peak on the chromatogram. The
(dl Simple Inlet System-provision be equipped with suitable facilities to separation should be completedwithin
should..be madeto introduce twosizes provide a flow of carrier gas through the 40 min, including reversal Of flow after
of samplerangingfrom 0.25 to 0.5 analyzercolumn at a flow ratethat is *Pentazne to give agroup Peak for
ml, and 2 to 5 ml,respectively, The constant to 1.0 per 'cent throughout the hexanes and heavier components.Figures
sample volume must bereproducible analysis, 2, 3, andexample
4 show chromatograms
such that successive runs agree within 1 (g) Columns.-An adsorption-type col- Dbtained on suitable partition columns.
mm or 1 per cent (whichever is larger) umn anda partition-type column are
on each component peakheight. Samples required to makea complete analysis ( h ) Drier.-A drier must be provided
for determination of hexanes and heavier \ l U U L C Lj.
/hT..&, 4) ahead of the sample inlet for runs
componentsmust be entered from a NOTE1,-The preparation and arrangement determining the hexanes andheavier
íked volume loop or tubular section of of columns found by test to meetrequirements components. The drier must remove
not less than &-in. inside diameter of thismethod are described in Appendix II. moisture without removing components
tubing.
TABLE X.-NATURAL GAS COMPONENTS
AND RANGE OF COMPOSITION
COVERED.
COLUMN- HMPA, 2 0 F T
Concentration TEMPERATURE- 2 5 C
Compound Range, mole INLET PRESSURE-25 PSlG
per cent SAMPLE SIZE-5ML
~~~
Helium.. .................. O to 6
Oxygen.. .................. O to 10
Nitrogen. .................. O to 20
Carbon Dioxide ............. O to 10
W
eæ
Methane. .....:. ........... 80 bo 100
Ethane ....................
u)
W
O t o 20 a
Propane. .................. O to 20
N i m a l Butane.. ........... O to 10
Isobutane.. ................ O to 10
Normal Pentane.. .......... O to 2
Isopentane.. ............... O to 2
Hexanes and heavier. ....... O to 2
(e)
Temperature
Control.-The an-
alyzer columns shall be maintained at a
temperatureconstant to 0.3 C during t I 1
the course of the sample and correspond- 27 24 21 18 15 12 9 6 3 O
MINUTES
ing reference standard runs.
Cr) Carrier Gas.-The instrument shall FIG.2.-Chromatogram of Natural Gas (HMPA Column).

-ASME -PTC*3.3 6 9 W 0 7 5 9 6 7 0 0053532 B m
GASEOUS FUELS
and 0.5 ml. (Thissmallsample size is

COLUMN-SILICONE 200)500,30 FT
!
TEMPERATURE-90C
necessary to obtain a linear detector
INLET.PRESSURE- 30 PSlG response for methane.) Su6cient ac-
SAMPLE SIZE- 5 M L curacy can be obtained the fordetermina.
tion of all but the minor constituents by
the use of this sizesample. Where in-
creased sensitivity is required forthe
determinatidn of components present in
low concentrations, a sample size of
upto 5 mlmaybe used.However,
components whose concentrationsare
in excess of 5 per cent shall not be de-
termined bythe use of over a 0.5-ml
sample size.
(b) Apparatus Puepurulion.-Place the
I L
u
I
proper column in operation as needed
30 25 10 f5 I'O 5 O for the desired run (as described in either
TIME MINUTES Paragraph (d), (e), or (r)).
A'djust the
FIG.3.-Chromatogram of Natural Gas (Silicone 200/500 Column). operating conditions and allow to sta-
V i e . After the base line has become
steadyandtheinstrumentapparently
that are to be determined in theanalysis ponents, or a natural gas mixture may stabilized, make check runs on the
(Note 2), be calibrated for use as a ,reference reference standardto establish instru-
NOTE2.-See Appendix II for preparation of standard by methods given in Appendix ment repeatability. The checks must
a suitable drier. III. Dry air is a suitable standard for agree within 1 mm or 1 per cent (which-
(i)Four-Way Vulve?-As required to oxygen and nitrogen. ever is larger) on each component peak
permit the use of either the adsorption NOTE 3.-Unless the referencestandard is height. The average or either of the two
or partition column, or for reversing the storedinacontainer that has been tested for checks maybe used as the reference
carrier gas flow, inertness to oxygen, it is preferable to calibrate standard for all subsequentruns until
for this component by analternate method.
there is a changein instrument operating
Reference Standard conditions,
Procedure
4. A moisture-free gas mixture4 shall - (c) Sample Preparation and Inlntrodtu-
berequired that contains knownper- 5. (a) Sample VoZume.-The size of tim-For samples containing more than
centages of the components, except sampleintroduced tothe chromato- about 10 grains of hydrogen sulfide
oxygen (Note 3), hexanes, and heavier graphic columns shall be between 0.25 (H&) perhundredcubic feet the H2S
components, that are to be determined 5
in the unknown sample. The concentra- COLUMN: DIDP-8FT+DMS-16 FT
2
tion of a component inthe reference TEMPERATURE: 35C
FLOWRATE: 75 ML/MIN t
standard mixtureshouldbe not less SAMPLE SIZE: 0.5 ML
than one half of, nor dXer bymore than
10 mole percent from, the concentra-
tion of the corresponding component in
the unknown, except for methane which
may diier by as much as 20 mole per
cent when a sample volume of less than
0.3 ml is used. A reference standard may
beprepared by blendingpure com-
*The RepublioLo-TempSelectorValve, a
4-wayflangedpolytetrafluoroethylene (Teflon)
plug, 310-6-1/8D,available from the Republic
Manufacturing Co., Cleveland, Ohio, or a local
distributor, has been found satisfactory for this
purposa.
A suitablereferencest.andard is available r ~ ~ l t ~ ~ ~ l t ~ l r l l l l
from the Phillips Petroleum Co., Flpecial 20 19 18 17 16 15 'I4 13 12 II IO 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 I O
Products Div., Bartlesville, Okla, It L iden- MINUTES
tified 85 NGPA Natural Gas Reference Wand-
ard. FIG.4.-Chromatogram of Natural Gas (DIDP + DMS Column).

shall be removed by tonnecting a tube particularlythe hexanes.Usually a 1 need not be" measured precisely as the nitrogen
of sodium hydrate asbestos absorbent to 3-ml size sample willbe satisfactory in the mixture thus preparedmust bedeter-
dined by comparison to nitrogen in the reference
(Ascarite) ahead of the sample container for mostgases. Enterthe sample and standard. The percentage of nitrogen is multi-
dining sampling or ahead of the drying obtain a chromatogram through n- plied by 0.280 to obtain the oxygenmoleper
tube when entering the sample. This pentaneand reverse the carrier gas cent, Do not rely on oxygen standards that
also removescarbondioxide andthe flowif hexanes and heavier areto be have been prepared for more than a few days.
results obtained willbe on the acid-gas determined (Note 4). Adjustthe at- ( f ) AdsorptionColumn Run for He-
free basis. tenuator a t eachpeak for maximum liutjz.-This run shall bemade using
( I ) The temperature of the sample peakheightwithin the recorder chart nitrogen or argon as the. carrier gas.
container should be above that at which range. The run is complete for hex- Enter a 3 to 5-ml sample and record the
the container was filled. If the container anesand heavier after the reverse helium peak which will be just ahead of
has beenexposed to low temperatures flow peak is obíained as evidenced by oxygen and willbe obtained inabout
it may require heatingovernight to the recorderpen returningtoand re- 2 min under normalconditions (Note
assure homogeneity of the sample. Con- maining on the base line. Obtain a 6). Obtain a correspondingchromato-
nect the sample container outlet valve to corresponding chromatogram on the ref- gram on a reference standard containing
the chromatograph inlet volume with a erence standard. The reference standard a suitable concentration of helium.
minimum lengthof metal orglass tubing. run is complete after the elution of n-
If hexanes and heavier are to be deter- pentane (Note 5). Calculations
mined and the sample is not known to 6. (a) Pentanes and Lighter Com-
NOTE4.-Thecarrier gasreversalmaybe
be free of water vapor, a drier shall be madejustafter n-butane if CS andheavier ponents.-Measure the height of each
mounted between the container and the breakdownis not neededand the approximate component peakfor pentanes andlighter,
chromatograph inlet volume.Connec- average molecular weight of the CSand heavier convert to the same attenuationfor
tions may be made witb short pieces of group is known.
NOTES,-Nohexanesandheaviercompo- corresponding components in the sample
vinyl (Tygon), butnotrubber tubing. nents should be present the
in reference standard. and reference standard,and calculate
All lines, valves, and connections must This may be checked convenientlyby obtaining a the concentration of each component in
be clean and dry. chromatogram that includes the reverse flow the sample as follows:
(2) Open the sample-cylinder out- step on each new standard.
let valve and purge the sample through A
Methane may also be determined on c = s x B-
the inlet system and samplevolume. this column if the columnused will
Pass the outlet from the sample volume separate it fromnitrogen and oxygen where:
through a tube extended just below (that is, silicone 200/500) and thesample C = componentconcentration in the
the surface of a container of water to size does not exceed 0.5 ml. sample in mole per cent,
indicate the rate of sample flow. Adjust (e) Adsorption Còluwwa Run for Oxy- A = peakheight of component in the
the flow to one or two bubblesper second. gen,,Nitrogen, and Methane.-This run sample in millimeters,
Flush for 3 min or more. Adjustthe shail be made using helium or hydrogen B = peak height of component in the
recorder baseline to coincide with the as thecarrier gas; if other thana thermal standard in millimeters, and
recorderzero. Enter the sample. If the conductivitydetector is used, select a S = componentconcentration in the
sample container doesnot have sutficient suitable carrier gas. The sample size standard in mole per cent.
pressure to flush the samplevolume, must not exceed 0.5 ml for the determina- If air has been run at reduced pressure
either pressurize the samplecontainer tion of methane. Enter the sample and for oxygen or nitrogen calibration, or
withhelium or fill the samplevolume obtain a chromatogram through methane both, correct -the equation for pressure
to a reduced pressure. When the sample (Note 6 ) . Likewise obtain a chromato- as follows:
container is pressurized,normalize to gram on the reference standard showing
100 per cent; when the sample volume nitrogen andmethane.Obtain a chro- c = s x -A x -P.
is sled to a reduced pressure, m 'the matogram on dryair showingoxygen B Pb
standard at the samepressure as the and nitrogen if oxygen is tobe de-
sample. where:
termined. The air may be entered at an P, = pressure at which air is run in
(dl Partition Column Run for Ethm
accurately measuredreducedpressure
and HeavìerHydrocarbons and CO,. - or from a helium-diluted mixture (Note
millimeters of mercury, absolute,
and
This run is made using helium or.hydro-
gen as the carrier gas; if other than a 7). Pb = barometric pressure duringrun
thermal conductivity detector is used, NOTE6.-It is recommended that the carrier in millimeters of mercury, ab-
select a suitable carrier gas. Select a gas flow bereversed to clean the column after solute.
each run.
samplesize in accordancewith Para- NOTE7,"IZorexample, an approximately 1 Compositionvalues of 78.1 percent
graph (a). If the gas is lean, a S-ml per cent of oxygen mixture can be prepared by nitrogen and 21.9 per cent oxygen shall
sample may beneeded for good measure- pressuringacontainer of air at atmospheric be used for air because on a molecular
ments oflow concentration components, pressure to 300 psig with helium. This pressure sieve column argon elutes with oxygen.
34

GASEOUS FUELS
(b) Hexaltes azd Uea~ierCa~tportet1ts.- dividing bythe sum of the original ard. Make calculations in same manner as for
Measure the areas of the hexanes por- values. The sum of the original values the complete analysis method.
(c) Adetermination of propane,isobutane,
tion and the heptanes
andheavier should not differ from 100.0 per cent by tr-butane, and pentanesand heavier canbe made
portion of the reverse flow peak (see more than 1.0 per cent. in about 5 min run time byreversing the carrier
Fig. 2, Appendix II, and Section E 6 of Precision
gas flow after tr-butane. However, it is necessary
Appendix V). Also measure the areas of to know the average molecularweight of the
both
pentanepeaks
on the sample 7. The following criteria should beused pentanes and heavier components.
chromatogram, and adjust all measured to judge the acceptability of the resuIts:
areas to the sameattenuation basis, (u)Duplicate results bythe same Single-Run Analysis far Ethane and Heavier
(1) Calculate corrected areai of operator shouldnot be considered suspect Components
the reverse flow peaks as follows: unless they differ by more thanthe A2. (a) In many cases a single-partitionrun
following amounts: using a samplesize in the order of 1 to 5 ml will
Corrected CSatea = 12/86 X measured G area
Corrected C7 andheavierarea = 72/A X be adequatefordetermining all components
Component, mole per cent Repeatabilityexcept methane, which cannotaccurately be
measured C7 and heavier area
determined using this size samplewith peak
where A = average molecularweight Oto1
1to6
......................
...................... O .O3 heightmeasurements because of its high con-
O .O6 centration.
of the C7 and heavier fraction (Note 8). 6 to 26.. ................... 0.16 (b) Enter a 1to 5-ml sample intothe partition
NOTE8.-The value of 98 is usually suffi- Over25 .................... 0.30 column and reverse the carrier gas flow after
ciently accurate for use as the C7 and heavier
CCand heavier fraction. ..... 6 per cent of n-pentane is separated. Obtain a corresponding
amount
fraction average molecularweightbecause the chromatogram on the reference standard.
smallamount of Ca and heavier present is Measure the peakheights of ethanethrough
usually offset by the lighter methyl cyclopentane (6) Results on the same sample sub- n-pentane andthe reverse flow area of the sample
and cyclohexane that occur in this fraction, A mitted byeach of two laboratories should chromatogram.Measure the peak heights of
moreaccuratevalueforaverage molecular not be considered suspect unless the ethanethroughn-pentaneand the areas of
weight ofC7 andheaviercanbeobtainedas results differ by more than the following the pentanepeaks of the standard.Make
calculations on' ethane and heavier components
described in Section A3 of Appendix I.
amounts: in the same manneras for the complete analysis
(2) Calculate the concentrations of
the two fractions inthe sample as Component, mole per cent I
Reproducibility
method, Methane and lighter may be expressed
as the aerence between 100 and the sum of
the determined components.
follows:
Otol..... .................. 0.06
Mole per cent CS = Corrected CSarea 1to6 ....................... 0.10 Spm'al Analysis to Detnminc Hexanes and
5t025 ...................... 0.20 Heavier Components
+
mole per centiCs nCb Over 25. ....................
x ;CS area n ~ area
+ s
. .
0.60 A3. (o) A short partitioncolumn can be used
CCand heavier fraction. ,, ,, 10 per cent of advantageously to separateheavy-end compo-
amount
nents and obtain a more detailed breakdown on
Mole per centC7 and heavier composition.of the reverse flow fractions. This
information provides quality data and basis for
= Corrected C7 and heavier area calculating physical properties such as molecular
x +
mole per centiG ttCs
APPENDIX I
weight on these fractions.
(b) Figure 5 is a chromatogram that shows
+
area area components that are separated by a 5-ft HMPA
column in 20 min. To make this determination,
If the mole percent iC6 4- nCa has STJPPLEMENTARYPROCEDURES enter a 5-ml sample into the short coluinn and
been determined by a separate ruq with reverse the carriergas .after reparation of
a smaller size sample, this value need not n-heptane.Measureareas of all peakseluted
he redetermined. Analysis for Only Propane and Heavier Compo- after n-pentane. Correct each peak area to the
flmts mole basis by diiiding each peak area by the
The entire reverse flow area may be molecular weight of the component. A value of
calculated inthismanneras 6 . and
c Al, (a) This determination can be made in 120 may beused for the molecular weight.of the
heavier or c6 and heavier, should the tions 10 to 15 min run time by using column condi- octanes and heavierreverse flow peak. Calculate
to separate propane, isobutane, n-butane,
carrier gas reversal bemadeafter n- isopentane,n-pentane, hexanes, andlieptanes the mole per .cent of the -hexaxks ana heavier
butane. The measured area shouldbe components by adding the corrected .areas and
andheavier, but disregardingseparation on dividing to makd'the total 100,per cent,
corrected by using the average molecular ethane and lighter.
weights of the entire reverse flow com- (b) Use a15-fthexamethylphosphoramíde
ponents for the value of A . The mole gas (HMPA) column at about 30 C with a carrier
percentandarea of the ic6 + lZC6
inlet pressure 30 psig, or a suitable length
of another partition column that will separate
APPENDIX II
reverse flow peak of an identical size propanethroughn-pentane in about 5 min.
sample of reference standard (c6 and Enter a 1 to 5-ml sample into the column and PREPARATION OF C O L ~ S
heavier free) shall then be used for the reverse the carrier gas flow after n-pentane is AND DRIER
separated.Obtain a corresponding chromato- Columns
final mole per cent value. gram on the reference standard, which can be BI. (a) Adsorption Column.-For separating
(c) Normalize the mole per cent values accomplished in 5 min run time as there is no helium,oxygen, nitrogen,andmethane (see
by multiplying each value by 100 and need to reverse the flow on the reference stand- Fig. 1).
35

ASME P T C * 3 * 3 b 7 W 0 7 5 9 b .7 0 0053535 3 W
~ ~~ ~~
(7) When a solvent odor can no longer be

detected, the material is ready for packing into
COLUMN- HMPA 5FT
TEMPERATURE- 30 C
a column. It is usually advisable to screen the
INLET PRESSURE-IO PSlG packing on a 60-mesh sieve at thia point to
SAMPLE SIZE- 5 ML remove fines formed by handling.
I (S) Fill the 16ft length of tubing with this
packing by bending into a U-shape and filling
from each endthrough a funnel. Vibrate the
column constantly during the fiuing operation.
h r t a glass wool plug into each end of the
column to retain the packing.
(9) Prepare the 8-ft section of tubingin
accordance withSteps (1) to (S) except that
25 g of Chromosorb .iihall be used in Step (3),
and 7.5 g of diisodecylphthalate8 shall be used
for the stationary phase in Step(4).
(10) Shape the .sections to fit intothe
chromatograph,and connect themin series,
with the diisodecylphthalate section on the
uprtrcam end.
( U ) Condition the column in the chroma-
tograph by flowing herum through it overnight
or longer if necessary ,at a temperature of about
50 c.
(c) SiliGotlc 200/500 Column:
Fro. 5.--Compositionof Hexanes and Heavier Fraction. (1) Clean a 30.ft length of 2-in. copper or
al~minumtubing with acetone and dry with a
stream of clean, dry air or inert gas. Bend into
( I ) Clean a 5-ft straightlength of 4-in. c l u n 8-02 screw-up bottle.Shakegentlyfor B U-shape for filling. .
copper or other inert tubing with acetone and about 5 min to obtain a homogeneous,taixture. (2) Dilute 30 g of silicone 200/5009 with
dry with a streamof clean, dry air. (4)Admit the packing intobothends of about 300 g of ethyl ether in a 6lter flak and
(2) Dry 20 to 30 g of Type SA or 13X, thetubing, using a smallfunnel andelectric add 80 g of 30 to 60 mesh Chromosorb pinkP
30 to 60-mesh molecular sieves' in an oven at vibrator continuously to completely- fill the Shake the flask to disperse the solvent. Connect
400 to 600 F for 6 hr or more. column. Plug each end with4 in. of glass wool. a vacuumline to t4e flask and evaporate the
(3) Plug one endof the tube withglass wool (5) Shape the finished columito mount
and, with continuous light tapping or by use of conveniently in the chromatograph. Because of splvent. Swirl the flask gently severaltimes
an electric vibrator, fill the tube with the sieves the volatility of hexamethylphosphoramide, this whileremoving the solvent, to avoidconcen-
from the other end, and plug it a!so with glass column should not be heated above 3.5 C. The tration of the silicone in the upper layer.
wool. column packingis very satisfactory faruse in an. (3) Admit the. packing into both ends of
(4) Shapethe finishedcolumn to mount apparatus with a thermistor bead-type.detector the tubing, u$ng a small funnel and an electric
conveniently in the chromatograph. cell but is not recommended .for use, witha vibrator continuously to completely fill the
(b) Parfitioa Column.-for separating ethane, filament-type c,e! Moisture on this column will column. Plug each end with4 in. of glass wool.
airbon dioxide,propane, isobutane,n-butane, cause the carbon dioxide peak to move towardo (4) Shape the finishedcolumn to mount
isopentane, n-pentane, and hexanes and heavier the propanepeak. The carbon dioxide Separation conveniently in the chromatograph, Condition
components (see Figs. 2,3, and 4). efficiency can usually be regained by sweeping the column by flowing helium through it at90 C
the column several hourswith dry carriergas. until a stable baseline is obtained. This column
Preparation of Columns (b) Diisodecylphthalate-DimethykdjolaneCol- will separate air, methane,carbon dioxide,
B2. The proceduresfor thepreparation of umn (DIDP DMS): + ethane, propane, isobutane,n-butane, isopen-
three columns that give satisfactory results for (1) Clean a 16 and an 8-ft l e q t h of $-in. tane, rr-pentane, and other natural gas hydro-
the required separation are as follows: copperor inerttubingwithacetoneand dry carbons as described in the method.
(a) t;tcxamelhylphosphoramide (HMPA) Col- with a stream of @r.
umn: (2) Dry
about
g80 of 30 to 60 mesh Dti~:
( I ) Clean a 20-ft length of ;-in. copper or Chromosorb pink in an oven at 400 to 600 F for B3. Prepare a drying tubethat is satisfactory
aluminum tubing with acetone and dry with a 12 hr or longer. for use with thismethod as follows:
stream of clean, dry air or inert gas. Bend into a (3j Weigh out 50 g of thedry Chroniosorh' (a) Coat smallglassbeads with powdered
U-shape for filling. into a 1 to 2-liter beaker. phosphorous pentoxide by mixing in a porcelain
(2) Dry 60g of 35 to 80 mesh Chromosorb (4) Weigh out 15 g of the stationary ;ha?e dish.
in an oven a t 400 to 600 F for 6 hr or more. dimethylsulfolane7into a 250-ml beaker $I add (b) Fill a glass tube (4-in. diameter by 3 in.
(3) Mix12-ml of hexamethylphosphora- about 150 ml of methylene chlorideas a solvenr. long) with the coated beads and plug both ends
mide'with the 60 g of dry Chromosorb ina Stir until uniform. of the tube with glass wool.
(9Pour the solvent-stationary p h y e (c) Mount as required todrythesample
r There areL number of suppliersof molecular mixture into the largerbeakercontainixig the stream, and replace after about half the length
sieves: however, those available from the Coast Chromosorb support, and rinse with solvent to of the tube has become glazed.
Engineering Co., HermosaBeach,Calif., have transferany remaining material.Stir the mixture ..
been found to be of proper mesh size, dry, and until it appears homogeneous. 'Available from the Barrett Div., Allied
ready for use.
4 Available from the FisherScientificCo., (6) Place the mixture on a hot plate (Set at Chemic$ Corp., 42 Rector Rt., New York, N. Y.
Pittsburgh,Pa. low heat)in a hood andevaporate to d r s e = SAvailable fromthe DOW Cornmg Corp.,
7 Available fromMatheson Coleman ,. withconstant stirring. A gentleairstrekin Midland,Mich.
B& Div., The Matheson CO., Inc!J East directidinto &ebeaker will aeeleratethe 1OArnilablefrom Johns-Manville CO., Celite
Rutherford, N. J. drying g r o w considerably. Div., 22 E. 40th St., New York 16, N. Y.
36

GASEOUS FUELS
ferred, Analyze the mixture remaining in 100-ml

LONG PARTITION cylinder A and
calcplate the weight of all com-
ponents transferred in the 5-gal cylinder.
(6) Weigh a 1-qt cylinder containing pure
methane at about 15Wlb pressure. Transfer
the methane tothe 5-galcylinder untilthe
PARTITION
SHORT pressure equalizes. quart
Weigh the cylinder to
determine the weight of methane trarisferred.
(7) Thoroughly mix the contents of the
5-galcylinder by heating at the bottom by
convenient m e w auch M hot water or heat
lampandleavingin a vertical position for 6
- hÌ oc longe?.
(S) From the weights andpurities of all
componentsadded, .calculate the cornposition
and cdnveitthe weight percent to mole per cent.
(c) Pure components may be used to check or
determinethe composition of oneor all com-
ponents of L gas mixture for use as a reference
standárd. The mixturemay beblendedfrom
pur8 êomponents or taken from. a suitable
FIG.6,"Column Arrangement.
source.
method
One of collecting a c6
heav-
and
Column Arrangement.
B4. For analysesin whichhexanes and
heavier componentsare to be determined, Fig. 6
shows an arrangemeat whereby columns can be
quiclily and easilychanged by the turn of a from a gasoline plantresidue or from apipeline.
selector vdve. Two columns are nccemry to reference standard by weight i; a; follows:
determine all of the comjlonentr covered in the ( I ) Obtain the following equipmentand
method.However, shortand long partition material:
columns give the flexibility of three partition Cylinder, S-gal. Calibralion with P t 4 ~Components
column lengths, by usipg themeitherdngly Balance, 2000 g, sensitivity of 10 mg. C2. ( 0 ) Into the adsorption column (helium
or in s e r i a The connection between VI and V# Prcssure Cylinders,two, 100 ml. 9rrier gas used) admit a sample volume (0.25to
in.
ahodd be as short OLI posrible (1 ir practical) to Purs Cumpotrettf~, methane through n- 0.5 ml) of pure methane at 500 mm and pure
minimize dead space betTeenthe colurrrrm when pentane, and CO,. The pure components should nitrogen at 100 mm of mercury, absolute pres-
uaed in serim If all cplumns are chosen to be 99+ per cent pure. Run a chromatogram on sure. Run a sample of the standard mixture at
operate a t the a m e temperature, then stabiliza- each component to check on its given compoai- 7W-mm pressure, and o b t e peaks for nitrogen
tion time between ch-g columns will be tion, and mefhane (Note 10).
m niMi . (2) Evacuate the Seal cylinder for several Nom'lO.-Each run madethroughbutthis
hours. Evacuate 1OO.dcylinder A and obtain prccedurë should be repeated to ensure that
APPENDIX III its true weight.Connectcylinder A to a c$- peak hejghts are reproducible after correction for
inder of pure rc-pentaqe with a metal con- ~ressure:differencesto f.1 mm or 1 per cent.of
nection of calculatedlength to contain ap-
REFEaENCE STANDARD MIXTURE proximately the amoupt of +pentane to be
the mean value. All peaks should be recorded at
Prepardiotr an
instrument attenuation
that gives the
added. Flush the connection with the n-pentane m+ximum.measurable peak height.
Cl. (u) Gas mixtures of the following by loosening the fitting at the cylinder A valve. (b) Change..the carrier gas.to argon 'or
compodtions w li suffice for use SB reference Tighten the fitting. Close the %pentane cylinder nitrogen and, after the base line has stabilized,
atandards for most analytical requirements valve and open the cylinder A vdve toadmit enter a sarpple of pure helium at SO-mm absolute
(Note 9): the#-pentane from the connection and thai
close, Disconnect and wtigh,cylinder A to ob- pressure, recording the peak at an attenuation
I
tain the weight of n-pentane added. that allows maximumpeak height.Run a sample
Composition, mole (3)Similarly, addisopentane,. n - b u h e , of the mixture at 700-mm pressure, and obtain
per cent the helium peak.
Component imbutane, propane, ethane, carbon donde, and
Rich G u helium as desired to iadude in the reference (c) Switch to.the partition column with
rtandard. Weigh the cyliider A after each ddi- helium carrier gas, and run the gas mixture at
Helium..
Nitrogen.
...............
.............. 1.O
4.0
0.5
0.6
tion to obtain the weight of component added.
(4>Fill 1Wml cylinder B with helium to
700-mm pressure. Then admit samples of pure
ethane and propane at 100-mm absolute pres-
Methane..
Ethane..
.............
...............
79 .O
6.0
73 .O
10.0
the required pressure, eonnect it to the 5-gal
cylinder with as short Prkonnection as possible.
sure, and butanes, pentanes,and carbon dioxide
at 50-mm pressure,
Carbon Dioxide. ........ 1 .o 1.o Open valves on both cJfdindersand transfer the (d)R b the gas mixture at 700-mm absolute
Propane................ 4.0 7.0 helium. Measure the pressure on cylinder B
Itsbutane. ............. 2 .o 3.0 after the helium transfer.
pressure.
n-Butane., ............. 2.0 a.o (5) Connect 1oQ-mlcylinder A to the S-@ (e) Calculate the composition of the prepared
Xsopentane.............. 0.6 1 .o gas mixture as follows:
n-Pentme. ............. - 0.6
-.o.o
1
cylinder using as short a COMeCtiOn as possible.
Open valves on bggh Cylinders to transfer the (1) Correct peak heights of all pure compo-
Total.. .............. 100 .o 100 mixture. Disconnect and weigh 100-ml cylinder nents andthe respectivecomponents in the
I A to obtain the weight of mixture not trans- blend to the same attenuation.

(2) Calculate the concentration of each A E: peakheight of component in blend in v, = volume fraction of pure component (Note
millimeters, component as follows: 11).
IOOAVj Pb B = peak height of pure component in milli- NOTEIl.-This term is 1.oooo if the calibra-
c'=-)(- componenttion meters, is free of impurities,
where: B Pa P, = pressure at which
blend is run in milli- (3) Normalize
values to 100.0 per cent.
C = componentconcentrationin mole percent,meters of mercury,
F b .= pressure at whichcomponent is run in
millimeters of mercury, and
APPENDIX IV
SAMPLE
CALCULATIONS Hexanes, C = 0.56 X 274/890 = 0.17 mole
DI. The followingexamplemaybeused as aguidefor the calculation of resultsobtainedper cent
this method:
Heptanes
with and heavier, C = 0.56 X 490/890
components:
(o) lighter
Pentanes and =cent
0.31 mole per
(c) Complete analysis:
(4.To calculateliquidscontent as gallons
Component
I
-I
Sample
Attenu-
ation
-I
I Pqak
Helght
Reference
Standard
I I 1S A/B C
per lo00 CU ft of gas at 14.696
(GPM):
and
psia 60 F
Nitrogen., ...................
Methane.. ...................
21
126
1
32
0.46 X
73.73 X
21/30
126/112
= 0.32
= 82.96
Component per
mole cent 1 I GPM
Carbon Dioxide.. ............. 30 4 4 1.16 X 30/17 = 2.02

Ethane ......................
I
127 4 9.79 X 127/167 = 7.46 Propane. , , . 4.39 X 10 f 36.3@ = 1.21
Propane ..................... 73 4 7.10 X 73/118 = 4.39 Isobutane.. , 0.83 X 10 f 3O.6gb = 0.27
Ieobutane. ................... 26 l:; 2 2.97 X 26/89 = 0.83 n-Butane . . , 1.08 X 10 f 31.7@ = 0.34
n-Butane., ................... 62 1 166 1 2.88 X 62/166 = 1.08 Isopentane.. 0.31 X 10 + 27.40b = 0.11
Inopentane.. ................. 14 1 0.96 X 14/43 = 0.31 n-Pentane.. . 0.26 X 10 f 27.6@ = 0.09
n-Pentane.'. .................. 11 1 0.97 X 11/42 = 0.26 Hexanes. ... 0.17 X 10- f 24.4O = 0.07
Heptanesanc
heavier ,. 0.31 X 10 + 22.3O = 0.14
FromNGPAPublications 2146-Revised
(b) For hexanes and heavier components: Observedarea of r-pentane (0.25 mole
Per 1957 for individual
components, ,,dues
Observed area of hexanes portion of reverse ceqt from Column C) = 398 sq mm shownhereare on the ideal or "perfect gas"
flow peaks = 327mmsq Total pentanes area (0.56 mole cent)
per = basis.
Corrected area = 327 X 72/86 = 274 sq mm 890 sq mm c From Fig. 7.
Observed area of heptan&andheavikr of
reverse flow peak = 667 sq m m
Corrected area = 667 X 72/98 = 490 sq mm
Observed area of isopentane (0.31 mole per
cent from Column C) = 492 sq mm
Normal-
Component C ¡zed, mole
per cent
Nitrogen. .............. 0.32 0.32

Methane. .............. 82.96 82.88
Carbon Dioxide. ........ 2.02 2.02
Ethane.. ............... 7.46 7.44
Propane., .............. 4.39 4.39
Isobutane ............... 0.83 0.83
n-Butane ............... ï;os ï.os
Isopent3ne ............. 0.31
n-Pentane .............. 0.25
Hexanes ................ 0.17
...
Hept,anes and heavier. 0.31 0.31
1 0.26
0.17
0.31
Total. ............... 1oo.08,
l If all components are determined, this total

should not vary more than 11.00 per cent from
100.00 per cent. If so, check for ,possible error MOLECULARWEIGHT
or change in operating conditions of instrument
between sample and reference standard runs. FIG.7.-Average Molecular Weight of Natural Gas Hydrocarbon Mixtures.

ASME P T C * 3 * 3 h7 m 0 7 5 7 b 7 0 0053538 7 M
GASEOUS FUELS
APPENDIX v
Elexanm and Hcacitr Content Change Sample Inld System at the botto-m for several hoursbefore removing
a sample. If indoubtabout the composition,
El. The amounts of heavy-end components E%. Do not use rubber or plastic that may check the n-pentane and isopentane values with
in natural gas are easily changedduring handling preferentially adsorb sample components. Keep pure components by the procedure described in
and enteringof samples to give seriously errone- the system short and the drier small to minimize Appendix II.
ous low or high values. Concentration of these the purging required.
components has beenobserved to occur in a
number. of cases due to collection of heavier
components in the sample loop during purging
of thesystem. The surface effect of small- Sample Size Repeatability
diameter tubing actsas a separatingcolumn and
must not be used in the sampling and entering ES. Varyingback pressures on the sample Mcaszrrenrmts
system when components heavier than pentanes loop may impair sample size repeatability. Keep.
are to be determined. An accumulation of oily the outlet tube from the sample loop just below E8. The base line and topsof peaks should be
íïlm in the sampling system greatly aggravates the water level in the beaker orremove it plainly visible for making pe& height measure-
this problem. Also the richer the gas, the worse entirely fromthe water before manipulating the ments. Do not use a fixed zero line as the base
the problem. Periodically, check c8 and heavier entering valve. line, but use the actual observed base line. On
repeatability of the apparatus bymaking several high sensitivity, this baseline may drift slightly
check runs on the same sample. I t is helpful to withoutharmand it need notfrequently be
retainasample containingsomehexanes and movedback to zero. Astrip-chart recorder
fieavier for periodic checking. When enlargement with an offsetzero is ddrable.The area of
of the heavy end peaks is .noted, thoroughly Rtoersc Flow reverse flow peak may be measured by plani-
clean the sampling valve and loop with acetone. E6. (o) Make it a practiceto make allreverse meter or geometric construction. The reverse
Thistroublehas beenexperienced withsome H o a determinationsin the samecarriergas flow area,and the pentanespeaks used for
inlet systems evenwhenclean and.with the flow direction. All single-peak determinations comparisonshould be measured by the same
specified sample loop size. A safeguard then is and correspondingreference runs will then be method: That is, use either geometric consfruc-
to install a vacuum system so that the sample made in the opposite carrier gasflow direction. tion, as shown in Fig. 2, or planimeter, but do
can be entered into an evacuatedholder instead (a) Be sure the inlet drier is in good condi- not intermix. When a planimeter is used, care-
of by purging. tion. Moisture on the colump will enlarge the fully make several tracingsand use the average,
reverse flow peak. Thisaverageshall bechecked by a second
Acid Gas Content Change (c) Be sure the column is clean by occasion- group of tracings.
E2. The carbon dioxide ally
and hydrogen reverse giving it several hours sweep of carrier gas
flow direction. A level base line should
sulfide contents of gas are easily altered during
sampling and handling. If samples containing the be quickly attained in either flow direction if
column is clean.
CO2 or &S, or both, are to be taken, use com-
(d) When the reverse flow valve is turned
pletely dry samplecylinders,connections, and AWscdlancbus
lines, as moisture will selectively absorb appre- there is a reversal of pressure conditions at the
ciable amounts of the acidgases. If HL3 is column ends that upsets the carriergas flow. E9. (a) Moisture in the carrier gas that
present, use aluminum, stainless steel, or other This flow should quicklyreturn tothe same would cause trouble on the reverse flow may be
. materialsinert to HIS for the cylinder,valves. safeguarded against by installing a cartridge of
flow rate and the base line level out. If it does
lines, and connections. molecular
not, the cause may be a leak in the carrier gas sieves ahead of the instrument.
Usually 3 ft of $-in. tubing packed with 30 to 60
system, faulty flow regulator, or an unbalanced
Sample Dew Pdnl condition of the column or plumbing. meshmolecularsieves is adequate, if changed
with each cylinder of carrier.
B.Nonrepresentativesamplesfrequeptly (b) Check carrier gas flow system periodicall>
occur because of condensation of liquid. Main- for leaks with soap orleak detector solution.
tain all samples above the hydrocarbon dew (c) Use electricalcontact cleaner on the
point. If cooledbelow this, heat 20 F or more Rcjwmce Standard attenuator if noisy contacts are indicated.
above the dew point for severalhours before E7. Maintain the NGPA Natural
Gas (d) Peakswithsquaretopsor omission of
using. If the dew point is unknown, heat above Reference Standard at 70 F or above, which is small peaks can be caused bfa sluggish recorder.
the sampling temperature.I t is good practice to safely above the hydrocarbon dem point. If it If this condition cannot be remedied by adjust-
heat all samples before using. should be exposed to lower temperatures, heat ment of the gain, checkthefubes in the recorder.
Tentative Method for Analysis of Reformed Gas by Gas Chromatography, ASTM D 1946-62 T,
Not included because of its similarity to previous procedures for natural gas.
Whcn the gas to be analyzed by chromatog- procedure must be. followed as given in Tenfa- similar in most respects to ASTM D 1945-64
raphy contains significant amounts of hydrogen, tive Method for Analysis of Reformed Gas by quoted previously.
carbon monoxide and ethylene as in reformed Chromatography,ASTM D 1946-62 T. This
gases and similar mixtures, a slightly different methodis not reproducedhers because it is

Determination of Specific Minor Constituents
Certain minor constituents of fuel gases assume special importance because of their pronounced effects in spe-
cific services, or because of their effect on measurements of quantity. Accordingly, specific methods have been de-
veloped for determination of water vapor, oil vapor, sulfur, and dust.
Standard Method of Test for

\\’ATER VAPOR CONTENT OF GASEOUS FUELS BY
MEASUREMENT OF DEW-POINT TEMPERATURE
( A method for determining the equilibritm water vapor content
of aatzdral gas at elevated
presswes based on available data was omitted along with the accompatzying tables.)
ScoDe to be saturated a t the existing pressure. point, apparatusa shown Fig.
in 1
Saturated water vapor, oreq;ilibrium fulfills the requirements specified in
1. This method covers the determina- water vapor content, represents the Paragraph (a). Within the range of
tion of the water vapor content of gaseous water vapor concentration in a gas mix- conditions specified in Section 1, this ap-
fuels by measurement of the dew-point ture which is in equilibrium with a liquid paratus is satisfactory for determining the
temperature and tpe calculation there- phase of pure water that is saturated dew point of gaseous fuels. Briefly, this
from of the water vapor content (Notes with the gas mixture. apparatus consists of a metal chamber
1 and 2). (c) Specgc Volume of a gaseous fuel is into and out of which the test gas is per-
NOTE l.-Some gaseous fuels contain vapors the volume of the gas in cubic feet per mitted to flow through control valves A
of hydrocarbons or other componentsthat easily pound. and D. Gas entering the apparatus
condense into liquid and sometimesinterfere through valve A is deflected by nozzle B
with or mask the waterdew point. When this Apparatus
occurs, it is sometimes very helpful to supple- towards the cold portion of the appara-
ment the apparatus in Fig. 1 with an optical 3. (u) Any properly constructed dew- tus, C. The gas flows across the face of C
attachmentz” that uniformly illuminates the dew point apparatus may be used that satis- and out of the apparatus through valve
point mirror and also magnifies the condensate fies the basic requirements that means D. Part C is a highly polished stahless
on themirror. With this attachment it is possible steel “target mirror,” cooled by means
in some cases, to observe separate condensation must be provided ( I ) to permit a Con-
- .~hydrocarbons,. and glvcol-
points of water .vapor, ”
trolled flow of gas to enter and leave the of a copper cooling rod, F. The mirror,
amines as well as ice points. However, if the dew apparatus while the apparatus is at a C, issilver-soldered to a nib on the
point of the condensable hydrocarbo:ls is higher temperatureat least 3 F. above the dew- copper thermometer well fitting, I,
than the water vapor dew point, when such hy- which is soft-soldered to the cooling rod,
drocarbons are present in large amounts,. they- point Of the gas, 1(‘ to. and
. to .‘Onr .
may flood the mjrror and obscure orwash off the the cooling rate of a portion (Pref- F. The thermometer well is integral with
water dew point. Best results in distinguishing erably a small portion) Of the apparatus,
“
the fitting, 1. Cooling of rod F is accom-
multiple component dew points are ibtainei with which thefZowinggas in plished by vaporizing a refrigerant such
when they are not too closely spaced. tact, to atemperature low enough to as liquid butane, propane, carbon dioxide,
NOTE 2,”Condensation of water vapor on or some other liquefied gas in the chiller,
the dew-pointmirror may appear as liquid water vapor to condense fromthe gas, G. The refrigerant is throttled into the
at temperatures as low as O F t o -10 F. At (3) to observe the deposition of dew on
lower temperatures an ice pointratherthan a the cold portion of the apparatus, (4) :hiller through valve H and passes out
water-dew point likelywill be observed. The to temperature of the cold a t J. The chiller body is made of copper
minimum dew point of any vapor that can be andhas brass headers on either end.
observedislimited by the mechanicalDarts of Portion Of the apparatus On which the The lower header is connected with the
the equipment. Mirror temperatures as-low as dew is deposited, and (5) to measure the
- 150 F have been measured, using liquid nitro- presstire Ôf the gas within the apparatus upper header by numerous small holes
gen as thecoolant with a thermocouple attached or the deviation from the known existirig drilled in the copper body through which
to the mirror, instead of a thermometer well. the vaporized refrigerant passes. The
barometric pressure. The apparatus
Definitions should be constructed so that the “cold chiller is attached to the cooling rod, F ,
by means of a taper joint. The tempera-
2. (a)Water Dew-PointTemperature spot,” that is, the cold portion of the
apparatus on which dew is deposited, is ture of the target mirror, C, is indicated
of a gaseous fuel is the temperature a t bya calibrated mercury-in-glass ther-
which the gas is saturated with water protected from all gases other than the
vapor a t the existing pressure. gas under test.Theapparatus may or
may not be designed for use under pres- W. M. Deaton and E. M. Frost, Jr.,“Bureau
(b) Saturated Water Vapor.-When a of Mines Apparatus for Defermining the Dew
gas containing water vapor is a t the sure. Point of Gases UnderPressure,” Bureau of
water dey-point temperature, it is said (b) The Bureau of Mines type of dew- Mines Report of Investigation 3390, May, 1938.
40

!
ASME P T C * 3 - 3 L 7 m 0 7 5 7 b 7 0 0053540 7 m
GASEOUS FUELS
Procedure
4. (a) GetzeraACotzsiderations.-The
sample shall be taken so as to be-repre-
sentative of the gas a t the source. It
shail not be taken a t a point where iso-
lation would permit condensateto collect
or wnuldotherwise allow a vapor content
to exist that is not in equilibrium with
the main stream or supply of gas, such
as the sorption or desorption of vapors
from the sampling line or from deposits
therein. Thetemperature of the pipe-
lines leading the sampledirectlyfrom
the gassource to the dew-point appa-
ratus, and also the temperature of the
apparatus, shall be at least 3 F. higher
than the observed dew point. The deter-
mination may be made a t any pressure,
but thegas pressure within the dew-point
apparatus must be known with an ac-
curacy appropriate to the accuracy re-
quirements of thetest.The pressure
may beread on a calibrated bourdon-
type pressuregage; for very low pres-
sures or more accurate measurements a
mercury-filled manometer or a dead-
weight gage should be used.
(b) Delded Procedure for Operation of
W Bureau of Mines Dew-Point Apparatus.
FIG.1.-Bureau of Mines Dew-Point Apparatus. “Introduce thegassample through
valve A (Fig. l), opening this valve wide
if the test is to be made under full source
mometer, K,whose bulb fits snugly into soldered is a part of the base of the ther- pressure (Note 31, and controlling the
the thermometer well. Observation- of mometer well, and as there is no metallic flow by the small outlet valve, D. The
the dem deposit is madethrough the contact between the thermometer well rate of flow is not critical but should not
pressure-resisting transparent window, E. and thecooling tube, othèr than through be so great that there is a measurable or
It will be noted that only the central its base, the thermometer indicates the objectionable dropinpressurethrough
portion of the stainless steel target mir- temperature of the mirrorrather than the connecting lines and dew-point appa-
ror, C, is thermally bonded to the fitting, some compromisetemperature influenced ratus. A flowof 0.05 to 0.5 CU. ft. per
I , through whichC is cooled. Sincestain- by the temperature gradient along the min. (measured a t atmospheric pressure)
less steel is a relatively poor thermal cooling tube as would be the case if this usually will be satisfactory. With lique-
conductor, the central portion of the mir- type of construction were not used. fied refrigerant gas piped to the chiller
ror is thus maintained a t a slightly lower throttle valve, H,“crack” the valve mó-
temperature than the outer portion, with Tests with the Bureau of Mines type nlentarily, allowing the refrigerant to
the result that the dew first appears on of dew-point apparatusare reported’ vaporize .in the chiller to produce suitable
the central portion of the mirror and its to permitadeterminationwith a pre- lowering intemperature of the chiller
detection is aided materially by the con- cision (reproducibility) of A0.2 F. and tube, F, and targetmirror, C, as indicated
trast afforded. The arrangement for with an accuracy of f0.2 F. when the by the thermometer, K.The rateof cool-
measuring the temperature of the target dew-point temperatures range from room ing may be asrapid as desired in.making
mirror, C, also shouldbe noted. The temperature to a temperature of 32 F. a preliminary test. After estimating the
temperature is read with a mercury-in- It is estimatedthat water dew points dew-point temperature, either by a pre-
glass thermometer, K, inserted inthe may be determined with an accuracy of liminary test or from other knowledge,
coolingrod, F , so that the bulb of the f 0 . 5 F. when they are below 32 F. and control the cooling or warming rate so
thermometer is entirely within the ther- not lower than O F., provided ice crys- that it does not exceed 1 F. per min,
mometer well in fitting, I. The stud to tals do not form during the determina- when thistemperature is approached,
which the stainless steel mirror is silver- tion. Foraccurate results, the ‘cooling and
41

ASME P T C x 3 . 3 b 7 E 0 7 5 7 b 7 0 0 0 5 3 5 4 3 9 W
warlriing rates shoilld approximate iso- TABLE I.-VAPOR PRESSURES AND SPECIFIC VOLUMES 0F.SATURATED WATERVAPOR AT
thermal conditions as nearly as possible. .
VARIO'JS TEMPERATURES
. "" .
The most satisfactory method is to cool
or warm thetarget mirror stepwise
Steps of about 0.2 F. allow equilibrium
. Tempera-
..
ture deg I- Vapor Preasure of
Liquid Water
. .
I
-1-
Vapor Pressure
.
.
of Ice
" Saturated
ecific
VoPumeof
.
s Vapor
Ièrnpcra- Pressure
. ..
of
turedeg ' Iiquid Water
S cific
V o L e of
Saturated
conditions to be approached closely and

F& mm of
mercury
psi
absolute
mm of psi
mercury ab3olure
Vater Vapor
u ft per lb . . Fàbr PSI absolute
Kater Vapor
.U ft per lb: ..
-
favor an accurate determination When . @ .......... 1.139 0.022 02 0.958 0.018 52 14 810
"
1.195
dew has been deposited. allow the target 1 .......... 0.023 11 1.010 0.019 53 14 O 8 0 51 ....... 0.184 73 1645.4
mirror to warm up a t a rate comparable 2 ..........
.......... 1.251 0.024 19 1.063 0.020 56 13 400 52 .......
....... 0.191 69 1 588.7
to the'recommended rate of cooling The . 3
4
5
.......... 1.310
.......... 1.373
1.436
0.02s
0.026
0.027
55
33
77
1.120
1.180
1.241
0.021
0.021
0.024
66
82
O0
12 150
12 140
11 550
53
54
55
.......
.......
0.198 88
0.206 30
0.213 97
i534.3
1 481.9
1 431.5
normal warming rate usually will be
6 .......... 1.50s
faster than desired. To reduce the rate. 7 .......... 1.573
8 .......... i .647
0.029 10
0.030 41
1.308
1.374
O.Oid 29
0.026 57
li o00
10 480
56
57 ........
..
*
...... ** I
o.221 88
0.230 06
1 383.1
1336.5
"crack" valve H momentarily at inter-
vals to supply cooling to thecooling tube.
9
10
..........
.......... .
1 723
1.807
0.031 SS
0.033 32
0.034 94
1.446
1.521
1.599
0.027
0.029
0.030
96
41
92
9 979
9 507
9 060
58
59
60
.......
.......
0.238 49
0.247 20
0.156 18
1 291.7
1 248.6
1 207.1
F . Repeatthe cooling and warming il ..........
12 ..........
1.883 0.036 41 1.681 0.032 51 8 636 61.......
...... 0.265 4s 1 167.2
cycles several times.The arithmeticaver-
62. 0.275 02 1 128.7
13 .......
14 ..........
1.970
2.057
2.149
0.038 09
0.039 78
0.041 56
1.167
1.856
1.950
0.034
0.035
0.037
17
89
71
8 234
7 851
7 489
63 .......
64.......
0.284
0.295
86
05
1 091.7
1 056.1
age of the temperatures a t which dew is 15 .......... 2.247 0.043 45 2.050 0.039 64 7 144 65 ....... 0.305 54 1 021.7
observed to appear and disappear is con- .......... 66.......
sidered to be the observed dew point . 16
..........
17
..........
18
..........
19
2.345
2.450
2.551
1.607
0.045 35
0.047 37
0.049 44
O. 051 63
2.151
2 260
I
2.373
2.489
0.041 59
0.043 70
0.045 89
O.048 13
6 817
6 505
6 210
5 929
67.......
68.......
69.......
0.316 36
0.327 50
0.339 O0
0.350 84
988.65
956.78
926.08
a96.49
..........
20 2.185 0.053 85 2.610 0.050 47 5 662 70....... 0.363 04 867.97
NOTE3.--If the water vapor content is to be
cálculated as describedin Section S@). the gas 21 .......... 2.901 11 ....... 0.375 61 840.47
72.......
0.056 21 2.740 0.052 98 5 408
22 .......... 3.032 0.058 63 2.871 0.055 54 5 166 0.388 56 813.97
sample should be throttled at the inlet valve. A . 23 .......... 3.163 0.061 16 3.013 0.058 26 4 936 73....... 0.401 90 788.40
to a pressure within the apparatus approximately 24 .......... 3.299 14.,..... 0.415 64 763.15
25 .......... 3.433
0.063 79 3.160 0.061 10 4 717
15 .......
.
equal to atmospheric pressure The outlet valve 0.066 38 3.310 0.064 O1 4 509 0.429 79 739.97
may be left wide open or restricted. as desired . 26
27
..........
.......... 3.585 0.069 32
0.072 22
3.471
3.636
0.067
0.070
i2
31
4 311
4 122
76.......
I7.......
0.444 35
O. 459 35
117.03
694-90
The pressure existing within the apparatus must.
however. be known to the required accuracy . 28
29.
.......... 3.135
3 893
......... 4.054 I 0.015 28
0.078 39
3.810
3.989
0.073
0.077
67
14
3 943
3 771
18 .......
79.......
0.474 78
0.490 66
673.54
652.93
30 .......... 4.224 0.081 68 4.178 0.080 79 3 608 80....... 0.507 O1 633.03
31 .......... 4.397 0.015 02 4.373 0.084 56 3 453 81 . . ..
* * * 0.523 82 613.82
Calculations 31 .......... 4.519 0.088 54 4.579 0.088 54 3 305 82....... 0.541 12 595.27
33 .......... ...
34 .......... ...
0.092 227 ...
... ...
... 3 180.5 83 .......
....... 0.558 92 577.36
5. (u) If an acceptable chart showing 35 .......... ... 0.095 999
0.099 908 ... ...
3 061.7
2 941.8
84
85 ....... 0.577 22
0.596 04
560.06
543.35
the variation of water vaporcontent 36 .......... ... ... ... 2 a38.7 86....... 0.615 40 52'1.21
87.......
0.103 96
with saturation or water dew-point tem- 37 .......... ...
38 .......... ...
0.108 15 ...
...
...
...
2 734.1
2 633.8 88 .......
0.635 30
0.655 13
511.62
496.54
39 .......... ...
0.112 49
peratures over a suitable range of pres-
40 .......... ...
0.116 99
0.121 64
...
...
...
... 2 537.6
2 445.4
89.
90
......
.......
0.676 78
0.698 38
411.98
467.90
sures for the gas beingtested is available.
41 .......... ... 0.126 46 ... ... 2 356.9 91....... 0.720 59 454.28
the water vapor contentmay be read 41 ........... ... ... ... 92.......
directly. using the observed water dew- 43 .......... ...
u .......... ...
0.131
0.136
0.141
43
60
94
...
... ...
...
2 272.0
2 190.5
2 112.3
93 .......
94.......
0.743 40
0.166 84
0.790 91
441.12
428.40
416.09
pointtemperatureandthe pressure a t 43 .......... ... 0.147 46 ... ... 2 037.3 95 . . . ..
* * 0.815 64 404.19
which the determination was made . 46 ........ ...
47 .......... ...
0.153 11
0.159 07
...
.... ... i 965.2
1 896.0
96.......
97.....:.
0.841
0.867
03
11
392.67
381.53
(b) If such a chart is not available. tnl: 48 .......... ...
49 .......... ...
0.165 17 ...
... ...
... i 829.5
i 765.7
9a.......
99.......
0.893
0.921
88
37
370.75
360.32
M) . . . .
O. 171 48
water vapor content of the gas may be 50 .......... ... 0.177 99 ... ... 1 704.3 * * * 0.949 350.22
calculated from the water dew-point tem-
perature and thepressure a t which it was .
All othervalues mere takenfromthe"Heatmg.Ventilating.
. . Am CondltloningGulde. " Am Soc Heatlngand Ar-
.
The values for vapor pressure. from O F: to 32 F., were ca!culatedJyom data i l the InternationalCritical Tables.'
. .
determined (see Note 3. Section 4). as Conditioning Engineers. 1958 pp 41-44 Data on specific volumes of saturated water vapor at various temperatUren
obtained were from Goff and bratch.S
follo~s: G
Pb = pressure-base of gas measurement. T = Rankine (Absolute fahrenheit

where: in pounds per square inch abso- scale) water dew point. t 460. +
lute pressure. a t pressure P. and
W 9 pounds of water per million cubic
feet of gaseous mixture at pres- Tb = base temperature of gas measure-
sure P b and temperature Tb.
P = pressure at which the water dew
point of gas was determined; in ment. t b 460 + .
W = weight of saturated water vapor. pounds per square inch absolute Note 4: ~~~~l~ 1
in pounds per cubic foot. at the pressure. Given: Water
dew
absolute pressure.
point = 37F at 15.0 pai . .
water dew-point temperature.
t = observed water dew-point teh- What is thewatervapor content per million
that is. the reciprocal of the
specific volume of saturated perature. in aegrees Fahren-
cubic feet of gas (gas measurement baseof 60 F
.
and 14.7 psi absolutepressure)?
.
v?por (Table I). heit. From Table I the
volume
specific of saturated

ASME P T C * 3 - 3 b 7 H 0 7 5 7 b 7 0 0 0 5 3 5 4 2 O m
GASEOUS FUELS
at normal atmospheric pressure for the slight rise inthetemperature of the

--
water at 37 F. i02734.1 Cu. ft. per lb., from which:
1 determination of thewater dew-point metal tube will cause the film moisture
W 0.0003658 lb per CU.ft.
2734.1 temperature of gas. It is a simple pro- to disappear. Successive observations
and cedure suitable forfield testing work. willshow agreement within 2 O F of the
W = 0,0003658 X 10' The lowest readings attainable areof the dew-point temperature.
order of zero degrees Fahrenheit.
x 1 427 x 4 6-
0+37
15.0 460 + 60 The equipment (See Figure) con- Calculation
= 344 lb. per million cubic feet sists of a highly polished metal tube in- Calculations described in paragraph 5,
Emmpk 2 cased ina glass jacket. Facilities are page 42, are equally applicable to this
Given: Water dew point 5 F. a t 14.4 psi. provided tocool the metal tube and to method.
abrolute pressure, measure the temperature of this tube.
From TableI, the specific volumeof saturated
water vapor with respect to ice at 5 F. is 11,550 M E T H O D OF MEASUREMENT
O F THE OIL D E W - P O I N T
CU. ft. per lh., from which Wh,. 61 = O.oooO866,
but theobserved water dew point was in equilib-
A T E M P E R A T U R E O F GAS
rium with subcooled liquid water a t S F. From
Table I (data from InternationalCritical Ta- Scope
bled), the vapor pressures of rubcooled liquid This method of test is used to indicate
water and of iceat 5 F. (-15 C.) art 1.436 mm.
and 1,241 mm. of mercury, respectively. the likelihood that hydrocarbons will
Since the vapor pressure of subcooled liquid condense under conditions of use of the
water is greater than ice a t the same tempera-
ture, the weight per cubic foot of water vapor gas by measuringthetemperature at
in equilibrium with liquid water will be propor- which the oil dew-point occurs: (a) Con-
tionately larger than the value calculated from densation of watervapormayinter-
the specific volume read from the table; which is
for equilibrium with kc. fere .with themeasurement of the oil
Hence, dew-point observation. This method is
limited to gaseous fuels having a water
dew point lower than the oil dew point.
= O.ooOo866 X 1.157
(b)This method is limited to condi-
= 0.0001002 tions wherein the dew-point temperature
and
at the testpressure is lower thanthe
ambient temperature of the test equip-
x-1 4 T X 4-
60X 5
14.4 460 60+ ment and the temperatureof the pipeline
= 91.5 lb. per million cubic feet conductingthegasfrom the source to
In reporting the results of this test, the apparatus.
state the dewpoint temperature and the ~. . -. ~.
GAS- ¡NLEl ~ ~~ ~
pressure at which it wasmeasured as

well as the water content in pounds per Dew Point Apparatus
million cubic feet of gaseous mixture.
(ASTM Sectiotz 5 ( c ) and Fig. 2 and
Tables II atld III ?lot ittcladed.) Procedure
The highlypolished tube is filled about
"InternationalCriticalTables,"National
Research Council, Vol. III, pp. 210-211, (1928). one-third of its capacity with a low boil-
Published by McGraw-Hill Book Co., Inc.. New ing solvent such as acetone or ether. The
York, N.Y.
6 John A. Goff and S. Gratch. "Lorn-Pressure rubberstopperassembly including the
Fropcrties of Water from -160 to 212F.," thermometerand aspirator tube is re-
Ilealing, Piping, and Air Conditioninp, Vol. 18,
No. 2. February, 1946 pp. 125-136. placed inthemetal tube. Gas is admitted
to the amaratus at aslow rate and then
I..
SIMPLIFIED METHOD OF it is vented to a safe location. The metal

MEASUREMENT OF THE WATER tube is cooled by aspiration of air
DEW-Po1NT TEMPERATURE
OF GAS
~~ - -
through the solvent. The temperature of
the dew point of the gas corresponds to
Scope appearance
initial the the ofonmoisture
This method of test is designed for use surface of the highly polished tube. A Oil Dew Point Apparatus

ASME P T C * 3 - 3 h 9 m 0 7 5 9 b 7 00 0 5 3 5 4 3 2 m
Apparatus operator should the viewingwindow of cordance with th+ procedure, it will be
the test cell rupture a t elevated pres- noted that an iridescent film appears on
Recent developments have resulted in sures; (c) a uniform source of illumina- the cooled mirror surface when the oil
improvements in the US. Bureau of tion is supplied bv the use of an incan- dew-point temperature is attained. At-
Mines Dew-Point Apparatus which is descent light bulb; (d) the entire equip- tainable accuracy of test is 2'F. Further
describedpreviously in theStandard ment is mounted on an adjustable tripod cooling of the mirrored surface will result
Method for Test and Water Vapor Con- for ease of handling. in a distinct heavy deposit of moisture
tent of Gaseous Fuels by Measurement The accompanying illustration shows when the water dew point is reached.
of the Dew-Point Temperature, ASTM
the equipment' assembled for test. (Precaution: The maximum working
Designation D 1142-63. The significant pressure~.
of the instrument should not be
structural features include: (a) the op- Procedure ~
exceeded,)
tical system provides 16X magnification, The test procedure is comparable to
(b) the reflectingmirror to the optical the test procedure described previously 'This equipment is ava&ble from UGC
system provides additional safety for the in ASTM Designation D 1142-63. I n ac- Instruments,Shreveport, La.
Standard Method of Teftfor

TOTAL SULFUR IN FUEL GASES
,ASTM Designation: D 1072-56
(Identical with ASTM Procedzues)
Scope (a) Bzcrrter (Fig. l), as specified in the used. The system shall be connected to a
1. This method is intended for the App.end.ix. vacuum pump of sufficient capacity to
determination of total sulfur in combusti- (b) Chimneys, Absorbers andSpray permit a steady gas flow of 3 liters of air
ble fuel gases, whenpresent in concentra- Traps, (Fig. 2), as specified in the Ap- per minute through each absorber and to
tions between 1.0 and 30 grains of sulfur pendix. maintain a constant manifold pressure of
per 100 cubic feet. It is applicable to (c) Flowmeter.-A calibrated capillary approximately 40 cm of water below
natural gases, manufactured gases, and flowmeter for predetermining and indi- atmospheric.
mixed gases, such as are distributed by catingthe rate of flowof gas tothe (e) Air Purifying System.-A device
gas utility companies. burner. The capillary selected should be to supply purified airto the burner
of such size that at the required rate of manifold a t a nearly constant pressure of
Outline of Method flow the differential pressure is a t least approximately 20 cm of water and to the
2. A metered sample of gas is burned 20 cm of water. A scale divided into chimney manifold a t a pressure of 1 to
in a closed system in an atmosphere of millimeters will then provide a reading 2 cm of water. A convenient arrangement
sulfur-free air, The oxides of sulfur pro- precision of &OS per cent. Other meter- for multiple tests is illustrated in Fig. 4,
duced are absorbed in sodium carbonate ing devices, such as a rotameter or a dry but any other similar system may be
solution, wherein theyare oxidized to displacement meter, will besuitable if used. The tubing that connects. the
sulfate. The sulfate in the absorbent the precision of reading the scaleis chimneys to the manifold shall be of an
solution is subsequently determined by equivalent. A flow controllihg valve is internal diameter not smaller than 0.63
titration with standard barium chloride attached to the inlet connection of the cm in order to prevent unnecessary re-
solution, using tetrahydroxyquinone as flowmeter. striction of air flow.
(d) Vucawt.z Systent.-A vacuum mani- (f) iMattometer.-A water manometer
an indicator.
fold equipped with a vacuum regulating for indicating the gas pressure at thepoint
Apparatus device, valves, etc. A convenient arrange- of volume measurement. It is connected
3. The apparatus shall consist of the ment for multiple tests is shown in Fig. between the flowmeter and the burner,
following: 3, but any other similar system may be with one leg open to the atmosphere.
44

GASEOUSFUELS
Reagents and Materials

4. Unless otherwise indicated, it is
intended that all reagents shall conform
to the specifications established by the
Committee on AnalyticalReagenfs of
the American Chemical Society,where
such specifications are available. Refer-
ences towatershallbeunderstood to
mean distilled water.
Oiam Hole in Tip-2
Nofe.-All dimensions in millimeters

FIG.1.-Gas Burner for Sulfur Determination.
(a) Alcohol.-Ethyl alcohol, dena-

tured by Formula30 or $A, or isopropyl
alcohol.
(b) Standard Barizm Chloride Solution
(1 ml = 1 mg S).-Dissolve7.634 g of
cp BaCl2~2H20 inwater and dilute to 1
liter.Standardizethesolutiongravi-
metricallybyprecipitationasbarium
sulfate.
(c) .Hydrochloric Acid (2.275 g HCl per Note- 8 to 9 Solid Rod-
U -
¿iter).-Compare thissolutionby titra- All Dimensions \Held in Position by
tionwith the NaaCOa Support Suitable
solution(Para- Anyin Millimeters
graph (g)), using methylorangeindi- Nom.-In case of those dimensions for which no speoifio tolerances are designated above, the
cator. Adjust, if necessary, so that 1 ml peremissiblevariation is &lo per cent to the nearest millimeter, provided, however, that in no
of HC1 solution is equivalent to 1 ml of case shall the deviation be greater than 6 mm.
Nad208 solution, FIG.2,”Detailed Drawing of Combustion and Absorption Apparatus for Sulfur Determination,
(d) Hydrogen Peroxide (30 per cent>.
(e)MethyZOratzge Indicator Solzction. technical grade NaOH pellets in water Preparation of Apparatus
-Dissolve 0.1 g of methyl orange in100 and dilute to1 liter. 5. (u) Place 300 to 400 ml of NaOH
ml of water. (i) Szdjzzric Acid (1:16).-Mix 60 ml solution inthe first scrubber (Fig. 4) and
( I ) Silver Nitrate Solution (17g AgNOa ofH2S04 (sp gr 1.84) with 960 ml of the same amount of HZOZ HzSOI solu- -
per likr),-Dissolve 1.7 g of AgNOa in water. tion (300 ml of water, 30 ml ofHZSO4
100 ml of water. Keep in a brown bottle, ( j ) Tetrahydvoxyqzlirtole I d c a t o r (1: 16), and 30 ml of H202 (30 per cent))
(g) Sodium Carbonate Solutiotz (3,306 (THQ), in powdered form.’ in the second scrubber.Replacethese
g NdOa per liter).-Dissolve 3.306 g of solutions whenever the volume becomes
Na2COa in water and dilute to1 liter, * TetrahydroxyquinoneIndicator (TH&)is less than two thirds of the original,
(h) Sodizcm Hydroxide Solutimz (100 obtaioable from the W. H. and L. D, Betz
Laboratories,
Gillingham
and
Worth Sts., (b) Whentheapparatus is first as-
g NaOH per liter).-Dissolve100 g. of Philadelphia 24, Pa. sembled, adjust the valve between the

vacuum manifold and the spray trap so (a) To start a determination, the suc-
that approximately 3 liters of air per tion on the absorber andtheair flow
minute willbedrawn through theab- having been adjusted, insert the burner
sorber when the chimney outlet is open into the chimney, fastening it in place
to the atmosphere, the absorber is with rubber bandsor springs. Check,and
charged with 30 =t 2 ml of water, and the readjust if necessary, the indicated rate
pressure in thevacuum manifold is of gas flow and the primary air flow to
maintained a t approximately 40 cm of obtain a stable flame. Note the time a t
water below atmospheric. When all ad- which the burner was inserted, or note
justments have been made, remove the the meter readingif an integrating meter
water from the absorbers. is used.
(c) Withtheburner control valve (c) Continue thetest until approxi-
closed, the valve to the vacuumregulator mately 1 CU ft of gas is burned. Maintain
fully open, and the pressure in the vac- the flowmeter differential a t a constant
uum manifold adjusted to approximately value during this period. Note the time,
or the meterreading if an integrating
Suction Monihlld suction C o n h l Vo!ve meter is used, and remove the burner
I Y.
from the chimney, replacing it with the
+ + dHi t9 JI To lachln
lacGuln FIG,4,”Purified Air System for Sulfur Deter- cork, continuing the suction on the ab-
gi],
f i Spro Tmps vio Pump mination,
Rubber ffubing,Scm sorber untilthelatterattains room
C4mps on Rubber
Tubing (or Volves)
Tubmg ? E T primary air connection from the purified
temperature. Extinguish the flame.
wok/ (G?) Unless an integrating type meter
-1A air line to the upper side arm of the is used for gas measurements, disconnect
burner by means of rubber or plastic the burner from the flowmeter. Attach
gSuctton Regulohng
Valve tubing. in its place a connection to a calibrated
FIG.3,”Suction System for Sulfur Determina- NOTE2.-Using this gas rate, the chimney wet test meter (0.100 CU ft per revolu-
tion. and absorbershouId not becomeoverheated tion) that has been purged with 5 CU ft
during a test. The appropriate volumetric rate of the gas being tested. Adjust the flow-
40 cm of water below atmospheric, turn of gas flow will therefore depend on the heating
on the purified air. Adjust the chimney value of the gas being tested. meter differential andthe [manometer
manifoldcontrolvalve so that, at the reading t o that existing during the deter-
(e) Wash thespraytrap, absorber, mination in Paragraph (c), and time with
required flow through the absorber, only
asmallstream of air escapes a t the
and chimney well with waterbefore each a stopwatch one complete revolution of
test. Charge the larger bulb of the ab- the wet test meter. A needle value may
pressure-reliefvalve, a small stream of
sorber with 10 ml of Nad208 solution be required at the inlet of the wet test
air enters a t the vacuum regulator, and
(Note 3) and 20 ml of water. Attach the meter in order to adjust thepressure and
the pressure in the chimney manifold is
spraytrapand chimney, and connect flow of gas so that both the flowmeter
1 to 2 cm of water. Minor adjustment of
them respectively to the vacuumline and andthe manometer indicate the same
the vacuum regulator and vacuum con-
to the purified air line by means of rubber values, respectively, that existed during
trol valve may be necessary to achieve
this condition (Note 1). or plastic tubing. Close the chimney the determination. Calculate the volume
opening by means of a cork: of gas instandardcubic feet burned
NOTE1.-It is convenient to balance the air NOTE3.-This quantity of Nazco8 solution during the determination as follows:
flow system by regulating the pressure in the
is adequate to absorb the SO1 from the combus-
vacuummanifold. This isdonebyraisingor tionproducts of 1 CU ft of gas containing 15
lowering the air-inlet tube in the vacuum regu- grains of sulfur per 100 CU ft. For higher concen-
lator by sliding it in a rubber sleeve. trations of sulfur in the gas, the volume of
Na2C08 solution
should
be
proportionately
(G?) When first assembling the appa- increased, but the total initial liquid vo!ume in
ratus, connect the gas sample line by the absorber should not exceed 30 ml.
where:
means of glassor aluminumtubing to V = volume of sample burned,in stand-
the inlet of the flowmeter. Connect the Procedure ard cubic feet a t 60 F, 30 in. of
outlet of the flowmeter in a similar way
tothe lowerside-arm of the burner.
Adjust the valve for controlling the rate
of flow of gas so that gas is burned a t a
rateto liberate approximately 250 to
500 Btu perhour (Note 2). Thisrate
should be indicated by two index marks
on the columns of the flowmeter U-tube
or timing a rate-index device. Make the no yellow tip. mercury,
46
_” - “” Y

ASME P T C x 3 . 3 6 9 0757670 0053546 B m
GASEOUS FUELS
m -- manometer reading, in inches of NOTE 5.-TheAgNOl intensifies the rose stretched betweenglass hooks on the burner
color a t the end point, and chimney.
water, and A2. CItitrtney.-A chimney of chemically re-
W = vapor pressure of water a t meter Calculation of Results sistant glassconforming tothe dimensions
temperature, in inches of mercury. shown in Fig. 2, provided dth standard-taper
8. Calculate the concentration of sul- glass joints for connection with the burner and
NOTE4P”hii calibration procedure avoids fur in grains per 100 standard cubic feet absorber.
the necessity of calculating corrections of the of gas fromthe results of the Bac12 A3. Absorber.-An absorber of chemically
flowmeter calibration foreach gastested, and resistant glassconforming tothe dimensions
is believed to be more precise, titration, as follows:
shown in Fig. 2, provided with standard-taper
(e) If a calibrated integrating dry Sulfur concentration =
-
-A 0.2 glass joints forconnection with the chimney and
displacement meteris used for gas meas- v X 1.543 spray trap. A fritted diskwith averagepore
diameter from 150 to 200 p shall be sealed in the
urements, calculate the volume of gas in larger of thetwobulbs of the absorber. The
standard cubic feet burnedduring the where: fritted disk slïould beof such a permeability that,
determination as follows: A = milliliters of BaCL solution re- when 50 ml of water is placed in the absorbe:
quired for thetitration (Section and air is passed through at the rateof 3.0 liters
permin in the forward direction, the pressure
V ) ) , and differentialbetween the two sides of the absorber
V = volume of sample burned, in stand- is between 15 and 23cm of water and the air
ard cubic feet. is dispersed uniformly,
where : A4. Spray Trap.-A spray trap of chemically
V, = meter reading at end of determi- Nom-The 0.2 ml subtracted from the BaClzresistant glassconforming tothe dimensions
titer is a blank allowance for the titration end shown in Fig. 2, provided with a standard-taper
nation minus the meter reading at point. glass joint for connection with the absorber.
the start of the determination, in
cubic feet, Precision and Accuracy M E T H O D OF T E S T FOR
W’ = actualpartial pressure of water
9. (u) The accuracy of the results of a H Y D R O G E N SULFIDE IN GAS
vapor in gas a t ’&ymeter temper-
ature, and determination depends on the accuracy
allother symbols are defined as in with whichthe sample volume is metered When the principal sulfur containing
Paragráph (d). as well as on the accuracy of the titration gas is hydrogen sulfide, or when this is
procedure. With care, when 1CU ft of gas substantiallytheonly variable sulfur
Analysis of Absorbent
is burned an absolute precision equiva- containing component, it may be desir-
7. (u) When the absorber has cooled lent to f0.1 grain of sulfur per 100 CU f t able to determine theamount of this
to room temperature, wash the chimney of gas should be attainable in the BaClz specificcomponent. Améthod for this
andtrap with the smallest possible titration, independent of the total quan- determination follows. Thetestis also
quantity of water, and add thewashings tity of sulfate present in the absorber.
to thesolution in the absorber. Add three used by gas utilitics as a control method.
The overall accuracy shouldtherefore be
drops of methyl orange indicator to the between f0.1 and k0.7 grain of sulfur
solution. Titrate the excess Nad203 in Scope
per 100 CU ft, if meteringaccuracy of
the absorberwith HC1 to themethyl This method is used for chemical con-
orangeend point, mixing the solution A2 per centis attained, over theconcen-
tration range to which the procedure is trol of tests when the hydrogen sulfide
after each addition of acid by alternate
sucking and blowing on one end of the adaptable. concentration is in excess of 10 grains
absorber. per 100 cubic feet of gas. Other proce-
(6) Discharge the tan color of the acid dures are available for concentrations
methylorangewitha few drops of APPENDIX below this value.
NaaCOo solution and add 50 ml of ethyl
or isopropyl alcohol. Add about 0.5 g of APPARATUS Principle of Method
tetrahydroxyquinone indicator (THQ).
After mixing the solution well, titrate A sample of gas, 100 ml ormore, is
Al. Bzrrtzer.-A burner of chemically resist-
with Bac12 solution. After 1 or 2 ml of ant glass that conforms with the dimensions placed in a glass vessel, the pressure is
the BaClz solution have been added, add shown in Fig. 1. It consists of a burner tube to reduced slightly and thehydrogen sulfide
1ml of 0.1 N AgNOa solution, and con- which the gas samplei s admitted through a side
arm and orifice at the dower end. Surrounding
is titrated with standard iodine solution.
tinue titration to the endpoint. The end the gas ori6ce tip is a spherical enlargement of
point is reached when the color of the the burner tube into which purified primary air Apparatus
solution changes from yellow to rose, for combustion is admitted. The burner tube is
which is persistent with goodmixing. provided with a standard-taper glass joint for The apparatus needed is a Tutwiler
Noteand record the volume of Bac12 connection with the chimney. The upper end of burette, 100 ml capacity, with a two-way
the burnertube shall bepolished. When con-
solution required to produce the red nected withthe chimney the burner shallbe held glass stopcock at the bottom and a three-
color. in position byrubberbands or metalsprings way stopcock a t the top corlnecting with

ASME PTC*3-3 b 7 E 0759670 0053547 T W
~~ ~ ~ ~~
'
a glass-stoppered cylinder, 10 ml capac- clear solution. Make a fresh solution NOTE: Where the concentration of hydrogen
ity graduated in 0.1 ml subdivisions, every few days. sulfide is low, or where a more precise determi-
nation is desired, Tutwilerburette of JO0 ml
Rubber tubing is used to connect the capacity may beused.When warranted,the
bottom of the burette to a leveling bottle Procedure test result should be corrected for deviation of
as shown in the accompanying illustra- (a) Fill the leveling bottle (L) with temperature and pressure from standard condi-
tion. tions.
starch solution.
(b) Raise (L), opencock (G), open Dust
Reagents
(F) to (A), and close (F) when the
(a) Iodine Stock Solution, 0,100 N: solution begins to run out of gas inlet It may,sometimes, be necessary to
For each 1000 ml of solution, weigh tube (A). Then close ( G ) . determine the dust concentration in the
12.7 g of iodinein a glass-stoppered (c) Purge the gas sampling line and gas used as fuel. When this is the case,
weighing bottle and 20 to 25 g of C.P. connect it with (A). If the gas contains the determination will usually be limited
potassium iodide. Dissolve the K I in as dust or tarrymatter, purge through a to observation of the dust larger in par-
little water as possible; dissolve the tube packed with glass, wool, or absorb- ticle size than 1 micron. The methods for
iodine in the concentrated K I solution, ent cotton. this analysis are those given in the Test
make up to the proper volume, and store (d) Lower (L) and open (F) to (A) Code. for Determining Dust Concentra-
in a glass-stoppered brown glass bottle. and also open (G). When the liquid level tion in 'a Gas Stream (PTC 27). While
(b) Standard Iodine Solution, 1 ml = is several ml past the 100 ml mark, close the methods there given were originally
0.00171 gI: Transfer 33.7ml of the (G) and (F) and disconnect the sam- intended for use in determining the dust
0.100 N stock solution intoa 250ml pling tube a t (A). content of fluegases arising from the
volumetric flask; add water to the mark (e) Open (G) and bring thestarch combustion of solid fuels either in pul-
and mixwell. Then:1 ml = 0.00171 solution to the 100 ml mark by raising verized form or on stokers, the principles
gI = 100 grains H2S per 100 cubic feet (L), then close (G). apply to fuel gases when proper precau-
of gas,measured at 60°F and 30.0 in. (f) Open (F) momentarily to bring tions are taken for safe disposal of off-
Hg, saturated. the gas in theburette to atmospheric gas.
(c) Starch Solution: Rub 10 g of pressure and then close (F).
potatostarch into athinpaste with a (g) Open (G), bring the liquid level Heat Value
small amount ofcold water; pour into down to the 10 mlmark by lowering (L). The terms High-Heat Value and Lom-
one liter of boiling water;stir while Close (G), clamp the rubber tubing near Heat Value abbreviated hhv and lhv, as
boiling; cool and then decant off the (E) and disconnect it from the burette. defined in the Performance Test Code on
(h} Rinse the glass-stoppered meas- Definitions and Values (PTC 2-1945),
uring cylinder a t top of burette twice are used herein to designate the quantity
with the standard iodine solution of heat transmitted in a fuel calorimeter
(0.00171 gI per ml) ; fill the cylinder as a result of the complete reaction of
and record the reading. unit quantity of fuel with oxygen and
(i) Introduce successivesmall amounts the cooling of products to theinitial
of iodine through (F) ; shake well after temperature. Heating Value, Heat of
each addition; and continue until a faint Combustion, and Calorific Value are also
permanent blue color is obtained. in common use to designate this char-
( j ) Record the reading; subtract from acteristic, the last mentioned being fa-
the previous reading and call the differ- vored by the ASTM in its Standard
a c e (X). Method of Test.
(k) With every fresh stock solution, The heat value which is usually deter-
perform a blank test using air instead of mined for gases is that at constant pres-
gas in the procedure as described above. sure in which the gas is burned a t
The amount of iodine used in the blank constant pressure and the products of
test is recorded as (Y). combustion may expand andthus do
Calculations work against the ambient pressure. This
type of determination is convenient for
Grains H2S per100 cubic feet = flow calorimeters which are invariably
Fig, 43.-Tutwiler Apparatus 100 [ ( X )- ( V I. used to determine the heat value of gas,
48

ASME P T C m 3 . 3 6 9 W 0757670 00535L18 L H
GASEOUS FUELS
..ut it is also appropriate, since all uses According to the Code on Definitions Only the high-heat value actually is de-
-f gas as a fuel for theproduction of and Values: termined by available calorimetric meth-
ower andheat have to becompared, ods. The low-heat value can becalculated
ultimately, with constant
a pressure The high-heat value at constant pressure from an experimental determination by
of a fuel may be defined as the heat trans-
standard.There is, however, another reducing the observed value in propor-
ferred from the products of combustion, , .
method of burning, that at constant per unit standard volumeof gas fuel, when tion to thequantity of waterformed,
volume,which yields a different heat the products are cooled to the initial tem- This requires knowledge either of the
value which may be importantfor calcu- perature of the . . . air-fuel mixture, and quantity of mater formed during com-
lation of processes such as those occur- includes the enthalpy of vaporization of all bustion of unit quantity of gas, or of the
the water of combustion from the hydro- chemical composition of the gas. In the
ring within the cycle of internal-combus- gen in the fuel. . . . The pressure and tem-
tion engines and in bomb calorimeters. peraturemay be taken at theprevailing following ASTMStandardtheterms
Constant pressure and constant volume atmospheric values. The low-heat value at "total" and "net calorific value" corres-
heat values may be reconciled by calcu- constantpressure is defined thesameas pond respectively to high- and low-heat
lation; further discussion of the constant the high except that the enthalpy of vapor- value, with due regard to the differences
ization of thewater of combustion i s in standard conditions referred to under
volume heat value is given in Par. 134
excluded from the heat transferred on the
of the Performance Test Code on Defini- assumption that the water of combustion
Object andScope-Definitions, paragraph
tions and Values (PTC 2-1945). is not condensed. onStandardConditionsandTable 1
(page 2).
Standard Method of Test for

CALORIFIC VALUE OF GASEOUS FUELS BY THE WATER-
FLOW CALORIMETER
Approved as USA Stalzdard 268.1-1956

(Idetttical with ASTM Procedwes)
Scope Apparatus: Terminology

Types of Calorimeten.. ................ 3
SECRON
l. (a) This method of test is intended DetailedRequirements.. ............... 4 2. The most important terms used in
for use when water-flow calorimeters3are Assembly.. ........................... 5 connection with the determination of
used to determine thetotalandnet Standardization and Maintenance. , 6 and 7
Test Procedure: calorific values of gaseous fuels in water-
calorific values of fuel gases as purchased Adjustments
Humidity-Correction
for flow calorimetry are as follows:
and sold. The method is restricted to Procedure.. ......................... 8 (a) Standard Temperature.-The
Adjustments
Humidity-Control
for
gaseous fuels having total caloriik values Procedure.. ......................... 9 standard temperature is 60 F,, based on
in the range from 415 to 3300 Btu. per Procedure for Determination of Calorific the international temperature scale.
standard cubic foot. Value byEitherHumidity-Correction (h) Standard Prcssure.-The
or Humidity-Control Procedure.., .. , , . 10
standard
Nm.-Determination of calorific value of Theory of Calculations and Corrections pressure is the absolute pressure of a
the higher Btu gases within the maximum per- to be Applied: column of pure mercury 30 in, in height
missibIe diEerences requires careful observation Observed Calorific Value.. .............. 11 at 32 F. and under standard.gravity
Corrections to Observed Calorific Value. . 12
by expert operatorsof procedures as specified in
this method. See Section 20. Minor Correction Term,C,,,.
Correction for Density
............
. 13
of Hard Water.. , . 14
(32.174 ft. per sec, per sec,),
(c) British ThcrmaJ Utzit.-A British
(a) The subjects covered in this Correction forHumidity.. .............. 15
Correctionsfor LocalUse (Preparation thermal unit, or Btu., is the quantity of
methodappear inthe following order: of Tables). .......................... 16 heat that must be added to one avoir-
Calculation of Calorific Value: dupois pound of pure water to raise Its
BZCnON
Calculation of Total Calori& VaIue.. , , . , 17
Terminology.. ........................... 2 Calculation of Net Caloriiic Value. ...... 18 temperature from58.5 F. to 59.5 F. under
#Water-flow u~otimetrrrau& as those made by the
Conversion of Calorific Valueper Standard standard pressure.
Cubic Foot to Basisof Measurementused (a) Standard Cubic Foot o j Gasi-A
American Meter Co., New York, N.Y,, V d the Prtcision
Sdmtlfic Co C h u g o 111 or their equwaltnt, are con-
aidered r t l d c t o r y foi thl;test.
in Field............................
Reproducibilityof Results.. ............... 19
20 standard cubicfoot of gas is the quantity

ASME P T C x 3 . 3 6 7 m 0 7 5 9 b 7 0 0053547 3 m
of any gas that at standard temperature gas mixture is equal to that in 0.5 CU. ft. of air, A~PARATUS
and under standard pressure will fill a then the theoreticalairpercubic foot of the
air-gas mixture will be less bv 0.5 CU. ft. than Types of Calorimeters
space of 1CU. ft. when in equilibrium with that calculated from the comiustible constitu.
liquid water. ents of the mixture.Theoreticalairmay be 3. (a) Two types of water-flow
NoTE.-According to Dalton’s Lam, this is
expressed in various units, such as cubic feet of calorimeters,3to which the procedures and
air per cubic foot of gas, where gas and air are data given in this method apply, are
equivalent to stating that the partial pressure
measured under the same conditions, standard illustrated in Figs. 1and 2. The parts of
of the gas is:
30 - 0.522 = 29.478 in, ofmercurycolumn
cubic feet of air per 100 Btu. of total calorific
value, etc. the apparatus illustrated include an 0.1-
CU. ft. wet test meter for measuring the
(e) Total Calori,ficValue.-The total (i) Excess Air,-The excess air is the volume of gas burned in a test, a calor-
calorific value of a gas is the number of quantity of air passing through the imeter body in which the gas is burned,
British thermal units evolved bythe combustion space in excess of theoretical and where the heat produced is absorbed
complete combustion, a t constant pres- air. in a stream of water, a balance and
sure, of one standard cubic foot of gas NOTE.-Expressed as a percentage, it is the weights for weighing the water heated in
with air, the temperature of the gas, air, amount of air in excess of theoretical air, divided a test, a psychrometer for measuring the
and products of combustion being 60 F. by the theoreticalair,and multiplied by 100. humidity of the air, thermometers for
and all of the water formed by the com-
bustion reaction being condensed to the 0’) Combustion Air.-The air passing measuring temperatures of water, room,
liquid state. into the combustion space of the calori- gas, and fluegases, a 0.1-Cu.-ft. bottle
meter (theoretical air plus excess air). for use in calibrating the wet test meter,
(j) Net Calor$cValue.-The net a gas pressure regulator, and a graduated
calor& value of a gas is the number of ( R ) Products of Combustion.-The
British thermal units evolved by the products of combustion are all substances cylinder for measuring the water
complete combustion, a t constant pres- resulting from the burning of gas with its condensed in the calorimeter. Other
theoretical air, including theinert con- essential items of equipment, not shown
sure, of one standard cubic foot of gas in Figs. 1 and 2, include a barometer for
with air, the temperature of the gas, air, stituents of the gas and the theoretical
air, but excluding excess air. measuring atmospheric pressure, an ap-
and products of combustion being 60 F.
and all of the water formed by the com- (1) Flue Gases.-The fluegases are paratus for volumetric analysis of gas and
bustion reaction remaining in the vapor the products of combustion remaining in flue gases, and a stopwatch, or its.equiv-
state.. the gaseous state together with the alent, for measuring the time of revolu-
excess air. tion of the meter index. A humidifier
NOTE 1.-The net calorific value of a gas is its (m)Standard Rate of Combustion.- for use in the humidity-control procedure
total calorificvalueminus the latent heat of
evaporation at standardtemperatureof the The standard rate of combustion of any is illustrated in Fig. 5.
waterformed by the combustionreaction. gas in the calorimeter is that whichis (b) A sectional view of a water-flow
NOTE 2.-The definitionsgiven in Paragraphs equivalent to 3000 Btu. per hr. of total calorimeter is shown in Fig. 3, which is
(e) and u) are for total and net calorific vahes calorifìc value (see Table I). largely self-explanatory. Water from a
per standard cubic foot of gas. The definitions storage tank enters a t a rate somewhat in
corresponding to any other unit quantity of gas (tt) Humidity-Correction Procedwz-
The humidity-correction procedure for excess of that required at the point
areobtained by substituting the name of the
desired unit in placeof the term “standard cubic making a calorific value test is that indicated a t the upper left of the figure.
foot” in the definitions. Methods of calculating procedurein which the combustion-air The excess flows over thehlet-water
calorific values per cubic foot of gas under any drawn intothe calorimeter is taken weir, and to the drain. The remainder
desired conditions of pressure, temperature, and of the entering water flows downward
water vapor content are specified in Section 19. directly from the room, its temperature,
pressure, and moisture content are deter- through the inlet-water tube, past the
(g) Observai Calorijîc Valtle.-The mined a t the time of thetest,and a bulb of the inlet-water thermometer
observed calorific value is the number of so-called humidity correctionis applied which measures its temperature, through
British thermal units obtained by multi- tothe observedcalorific value totake the indicating quadrant valve which
plying the pounds of water heated in a account of the heatof vaporization of the controls the rate of flow, and enters the
calorific-value test by its corrected tem- dif€erencein the amounts of water vapor calorimeter through a water-circulating
perature rise in degrees Fahrenheit, and entering and leaving the calorimeter. ring which distributes the water uni-
dividing by the number of standard cubic formly around the bottomof the heat-
feet of gas burned. (o) Huma’dàty-Control Procedure.- exchange unit. The water then flows
(ir)TheoreticalAir.-The theoretical The humidity-control procedure for upward in contact with the wall of the
air is the volume of air that contains the making a calorific value test is that combustion chamber and the outside of
quantity of oxygen, in addition to that in procedure in which the moisture content the flue tubes of the heat-exchange unit,
the gas itself, consumed in the complete of the combustion air is artificially over the top of the combustion chamber,
combustion of a given quantity ofgas. maintained a t a value such that the past the baffle plates where it is mixed to
amounts of water vapor entering and promote uniformity of temperature, past
NOTE.-BY oxygen in the gas is meant any leaving the calorimeter are equal (or the bulb of the outlet-water thermometer,
oxygen that maybepresent,including that
fromair in air-gasmixtures.Forexample, if nearly so) and the humidity correction is and leaves the calorimeter by flowing
the total amount of oxygen in 1 CU. ft. of an air- zero (or very small). over the outlet-water weir and through
50

ASME P T C * 3 * 3 6'7 W 0 7 5 9 b 7 0 0 0 5 3 5 5 0 T W
GASEOUS FUELS
SLING
PSYCHROMETER
0.1 CU.Fr W&T TEST FLOW BALANCE BUCKET

0
.f METER CALORfMETER A N D WEIGHTS
FIG.l.-Precision Flow Calorimeter Assembly.
the three-way valve to either a weighing thecondensate drain. A smallamount damper shall be dehitely indicated by a
bucket or the drain. The constant head of water stands .in the products chamber, suitable pointer and scale, or equivalent
of water between the inlet- and outlet- forming a seal between the products arrangement.
water weirs servesto maintain a constant chamber and combustion chamber, and (2) The outer surface of the calorim-
rate of flow of water throughthe calorim- preventing recirculation of the flue gases eter shall be nickel- or chromium-plated
eter, provided the resistance to such with the incoming air. and polished.
flow remains constant. (3) The flue tubesandthe space
Gas is burned at a uniform rate in the through which the water circulates shall
combustionchamber. The products of Detailed Requirements be free from obstructions.
combustion and excess air rise to the top (4) There shallbe no water leaks from
of this chamber,where they aredeflected 4. The apparatus shall consist of the the calorimeter.
and caused to flow downwardthrough following: (5) The burner shall be of the bunsen
the flue-tubes of the heat exchange unit. type, and shall be free from gas letks.
A large part of theheat produced by (a) Calovitneter Body.-The calori- It shall be provided with a t least three
combustion of the gas is transferred to meter bodyshall conform to thefollowing radiation shields, suitable
a flame
the stream of flowing water, so that the requirements: spreader, and eithera set of interchange-
temperature of the flue gases is reduced (1) The damper which regulates the able orifices or anadjustable orifice,
nearly to that of the inlet water by the flow of fluegasesfrom the calorimeter Burners having adjustable orifices shall
time theyreach the products chamber. shall be adjustable so that the air drawn be of suchconstruction that gas leaks
The flue gases are dischargedfrom the into the calorimeter canbe maintained can be readily detected with the orifice
calorimeter through the dampered at 40 per cent in excess of the theoretical properly adjusted to burn the gas to be
exhaust port. air, when any gas having acaloriíïc value tested a t the standard rate.
A large part of the water formed by in the range from 475 to 3300 Btu. per (6) The construction of calorimeter
combustion' is condensed to the hquid CU. ft. is being burned in the calorimeter and burnershall be such that theburner
state and leaves the Calorimeter through a t the standard rate, The setting of the can be inserted in the calorimeter and

SLING
PSYCHROMETER
A
/
INLET WATEC;
VALVE
STANDARD 0.1 CU. Fr WET T E S T FLOW BALANCE, BUCKET

0.1 CU.F7: BOTTLE METER CALORIMETER AND WEIGHTS
Fr~.2.-American Rom Calorimeter Assemby.
clamped inposition in such a manner with a plumb line and bob for use in gage glass not less than 8 in. in diameter
that it is centered in the combustion leveling the instrument. connected tothe meter housing a t the
chamber with the top of the flame (b) Wet Test Metsr.-The meter shall top and bottom through openings large
spreader a t least 14 in. above the lowest have a capacity Jf 0.1 CU. ft. per revolu- enough to permit free passage of gas or
level a t which water circulates in the tion, and shall conform to the following water. A metal pin, pointed a t the top,
calorimeter. requirements: shall be located in the gage glass and
(7) The temperature of the exhaust (1) The meter shall be constructed in concentric with it, and shall be so adjust-
gases shall not be more than 1 F. above such a manner and from such materials able that the point can be brought to the
that of the inlet water when gas is being that it will have adequate strength and water level when the capacity of the
burned in the calorimeter a t the standard rigidity, and will beresistant to corrosion. meter is 0.1 CU. ft. per revolution.
rate and the rate of water circulation is (2) The stuffing box on the rotor (6) The meter shall be provided with
such thatthe temperature rise of the shaft shall beaccessiblefor repacking. an enameledor chromium-plated dial
water is 15 F. (3) The pressure drop through the with a circular scale approximately 6 in.
(8) The calorimeter shall be provided meter when gas is flowing through it at a in diameter graduated in 100 equal
with a device for mixing the outlet water rate of about 7 CU. ft. per hr. shall not divisions Each iïfth graduation mark
so that the fluctuations in its temperature exceed 0.2 in. of water. shall be somewhat longerthan the others,
will not exceed 0.2 F. when gas is burned (4) The meter shall be supported by a and each tenth mark shall be numbered.
in the calorimeter a t a uniform rate. tripod base provided with three leveling The large meter index shall be attached
(9) The construction of the products screws, and shall be equipped with fixed to the rotor shaft in such a manner that
chamber shall be such that all of the flue spirit levels sufficientlysensitive to detect it can be íked atany desired orientation
gases will pass through the dampered the tilting of the meter that would be relative tothe rotor. The index shall
port without recirculating with the in- produced by an adjustment bf 0.003 in. extend a t least tothe middle of the
coming combustion air, on one of the leveling screws. graduations with its end close to the dial.
(IO) n e calorimeter shall be provided (5) The meter shall be provided with a Suitable small dials shall be provided on
52

ASME PTCm3.3 h7 W 0759670 0 0 5 3 5 5 2 3 m
GASEOUS FUELS
(9) The metershall be provided with a

suitable thermometer well into which the
thermometer specified in Paragraph (d)
can be inserted so that its bulb willbe
immersed in the meter water. Provision
shall be made for attaching the thermo-
meter armor mentionedin Paragraph (d)
to the meterat the well in sucha manner
thatthe armor willbeheldrigidly in
place, andthatthe connection willbe
free from leaks.
(IO) A U-gage, 6 in. in length with a
scale graduated in 0.1 in., shall becon-
nected to the meter.
(c) Pressure Regulator.-The dia-
phragmtype of pressure regulator is
preferable.' If the gaspressureon the
inlet side of these regulators exceeds
12 in. of water column, a supplementary
regulator suitable for reducing the gas
3 SECTION A - A pressure to about 12 in, of water column
shall be used, Wet-seal prover-type
regulators are also satisfactory, but
specialcare mustbe exercised in their
usebecause theyare more subject to
leaks and sticking valves.
(d) Wet Test Meter Thermotneter.-
A thermometergraduated in intervals
of 0.5 F. from 54 to 101 F. and en-
cased in suitable thermometerarmor
shall be provided for measuring the,
temperature of the water in the meter,
The thermometer shall beheldin the
armor by means of a suitable cement, or
washer,or equivalent arrangement that
will prevent leakage of gas.fromthe
meter between the thermometer and the
armor, The armor shall be of such
design thatit canbeattachedtothe
meter as described inParagraph (b),
Item 9. The dimensions of the thermo-
DESCRIPTIVE V l V l
meter and the armor and the position of
OF thethermometer in the armor shall be
=
H EXCHANGER
such that the thermometer bulb willbe
completely immersed in the water in the
meter when the armor is attachedto
the meter as described in Paragraph (b),
Item 9, the entire scale of the thermom-
eter will be visible, andthe length of
" one degree on the scale will be not less
FIG,3.-Sectional View o f t Water-Flow Gas Calorimeter. than 1.5 mm.
(0,059 in.). The scale
the face of the meter to register the proportional to the indicated volumes on error of the thermometer when stand-
number of revolutions of the meter index. the graduated scale and significant fluc- ardized shall not exceed 0.5 F. a t any
(7) The measuring compartments of tuations in water level during therotation point.
the drum shall be as nearly as possible of the drum will be avoided,
equal in size, shape, and mass so that (8) Provision shall be made for adding -
4 T h e twin diaphragm regulator8of the Amerlcan Meter
delivered volumes will be approximately and withdrawing water. CO,, +in. pipe size, or their equivalent, arc natisfactory.
53

~~
ASME PTC*3.3 ~~
h 9 Irs 0 7 5 9 6 7 0 0 0 5 3 5 5 3 5
(e) Calorimeter Inlet Thermometer.- control procedure is illustrated in Fig. 4. termining theoxygen requirements of the
The A.S.T.M. gas
Calorimeter inlet The thermoqeters andwet-bulb wick for fuel gas and analyzing the flue gases re-
thermometer shallhave a range of 54 this type of psychrometer shall conform d t i n g from its combustion in the calo-
to 101 F. and conform tothe requirements to the requirementi specified in Method rimeter in order to obtain data for use in
for Thermometer 50F as prescribed in D 337. adjusting the excess air to its proper
A.S.T.M.Specifications E 1.6 (k) Timer.-A timer shall be used for value.
(f ) Calorimeter Outlet Thermometer.- determiningthe gas rate, It shall be Graduated
(4) Cylilzders.-For
col-
The A.S.T.M. gas calorimeter outlet capable of indicating elapsedtime in lecting the condensed water formed
thermometer shall have a range of 69 minutesand seconds. A watchwith a during combustion,one25-ml.,one50-
to 116 P. and conform to the require- second hand is satisfactory. ml., and one 100-ml. cylinder, graduated
ments for Thermometer 51F as pre- ( I ) EquaLArm Balance.-The equal- in milliliters. and accurate within 0.2 ml.
scribed in A.S.T.M. Specifications E 1.6 arm balance for determining the weight at any point, shall be provided.
(g) CalorimeterFlueThermometer.- of water heated during a test shall have a (Y)FractiotzaLCubic-FootBottle (0.1-
The A.S.T.M. gas calorimeter flue ther- capacity of 10lb.avoirdupoiswith a GU. ft.).-An 0.1-Cu.-ft. bottle shall be
mometer shall be graduated in intervals graduated beam reading to 0.001 lb. and providedfor calibrating the wet test
of 0.5 F. from 54 to 101 F. The dimen- sensitive to this amount under full load. meter. The volume of the bottle be-
sions of the thermometer shall be such One pan holder shall be designed to hold tween the upper and lowergage marks
that when it is inserted in the wellin thebucket specified in Paragraph (N); shall be 0.10000 f O.OOOO5 CU. ft. a t 70
the duct through which the fluegases the other shall be flat to hold weights. F.
leave the calorimeter, the bulb can be (m)Set of Brass Weights.-The set of (S) WaterTank.-The water tank for
completely immersedin the stream of weights for use with the equal-armbalance tempering and equalizing thetempera-
fluegases, andthe entire scale of the should be in a suitable container and shall ture of the water shall conform to the
thermometer willthenbevisible. The consist of one 5-lb., two 2-lb., one 1-lb., following requirements:
length of one degree on the scale shall one 0.5-lb., two 0.2-lb., and one0.1-lb. ( I ) Equipment.-Hot and cold water
be not less than 1S mm. (0.059 in.). weights. The combinedweight of any connections to a mixing manifold in
The scale error of the thermometerwhen combination of weights and rider shall be which a thermometer can beinserted; a ù
standardized shall not exceed 0.5 F. accurate to within plus or minus 0.1 per ventand overflow pipenear thetop;
cent when compared with a standard set water level gage; drain at the bottom;
NOTE.-A thermometer meeting the require- of class“B”weightscertified bythe take-off connection a t a point near the
ments specified in Paragraph(d) for the met test inlet weir of the calorimeter; suitable
meter thermometer may he used as the calorim-
National Bureau of Standards.
eterfluethermometer if it meetsthe require- ( t z ) Buckets.-The twobucketsre- stirring device; filter if thetap water
ments specified in Paragraph (g). quired for collecting the water heated in contains much sediment; cover to protect
the calorific-value test shall be made of from dust and retard evaporation.
( h ) Air-Tettzperature Thermometer.-A corrosion-resistingmaterial and each shall (2) Materials of Constrz&ion.-Tank,
thermometer graduated in 0.5 F from 54 have a capacity of about 10 lb. of water. connecting pipefittings, stirrer, etc., shall
to 101 F shall be provided for measuring be of corrosion-resistant material suchas
They shall be of such a form to fit the pan
the temperatureof the air in thevicinity copper or brass.
holder of the balance (Paragraph (1)).
of the calorimeter. The scale error shall (o) Barometer.-For determiningthe (3) Capacity of WaterTank.-Su5-
not exceed 0.3 F at any point. atmospheric pressure, the mercurial cient to contain an adequate amount of
(i) Thermometer Reading Lens.-A barometer is preferable and shall bqof water for several calorific value tests, and
reading lensshall be providedforeach the U. S. Weather Bureau type with a the height shall not exceed the shortest
calorimeter thermometer. The lenses Fortin cistern, and be capable of meastir- horizontal dimension.
and their holders shall be constructed so ing atmospheric pressure within an accu- (t) HumZity CmtroZIer.-It is fre-
as to avoid parallax errors of-0.01 F. or
greater when reading the thermometers.
racy of plus or minus 0,02 in.
It shall be quently desirable to increase the humidity
provided with a brass scale graduated in of the combustion air. This may be ac-
(i) Psychrometer.-For determining 0.1 and 1.0-in.divisions with a vernier complished either by increasing the hu-
wet- anddry-bulbtemperatures of the reading directly to 0.01 in. A thermom- midity of the room or by using a humidity
combustion air in the humidity-correc- eter for indicating the mean temperature controller (Fig, 5)’ on the combustion-air
tion procedure a sling psychrometer of the mercury column within 1F. shall supply to the calorimeter. The latter is
conforming to the requirements specified be attached, The barometer shall be en- particularly desirable where ( I ) ambient
in the Standard Method of Determining closed in a case, witha frontopening door, temperatures are high, (2) barometric
Relative Humidity (A.S.T.M.Designa- for protection, Proper illumination at pressures are low, or (3) knowledgeof
tion: D 337)6ashall be used. A suitable the reading points shall be provided.
psychrometer for use with the humidity- (P) Gas Analysis Apparatusr” gas 1 The apparatus illustrated in Fig. 5, or its equivalent
ia satisfactory. The apparatus shown in Fig. 5 is h o d
analysis apparatus’ shall be used for de- as the McGlashan Air Humidity and Temperature Con-
troller and was designed by W. A. McGlashan and his as-
sociates in the Southern California Gas Co. It was de-
6 1959 Supplement of Book of ASTM Stand-
ards, Part 7.
8 A Bureau of Mines Gas Analyzer orits equivalent $
satisfactory. Detailed specification requirements for thls
scribed in the report on.“Fuel Gas Calorimetry Water
Flow Method,”Prscccdtngs Pacific Coost Gan Associa-
-
60 1958 Book of ASTM Standards, Part 10. apparatus are in preparation in Committee D-3. tion, Supplement to Vol. 32 (1941).
54

ASME P T C * 3 * 3 b 4 W 0 7 5 7 6 7 0 0053554 7 W
GASEOUS FUELS
I I
FIG.$.-Front of Instrument Panel Showing Calorimetric Equipment.
excess air is questionable either dueto a (24) Test Room.--The apparatus shall tures, such as a furnace room or insu5-
lack of knowledge of gas compositionor be set up in a room used exclusively for ciently covered locations in cold climates.
failure to make a proper analysis of the calorimetry in which the temperature is The diameter of the line shall be as small
flue gases. The humiditycontroller shall not subject to sudden changes and which as practicable, consistent with the main-
be capable(1)of increasing the minimum is free from drafts, gas contamination, tenance of adequate line pressures. If
normal humidity of the air supply re- and thedirect rays of the sun. The floor necessary, the line shall be provided with
quired toburn gas at a rate of 3000 space shall be not less than 100sq. ft. and a purging device to assure a sample con-
Btu. per hr. to 95 per cent, with the dry-the ceilingheight not less than S$ ft. sistent with the timeof the test.
bulb temperature within2 F. of the inlet Adequate facilities for lighting (25 foot-
water temperature, and (2) of regulating candles a t a 30-in.level), heating, and Assembly of Apparatus
the humidity to within plus or minus 1 ventilating without causing drafts shall 5. (u) The calorimeter and its acces-
percent of any chosen value in the be provided. Heaters requiring combus- sory appratus shall be mountedas shown
range from 55 to 95 per cent. The con- tion within the room shall not be used. in Fig. 4 or on astrong table (about 60 in.
troller shall be equipped with dry- and The use of thermostatic control of the in length by 30 in, in width by 24 in, in
wet-bulb thermometers located in se-. heating equipment is desirable. The gas height). It is desirable to house the cal-
quence in the stream of combustion air a t line conveying the gas to the calorimeter orimeter and its connected accessories in
a point where the cross-sectional area of shall be as short and direct as practicable, a -cabinet. This brings all equipment
the ductis between 5 and 10sq. in., where in order to m i n i time lag, and shall conveniently close and protects it from
there is no water spray, and preferably befree from traps, unnecessaryvalves, dust, accident, corrosion, and unexpected
close to the entrance of the calorimeter. and side connections. The line shall not drafts of air.
The controller should not interfere with pass through any location which is sub- (b) The calorimeter shall-be assembled
the removal of the calorimeter burner. ject to extremely highorlow tempera- in the following sequence starting a t the
55

k
n
cock or valveof the sample line: The air-temperature thermometer (Sec- either flexible metal tubing or a flexible
(1) Pressureregulator(oneormore tion 4(h)) shall be mounted so that its synthetic plastic that will not absorb any
depending upon the inlet gas pressure), bulb is within afew inches of the calorim- of the constituents in the gas (rubber tub-
(2) Wet test meter, eter surface and approximately at the ing sball be avoided as it will lower the
(3) Calorimeter, and mean height of the calorimeter body. calorific value of gases, particularly those
(4) Humidity controller (if used). The gasconnections shall bemade of containing higher membersof the para&
56

ASME PTCm3.3 67 m 0757670 0053556 O
GASEOUS FUELS
serieshydrocarbons). The meter shall (outlet) has a certificate correction of -0.06 F. through thecalorimeter, but no gas burn-
be located so that it can be observed by at 70 F. ing in it. If the correction is determined
the operator while standing in the proper precise Thetwo thermometerswerearrangedfor in this way it is necessary that the inlet-
observation, with readinglenses at-
position for reading thecalorimeter inlet- tached,inawell-stirredpail of water,a little water temperature remain constant dur-
and outlet-thermometers, and can beread belowroomtemperature (70 F.) to securea ing the determination, and that account
accurately by him when he operates the rising meniscus and the following readings were be taken of the effect of heat transfer
water-change-over device. The water made. The thermometers were read‘ alter- between calorimeter and surroundings.
collection bucket or buckets shall be nately, at equaltimeintervals,beginningand
ending with thesame thermometer,in order that
This amounts to 2.0 Btu. per hr. per deg.
placed so that all of the water flowing themeam of the two sets of readingsmight Fahr. difference in temperature between
through the calorimeter during the period correspond to the same instant of time: the inlet-water and room.
of actualtestcan becollectedcon- The differential correction should be
veniently and weighed on the equal-arm determined at intervals of about one
balance, which shall be placed in a con- month unless experience indicates other-
venient position nearthe calorimeter wise. It should be determined at, or very
proper. A special sight, fitting in the near, some temperature a t which the ther-
connection from the inlet overflowweir
to the drain, will aid in seeing that the Mean Certificatecorrection .... ..
.I
.....,................r....... -0.04
”
69.45I 69.49
-0.06
mometers have been standardized, in or-
der to avoidintroducing intothe dif-
flow of water is sufficient.
(c) The fractional cubic foot bottle (or
Corrected
readinps .,.......I ”
69.41I 69.43 ferential correction constant

a error
resulting from interpolation between two
aspirator bottle)
andgas
saturating It will be seen that the corrected reading of certiíïcate corrections. The differential
humidífìer either shall be mounted per- thermometer B is 0.02 F. higherthan that of correction should be determined after
manentlynearthewettestmeter,or thermometer A. A differentialcorrection of
boththermometershave been a t room
space shall be provided for setting the -0.02 F. must therefore be applied, in addition temperature for several days. When the
portable bottle on a rigid base near the to the certificate corrections, to all readings of thermometersare replaced inthe cal-
thermometer B, when the thermometersare
meter. both used under conditions essentialIy the same orimeter, they shall be inserted in their
(d) The humidity controller, if used, as those under which the differential correction wells to such a depth that the bulbs are
shall beconnected to thecalorimeter pro- was determined. completelyimmersed in thestream of
per and be supplied with water from the flowing water, that is, so that no part of
calorimeter-water storage tank. When the differential correction is de-
termined as described in the above note, either bulb is in contact with a pocketof
(e) The barometer shall be placed in .stagnant wateror entrapped air.
the same room with the calorimeter. the bulbs of the inlet- and outlet-water
thermometers are subject to thesame ex-
ternal pressure. When in use in the calo-
(b) Thermometer Reading Lem,-
Standardization and Maintenance rimeter, the pressure on the bulb of the Reading lenses shall be attached to the
calorimeter thermometers in such a man-
6. (a) Calorimeter I d e t amì Outlel inlet-water thermometer is greater than ner that the observation slot is a t right
Thermometers.-These thermometers that on the outlet-water thermometer by angles to the mercury column and the
should be supplied with certificates from about 18 in, of water, A large number of mercury meniscus and thermometer grad-
a recognized standardizing laboratory, testshave shown thattheeffect of external uations are equally in focus in the center
preferably the National Bureauof Stand- pressure is about 0.2 F. per atmosphere of the field of view.
ards, which show the scalecorrections (400in. of water) for thermometers having
at S F. intervals to be applied in order to cylindrical bulbs 5 to 7 mm. in diameter, (c) Wet Test Meter TI2erwometer.-The
establish the readings to within plus or The effect of a.pressure of 18 in. of water wet test meter thermometer shall be com-
minus 0.01 F, of thetruetemperature. on the bulb of the inlet-water thermom- pared once a t each multiple of 10 F. with
If a standard resistance thermometer of eter is therefore an increase of 0.01 F. a calorimeter thermometer in a well-
the proper accuracyis available, it is more in the reading of the thermometer, This stirred water bath to within plus or minus
practicable to compare the thermometers effectshouldbe takenintoaccount by 0.1 F. and its corrections shall be recorded
at the local testing station. Inasmuch as adding 0.01 F. to the differential correc- and used, Subsequent comparisons shall
the certified corrections holdtrue only for tion determined in the manner described be made once a year a t one calibration
the period of the standardization test, due above. The data given in the above ex- point.
to volumechanges in the bulbs of the ample then lead to a differential corIec-
thermometers, it is necessary to apply a tion of -0.01 F, when the effect of pres- (d) F h e Therttzometer.-The flue ther-
further correctionknown asthe “dif- sure on the inlet-water thermometer bulb mometer shall be compared once a t each
ferential correction.” is taken into account. The effect of pres- multiple of 10 F. with 8 calorimeter ther-
sure on the inlet-water thermometer read- mometer in a well-stirred waterbath
Nore,-The following exampleillustrates the ing is taken into account automatically if within plus or minus 0.1 F. If its cor-
manner in which the differentialcorrection is the differential correction is determined rections are greater than 0.5 F., it is more
determined:
Thermometer A (inlet) has a certificatecorrec- withthethermometers in place in the convenient to replace it than to supply
tion of -0.04 F. at 70 F. and thermometer B calorimeter, and with water flowing and use a correction sheet. Subsequent
57

ASME PTCx3.3 6 9 m 0759670 0053557 ~~
comparisons at one calibration point will and gravity corrections. that this wick be maintained in good con-
show whether the thermometer has ( h ) Apparatzls for Weighiltg the Water. dition free from deposited material and,
changed. -The apparatas for weighing the water asthe psychrometeris in continuous
(e)PsychrometerThernto?rteters.-The includes the equal-armbalance, set of operation, frequent inspection - is neces-
psychrometer and air-temperature ther- brass weights, and two buckets. The two sary. The evaporation of water leaves a
mometers shall be compared onceat each buckets shall be counterbalanced, dry, small quantity of solid material in the
multiple of IOF witha calorimetric within 0.001 lb. The balance and wickmesheswhich in time stiffens the
thermometer in a well-stirred water bath weights shall becertified at the local wick so that itdoes not function properly.
within plus or minus 0.1 F. If the correc- Bureau of Weights and Measures a t The controller inspection frequency will
tions are greater than 0.25 F, it is more periodic intervals or if a standardized set be determined largely by the quality of
convenient to replace the thermometers of class B weights is available it can be the water used,as well as the dust content
than to supply anduse correction sheets. used for comparison. It is morecon- and average moisturecontent of the air.
The samerequirementsapply tothe venient to adjustthe weights than to (n) Test Room-The lighting, heating,
humidity-controller thermometers.Sub- apply corrections. If the balance isnot and ventilation should checked be
sequent comparisons a t one calibration sensitive to 0.001 lb. at maximum load periodically in order to ascertain that no
point will show whether the thermome- the knife edges shall be replaced or re- error from these sources exists.
ters have changed. sharpened. (o) Calmitneter.-Calibration of the
(f) Barometer Thmrwter.-The ba- (i) Gaduated Cylinders.-Thegrad- calorimeter by astandardizing laboratory
rometer thermometer shall be com- uated cylinders shall be calibrated once is unnecessary except when required by
pared once at each multiple of 10 F. with with a standardized burette within plus law, The operator should makesure that
a calorimetricthermometer in a well- or minus0.2 ml. the requirements prescribed in Section 4
stirred mater bath. If its corrections are 0‘) Pressure Regulator.-Having no (a) are met.The directionsgivenin
greater than 2.5 F., it shall be rejected. scale, the pressure regulator cannot be Items (I) to (6) below shall be followed,
(g) Barometer.-Barometers shall be calibrated. It is sufficient to observe, a t and any defects indicated by the tests
corrected to eliminate errors from the periodic intervals, if the deviceisfree specified in these directionsshall be reme-
following sources: from leaks and whether it is maintaining died in orderto insure maintenance of the
( I ) Imperfect vacuum, the gas pressure without significant calorimeter in satisfactory operatingcon-
(2) Capillarity, change during operation. dition.
(3) Scale, (k) Gas Attalysis Apparatus.-The (1) If the external surface of the
( 4 ) Impure mercury, gas analysis apparatus6shall be free from calorimeter has become dull it may be
(5) Gravity, and leaks. It should contain adequate chemi-
(6) Temperature. cal solutions, and its measuring burette polished with a very mildbufEngcom-
pound. The polish can be maintained by
It is not practicable, as a rule, to deter- shall be accurate to within plus or minus periodic wipingwith a mild soap solution
mine separately the errors due to Items 0.2 per cent,
( I ) , (Z), (3),and (4). These canbe com- (1) Fractimtal Cubic Foot Bottle (0.1- followed by a dry wipe.
binedconveniently with Item (5) and c%.$., Capacity).-Thevolume of the (2) The heat-exchange unit (and ther-
applied asthebarometer certiíìed cor- bottle (0.1 CU. ft.) shall be certified by the mometers) shall beremovedfrom the
rection. In some casesitmay be possible National Bureau of Standards to within calorimeter periodically, and the flue
to compensatefor all buttemperature 0.00001 CU. ft. If one of the gage marks tubes and surfaces which contact the cir-
errors by shifting the scale setting. becomes disturbed, if the bottle becomes culating water shall be cleaned with the
Proper calibrationcanbe obtainedby deformed, orif there is any other reason to brushesprovidedfor this purpose. The
comparison with a normal barometerat a suspect its accuracy, it shall be repaired, nature of the gas, cooling water, etc., will
nearby station of the WeatherBureau. if necessary, and sent totheNational determine the frequency with which this
The barometereither can be carefully car- Bureau of Standards for recalibration. procedure isnecessary.
ried to the station (see “Circdar F , Only distilled water shall be used in the (3) After cleaning as described in Item
BarometersandtheMeasurement of bottle and movable reservoir in order to (Z), the flue tubes, combustion chamber,
Atmospheric Pressure,” W. B. No. 472, prevent any corrosionorsedimentation and products chamber shall be dried, and
U. S. Department of Agriculture) forcom- from changing the volume of the bottle. the calorimeter shall be assembled. The
parison, or its readings can be compared, Periodic flushing will minimize the calorimeter shall then be tested for water
ilz situ, with the simultaneous readingsof chances for this occurrence, leaks by filling the water-circulating sys-
the Weather Bureau station barometer, (m)Humidity Col-ttrotler.-The con- tem with water and allowing the calorim-
making any allowances that may be re- troller shall be disassembled periodically eter to stand for several hours. Leaks
quired for differences in level betweenthe for ( I ) inspection and replacement of gas- will be indicated by an accumulation of
two locations,and correcting the readings kets whennecessary, (2) cleaning the water in the productschamber.
of the barometer under test to equivalent water sprayorifices and interiorsurfaces, (4) The burner shall be tested periodi-
inches of mercury at 32 F. Table II and (3) replacement of the wet-bulb wick cally for leaks by removing the mixing tube
gives the data formaking temperature of the psychrometer. It is important fromthe base, and placing thelatter
58

-ASNE P T C x 3 . 3 67 8 . 0 7 5 9 b 7 0 0053558 4
GASEOUS FUELS
under water, after connecting it to thegas plus or minus 1 F. of room temperature. ular operation, turn on enough water so
supply, with a finger held over the orXce. NOTE1: C&.&.-Never start a test with a that 'Ome will be discharged to the
Leaks will be indicated bybubbles of gas. partially filled water tank as there is always the fromthe inlet-~ateroverflowweir. T O
(5) If the requirements specified in chance that the tank will empty before the end promote the escape of air from the water
Section 4 (a), Item (6) are met, excessive of the test and cause seriousdamage to the circulation system, quicuyopen andclose
differences in temperature between inlet- apparatus. the quadrant valve a number of times and,
water and exhaust gases may be due to (b) Purge gas supply lines of oldgas if necessary, loosen the knurled nuts of the
sediment in thewater-circulating system. either by ascharging through a special thermometerwells SO that all of the air and
In this case the condition can be remedied vent line to the outside atmosphere or by a small amount of water will be forced out.
by cleaning the calorimeter as described burning it in an auxiliary bumer located Place thedried water bucket (or buckets)
in Item (2). some distance from the calorimeter. in a convenient position for collection of
(6) Obviously, theotherfunctioning The best practice is to have the sample the ~ElUent water.
parts of the calorimeter such as the over- line short enough that thenormal heating- (f> When it has been determined
flowweirs, indicatingquadrant valve, up period for thecalorimeter will provide that no leakage is Occurring (Paragraph
water diverting valve, etc, must be kept (d)), light the burnerand adjust theflow
in good condition to obtain accurate re- a proper gas sample.
(c) Adjust the gasmetertemperature Of gas to within *2 per cent Of the
sults.
within f l F of the room temperature; standardratein accordancewith the
Calibration of WetTestMeter. data given in Table I. After the meter
level the meterwithreference tothe has made Seven revolutions, adjust
7. (a) The wet test metershallbe spirit levels mounted On the top by means the primary air supplyto the burner so
calibrated in accordance withprocedures of the adjusting screws in the feet; add that the luminous
described in Sections 16 to 18, inclusive, of the flame just
water, if necessary, to raise the level in disappears; it may be necessary to insert
or Section 19 of the Methods for Meas- the meter somewhat above the pointer an appropriate orifice (Note 3), open
urement of Gaseous Fuel Samples in the gage glass; pass sufficient
a amount the flue damper wide, Insert the burner
(ASTM Designation:D 1071).7a For of gas through the meter to saturate the in the calorimeter and clamp it in posi-
highest accuracy the procedure described water with gas (Note 2, adjust the tion so that it is a t the proper height and
in Section 19 should be followed; the water level as described in Section 17(e) is centered in the combustion chamber,
rate of flow of the testing medium should of Method D 1071,7°
be approximately the same as the rate NOTE2.-Theamount of gas required to
of flow of gas when the meter is in use in saturate the water in the meter sufficiently for NOTE3.-It is desirablb to use as large an
a caloriiic value test. AÙ is preferable to calorimetricpurposesprobablydependsupon orifice as possible in order that an excessively
the composition of the gas. In the case of a high gas prewure will not be required to obtain
gas as the testing medium. If the test of the standard rate of combustion. However,
the meter shows a volume perrevolution 600 Btu carbureted water gas it has been found
that 15 to 20 CU ft of gas must be passed through the orifice shouId not be so large, and the pres-
differing from 0.1OOO CU ft, the appropri- the meter at about 6 CU ft per hr to saturate the sure so low, that insu5cient primary air will be
ate calibrationfactorshallbe used to water. In the case of a 600 Btu mixture of injected into the burner.Smallerorificesand
calculate the volume of gas burned in a carbureted water gas and natural gas about 10 higher gas pressures may be required forgases of
CU ft of gas must be passed through the meter
high-calorific value, such as naturalgas, pfo-
calorific value test. pane, butane, etc., and for their mixtures with
(b) The meter should be calibrated in to saturate the water.
air than for most manufactured gases. The
place at intervals not exceeding three (d) Testfor gas leaks, Remove the orifice size, the gas pressure,and the primary
months, Experience may show the need burner fromthe calorimeter and, after air adjustment should be Such thatthe
under test can be burned in the calorimeter at
of more frequent calibrations. passing from O*' to Of gas the standard rate with a flame having no lumi-
throughthe meter to insure thatany ex- tip, and without produchg arbon
TESTPROCEDURE plosive mixture of gas andairhas been monoxidewhen the excess air entering the
removed, light the gas. After the meter calorimeter is 40 Per cent.
Adjustments for
Humidity-Correction has made two or three revolutions, shut
Procedure off 'the gas at the base of theburner and (g) Adjust thequadrantindicating
8. (u) Fill the water tank (Cuz&n, see immediately after shut off the gas supply valve so that the temperature rise of
Note 1)and adjust the temperature of to the regulator. If, during an interval the flowing heated water is 15 =t 0,s F.
water, while stirring it thoroughly to of time equal to the duration of the mater (h) Allow time for the establishment
equalize the temperature.Theadjusted temperature reading period of the subse- of thermal equilibrium andadjust the
temperature of the water shall be near quent calorific value test,the index hand damper. Settheadjustabledamperin
enough to that of the room so that inlet- does not show a clockwisemovementex- the exhaust port so that the air drawn
water temperaturewill not change by more ceeding O.ooO1 CU.ft., the leakage may be into the combustion chamber is 40 =t 5
than 0.02 P, during a single calorific value considered negligible. When waiting for per cent in excess of the theoretical air for
test. This requirement will ordinarily the results of thistest,theadjustmentsthe gasbeing burned. This damperset-
be met if the water temperature iswithin described in Paragraph(e) h a y be made. ting shallbe determined once for each par-
(e) With the indicating quadrant valve ticular kind of gas. This setting shallbe
70 1058 Book of ASTM Standards, Part 8. set at approximately the position for reg-recorded and used whenevercalorific
59

' ASME P T C * 3 - 3 b 7 m C3757b70 0053557 b H '
value tests are made,provided the ob- ture rise is 15 =t 0.5 F. Theoperator be opened slightly to increase the excess air to
served calorificvalue of the particular gas shall then proceed withthe calorific value 40 percent. In some cases the amount of
excess air is too great, even withthe damper in
is within plus or minus5 per cent of that test in accordance withSection 10. the closed position. In this event, the holes in
existing when the damper setting was NOTE5 : Examplc.-A fuel gas analyzed for the damper valve shall be partially covered with
established. The damper setting shall its constituents gavethe following results: a smallcopper or brass platesoldered in position.
be made as follows: Proportions by Volume, NOTE6.-A complete analysis of the gas is
(1) After condensatehas been dripping Conatituent per cent not necessary in order to evaluate the ratio, R¶.
from the drain tube at a constantrate for Carbon dioxide (Coa). ............ 3.4 All that is required is a determination of the
Ethylene (C:&). ................. 3.7 oxygen (OS) consumed (in addition to that in the
5 min., thermal equilibrium, that is, con- Benzene (CiHa). ................. 1.5
stant rateof heat transfer, will have been Oxygen (O,). .................... 0.3
gas itself) and the carbon dioxide (CO:) formed
established. The calorimeterflue ther- CarbonMonoxide(CO), .......... 17.4 (including that in the gas) in the complete com-
Hydrogen (H¶). ................. 36.8 bustion of a given amount of gas. The ratioRt
mometer shall then be removed and re- Methane ( C a ) . ................. 24.9 is then calculated as follows:
Nitrogen (Na). ..................
placed by a gas samplingtube inserted in -12.0
the thermometer openingwith an airtight
fitting. A sample of the flue gas shall be
Total. . !.................... 100.0
aspirated slowly into a sample container or Theassumption is made that I CU. ft. of this
gas is burned completely with the theoretical Adjustments for Humidity Control Pro-
portable gas analysis apparatusat substan- quantity of air, giving the following data: cedure
tially atmosphericpressure in order to
avoid contamination of the sample with Cubic Feet per Cubic Foot Dry 01s
9. (a) Prior to determination of cal-
air drawninthrough the joiqts and to orific value by the humidity control pro-
avoid change in the rate of combustion Amount
of Con- Products Formed by
cedure, make the adjustments described
Constituent ltituent Oxygen Gas During Corn- in Section 8 (u) to (d). Continue in ac-
air. The fluegassample shall beana- Present Re- bustton
in the quired cordance with the following Paragraphs
lyzed for its contentof carbon dioxideand
oxygen! ""
Fuel
-Gas I I
CO; HI0 N2 (b) to ( d .
(b) With the indicating quadrant valve
(2) From a complete slow-combustion CO,
C*&
.............
............ 0.034
0.037 o.iiio
0.014
0.074 set at approximatelythe position for regu-
or explosionanalysis' of the gasbeing c$%. ............ 0.015 0,1125 0.090
tested, the theoretical volumes of oxygen Or............... 0.003 "0.0030 lar operation, turn on enough water so
CO ..............
............... 0.174 0.0870 0% that some will be discharged to thedrain
consumed and carbon dioxide produced H¶
CH' .............
0.368
0.1840
0.249 0.4980 o ;i49
in the completecombustion of the gas N;. .............. 0.120 ... ... from the inlet-water overflowweir. To
can be calculated (Notes 5 and 6). Total.. ........
promote the escape of air from the water
(3) From the dataof Items (1)and ( 2 ) circulation system, quickly open and close
the excess air in the flue gases can be cal- The analysisof the flue gas from thecalorim- the quadrant valve a number of times
culated (Notes 5 and 6 ) from the relation: eter gave the following results: and, if necessary, loosen the knurled nuts
Proportions by Volume, of the thermometer wells so that all of
RI per cent
Excess air, per cent = -
Ra
X 100
Conntituont
CO*. ......................... 10.0
the air anda small amount of water will
02.. ......................... 5.9 be forced out. Place the dried water
where : N:.. ......................... 84.1 bucket (or buckets) in a convenient posi-
- tion for collection of the effluent water.
R1 = ratio of oxygen to carbondioxide Total. ..................... 100.0
Startthe flow .ofwaterthrough the
in the flue gas, and humidity controller by opening the
R* = ratia of the theoretical volume of S@)) :
Then by definition (Section supply valveto its maximum position.
oxygenconsumed tothe volume (c) When it has been determined that
R1
of carbon dioxide produced in the Excess air in flue gas = Ra X 100 = - no leakage is occurring, as described in
complete combustion of the gas. Section 8 (d), light$the burner and ad-
If the value obtained in this way for just theflow of gas to 1.4 times the stand-
excess air differs from 40 =t 5 per cent, ardratein accordance withTable I.
the damper shall be adjusted accord- After the meter has made seven revolu-
ingly, and the procedures of Items (11, Although this fails within the specified range of tions, adjust the primary air supply to
(2), and (3) repeated. 40 Et 5 per cent,it is desirable to setthe damper
to yield 40 f 1 per cent because greater varia- the burner so that the luminous tip of
tions in the following factors can be tolerated the flame just disappears. It may be
NOTE4.-Under extreme conditions of high before the limiting tolerances are reached and necessary to insert an appropriate ori-
temperature, low barometric pressure, and low another adjustment is required:
relative humidity,it may be desirable to reduce fice (Note3, Section S). Open the flue
(2) Rate of gas flow,
permissible limits of excess air to 40 st 2 per (2) Constituents of the gas, damper wide.
cent. (3) Ambient temperature, (d) Attach the special housingen-
(4) After the damper has been correctly (4) Atmospheric pressure, closing the burner to the calorimeter as
(5) Water vaporin the air, and shown in Fig. 5, with the burner a t its
adjusted, the water flow shall beread- (6) Conditionof the calorimeteiflue passages.
justed, if necessary, so that the tempera- In the example cited, the damper would have to proper height and concentric with the
60

ASME P T C x 3 . 3 b 7 U - 0 7 5 7 b 7 0 0 0 5 3 5 6 0 2 m
GASEOUS FUELS
wall of the combustion chamber.Con- CALORIFICVALUE TEST RECORD

nect the humidity controller to thespecial AM
Placa - c % z ! ! Dale &$&&4a9+5 Tlrne 2 : 5 0 P M c
burner housing. LeakTed
(e) After S min. have elapsed from the Kind o1 Gaa &hl%?" PlueeTlme 15 m
&
time the lighted burner was inserted into CalorIrneterNO. -224" Damper SelUnq
Inlet No. J P 6 P 7 Immerhed to -4%-6
the calorimeter, thermal equilibrium, CalorimelerThenuomstera:
OutletNo. 3 9 612 Immened to - z - C
that is, constant rateof heat transfer, will DiIIerentialCorrection Delemination Date
have been established, Close the flue Meler NO. 587 Meter Adjusted
No Meler Calibration Data 8-/&&8--
damper slowly until theoutlet-water tem-
perature begins to drop or until odors ap-
Serier No. 1 Selier No. 2 Srin No. 3
pear in the flue products. Then reduce START END
the gas flow to within plus or minus 10
percent of the standardratein ac-
cordance with Table I. Adjust the hu-
midity controller by manipulating the THERMOMETER
shutters so as to maintain the value of the
productf X (relative humidity) for toler- AVERAGING
ances specified in TableVII,equal to thal
given under fho in Table VIII.
v> After these adjustments have been
made, the operator shall proceed with the
CalorXc valuetest in accordance with
Section 10.
Procedure for Determination of Calorific

Value by Either Humidity=Correction
or Humidity-ControlProcedure
10. (a) Test Record.-Prepare the cal-
orific value test record. A suitable data
sheet shall be used for recording the ob-
servations made by the operator duringa FIG. 6.-Form for Humidity Correction Procedure.
calorific valuetest. The form of the

sheet will depend upon local conditions, (5) Wet test meter; kind, serial num- bulb thermometersof the sling psychrom-
ber, level adjustment, and last calibra- eter or the stationary psychrometer in-
operator's choice, etc. (Note). tion date, cluded in the humidity controller, to the
Nom-The two calorific value test record (6) Inlet- and outlet-water thermom- nearest 0.1 F. The combustion-air tem-
forms showninFigs.6 and 7 are examples found eters; serial numbers,temperaturesto perature is the reading of the air-tem-
to be suitable. The test example in Fig. 6 was which immersed, and date of last detar- perature thermometer whenusing the
made by following the humidify correction pro- mination of differential correction, humidity correction procedure, or the
cedure, while that in Fig. 7 was made by fol- reading of the dry bulb of the included
lowing the humidity control procedure. (7) Damper setting,
(8) Leak test, and psychrometer whenusing the humidity
It is desirable that all dáta sheets, and (9) Signature of observer. control procedure, Sometimes there is a
particuIarly those which may have to be These observationsmay be made and re- significant difference betweenthe ambient
submitted to the review of others, shall corded during the adjustment periodde- room temperature and the combustion-air
contain sufficient data to identify com- scribed in Section 8 (h) or 9 (e). temperature. Determine the room tem-
pletely allmajor test conditions and (b) Prelimiltary 0bservatiotzs.-Make perature by reading the air-temperature
equipment, such as the following: the following preliminarytest observa- thermometermountednear the calori-
(1) Place of test, tions: meter as described in Section 5(b).
(2) Dateand timegassample was (1) The barometric pressure tothe (4) The time, in seconds, per revolu-
burned, nearest 0.01 in. tion of the meter index.
(3) Gas; kind and purging time, (2) The temperature of the barometer (5) The pressure a t the wet meter to
(4) Caloriineter; kind and serial num- to the
nearest 1 F. the nearest 0.1 in. water column.
ber, (3) The readings of the wet- and dry- (6) The temperature of the water in
61

AShIE PERFORMANCE TEST COD,ES
automatically the changeover operation

CALORIFIC VALUE TEST RECORD
AM at the proper time, although care shall
Place U A Date -$&&" Time -PM- be taken that the device is maintainedin
E ,.
+
leakTed
Kindof Gas -&&i h r p e Time 15 satisfactory operating condition.
Calohmeter NO. h Damper SeHing .¿?L'% F (4) Make and record three readings
Calorimeter Thermometers: Inlet No. 3 9 6 0 7
Oullet No. 3p6/z
Immersedto l b 'E
Immersed to 4 0 . 5 E
of the inlet-water thermometerand at
Differential Correction DeterminationDate 9-1-45- least ten readings of the outlet-water
Meter N a L Meter Adlulled &L
No CallbraUon
Meter Date S"/5-4b
thermometer(Note 1). The readings
of eachthermometer shall be made
at approximatelyequaltimeintervals
during two revolutions of the meter
index when testing gases having calorific
values in the range 300 to 1300 Btu.
per CU. ft., or during oné revolution of
THERMOMETER the meter index when testing gases hav-
ing calorific values above 1300 Btu. per
AVERAGING
CU. ft. The readings may be timed by
makingthem at the times the meter
index passes suitably chosen graduations
on the dial, as indicated by thefollowing
schedules:
THEIlMOMETER READING SCHEDULES.
Read Thermometer
Meter Reading
Inlet 1 Outlet
FOEGASESHAVINOCALOBIPICVALUES BELOW1300 BTU
PEP CU. ET.
........
90
00
10
........
........
1st
I 1st
30
50
.......
........ 2nd
3rd
70
90
........
........ 4th
5th
FIG. 7.-Form for Humidity Control Procedure.
O
10
........
........ 2nd
6th
30
50
........
........
70 ........
the wet test meterto the nearest 0.1 F. drain tube of the calorimeter and record Y b .::::::::
the meterreading. 10 ........ 3rd
(7) The temperature of the flue gases
to the nearest 0.1 F. This temperature (2) Adjust the position of the ther- FOEGASESHAWNOCALORIFIC VALUESABOVE1300 BTU.
mometer reading lensesand make and re- PEE CU. P T.
indicates the limits for good calorimeter
Operating
conditions. Normally it
should not m e r by more than about 1
F. from the inlet-water temperature
cord one or two preliminary readings of
the inlet- and outlet-water thermometers.
Note whether the temperature rise has
95 ........
P .........
5 ........
1s ........
1st
I 1st
l
when the water and gas passages within remained at 15 =t 0.5 F. 2s ........
35 ........
2nd
3rd
4th
~
(3) At theinstantthe meterindex 45 ........ 5th

the calorimeter are clean, when the rates 50 ........ 2nd
crosses the zero mark, shift the change- 5s ........ 6th
of flow of gas and water are correctly ad- 65 ........ 7th
over device to divert the effluent heated 75 ........ 8th
justed, and when the room temperature 85 ........ 9 th
water to the weighing bucket. The oper- 10th
is substantially equal to the inlet-water ations of shifting the changeover device, %5 .::::::::
........
temperature. to and from the bucket, shall be made in
Initial zero meter reading at which effluent water is
(G) First Determination.-Make the the same manner and with the greatest diverted to weighing bucket (see Item (J)).
first determination as follows: Final zero meter reading at which effluent water is
care so that the time interval between diverted to drain (see Item (5)).
(1) Start the collection of condensate the two operations shall be as nearly as
if a net calorific value test is to be made, possible equal to that deíïned by thepas- NOTE1.-It is preferable to make an estimate
At the instant the meter handcrosses the sages of the meter index past the zero of the average reading of the outlet-water ther-
zero mark, place the propersize grad- position of the dial. An electrically mometer during each interval andto record this
average as the reading rather thanto record the
uated cylinderunder thecondensate operated device may be used to perform readings observed at certain instants. The ob-
62

GASEOUS FUELS
server shall estimate the thermometer readings

and record the meter reading. Read V = observed gas volume in cubic feet.
to one tenth of the smallest graduation interval,
and recordthe volume of condensate This is the number of revolutions
that is, to 0.01 P. To avoid errors due to
collected to the nearest 0.1 ml. If the
parallax, the line of sight must be perpendicular madeby the index handduring
to the thermometer stem, a condition which net caIorific value is to be determined the collection of the heated water
will be secured with a properlyconstructed withthesameaccuracyas thetotal multiplied by themeter calibration
reading lens, so located thatthe mercury
calorific value, make another collection factor (usually0.1OOO).
meniscus is in the center of the field of view
(Section 6(b)). An errorof 0.02 F. in the de-of condensate similar to the &st. F = reductionfactor to correctthe
termination of the average temperatureof either Cr) Preliminary Observations Ra observed gas volume V to standard
the inlet- or outlet-water or a combinederrorpeated.-Repeat the preliminary obser- conditions. The reduction factors
of 0.02 F. in the two temperatures will cause an
vations prescribed in Paragraph (h). for the corrected absolute pressure
error of over 0.1 per cent when operatingwith a and temperature conditions of
Thisshall be done on the general
15 F. temperature rise. To minimize the fluctu-
principle that no single observation
ations in the reading of the outlet water ther- test are given in Table IV.
mometer, due to drafts andaircurrents, should be accepted without verification
the Corrections to Observed Caloriíìc Value
calorimeter should be shielded from drafts and
and because it enables the operator to
the observer should move about as little aspos. 12. A number of corrections must be
decide whether the determination should applied to the observed calorific value to
sible while taking the thermometer readings.
be repeated either because of a mistake obtainthe truetotal or net Calorific
(5) Attheinstantthe index of the in the observations or on account of a value of the gas. These corrections
meter passes through the zero mark at signifxant change in test conditions. include the following:
the end of the second revolution (end of (g) Shut D o m of Apparatus.-Shut
(a) A correction, c b , for the buoyant
the f i s t revolution for gases above 1300 down the calorimeter equipment in the effect of the airon the observed weight of
Btu, per CU. ft.) after the effluent water following sequence: water heated duringthe test.
was diverted tothe weighing buckets, Close gas valve a t supply before the (b) A correction, C,, to accountfor
shift the changeover device to divert the meter, the fact that the specific heat of water is
water back into the drain. When test- Remove burner from calorimeter not always exactly 1O . OO undertest
ing gases having calorific values between (Cautim, see Note 2), conditions.
650 and 1300 Btu. perCU. ft., the amount Close water valve from supply tank, (c) A correction, C,, for heatloss from
of water heated during two revolutions and the calorimeter when the inlet water is
of the meter index will be greater than Refill the water supply tank. a t combustion air temperature.
the capacity of a single weighing bucket. NOTE2: Cuulion.-Greatcare shall always (d) A correction, Ca, to accountfor
In such cases thestream of effluent be taken never to leave gas burning in the cal- any difference between the temperatures
water must be diverted to the second orimeterwhen the apparatus is unattended, of inlet water,combustion air, and room.
bucket at some convenient time during becausewhen the water tank becomes empty This correction includes the effects of:
the second revolution. Make and record the lighted burner will soon cause serious damage. (1) The change in the mean specific
one or two supplementary readings of THEORY OF CALCULATIONS AND heat of water between the temperatures
inlet- and outlet-waterthermometers,
and verify the recorded integral values
CORRECTIONSTO BE APPLIED te -+ 7.5 and t; 4- 7.5, where te and ti
representthetemperatures,in degrees
of the temperatures, Observed Calorific Value Fahrenheit, of combustion air and inlet
(6) Weigh the water collected in the 11. The firstapproximation to the water, respectively.
bucket or buckets and record the weight calorific value of the gas tested is given (2) The difference intheamount of
(W on the calorific valuetest record, by the following expression: heat lost fromthe surface of the calorim-
Fig. 6 or 7) to the nearest 0.001 lb. eter because theaveragetemperature
(d) Second attd Third Determim Observed Calorific Value, of the surfaceis higher or lower than
#ions.-Take the second (and third)
series of observations as soon as con-
Btu. per standard CU.ft. = -
WT
VP it would be if inlet water were a t com-
bustion-airtemperature. (In calcu-
venient after the first series is complete. where: lating this correction it is assumed that
The full set of observations, (Items (2) the temperatures of combustion air and
to (6) of Paragraph (c) of this section) .W = number of pounds of heated water room are equal.)
shall be repeated, collected in the buckets. (3) The different amount of sensible
(e)
Collection of Condensate.-Stop T = temperature rise of waterin de- heat carried out by the fluegases and
the collection of condensate if the net grees Fahrenheit. This
the
is
calorific value beingis determined. condensed water, because their tempera-
difference between the averages of
After the meter index has made a t least ture is higher or lower than it would be
the inlet- and outlet-thermometer if the inlet water were a t combustion-aù
ten revolutions since the collection of readings afterthe following cor-
condensate was started, remove the temperature.
rections havebeen applied to each:
graduate from under the drain tube of the certificate. correction, the dif- (4) Thelatentheat of vaporization
the calorimeter a t the instant the meter ferential Correction, and the of the different amount of water vapor
index passes the zero of the scale. Note emergent stem correction. carriedoutbythe flue gases due to
63
--.
~~

their higher or lower temperature. subtract 2 per cent from the observed
(5) The increase or decrease inthe calorific value of the gas Íor each 1 per
amount of heat lost from the surface cent by which the density of the water = value of N whenf h = 100per cent,
of the calorimeter if combustion-air usedexceeds that of pure water. Ch = humidity correction in British
and room temperatures are not equal, as thermal units per standard cubic
Correction for Humidty foot of gas,
they areassumed to be in calculating the
correction for heat loss from the calorim- 15. (a) The humidity correction takes W = weight of water, in pounds, re-
eter surface due only to inlet-water account of the fact that the amounts of quired to saturate a space of 1
temperature,as described inItem (2). water vapor entering and leaving a CU. ft.,
(c) A correction C;, to refer the calorimeter arenot equal, in general. V, = volume of-air, in cubic feet, re-
results of the test to- thestandard Usually more water vapor leaves the quired to burn 1 CU. ft. of gas,
temperature of 60 F. deftned in Section calorimeter than enters it, anda quantity when air and gas are measured
2 (4. of heat equal to the heatof vaporization under the same conditions,
Q A correction, Ch, (applied only in of the excess therefore is not measured V,, = r Ve= volume of air, reduced to
calculating total calorific value) to by the calorimeter, although it is, by saturated condition, entering
account for the fact that, in general, the definition, a part of thetotal calorific calorimeter per cubic foot of satu-
amount of water vapor entering the value of the gas. The calculation of the rated gas, where r = ratio of
calorimeter is not equal to thatleaving it. humidity correction discussed
is in combustion air to theoretical air,
(g) A correction C,, (applied only in National Bureau of Standards Circ.tclar h = relative humidity of air entering
calculating net calorific value) equal to 464,where it is shown that the humidity ‘ the calorimeter, expressed as a
theheat of vaporization of the water correction is given by the following ex- percentage, as defined in the
condensed in the calorimeter per stand- pressions: Standard Methodof Determining
ard cubic foot of gas burned. Relative
Humidity (A.S.T.M.
Minor Correction Term C , Designation: D 337),6”and
L
W; = vapor pressure of water at the
13. The corrections Ca, C,, C,, and
C$ are usually lumped together in a - fh
- c vol........(i)
100
temperature 1.
It will be seen from Eq. 3 above that
single “minor correction’’ term, C,. The H LW P
-- - ( N . - N J ] .....(2)
the humidity correction will bezero if
values of the minor corrections Cm, - 100 -[N.
P fh has the value
shown in Table XI, have been calculated
with the following assumptions: N.
(u) C b was calculated for a pressure ‘lr. N=I 100
of 30 in. for each temperature given. where:
30-W; The above formulas are valid for any
(b) C, was calculated for a water f e value of. the ratio, r, of combustion air
temperature rise of 15 F.
(c) C, was found to be approximately 30 - - h
W
100
to theoretical air, provided the air enter-
ing the calorimeter is sufficientto ensure
0.2 per centof the observed heating value V , = volume of air-free products of complete combustion of the gas. Values
for the American and Precision type combustion of 1 CU. ft. of gas, of N,, NI, and fh, for various gases,
calorimeters when operated with inlet both measured saturated a t the calculated using the
water a t room temperature and ata gas standard value
same temperature and pressure, r = 1.40, are given in Table VIII.
burning rate of 3000 Btu. per hr. This F = factorfor reducing volume of (b) A great majority of determinations
average value of 0.2 per centmay be saturated gas to standard condi- of calorific value are made in connection
used only for calorimeters of these types. tions (Table IV), with the periodic testing of gaseous
(d) Ct was calculated from the differ- L = latentheat of vaporization of fuelswhich vary only moderately in
ence in the heat capacity of the combus- water in British thermal units per composition. The approximate calorific
tion products andthereactants (gas pound, value of the gas is knownin advance and
andair),andthe difference between P = pressure in inches of mercury, the pressure a t which the gas is measured
combustion-air temperature and 60 F. a = total calorific value of gas in depends mainly upon altitudeand is
British thermal units per stand- nearly constant. Constant values of
Correction for Density of Hard Water. ard cubic foot, H and P corresponding to local condi-
14. With very few exceptions, public
water supplies are pure enough to be
used as calorimeter water without cor-
rection fordissolved matter. In a few
IV-
(.-$P”
r
H/lW
v.+vp-i
ard cubic feet per 100 Btu.,

stand-
tions may therefore be inserted in Eq. 3
and a single value of N for each value
of j h may be chosen depending upon the
character of the gas being tested, A
cases of extreme salinity or hardness, it Ne
- +
(r 1) v. v p - 1
= value of N
single table of humidity correçtions
may be desirable to have measurements H/lW similar to those inTable X therefore
made of the density of the water and to when j h = O can be made up readily for local use by
.
64

ASME P T C m 3 . 3 b 7 m 0757670 0053561t T
GASEOUS FUELS
means of Eq. 3 using values of S from stituent gases arefoundfrom Table VI11 to composition can be neglected, and a
Table I X and values of NO and N1 have the following values: single value of the correction (in per-
calculated from measured values of Ga8 No N1 centage of total calorific value per degree
V . and V , for the gas being tested, or the 550-Btu. carburetted water.. 0.99 -0.22 Fahrenheit) for each temperature can be
values of NO and NI taken from Table ........
1100-Btu. natural.. 1.16
"0.18 usedfor allfuel gases.Values of the
VIII. Formixtures of twoormore Using these valueg, the values of No and NI
correction calculated on this basis are
gases of the typescovered in Table VIII, for the mixed 7OO-Btu. gas may be computed given in Table XII. In footnote b
thevalue of N corresponding toany by means of Eq, 4. aS follows: toTable X I I are given directions for
value of fh can be computed from the 0.99 X 0.727 X 550
calculating the partof Cd due toincrease
corresponding values of N for the
individual gases by means of the relation : Nc - + 1.16 X 0.273 X 1100
700
I
or decrease in heat loss from the surface
of the calorimeter when combustion-air
and room temperaturesarenotequal
0.22 X 0.727 X 550
where X,, xb,. .

, are the volume frac-
NI -- + 0.18 X 0.273 X 1100
700
-0.203
(see Section 12 (d), Item (5)).
Calculation of Total Calorific Value
..
tions of the gases u, b, , in the mixture From these values of N, and Ni,the following
17. (u) Twosample calorific value
and na,nb, ... .. values of N were calculated by linear interpola-
are the calorific values tion:
of the gases a, b, ,in British thermal
testsareillustrated.Figure
results
from
6 shows
the humidity-correction
N,standard CU.ft. method and Fig. 7 shows results from
units per standard cubic foot, h, per cent per 100 Btu.
O . . ............... 1.06 the humidity-control method. The toCal
Corrections for Local Use (Preparation l o . . . .............. 0.94 calorific valueshall be calculatedas
2 0 . . ............... 0.81 (b) to (c). (See
of Tables) .................
30
40,................ 0.56
0.68
shown in
Section 12.)
Paragraphs
16, (a) When preparingatablefor 50. ................ 0.43 (b) (1) Correct the observed barometric
localuse, the corrections for humidity ................
60.
...............
70..
0.30
0.18 heights byaddingthe certificate cor-
shall
be combined with the minor 80 .................. 0.05 rection and the proper temperature and
corrections given in Table XI, In Table ..............
90.. .-0.08 gravity correction shown in Table II.
VI11 values of NO,NI,NO NI,and - 100. ................-0.20
Record the average corrected barometric
fh are given for typical gases of differ- (b) Table X illustrates the computa- height.Converttheaverage gas pres-
ent calorificvalues. These values may tion of humidity corrections, Ch, for sure at the meter, bymeans of Table III,
also be calculated by means of Eq. 1,us- the mixed 550- and 1100- Btu. gases for from observed inches of water column
ing vdues of V , and Ve obtained from an average local barometric pressure of to equivalent inches of mercury column,
combustion analysis, and this procedure 28 in. of mercury,The values of S and record,The total gas pressure is
shouldbe followedwhenevergases of were takenfromTable M,while the the sum of thecorrectedbarometric
unusual composition are encountered. values of N arethose given inthe height and thegas pressure at meter.
NOTE:&umple.-!T%e calculation of values h a 1 tabulation of the Note under (2) Apply the certificate correction,
of N for a typical gas mixture ía illustrated by Paragraph (u). Also given inTableX if any, to themeter thermometer reading
the following example: are valuesof and record average themeter
Suppose the gas underconnideration ir a
mixture of 550-Btu. carburetted water gas and
temperature.
1100-Btu. natural gas and the approximate
H
+ +
c m = 7.00 c m = 7.00(cb Ca c, c#) (3) Enter from Table I V the gas
calorific value of the mixture is 700 Btu. Let reduction factor F corresponding to the
x. and x b represent the volume fractions of the calculated
from the values of C,,, total gas pressure and meter tem-
carburetted water gas and natural gas, respec- (expressed in percentageof total calorific perature.
tively, in the mixture. Then since the calorific
value of the mixture is 700 Btu., the following value) given inTable XI, andthe (4) From Table V enter on the record
relation m u t hold: combined corrections: the value of the product fh cor-
550Xaf1100Xb=700.. ......(5) +
c, = C h 7.00 c, responding to the
and dry b24lb temperatures.
recorded wet-bulb
also since Xa + Xb = 1, (c) Thepart of thecorrection, Ca, (5) Average and record the test read-
a + 550 xb
550 x 550.. ..,,(6) which takes account of the effects listed
in Section 12 (d), Items (I) to (4) is
ings (notthepreliminaryorsupple-
mentary) of the inlet
and
outlet
Subtracting Eq. 6 from Eq. 5, practicallyindependent of barometric calorimeter water thermometersfor each
550 XI = 150
pressure and relative humidity, It series separately,Enterthecertiiicate
x, = 0.273 depends to some extent upon the com- corrections corresponding to the average
position of the gas, but if the temperature readings of theinlet and outlet,calori&eter
Substituting x, in Xa + Xs = 1, difference
between inlet-water and water thermometers from a table such as
Xa 3 0.727
combustion air is kept within 1 or 2 F,, shown in Fig, 8. Enterthe difer-
the magnitude of the correction will be enfial correcfion fromatable such as
The values of NOand N1 for the two con- so small that its variation with gas shown in Fig. 8. Enterthe emergent
65

ASME P T C x 3 . 3 - 6 9 m 0759670 0053565 L E
stem corrections for the averagereadings The mean of tho combustion-air and inlet-mater 0.1 PH 3600
of the inlet and outlet calorimeter water temperature is: Equivalent gas rate, Btu. per hr. =
S
,
thermometers from Table VI. Apply 69.8 + 71.1 = 70.5 F.
where:
the certificate, differential, and emergent 2
stem corrections tothe observed average 0.1 P = the volume, in standard cubic
From Table XII (total calorific value column), feet, of gas burned perrevolu-
inlet and outlet water thermometer the tabulated partof C d corresponding to 70.5
readings to obtain the corrected tempera- is 0:147per cent perdegreeFahrenheit.Thif tion of the meter,
tures, part of the correctionforthe 700-Btu. gasthere- H = the total calorSc value,
(6) Subtractthe corrected average fore is given by: 3600/Sm=number
the of revolutions of
temperature of the inlet water from the (71.1 69.8) -
0.00147 X 700 3-1.34 Btu.
S,
the
meter
per
= seconds
hour, and
per revolution.
corrected average temperature of the and the correction for difference between Com-
outlet water to obtain the temperature bustion-air
temperature
and
room
tempera- Nom-The operator usually can
adjust S,
rise T,and record. ture is: equivalent
SO well
the that rate gas be mill
within the allowable tolerance of plus or minus
(7) Correct the observedweight of
waterheated W if calibration of the
-
(69'8 68'8) o*ooo68 x
The total correction, cd, therefore is:
'Oo 5 per cent and thetest will notneedto be rerun.
balance and weights has shown it to be Calculation of Net Calorific Value
necessary.
Cd 3 1.34 0.48 +1.8 BtU. +
18. (a) Two sample calorific value
(8) Calculate and record the volume (3) Obtain the total calorijc value, B, tests are illustrated in Fig. 6 for humidity
. of gasburned V bymultiplying the by applying the corrections C, and cd correctionprocedure and in Fig, 7 for
observed number of revolutions of the to the observedcalorificvalue.Calcu- humidity control procedure. The calcu-
meterindexbythemeter calibration late
the average total calorific value lation of thenet calorific value differs
constant. and enter it on the record. from that of the totalcalorific value only
(9) Record the observed calorific (d) Calculate and record the equiv- as explained in Paragraphs (b) to (e),
value calculated as follows: alent gas rate in British thermalunits (6) (1) Subtract the meter reading at
per hour from the following expression: the start from the meter reading at the,
Observed calorific value,
Btu. per standard CU. ft = -
WT
VF
CERTIFICATE CORRECTIONSFOR INLET OR OUTLET CALORIMETER THERMOMETER
Maker .................................................................................................................................................................................................................... "-
Maker's No. ........................................ National Bureau of Standards No. ........................................
(c) (1)From thetable of combined cor- DateTestedatNationalBureauofStandards............................................................................................................................................ .-
rections (similar to Table X) for the The following corrections are taken from the original
National Bureau of Standards c , ~ ~ ~ No. ~ t..e..............
gas being tested and for average local
barometric pressure, takethevalue of Thermometer Reading, Correction Thermometer Reading, Thermometer Reading,
C, corresponding tothe values of fh deg. Fahr. deg. Fahr.' deg. Fahr. deg. Fahr.
and combustion-air temperature ob- U). ........... - 65.. .......... 90...........
servedduringthetest andenteras ..........
41........... . -
- 66. ...........
.......... 91.. .........
.........
correction for humidity, etc.
42.
43. .......... -
-
61..
68, ........... 92..
93.. .........
(2) If the inlet watertemperature 44
45.
...........
.......... -
69. ...........
IO ............
94.
9s.
..........
..........
.......... - Il" .......... ..........
differs fromthe combustion-air tem- 46,
41........... -
- Il.,.......... 96.
91. ..........
perature, obtain from Table XII the 48...........
.......... - 13............
...... 98. ..........
.........
tabulated,part of the correction c d
49.
50 ........... -
-
14......
15............ 99..
100. ..........
51,..........
52. .......... - 16............
..........
corresponding to the mean value of the 53 ........... - JI..
18. ...........
inlet waterand combustion-air tem- 54 ........... -
- 19.. ..........
55 ........... 80............
peratures. If the combustion-air S6. ..........
-
- 81............
S1 ........... 82.. ..........
temperature differs from room tempera- 58. .......... -
59. .......... -
-
83............
84............
ture, calculate the additional part of the 60 ........... 85. ...........
correction, C d , as described in Footnote 61. .......... -
- 86............
61 ........... 87. ...........
b of Table XII (Note). Combine this 63. .......... -
- 88.. ..........
61, .......... 89. ...........
with the tabulatedpart of the correction,
andenterthe result on the record as DIPPBBENTIAL
CORXECTION
correction for water temperature. Determined
with
Thermometer No. ................
Difference in Degrees Fahrenheit To Apply to

Date Determined at, deg. Fahr. Outlet Thermometer
Nom-The calculation of the correction
c d is illustrated in the following example: - -
-
-
Observed calorificvalue. ... 700 Btu. per cu. ft. - -
Inlet mater
temperature. ....... 71.1 F. - -
temperature.
Room ........... 68.8 F.
Combustion-air temperature.... 69.81. FIG. 8.-Illustration of Certificate Corrections for Calorimeter Thermometer.

ASME P T C * 3 * 3 b 7 E 0759b70 0053.5bb 3
GASEOUS FUELS
end of the collection of condensate. Conversion of Calorific Value per Stand- “rate-of-flow” meter.Suchmeters do
This difference gives approximately the ard Cubic Foot to Basis of Measure- not, ingeneral, give data directly in cubic
number of cubic feet of gas, measured a t ment Used in Field feet, but the volume metered must be
meter temperature, and under a pressure 19. (u) The testprocedure describedin calculated fromobservations of other
equal to that entered above as total gas this methodinvolves measurement of the physical quantities. It is customary to
pressure, burned during the collection of gas sample under saturation conditions- use formulas which give the quantity of
the recorded milliliters of condensate. and expression of the results of calori- gas measured in terms of cubic feet at
-Multiply the difference bythe meter fic value tests in terms of the standard 60 F. and 30 in. of mercury pressure, but
calibration factor and by the reduction cubic foot of gas, that is, a cubic foot of without taking account of any change
factor F to find the volume of gas in gas saturated with water vapora t stand- which would occur in the percentage of
standard cubic feet; divide the milliliters ardtemperatureand pressure. Some- watervapor inthegas if broughtto
of condensate collected by this product times it is desired to have the calorific saturation at 60 F. Forthis class of
and enter the resulting quotient on the value of the gas in terms of a cubic foot meters, corrections for temperature and
record as the condensateper standard under the conditions of measurement for pressure have already been made when
cubic foot of gas. sale or use, and these conditions will dif- the volume of gas is first expressed in
(2) Record the average of the fer, in general, from the standard condi- cubic feet, and only the correction fo.r
observed calorific values. tions. The calorificvalue under the con- humidity remains. The factors for con-
(c) (1) Record the minor correction, ditions of measurement can be calculated version of calorific valueper standard
C,,,, for specific heat of water, buoyancy, by multiplying the calorific value under cubic foot to basis of measurement used
and heatloss as obtained from Table X I standard conditions by a factor which in the field are as follows:
depends uponthe observed conditions of Case I.-The calorific value of the gas
(net calorXcvaluecolumn). The cor-
rection for atmospheric humidity is not temperature, pressure, and humidity of a t its temperature, pressure, and humid-
used in calculating the netcalorific value the gas at the time it is measured. In ity in the meter is to bedetermined, and
(see Section 2 v)).
(2) Obtain the tabulated part of the
general, it is incorrect to assume that the dew point of the gas has been ob-
gas introduced into a low-pressure dis- served a t the meter pressure. Multiply
correction, c d , from thenet heating value tribution systemwill maintain its original the calorific value under standard con-
column of Table XII, If combustion- condition of humidity until metered, and ditions, determined in the usualway, by
airand room temperatures differ,cal- the humidity of the gas as well as its the factor:O
culate the additional part of C d as temperature and pressure should always
described in Footnote 6, of Table XII. be determined a t the time and place at
Combine this with the tabulated part of which the gas is measured.
the correction and record the result as (b) The amountof water vapor in the where:
correction for water temperature. gas canusually be determinedbest by the P = total pressure(barometricplus
(3) Multiplythe. milliliters ofcon- use of a dew-point apparatus.The gage) of the gas inthe meter
densate per standard cubic foot of gas, partial pressure of watervapor in the in inches of mercury,
entered opposite A in the record (Figs. 6 gascorresponding to the mean of the t = temperature in degrees Fahrenheit,
and 7), by the latent heat I of water in temperatures a t which dew appears and and
British tlìermal units per milliliter from disappears, can be read from Table XIII, D = vapor pressure of water at the ob-
Table XIII and record the product which shows the vapor pressure of water served dew point.
as the reduction to netAr. in inches of mercury a t various tempera- The productmultiplied by thenumber of
(d) To the average observed calorific tures. cubic feet registered by the meter will
value, applythe corrections described (c) Three cases will be considered. In give the total quantityof heat produced
in Paragraph (c) and record the result the first and second it is assumedthat the by combustion of the gas measured.
as the net calorific value. gas has been measured by displacement Case 2.-The calorific value of the gas
(e) Thevalues contained in Table X, meters of the diaphragm,rotary, or under the conditions in the meter is to
Fig. 6, and Fig. 7 illustratethetest proportional types which give readings be determined as in Case 1, but the dew
values that would have been obtained in directly in cubic feet of gas under the point hasbeen observed in gas expanded
testing the mixed550-Btu. carburetted conditions of pressure, temperature, and to pressure p . Multiplythe calorific
water gas and 1100-Btu, natural gas humidity actually existing in the meter. value under standard conditions by the
under the selected test conditions. The In the first case, it is assumed that the factor:*
values in Table X are not to be used dew point of the gas has been determined DP
P - “60+460)
unless the gas being tested and the local a t the pressure existing in themeter; P = 17.640 P(P D) -
barometric pressure are identical in all
respects to the example. Correct values
-
in the second case that thedew point has (30 0.5218) (t + 460) +
PO 460)
been observed afterthe gas has expanded *The accepted absolute temperature corresponding to
to suit local conditions shall be incor- to a lowerpressure. In the thkd case, OapF,earIs 459.7 deg. In casea where absolute temperature#
as factors in .bth numerator and denominater of
porated into a similar table (or tables) it is assumed that. thegas is measured by a &action, no appreaable error is involved in the use of
rounded value “460” inatead of the more nearly exact
for each gas to be tested. an ori6ce meter or some other type of the Vdue.
67

where P, D, and t represent the same largely of propane or butane or mixtures TABLE III -EQUIVALENTPRESSURESINCHES
OF WATER COLUMN W S U ~ INCHES OF
values as given in Case 1, and p is the thereof. MERCURY COLUMN."
total pressure of the gas in which the dew
point is taken.
Again, the product multiplied by the
number of cubic feet registered gives the
NOTE:For summarized operating directions
for water flow calorimeterssee the Appendix
(p.
79)-
1.8
Water
Co!umn,
In.
........
I Mercury
Co!umn,
In.
0.13
total quantity of heat produced bycom- 0.14 1.9.
2.0
.......
........ 0.15
bustion of the gas measured. 2.1
2.2.
........
....... 0.15
0.16
Case 3.-Thevolume of gas metered TABLEI-TIblEPERREVOLUTIONOFAO
METERHANDCORRESPONDINGTO
1-CU.FT.
'TOTAL 2.3.. ......
2.4........
0.18
0,11
has been reduced as though it were dry CALORIFIC VALUE OF 3000 BTU. PER HR. 2.5 ........ 0.18
to the volume it wouldoccupy if dry Approximate
2.6
2.7
........
........ 0.19
0.20
of Gas,Btu.perCalorific
standardValue rime
per ~ ~ ~ ~ l ~ ~ i ~ 2.8~ ........
, 0.21
under otherwise standard conditions, and CU. ft.
sec? 0.21 2.9 ........
........
the dew point was measured at pressure
3M).............
0.22 3.0
3.1 ........
........ 0.23
p . The calorific value at standard tem- 400.............
36
48
3.2
........ 0.24
SM)... ..........
3.3 0.24
perature andpressure isto be determined 6M).............
60
12
3.4......
3.5
..
........ 0.25
0.26
as though no water were added orre- 700............. 84
800.., .......... 96
900.............
a A pressure equivalent to 13.609 in. H l 0 a t 62 F. is
moved. (Theamount of water con- 108
1000............. 120 equivalent to 1 in. of mercury a t 32 F.
tained may be sufficient to condense at 1100............. 132
1ZM)............. 144
60 F., but theproblem is to be treated as 1300............. 156
though it remained in vapor form,) 1400.. 168
1500............ 180
Multiplythe calorific value
under 1750..
2000.............
210
240
standard conditions by the factor: 2500............. 300
3m.. ........... 360
P-D
3500 ............. 420
1.018 - I, Allowable tolerance in rate:
P Forhumidity corr xtionprocedure..
For humidity conlrol procedure..
......
1 2 per cent
.........
&lo per Cent
where p and D represent the same values If the test conditions differ from standard conditions
(@ F 30 in. of merfury) so that thecorreftlon factor F
as given in Case 2. given'hTabledders from p t y , multiply thetabu-
lated values of tune per revolutlon bu F .
The product, multiplied by the number TABLE II,-CORRECTIONS FOR REDUCTION OF OBSERVED BAROMETRIC
of cubic feet at standardtemperature HEIGHTS TO STANDARD CONDITIONS?~~
and pressure, gives the total quantity of (Q)CORRECTION
BAROXETRIC
TO BE SUBTRACTED
PROY TEE OBSERVED
HEIGHT POR LATITUDES
BELOW 45 DEG.
heat produced by combustion of the gas ((I) CORXECTIONTO BE SUBTRACTED
PROM THE OBSERVED AND ADDED FOR LATITUDES
ABOVE 45 DEG.TO REDUCE
BAROMETRIC HEIGHT TO OBTAINTEIE HEIGHT THE READING TO TEAT CORRESPONDING TO GRAVITY
measured. WITH THE MERCURYAT 32 P. AT LATITUDE45 DEG.'
Observed Barometric Height, in.
Latitude, deg.
REPRODUCIBILITY OF RESULTS 24.0 I 26.0 1 28.0 I 30.0
Reproducibility of Results Subtract
-I- "
20. For manufactured gases of about 40 ............

....... 0.03 0.03 0.03
0.04
0.03
0.05
0.95
0.04
0.05
0.05
o .o5
0.05
540 Btu,natural gases of about 1050 45.....
50.. .......... 0.04
0.05
0.04
0.05 0.05 0.06 0.04 0.04 0.05
Btu, and liquefied petroleum gases such 55.. .......... 0.06 0.06 0.01 0.07 0.04 0.04 0.04
60............ 0.01 0.01 0.08 0.09 0.03 0.03 0.04
as propane and butane of about 2400 to 65............ 0.08 0.09 0.09 0.10 0.03 0.03 0.03
IO.. .......... 0.09 0.10 0.11 0.11 0.02 0.02 0.03
3200 Btu,the maximum permissible 15 ............ 0.10 0.11 0.12 0.13 0.02 0.02 0.02
80.. .......... 0.11 0.12 0.13 0.14 0.01 0.01 0.02
difference between the results of dupli- 85... ......... 0.12 0.13 0.14 0.15 0.01 0.01 0.01
cate determinations of total calorific 90............ 0.13 0.14 0.16 0.17 0.00 0.00 0.00
95....... .....
.......... 0.14 0.16 0.17
0.18
0.18
0.19 Add
value of a given sample of gas by the 100.. 0.15 0.11
same observer using a single set of ap-
paratus is 0.3 per cent. The maximum a These corrections havebeen calcula.ted foramercury-
in-dass barometer with a brass measuring scale correct
II
. . . . . .I
...........I
46
48
...........I
50
0.00
0.01
0.01 I 1 1
I
0.00
0.01
I
0.00
0.01
I
0.00
0.01
0.01
permissible difference between results of a t -62 F,
Forconvenience,thecorrectiopsfortemperature, (c) CORRECTION
TO BE SUBTRACTED
THE OBSERVEDPROM
determinations of calorific value of a latitude, and a!t!tude can be combmed in one table to HEIGET TO COMPENSATE
BABOXETRIC FOB TEE DE-
suit local condltlons. CREASE IN GRAVITYWITH INCREASE IN ALTITUDE?
givensample of gas by different ob- c Corrections for latitude and for altitude arc illus-
servers usingdifferent apparatus is 0.5 trated in the followmg example: Height above Sea
I ObservedBarometricHeight,in.
............I
-Level, ft.
per cent.
Caution-In order to obtain the indi- Baro-
metric o
""
24.0
0.00
I 26.0
0.00
28.0
0.00
0.00
30.0
cated reproducibility it is necessary to Location

Pres- Lati- looo.......... 0.00
follow very carefully the procedures spec- sure,
m.
tude zooo.. ........
3000.. ........
. 0.00
0.01
0.00
0.01
0.01
0.00
0.01
0.00
0.01
....
Zed in this method. This statement ap- -I -II 4ooo. . ........
5000 ..........,
. *
0.01 0.01
0.01
0.01
......... .*..
plies particularly to gases of high calorific
values, for example those consisting
Denver.,
ElPaso . ......
. . .I 39.40'
131. 6'
I" I -
4900 -0 o1 -0 o1 -0 o
3438 ~-o:os~-o:ol~-o:o~~
6ooo...........
Iooo.. .........
0.01
0.01
0.02
0.01
.,..
0.01 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
68

I
ASME P T C * 3 - 3 67 0759670 0 0 5 3 5 6 8 7 m
..
GASEOUS FUELS
TABLE IV.-CORRECTION FACTOR F FOR GAS VOLIJME.~I'
Tempera-
. .
Total Gas Pressure. in of mercury
ture. deg -
Fahr' 24.0 24.1 24.2 24.3 24.4 24.5
..
.
24.1 I 24.8
24.6 24.9
" - " "
46
41
.......
....... 0.8258
0.8238
0.8293
0.8212
0.8328 0.8363 0.8398
0.8311
0.8342 0.8301
0.8433
0.8412
0.8468' 0.8502 0.8531 o. 8512
0.8446 0.8481 0.8516 0.8551
.......
48
49
50
.......
.......
0.8211
O. 8196
0.8116
0.8252
0.8231
0.8210
0.8266 0;8300
0.8245 0.1280
0.8356
0.8321 0.8281
0.8335
0.8314
0.8391
0.8370
0.8349
.
0.8426
O 8404
0.8383
0.8460
0.8439
0.8495
0.8414
0.8530
0.8508
0.8453 0.8418
0.8481
51....... 0.8155 0.8189 0.8224 0.8258 0.8293 0.8328 0.8362 0.8391 0.8431 0.8466
52 ....... 0.8134 0.8169 0.8238 0.8203
0.8212 0.8301 0.8341 0.8316 0.8410 0.8445
53....... 0.8113 0.8141 0.8182 0.8216 0.8251 0.8285 0.8319 0.8354 0.8388 0.8423
S4 ....... 0.8092 0.8121 0.8161 0.8195 0.8230 o. 8264 0.8298 0.8333 0.8361 0.8401
55....... 0.8012 0.8106 0.8140 0.8114 0.8209 0.8243 0.8211 0.8346 0.8311
0.8380
56 ....... 0.8050 0.8084 0.8119 O. 8153 O. 8181 0.8221 0.8255 0.8289 O. 8324 0.8358
51....... 0.8029 0.8063 0.8091 0.8132 0.8166 0.8200 0.8234 0.8268 0.8302 0.8336
58 ....... 0.8008 0.8042 0.8016 O. 8110 0.8144 0.8118 0.8212 O. 8246 0.8280 0.8314
S9....... 0.1986 0.8020 0.8054 0.8088 0.8122 0.8156 o. 8190 0.8224 0.8258 0.8292
M) ....... 0.1965 0.1998 0.8032 0.8066 0.8100 0.8134 0.8168 0.8202 0.8236 0.8210
61....... 0.1943 0.1911 0.8011 0.8045 0.8079 0.8112 0.8146 0.8180 0.8214 0.8248
62 ....... 0.1921 0.1955 0.7989 0.8022 0.8056 0.8090 0.8124
63.......
0.8225
0.8191 0.8158
0.1899 0.1933 0.1967 0.8000 0.8034 0.8068 o. 8102 0.8135 0.8169 0.8203
64 ....... 0.1811 0.7911 0.1944 0.1918 0.8012 0.8045 0.8079 0.8113 0.8146 0.8180
65 ....... 0.1855 0.1689 0.1922 0.7956 0.7990 0.8023 0.8051 o. 8158
0.8124 0.8090
66
61
.......
........ 0.1833
0.1810
0.1866
6.1844
0.1900
0.1817
0.1933
0.1911
0.1961
0.1944
0.8000
0.1978
0.8034
0.8011
0.8061 0.8101 0.8134
O. 8018 0.8045
0.8112
68
69
.......
....... 0.1181
0.1765
o. 1821
0.1198
0.1854
0.1832
0.1881
0.1865
0.1921
0.1898
0.1954
O. 1932 .
0.1988
O 1965 0.7998
0.8055 0.8021
0.8088
O
I ....... 0.1142 0.1?15 0.7808 0.1841 0.7815 0.1908 0.1941
0.8032 0.8065
0.8008 0.1915
0.8041
11....... 0.1119 0.1152 0.1185 0.7818 0.1852 0.1885 0.7918 0.7951 0.1984
12....... 0.1696
0.8018
0.1729 0.1162 0.1195 0.1828 0.1861 0.1894 0.1928
13....... 0.1612
0.1961 0.1994
0.1105 0.1138 0.1111 0.7804 0.1838
14....... 0.1648
0.1811 0.1931 0.1904
0.1910
15....... O. 1625
0.1682 0.7115 0.1148 0.7181 0.1814 0.1841 0.1880 0.1913 0.1946
0.1658 0.1691 0.1124 0.1151 0.1190 0.1823 0.1889 0.1856
0.7921
I6 ....... 0.7600 0.1633 0.1132
I1....... 0.1511
0.1666 0.1699 0.1165 0.1798 0.1831 0.7864 0.1897
0.1609 0.1642 0.1615 0.1108 0.1141 0.1114 0.1806 0.1839 0.1812
IS ....... 0.1552
r9 .......
0.1528
10....... 0.1503
0.1585
0.1560
0.1536
0.1618
0.1593
0.1568
0.1651
0.1626
0.1601
.
0.1684
O 1659
0.1634
0.1116
0.1691
0.1666
0.1149
0.1124
0.1699
0.1182
0.1151
0.1132
0.1815
0.1190
0.1164
0.1848
0.1822
0.1791
81
82
.......
....... 0.1418
0.1452
0.1510
0.1485
0.1543
0.1518
0.1576
0.1550
0.1608
0.1583
0.7641
0.1615
0.1613
0.7648
0.1106 0.1139 0.1111
83
84
.......
....... 0.1421
0.1401
0.1459
0.1434
0.1492
0.7466
0.1524
0.1499
0.1551
0.1531
0.1589
0.1564
0.1622
0.1596
0.7680
0.1654
0.1628
0.1113
0.1681
0.1145
0.7119
85....... 0.1315 0.1401 0.1440 0.1472 0.1505 0.1531 0.1569 0.1602 .
0.1661
0.1634
0.1693
0.1m
86 .......
81.......
0.1349 0.1381 0.1414 0.1446 0.1478 0.1511 0.1543 0.1515 0.1608 0.1640
0.1322 0.1354 0.1381 0.1419 0.1451 0.1483
88 .......
0.1516 0.1548 0.1580 0.1612
89
90
.......
.......
0.1296
0.1169
0.1241
0.1328
0.1301
0.7213
0.1360
0.1333
0.1305
0.1392
0.1365
0.7331
0.1424
0.1391
0.1310
0.1456
O. 1429
0.1402
0.1489
0.1461
0.1434
0.1493
0.1466
0.1553 0.1521
0.7526
0.1498
0.1585
.
0.1558
0 1530
91....... 0.1213
92 .......
0.1246 0.1218 0.1310 O. 1342 0.1314 0.7406 0.1438 0.1410 0.1502
93 ....... 0.1151
0.7186 0.1218 0.1282 0.1250
0.1314 0.1346 0.1318 0.1410 0.1441 0.1413
94 ....... O. 1129'
0.1189 0.1285
0.1253 0.1221 0.1311 0.1349 0.1381 0.1413 0.1444
95....... 0.1100
0.1161 0.1193 0.1224 0.1256 0.1288 0.1320 0.1352 0.1384 0.7416
0.1132 0.1195 0.1164
0.1221 0.1259 0.1291 0.1322 0.1354 0.1386
96 ....... 0.1011
91........0.1041
O. 1103 0.1135 0.1166 0.1198 0.1230 0.1261 0.1293 0.1325 0.1351
98....... 0.1012
0.1013 0.1105 0.1136 0.1168 0.1200 0.1231 0.1263 0.1295 0.1326
99 ....... 0.6981
0.1043 0.1015 0.1101 0.1138 0.1110 0.1201 0.1265 0.1233
0.1296
0.1013 0.1044 0.1016 0.1101 0.1139 0.1110 0.1202 0.1234 0.1265
100....... 0.6951 0.6983 0.1014 0.1046 0.1011 0.1109 0.1140 0.1112 0.1203 0.1235
Correction factor. F = etm2

519
7
X
P"r 1
.
where:
R total gas pressure in inches of mercury
. .
saturated vapor ICS~UIC of water a t t h p e n t u r e I. in inches of mercury. and
I gas temperature degrees Fahredheit
* T h i n table b u been taken from the National Bureau of Standards Circulsr Cf64
4
69

ASME P T C * 3 - 3 h7 m 0757b70 00535b7 7 m
TABLE IV.-CORRECTION FACTOR F FOR GAS VOLUME (C#MiSWd) .

Tempera-
ture. deg - . . .
.
Total Gas Pressure. io of mercury
.
"
Fahr* 25.0
-25.1 25.2 I-
25.3 25.4
- -I -
25.5 25.6 25.1
-
.
25 8 25.9 .
0.8586
46
47
....... 0.8607
....... 0.8642
0.8620
0.8611
0.8655
0.8712
0.8690
0.8746
0.8725
o.8181
0.8759
0.8816
0.8794
0.8851
0.8829
0.8886
0.8864
0.8921
0.8899
48 ....... 0.8564
....... 0.8599
0.8518
0.8634
0.8612
0.8669
0.8647
0.8103
0.8682
0.8738
0.8716
0.8173
0.8751
0.8807
0.8786
0.8842
0.8820
0.8871
O. 8855
49
50 ....... 0.8543
0.8522 .
O 8556 0.8591 .
O 8626 0.8660 0.8695 0.8729 0.8164 0.8799 0.8833
51 .......
....... 0.8500 0.8535
0.8513
0.8569
0.8548
0.8604
0.8582
0.8638
0.8611
0.8673
0.8651
0.8101
0.8686
0.8742
0.8720
0.8116
0.8755
0.8811
0.8189
52
53
54
.......
.......
0.8479
0.8451
0.8436
0.8491
0.8470
0.8526
0.8504
0.8560
0.8538
0.8594
0.8513
0.8629
0.8601
0.8663
0.8641
.
O 8698
O. 8616
0.8732
0.8710
0.8166
0.8744
55 ....... 0.8414 0.8448 0.8483 0.8517 0.8551 O. 8585 0.8620 0.8654 0.8688 0.8713
56....... 0.8426 0.8460 0.8495 0.8529 0.8563 0.8597 0.8631 0.8666 0.8700
57.......
0.8392
0.8310 0.8405 0.8439 0.8413 0.8507 0.8541 0.8515 0.8609 0.8613 0.8617
0.8348 58 ....... 0.8382 0.8416 0.8450 0.8484 0.8518 0.8552 0.8586 0.8621 0.8655
0.8526 59....... 0.8360 0.8394 0.8428 0.8462 0.8496 0.8530 0.8564 0.8598 0.8632
60....... 0.8304 0.8338 0.8372 0.8406 0.8439 0.8473 0.8507 0.8541 o. 8515 0.1609
61
62
.......
....... 0.8282
0.8259
0.8316
0.8293
0.8349
0.8327
0.8383
0.8360
0.8417
0.8394
0.8451
0.8428
0.8485
0.8462
0.8519
0.84%
0.8553
0.8529
0.8586
0.8563
63
64
.......
....... 0.8237
0.8214
o. 8210
0.8247
0.8304
o.8281
0.8338
0.8315
0.8371
0.8348
0.8405
0.8382
0.8439
0.8416
0.8413
0.8449
0.8506
0.8483
0.8540
0.8517
65 ....... 0.8191 o.8225 o.8258 0.8292 0.8326 0.8359 0.8393 0.8426 0.8460 0.8494
66
61
.......
....... 0.8168
0.8145
0.8201
0.8178
0.8235
0.8212
0.8269
0.8245
0.8302
0.8279
0.8336
0.8312
0.8369
0.8346
0.8403
0.8319
0.8436
0.8413
0.8410
0.8446
68
69
.......
....... 0.8121
0.8098
0.8155
0.8132
0.8188
0.8165
0.8222
0.8198
0.8255
0.8232
0.8288
0.8265
0.8322
0.8298
0.8355
0.8332
0.8389
0.8365
0.8422
0.8398
10 ....... 0.8014 0.8108 0.8141 0.8174 0.8208 0.8241 0.8274 0.8301 0.8341 0.8314
71 ....... 0.9051 0.8084 0.8117 0.8151 0.8184 0.8217 0.8250 0.8283 0.8311 0.8350
72....... 0.8021 0.8060 0.8093 0.8127 0.8160 0.8193 0.8226 0.8259 0.8292 0.1326
73
I4
.......
....... 0.8003
0.7979
0.8036
0.8012
0.8069
0.8045
0.8102
0.8078
0.8135
0.8111
0.8169
0.8144
o.8202
0.8177
0.8235
0.8210
0.8268
0.8243
0.8301
0.8216
15....... 0.7954 0.1987 0.8020 0.8053 0.8016 0.8119 0.8152 0.8185 0.8218 0.8251
76.......
0.1905
0.7880
17.......
78.......
0.1929 0.7962
0.1938
0.7913
0.1995
0.7971
0.7946
0.8028
0.8004
0.7979
0.8061
0.8036
0.8011
.
0.8094
O 8069
0.8044
0.8127
0.8102
0.8077
0.8160
0.8135
0.8110
0.8193
0.8168
0.8143
0.8226
0.8201
0.8175
0.1855 19....... o.1888 0.7920 0.1953 0.7986 0.8019 0.8051 0.8084 0.8117 0.8150
80....... 0.1830 0.1862 0.7895 o.1928 0.7960 0.1993 0.8026 0.8058 0.8091 0.8124
81.......
82.......
0.7804
0.1118
O. 7836
0.7810
O. 7869
0.1843
0.1902
0.7876
.
O 1934
0.1908
0.7967
0.1941
0.7999
0.1973
.
O 8032
0.1006
0.8065
0.8038
0.8097
0.8071
a3 .......
0.1752
0.1126 84 .......
85....... 0.1699
0.7784
0.7158
0.7731
0.1817
0.7791
0.7763
0.7849
0.1823
0.1196
0.1882
0.7855
0.7828
0.1914
0.7888
0.7861
.
0.1941
o 1920
0.1893
0.7919
0.7953
0.7925
0.8011
0.7985
0.1958
0.8044
0.8018
0.7990
86 .......
....... 0.1612 0.7705
0.1671
0.1737
0.1109
.
O 7769
0.7141
0.7801
0.2174
.
O I834
O. 1806
0.7866
0.1838
0.7898
0.7810
0.7931
0.1903
0.7963
0.1933
0.1590
87
88
89
.......
.......
0.7645
0.1611 0.1650
0.1622
0.7682
0.1654
0.1714
0.1686
0.7746
0.7718 .
0.1718
O 7750
0.7811
0.1783
0.1843
0.7815
0.1815
0.7a41 .
0.1901
0 1819
0.7562 90 ....... 0.7594 0.7626 0.7658 0.7690 0.7122 0.7154 0.7187 0.1819 0.1851
0.7534 91 .......
....... .
O 7566 o.1598 0.7630 0.1662 O. 7694 0.7726 0.1758 0.7190 0.1822
0.7505 92
93 .......
....... 0.7476
0.1537
0.7508
0.7479
0.1569
0.1540
0.7511
0.7601
0.7572
0.7543
.
0.1633
O 7604
0.7575
0.1665
0.1636
0.7607
0.1697
0.1668
0.1638
0.1729
0.7700
O. 2670
O. 1761
0.7731
0.7702
0.7795
0.7763
0.7734
94
95 ....... 0.1447
0.1418 0.7450 0.7481 0.1513 0.7545 0.1577 0.7608 0.7640 0.7672 0.7704
96 ....... 0.7388 0.1420 0.7452 0.1483
. 0.7515 .
O 1547 0.1579 0.7610 0.7642 .
0 7674
.......
97. . . . . . h
98
.......
0.7358
0.1328 .
0.7390
O 7359
0.7421
O. 7391
o 7453
0.7423
0.1485
O 1454 .
0.7516
o .7454
O 7486
0.7548
0.1517
0.7580
0.7549
0.7611
0.7581
0.1643
0.1612
O .1424
99 0.7291 0.7328 0.7360 0.7391 O. 7423 O. 7486 0.7518 0.7549 0.7581
100 ....... 0.7266 0.7298 0.1329 0.7361 0.7392 0.1455 0.7481 0.7518 0.1550
70

............. ........ m O757b7'0 m
GASEOUS FUELS
TABLE IV.-CORRECTION FACTORF FOR GAS VOLUhïE (Continued).

.
.
I Total Gao Pressure . in .of mercuw
.
26.2 26.3
. 26.1 26.8 26.9
-
.26.0 26.1 26.4 26.5
. 26.6
.
46 ......
...... 0.8956 0.8991)
o. 8968
0.9025 O.9060 0.9095 0.9130 0.9165 0.9200 0.9235 .
0 9269
41
48 ......
......
0.8933
0.8912
0.8890 .
0.8946
O 8924
0.9003
0.8981
0.8959
0.9038
0.9016
0.8993
0.9013
0.9051
0.9028
0.9107
0.9085
0.9142
0.9120
0.9117
o. 9155
0.9132
0.9212
0.9189
0.9161
0.9241
0.9224
0.9201
49
50...... 0.8868 0.8902 0.8931 0.8971 0.9006
0.9063
0.9041
0.9097
0.9075 o. 9110 0.9144 0.9179
Il...... 0.8914 0.9081 0.9121 0.9156
52......
0.8145 0.8880 0.8949 0.8983 0.9018 0.9052
0.8892 0.8921 0.9065 0.9099 0.9134
53......
0.8824 0.8858 0.8961 0.8996 0.9030
o. 8801 0.8835 0.8870 0.8904 0.8938 0.8913 0.9042 0.9016 0.9110
54......
0.9001
55 ......
0.8119 0.8813 0.8841 0.8882 0.8916 O. 8950 0.8985 0.9019 0.9053 0.9088
0.8751 0.8191 0.8825 0.8860 0.8894 0.8928 0.8962 0.8991 0.9031 0.9065
56......
...... 0.8134 0.8168 0.8802 0.8836 0.8871 0.8905 .
O 8939
.
0.8913
o 8950
0.9001 0.9042
51
S0......
......
0.8112
0.8689
0.8146
0.8123
0.8700
0.8780
0.8151
0.8134
0.8814
0.8791
0.8168
0.8848
0.8825
.
o 8802
0.8882
0.8859
0.8916
0.8893 0.8927
0.8904
0.8985
0.8961
0.8938
0.9019
.
0.8995
0 8972
60......
59 0.8666 0.8836 0.8810
0.8643 0.8611 0.8711 0.8145 0.8719 0.8813 0.8841 o. 8880 0.8914 0.8948
61......
...... 0.8620 0.8654 0.8688 0.8122 0.8156
. 0.8790 0.8823 0.8851 0.8891 0.8925
62
63......
64......
0.8591
0.8514
0.8631
0.8648
0.86%
0.8641
0.8698
0.8675
O 8132
o.8109
0.8166
O. 8142
0.8800
.
0.8116
o 8152
0.8833
0.8810
0.8861
0.8844
0.8901
0.8811
65......
0.8550 0.8584 0.8618 0.8651 0.8685 0.8719 O. 8186 0.8820 0.8853
0.8527 0.8561 0.8594 0.8628 0.8662 0.8695 0.8729 0.8162 0.8196 0.8830
66 ......
...... 0.8503 0.8531 0.8570 0.8604 0.8631 0.8611 0.8105 0.8138 0.8172 0.8805
61
68 .....
.....
0.8480
0.8455
0.8513
0.8489
0.8541
0.8522
0.8580
0.8556
0.8614
0.8589
0.8647
0.8622
o. 8598
0.8681
0.8656
0.8114
0.8689
0.8141
0.8123
0.8781
0.8156
IO......
69: 0.8432 0.8465 0.8498 0.8532 O. 8565 0.8632 0.8665 0.8699 0.8132
0.8401 0.8441 0.8414 0.8507 0.8540 0.8514 0.8601 0.8640 0.8614 0.8101
Il...... 0.8416 0.8450 0.8483 0.8516 0.8616 0.8649 0.8682
12......
0.8383 0.8549 0.8582
13......
0.8359 0.8392 0.8425 0.8458 0.8491 0.8524 0.8558 0.8591 0.8624 0.8651
14......
15 ......
0.8334
0.8309
0.8284
0.8367
0.8342
0.8311
0.8400
0.8315
0.8350
0.8433
0.8408
0.8383
0.8466
0.8441
0.8416
.
0.8499
O 8414
0.8449
0.8533
0.8501
0.8482
0.8566
0.8540
0.8515
0.8599
0.8513
0.8548
0.8632
0.8606
0.8581
16......
11......
0.8259 0.8291 0.8324 0.8351 0.8390 0.8423 O. 8456 0.8489 O. 8522 0.8555
la ......
0.8234 0.8266 0.8299 0.8332 0.8365 0.8398 0.8431 0.8463 0.8496 0.8529
19......
0.8208 0.8241 0.8214 0.8301 0.8339 0.8312 0.8405 0.8438 0.8411 0.8503
R0 ......
0.8182 0.8215 0.8248 0.8280 0.8313 0.8346 0.8319 0.8411 0.8444 0.8411
0.8156 0.8189 o. 8222 0.8254 0.8287 0.8320 0.8352 0.8385 0.8418 0.8450
81......
82......
0.8130 0.8162 0.8195 0.8228 0.8260 0.8293 0.8325 0.8358 0.8391 0.8423
o. 8168
a3......
0.8103 0.8136 0.8201 0.8234 0.8266 0.8299 0.8331 0.8364 0.8396
M......
0.8016 0.8109 0.8141 0.8114 0.8206 0.8239 0.8271 0.8904 0.8336 0.8369
o. 8050 o. 8180
8s ......
0.8082 0.8115 0.8141 0.8212 O. 8244 0.8211 0.8309 0.8342
0.8022 0.8055 0.8081 0.8119 0.8152 0.8184 0.8211 0.8249 0.8281 0.8314
86 ...... o. 1995
81......
0.8028 0.8060 0.8092 0.8125 0.8157 0.8189 0.8221 0.8254 0.8286
0.8064
18......
0.1961 0.1999 0.8032 0.8096 0.8126 0.8161 0.8193 0.8225 0.8251
89......
0.1939 0.1912 0.8W 0.8036 0.8068 0.8100 0.8132 0.8165 0.8191 0.8229
90......
0.7911
0.7883
0.1943
0.1915
0.1915
0.1941
0.8008
0.1919
0.8040
0.8011 .
0.8072
O 8043
0.8104
0.8015
0.8136
0.8101
0.8168
0.8139
0.8200
0.8111
91......
9a ......
011854
o. 1825
0.1886 0.1918 o. 1950 .
O I982 0.8014 0.8046 0.8018 0.8110 0.8142
93......
0.1851 0.1889 0.1921 0.1953 0.7985 0.8011 0.8049 0.8081 0.8113
o.1859 o
94......
0.1195 0.1821 I 1891 0.1923 0.1955 0.1981 0.8019 0.8050 0.8082
0.1829 0.8020 0.8052
95 ...... 0.1166
0.1136
0.1798
0.1161 0.1199
0.1861
0.1831
0.1893
0.1863
0.1925
0.1895
0.1951
0.1926
0.1989
0.7958 0.1990 0.8022
......
......
96
O .1615
O. 1106 0.1731
0.1106
0.1169
0.1138
0.1801
0.1110
0.1831
0.7801
0.1864 0.1896 0.1928
0.1896
0.1959
0.1920
0.1991
0.1960
......
91
......
98 O. I644
0.1612 .
0.1616
O I644
0.1101
0.1615
0.1139
0.1101
0.1110
0.1138
0.1833
0.1802
0.1865
0.1834 0.1865
0.1833
0.7891
0.1865
0.1928
0.1896
1w...... 0.1581
99 0.1110 0.1802
0.1613 0.1644 0.1616 0.1101 0.1139 0.1110 0.1802 0.1833 0.1865
71

TABLE IV.-CORRECTION FACTOR F FOR GAS VOLUME ( C l f l h U 6 d ) .
Tempera-
.
.
ture deg
Fihr .
46 .......
27.0
0.9304
27.1 27.2 27.3
0.9409
27.4 27.5
- 27.6
- 27.7
- 27.8
- .
21 -9
47
48
.......
....... o. 9281
0.9259
0.9339
0.9316
0.9294
0.9374
0.9351
0.9328
0.9386
0.9363
0.9444
0.9421
0.9398
0.9479
0.9455
0.9433
0.9513
0.9490
0.9467
0.9548
019525
o.9502
0.9583
0.9560
0.9618
0.9595
49
50
.......
....... 0.9236
0.9214
0.9271
0.9248
0.9305
0.9283
0.9340
0.9317
0.9375
0.9352
0.9409
0.9387
0.9444
0.9421
0.9479
0.9537
0.9513
0.9571
0.9548
0.9456 0.9490 O , 9525
51
52
.......
....... 0.9191
0.9168
0.9225
0.9203
o. 9260
0.9237
0.9294
0.9271
0.9329
0.9306
0.9363
9.9340
0.9398
0.9375
0.9432
0.9409
0.9467 0.9501
0.9444 0.9478
0.9122
53
54
.......
....... O. 9145 0.9179
0.9156
0.9213
0.9191
0.9248
0.9225
0.9282
0.9259
0.9317
0.9294
0.9351 0.9385 O. 9420 0.9454
0.9328 0.9362 0.9396
S5 ....... 0.9099 0.9134 0.9168 O.9202 0.9236 0.9271 0.9305 0.9339 0.9373
0.9431
0.9408
56
57
.......
....... 9.9076
0.9053
0.9110
0.9087
0.9144
0.9121
0.9178
0.9155
0.9212
0.9189
0.9247
0.9223
O. 9281
0.9258
0.9315
0.9292
0.9349
0.9326
0.9383
58 ....... 0.9029
....... 0.9063 0.9097 0.9131 0.9165 0.9199 0.9234 0.9268 0.9302
0.9360
0.9336
0.9006 59
60 ....... o.8982
0.9040
0.9016
0.9074
0.9050
0.9108
0.9084
0.9142
0.9118
0.9176
0.9152
0.9210
0.9186
0.9244
0.9220
0.9278
0.9254
0.9312
0.9288
61 ....... 0.8959
....... 0.8935 0.8993 0.9027 0.9060 0.9094 0.9128 0.9162 0.9196 0.9230 o.9264
62
63
64
.......
....... 0.8911
0.8969
O. 8945
0.9002
0.8979
.
o 8954
0.9036
0.9012
0.9070
0.9046
0.9104
0.9080
0.9138
0.9114
o.9089
0.9171
0.9147
0.9205
0.9181
8.9239
0.9115
65 ....... 0.8887
0.8863
0.8921
0.8897 0.8930
0.8988
0.8961
0.9022
.
O 8998
0.9055
mo31 0.9065
0.9123
0.9098
0.9156
0.9132
0.9190
0.9166
66
67
.......
....... 0.8839
0.8814
0.8872
0.8848
0.8906
0.8881
0.8939
0.8915
0.8973
0.8948
0.9006
0.8982
0.9040
0.9015
0.9073
8.9049
0.9107
0.9082
0.9141
68 ....... o .8990
0.9116
69.......
0.8790 0.8823 0.8856 0.8890 0.8923 0.8957 0.9023 0.9057 0.9090
70 ....... O. 8765
0.8740
0.8799
0.8773
0.8832
0.8807
0.8865
0.8840
0.8899
0.8873
8.8932
O 8906
0.8965
0.8940
0.8999
0.8973
0.9032
0.9006
0.9065
0.9040
71 ....... 0.8815 0.8848 0.8881 o.agis
.72 .......
0.8715 0.8749 0.8782 0.8948 0.8981 0.9014
o.8889
73.......
0.8690 0.8723 0.8757 0.8790 0.8823 0.8856 0.8922 0.8956 0.8989
74.......
0.8665 0.8698 0.8731 0.8764 0.8797 0.8830 0.8864 0.8897 0.8930 0.8963
0.8639 0.8673 0.8706 0.8739 0.8772 0.8805 0.8838 0.8871 0.8904 0.8937
15....... 0.8614 0.8641 0.8680 0.8713 0.8746 0.8779 0.8812 0.8845 0.8878 0.8911
76....... 0.8621 0.8653 0.8686 0.8785
77.......
78.......
0.8588
0.8562 0.8595 0.8628 0.8661
0.8719
0.8693
0.8752
0.8726 0.8759 .
0.8818
O 8792
0.8851
0.8825
0.8884
0.8858
79.......
0.8536 0.8569 0.8602 O. 8634 0.8667 O 8700
I 0.8733 0.8766 0.8798 0.8831
0.8510 0.8542 0.8575 0.8608 o I8blO 0.8673 0.8706 0.8739 0.8771 0.8804
0.8483 80....... 0.8516 0.8548 o.8581 0.8614 0.8646 0.8679 0.8712 0.8744 O ; 8777
81....... 0.8456 0.8488 0.8521 0.8554 0.8586 0.8619 0.8652 0.8684 0.8717 0.8149
82....... 0.8429 0.8461 0.8494 0.8526 0.8559 0.8592 0.8624 0.8657 0.8689 0.8722
83 .......
....... 0.8401 0.8434
0.8407
0.8466
0.8439
0.8499
0.8471
0.8531
0.8504
0.8564
0.8536
0.8596
0.8569
0.8629
0.8601
0.8661
0.8634
0.8694
0.8666
0.8374 14
65 ....... 0.8346 0.8378 0.8411 0.8443 0.8476 0.8508 0.8540 0.8513 0.8605 0.8637
86 .......
....... 0.8318 0.8351
0.8322
0.8383
0.8354
0.8415
0.8386
0.8448
0.8419
0.8480
0.8451
0.8512
0.8483
0.8545
0.8515
0.8577 0.8609
87
88.......
19.......
0.8290
0.8261
0.8232
0.8293
0.8265
0.8326
0.8297
0.8358
0.8329
0.8390.
0.8361
0.8422
0.8393
.
O 8454
0.8425
0.8487
0.8457
0.8548
0.8519
0.8489
0.8580
0.8551
0.8522
90....... 0.8203 0.8236 0.8268 0.8300 0.8332 0.8364 0.8396 0.8428 0.8460 0.8492
91.......
....... 0.8174 0.8206 0.8238 0.8270
0.8240
0.8302
0.8272
0.8334
0.8304
0.8366 0.8398 0.8430 0.8462.
0.8144 92
33.......
91.......
0.8114
0.8084
0.8176
0.8146
0.8116
0.8208
0.8178
0.8148
0.8210
0.8180
0.8242
0.8212
0.8274
0.8243
0.8336
0.8306
0.8275
0.8368
0.8338
0.~07
0.8400
0.8369
0.8339
0.8432
0.8401
0.8311
95....... 0.8053 0.8085 0.8117 0.8149 0.8181 0.8212 0.8244 0.8276 0.8308 0.8339
96....... 0.8086 0.8118 0.1150 0.8181 0.8213 0.8245 omoa
97.......
0.8023 0.8055 0.8277
98
99
.......
.......
0.1991
0.7960
0.7928
0.8023
0.7992
0.7959
0.8055
0.8023
0.7991
0.8086
0.8055
0.8022
0.8118
0.8086
0.8054
0.8150
9.8118
0.8086
0.8181
0.8150
0.8117
0.8213
0.8181
0.8149
0.8245
0.8213
o. 8180
0.8216
0.8245
0.8212
100....... 0.7896 0.7928 0.1959 0.7991 0.8022 0.8054 0.8085 0.8117 0.8148 0.8180

ASME P T C m 3 - 3 b 7 m 0 7 5 7 6 7 0 0053572 7 m
GASEOUS FUELS
TABLE IV.-CORRECTION FACTOR F FOR GAS VOLUNE (Conlinucd) .

Tempera-
. .
ture. deg . . . . .
Fahr- 28.0
. _
28.1 28.2 28.3 28.4 28.5 28.6
- 28.7 I28.8 28.9
46
47
.......
....... O. 9653
0.9629
0.9688
O. 9664
0.9123
0.9699
0.9757
0.9134
0.9792
0.9768
0.9827
0.9803
0.9862 0.9897 0.9932 0.9967
48
49
.......
....... 0.9606
o. 9583
0.9641
0.9617
0.9676
0.9652
0.9710
0.9687
0.9745 0.9780
0.9838
o. 9815
0.9873
0.9849
0.9908
0.9884
0.9942
0.9919
0.9721 0.9756 0.9791 0.9825 0.9860 0.9895
SO....... 0.9560 0.9594 0.9629 0.9663 0.9698 0.9732 0.9767 0.9802 0.9836 0.9871
51....... 0.9536 0.9570 0.9605
52.......
0.9639 0.9674 0.9708 0.9743 0.9777 0.9812 0.9846
0.9582
.......
54.......
0.9513
o. 9489
0.9465
0.9547
53
0.9523
0.9499
0.9557
0.9534
0.9616
0.9592
0.9568
0.9650
0.9626
0.9602
0.9685
0.9660
0.9637
0.9119
0.9695
0.9671
O. 9754
0.9729
0.9705
0.9788
0.9764
0.9740
0.9823
0.9798
0.9774
55....... 0.9442 0.9416 0.9510 o. 9545 0.9579 0.9613 0.9647 0.9682 0.9716 0.9750
56.......
57.......
0.9418 0.9452 0.9486 0.9520 0.9554 0.9589 .
O 9623 0.9657 0.9691 0.9725
58.......
0.9394 0.9428 0.9462 0.9496 0.9531 0.9565 0.9599 0.9633 0.9661 0.9701
0.9370 0.9404 0.9438 0.9472 0.9506
59.......
0.9540 0.9574 0.9608 0.9642 0.9616
60.......
0.9346 0.9380 0.9414 0.9448 0.9482 0.9516 0.9550 0.9584 0.9618 0.9652
O. 9321 0.9355 0.9389 0.9423 0.9457 0.9491 0.9525 0.9559 0.9593 0.9627
61
62
.......
....... 0.9297
0.9273
0.9331
0.9307
0.9365
0.9340
0.9399
0.9374
0.9133
0.9408
0.9467
0.9442
0.9501 0.9534 0.9568 0.9602
63
64
.......
....... 0.9248
0.9224
0.9282
0.9257
0.9316
0.9291
0.9350
0.9325
0.9383
0.9358
0.9417
0.9392
0.9476
0.9451
0.9426
0.9509
0.9485
0.9543
0.9518
0.9577
0.9552
0.9459 0.9493 0.9527
65 ....... 0.9199 0.9233 0.9266 0.9300 0.9334 0.9361 0.9401 0.9434 0.9468 0.9502
66 .......
....... 0.9174 0.9208 0.9241 0.9275 0.9308 0.9342 0.9375 0.9409 O. 9442 0.9476
67
68.......
.......
0.9149
0.9124
0.9099
0.9183
0.9157
690.9132
0.9216
0.9190
0.9165
0.9250
0.9224
0.9199
0.9283
0.9257
0.9232
0.9311
.
O 9291
0.9265
0.9350
0.’9324
0.9299
0.9383
0.9357
0.9332
0.9417
0.9391
0.9365
.
0.9450
0 9424
0.9399
70....... O. 9073 0.9106 0.9139 0.9173 0.9206 0.9239 0.9273 0.9306 0.9339 0.9372
71 ....... 0.9048 0.9081 0.9114 0.9147 0.9180 0.9214 O. 9247 0.9280 0.9313 0.9346
.......
....... 0.9022
0.8996
0.9055
12
73
0.9088 0.9121 0.9154 0.9188 0.9221 0.9254 0.9287 0.9320
0.9029 0.9062 0:9095 0.9128 O. 9161 0.9194 0.9228 0.9261 0.9294
74....... 0.8970 0.9003 0.9036 0.9069 0.9102 0.9135 0.9168 0.9201 0.9234 0.9267
75....... 0.8944 O 8971
I 0.9010 0.9013 0.9076 0.9108 0.9141 0.9174 0.9207 0.9240
16.......
....... 0.8917 0.8950 0.8983 0.9015 0.9018 0.9081 0.9114 0.9147 0.9180 0.9213
77
78
79
.......
.......
0.8890
0.8864
0.8837
0.8923
0.8897
0.8870
.
0.8956
O 8930
0.8902
0.8989
0.8962
0.8935
0.9022
0.8995
0.8968
o. 9055
0.9028
0.9000
0.9088
0.9061
0.9033
0.9120
0.9094
0.9066
0.9153
0.9126
0.9099
0.9186
0.9159
0.9131
80....... 0.8810 0.8842 0.8875 0.8908 0.8940 0.8973 0.9006 0.9038 0.9071 0.9101
81....... 0.8182 0.8815 0.8847 0.8880 0.8912 0.8945
82.......
0.8978 0.9010 0.9043 0.9075
0.8154 0.8187 0.8819 o. 8852 0.8884 0.8917 0.8950 0.8982 o. 9015
83.......
....... 0.8726
0.8698 84
0.8759
0.8731
0.8791
0.8763
0.8824
.
o 8796
0.8856
0.8828
0.8889 0.8921 0.8954 0.8986
0.9047
0.9019
o. 8990
....... 0.8670 85O. 8702 0.8734 0.8767 0.8299
0.8861
0.8832
0.8893
0.8864
0.8925
0.8896
0.8958
0.8929 0.8961
86....... 0.8641 0.8674 0.8106 0.8738 0.8771 O. 8803 0.8835 0.8868 0.8900 0 8932
.......
88.......
0.8612
0.8583
87
0.8644
0.8615
0.8677
0.8648
0.8709
0.8680
0.8741
0.8712
0.8773
0.8744
0.8806
0.8176
0.8838
0.8808
0.8870
1
0.8902
0.8873
0.8841
89
90
.......
....... 0.8554
0.8524
0.8586
0.8556
0.8618
0.8588
0.8650
0.8620
O 8682
I 0.8714 0.8746 0.8779 0.8811 0.8843
0.8652 0.8685 0.8717 0.8749 0.8181 0.8813
92
.......
....... 0.8494
0.8464
0.8526
91
0.8496
0.8558
0.8528
o. 8590
0.8560
0.8622
0.8592
0.8654
.
O 8624
0.8686
0.8656
0.8718 0.8750 0.8782
93
94
.......
....... 0.8433
0.8403
0.8465
0.8434
0.8497
0.8466
o. 8529
0.8498
0.8561
0.8530
0.8593
0.8562
0.8625
0.8594
0.8688
0.8656
0.8625
0.8720
0.8688
0.8657
0.8752
0.8720
0.8689
95....... 0.8371 0.8403 0.8435 0.84C7 0.8498 0.8530 0.8562 0.8594 0.8626 0.8657
96....... O. 8340 0.8372 0.8404 0.8435 0.8499
97....... 0.8308
0.8467 0.8530 0.8562 0.8594 0.8626
0.8340 0.8371 0.8403 0.8435 0.8466
98....... 0.8276
0.8498 0.8530 0.8561 0.8593
99....... 0.8243
0.8308 0.8339 0.8371 0.8403 0.8434 0.8166 0.8497 0.8529 0.8561
100....... 0.8211
0.8275
0.8243
0.8306
0.8274
0.8338
0.8306
0.8370
0.8337
0.8401
0.8369
0.8433
0.840
0.8464
0.8432
.
O 8496
0.8463
0.8527
0.8495
- -
73

. .~
ASNE P T C * 3 * 3 h7 E 0 7 5 7 b 7 00 0 5 3 5 7 3
~~
O W
.
TABLE IVrCORRECTION FACXOR F FOR GAS V O L W E (Conlinus@ .
I
. ..
. .
.
Total Gas Pressure. in of mrrcury
.
29.0 29.1 29.2 I 29.3 29.4 29.5
-
29.6 29.7
- 29.8 29.9
46
47
.......
....... 1.0001
0.9977
1.0036
1.0012
1.0071
1.004
1.0106
l.0082
1.0141
1.0116
1.0176
1.0151
1.0211
1.0186
1.0246
1.0221
1.02EO
1.0256
1.0315
1.0290
48
49
.......
....... 0.9953
0.9929
0.9988
0.9964
1.0023
0.9998
1.0058
1.0033
1.0092
1.0068
1.0127
1.0102
1.0162
1.0137
1.0196
1.0172
1.0231
1.0206
1.0266
1.0241
50 ....... 0.9905 0.9940 0.9975 1.0009 1.0044 1.0078 1.0113 1.0148 1.0182 1.0217
.......
51
....... 0.9881
0.9857
0.9915
0.9892
0.9950
0.9926
0.9984
0.9961
1.0019
0.9995
.
1 0054
1.0029
1.0088
1.0064 .
1.0123
1 0098
1.0157
1.0133
1.0192
1.0167
.......
52
53
54.......
0.9832
O . 9808
0.9867
0.9843
0.9901
0.9877
0.9936
0.9911
0.9970
0.9946
1.0004
0.9980
1.0039
1.0014 .
1.0073
1 0049
1.0107
1.0083
1.0142
1.0117
55....... 0.9784 0.9819 0.9853 0.9887 0.9921 0.9956 0.9990 1.0024 1.0058 1.0093
56
57
.......
....... 0.9759
0.9735
0.9794
0.9769
o. 9828
0.9803
0.9862
0.9838
0.9896
0.9872
0.9930
0.9906
0.9965
0.9940
0.9999
0.9974
1.0033
1.0008
1.0067
1. 0042
58....... 0.9710 0.9744 0.9778 0.9812 0.9846 O . 9881 0.9915 0.9949 0.9983 1.0011
60........
59
...... 0.9686
0.9661
0.9720
0.9695
0.9754
0.9729
0.9788
0.9162
0.9822
0.9796
0.9856
0.9830
0.9890
0.9864
0.9924
0.9898
0.9958
0.9932
0.9992
0.9966
61....... 0.9636 0.9670 0.9704 0.9738 0.9772 0.9805 0.9839 0.9873 0.9907 0.9941
62 ....... 0.9611 0.9644 0.9678 0.9712 0.9746 0.9780 0.9813 0.9847 0.9881 0.9915
63 ....... 0.9586 0.9619 0.9653 0.9687 0.9721 0.9754 0.9188 0.9822 0.9856 0.9889
64....... 0.9560 0.9594 0.9628 0.9661 0.9695 0.9729 0.9762 0.9796 0.9830 0.9863
65 ....... 0.9535 0.9569 0.9602 0.9636 0.9670 0.9703 0.9737 0.9770 0.9804 0.9838
66
67
.......
....... O . 9509
0.9494
0.9543
0.9517
0.9576
0.9551
0.9610
0.9584
0.9644
0.9618
0.9617
0.9651
0.9711
0.9685
0.9744
0.9718
0.9778
0.9752
o. 9811
0.9785
68 .......
....... 0.9458 0.9491 0.9524
0.9499
0.9558
0.9532
0.9591
0.9566
0.9625
0.9599
0.9658
0.9632
0.9692
0.9666
0.9725
0.9699
0.9758
0.9732
69
70 ....... 0.9432
0.9406
0.9465
8.9439 0.9472 0.9506 0.9539 0.9572 0.9605 0.9639 0.9672 0.9705
71
72.,
.......
..... 0.9380
0.9353
0.9413
0.9387
0.9446
0.9420
0.9479
0.9453
0.9513
0.9486
0.9546
0.9519
0.9579
0.9552
0.9612
0.9586
0.9645
0.9619
0.9679
0.9652
73
94
.......
....... 0.9327
0.9300
0.9360
0.9333
0.9393
0.9366
0.9426
0.9399
0.9459
0.9432
0.9492
0.9465
0.9525
0.9498
0.9559
0.9531
0.9592
0.9564
0.9625
0.9597
75 ....... 0.9273 0.9306 0.9339 0.9372 0.9405 0.9438 0.9471 0.9504 0.9537 0.9570
76
77
.......
....... 0.9246
0.9219
0.9279
0.9252
0.9312
0.9285
0.9345
0.9318
0.9377
0.9350
0.9410
0.9383
0.9443
0.9416 .
0.9476
O 9449
0.9509
0.9482
0.9542
0.9515
78
79
.......
....... 0.9192
0.9164
o. 9225
0.9197
0.9257
0.9230
0.9290
0.9262
0.9323
0.9295
0.9356
0.9328
0.9389
0.9361
0.9421
0.9393
0.9454
0.9426
0.9487
0.9459
80 ....... 0.9136 0.9169 0.9202 0.9234 0.9267 0.9300 0.9332 0.9365, 0.9398 0.9430
81....... 0.9108 0.9141 0.9173 0.9206 0.9238 0.9271 0.9304 0.9336 0.9369 0.9401
82 ....... 0.9080 0.9112 0.9145 0.9177 0.9210 O. 9242 0.9275 0.9308 0.9340 0.9373
83
84
.......
....... 0.9051
0.9023
0.9083
o. 9055
0.9116
0.9088
0.9148
0.9120
0.9181
0.9152
0.9213
0.9185
0.9246
0.9217
0.9278
0.9250
0.9311
0.9282
0.9343
0.9315
85 ....... 0.8993 0.9026 0.9058 0.9090 0.9123 0.9155 0.9188 0.9220 0.9252 0.9285
86....... 0.8965 0.8997 0.9029 0.9061 0.9094 0.9126 0.9158 0.9191 0.9223 0.9255
87 .... 0.8935 0.8967 0.8999 0.9031 0.9064 0.9096 0.9128 0.9160 0.9193 0.9225
88. ......
i..
0.8905 0.8937 0.8969 0.9002 0.9034 0.9066 0.9098 0.9130 0.9163 0.9195
89 ....... 0.8875 0.8907 0.8939 0.8971 0.9004 0.9036 0.9068 0.9100 0.9132 0.9164
90....... 0.8845 0.8877 0.8909 0.8941 0.8973 0.9005 0.9037 0.9069 0.9101 0.9134
91
92
.......
....... 0.8814
0.8784
0.8846
0.8816
0.8878
0.8848
0.8910
0.8879
0.8942
0.8911
0.8974
0.8943
0.9006
0.8975
0.9038
0.9007
0.9070
0.9039
0.9102
0.9071
93 .......
....... 0.8752
0.8721
0.8784
0.8753
0.8816
0.8785
0.8848
0.8816
0.8880
0.8848
0.8912
0.8880
0.8944
0.8912
0.8975
0.8944
0.9007
0.8976
0.9039
0.9008
94
95 ....... 0.8689 0.8721 0.8753 0.8784 0.8816 0.8848 0.8880 0.8912 0.8943 0.8975
96 ....... 0.8657 0.8689 0.8721 0.8753 0.8784 0.8816 0.8848 0.8819 0.8911 0.8943
97 ....... 0.8625 0.8656 0.8688 0.8720 0.8751 0.8783 0.8815 0.8846 0.8878 0.8910
98 ....... 0.8592 0.8624 0.8655 0.8687 0.8719 0.8750 0.8782 0.8814 0.8845 0.8877
99 .......
....... 0.8559
0.8526
0.8590
0.8558
0.8622
0.8589
0.8653
0.8621
0.8685
0.8652
0.8717
0.8684
0.8748
0.8715
0.8780
0.8747
0.8811
0.8778
0.8843
0.8810
100
-.
__ . .
..
...
74

GASEOUS FUELS
TABLE IV.-CORRECTION FACTOR F FOR GAS VOLUME (Concludrd) .

Tempera-
.
ture. deg ___ .
.
Fahr' 30.0 30.1 30.2 30.3 30.4
- - 30.5 30.6 30.1 30.8 30.9
....... ..
"
46
.....
48 .......
1.0350 1.0385
1.0325 47.. 1.0360
1.0420
1.0395
1.0455
1.0430
1.0405
.
1.0490
1 0464 .
1.0524
1 0499
1 0559
..
1 0534
1.0594
1.0569
1.0629
1.0604
1.0664
1.0638
1.0380
1.0301 1.0335 1.0310 1.0440 1.0414 1 0509 1.0544
....... ..
1.0518 1.0613
1.0276 49 1.0310 1.0345 1.0414 1 0449 1 0484
50 ....... 1.0251 1.0286 1.0320 1.0355 1.0390 1 O124 1.0459
1.0518
1.0493
1.0553
1.0528
1.0588
1.0563
51.......
52 .......
1.0226 1.0261 .
1 0295 1.0330 1.0364
. 1.0399
. 1.0433 1.0468 1.0502 1.0531
53.......
1.0202 1.0236 1.0211 1.0305 1 0340 1 0314 1.0408 1.0443 1.0417 1.0512
54
55
.......
.......
1.0176
1.0151
1.0127
1.0211
1.0186
1.0161
1.0245
1.0220
1.0195
.
1.0219
1 0254
1.0230
1.0314
1.0289
1.0264
1.0348
..
1 0323
1 0298
1.0383
1.0351
1.0332
1.0417
.
1 0392
1.0361
1.0451
1.0426
1.0401
1.0486
1.0460
1.0435
S6 .......
....... 1.0101 1.0135 1.0110 1.0204 1.0238 1.0272 1.0306 1.0341 l.0375 1.0409
51
5a
S9
.......
.......
1.0016
1.0051
1.0026
1.0111
..
l. 0085
1 0060
1.0145
1.0119
1.0094
1.0119
1.0153
1.0128
1.0213
1.0187
1.0247
1.0221
1.0281
1.0255
.
1.0315
1.0289 .
1.0349
1 0323
1.0384
1.0357
JO .......
1.0162 1.0196 1 0230 1.0264 1.0298 1.0332
1.0000 1 0034 1.0068 1.0102 1.0136 1.01,lo 1.0203 1.0237 1.0271 1.0305
61 .......
....... 0.9975 1.O009 1.0042 1.0076 1.0110 1.0144 1.0178 1.0212 1.0246 1.0219
62
.......
.......
0.9949 0.9982
0.9923 63 0.9957
0.9891 64 0.9931
1.0016
0.9990
0.9964
1.0050
1.0024
0.9998
1.0084
1.0058
1.0032
1.0118
1.0092
1.0065
1.0151
1.0125
1.0099
1.0185
1.0159
1.0133
1.0219
1.0193
1.0253
1.0227
65 ....... 0.9871 o. 9905 0.9938 0.9972 .
1 0006 .
1 0039 1.0073 1.0106
1.0166
1.0140
1.0200
1.0174
66 .......
....... 0.9845 0.9818 0.9912 0.9945 0.9979 1.0012 .
1 0046 1.0080 1.0113
.. 1.0141
67
68 .......
.......
0.9819
0.9192
0.9852
0.9825
0.9166 69 0.9799
0.9886
0.9859
0.9919
0.9892
0.9953
0.9925
0.9986
0.9959
1-.0019
0.9992
1.0053
1.0026
1 0086
1 0059
1.0120
1.0092
IO....... .
0.9832 0.9866 0.9899 0.9932 0.9966 0.9999 1.0032 1.0066
0.9139 0.9111 0.9805 0.9838 0.9812 0.9905 0.9938 0.9912 1 0005 1.0038
71 ....... 0.9112 0.9145
12 ....... 0 . 9 6 ~
0.9178 0.9812 0.9845 0.9878 0.9911 0.9944 0.9978 1.0011
13....... 0.9658
0.9718 0.9151 0.9184 0.9811 0.9851 0.9884 0.9917 0.9950 0.9983
14....... 0.9630
0.9691 0.9124 0.9751 0.9790 0.9823 0.9856 0.9889 0.9923 0.9956
0.9664
75....... 0.9603
0.9691 0.9130 0.9163 0.9196 0.9829 0.9862 0.9095 0.9928
0.9636 0.9669 0.9102 0.9735 0.9168 0.9801 0.9834 0.9861 0.9900
76....... 0.9515 0.9608
77 ....... 0.9547
0.9641 0.9614 0.9101 0.9139 0.9172 0.9805 0.9838 0.9871
0.9580
78....... o. 9520
0.9613 0.9646 0.9619 0.9112 0.9145 0.9711 0.9810 0.9843
0.9553 0.9585 0.9618 0.9651 0.9684 0.9116
19
80
.......
....... 0.9491
0.9463
0.9524
0.9496
0.9557
0.9528
0.9590
0.9561
0.9622
0.9594
0.9655
0.9626
0.9688
0.9659
0.9149
0.9121
0.9692
0.9182
0.9153
,0.9815
0.91~6
0.9124 0.9157
81 .......
....... 0.9434 0.9461 0.9499 0.9532 0.9564 0.9591 0.9630 0.9662 0.9695 0.9128
82
83
a4
.......
.......
0.9405
0.9376
0.9438
0.9408
0.9319
0.9410
0.9441
0.9503
0.9413
0.9535
0.9506
0.9568
0.9538
0.9600
0.9511
0.9633
0.9603
0.9666
0.9636
0.9698
0.966.~
as .......
0.9341 0.9412 0.9444 0.9411 0.9509 0.9542 0.9514 0.9606 0.9639
0.9317 0.9349 0.9382 0.9414 0.9441 0.9419 0.9511 0.9544 0.9576 0.9608
86....... 0.9288 0.9320 0.9352 0.9385 0.9411 0.9449
81.......
0.9481 0.9514 0.9546 0.9578
0.9257 0.9289 0.9322
aa .......
a9 .......
0.9227
0.9196
0.9259
0.9228
0.9291
0.9354
0.9324
0.9386
0.9356
0.9418
o. 9388
0.9451
0.9420
0.9483
0.9452
0.9515
0.9484
0.9541
0.9517
90.......
0.9261 0.9293 0.9325 0.9351 0.9389 0.9421 0.9453 0.9485
0.9166 o. 9198 0.9230 0.9262 0.9294 0.9326 0.9358 0.9390 0.9422 0.9454
91 .......
.......0.9134 0.9166 0.9198 0.9230 0.9262 0.9294 0.9326 0.9358 0.9390 0.9422
92
93 .......
.......
0.9103
0.9011
0.9135
0.9103
o. 9011
0.9167
0.9135
0.9199
0.9167
0.9231
0.9199
0.9263
0.9231
0.9295
0.9263
0.9321
0.9291
0.9359
0.9326
0.9391
0.9358
.......
94 0.9039
95 0.9007 0.9039
0.9103
0.9010
0.9135
0.9102
0.9167
0.9134
0.9199
0.9166
0.9230
0.9198
0.9262
0.9229
0.9294
0.9261
0.9326
0.9193
96 ....... 0.8915 o. 9102
91....... 0.a941
0.9006 0.9038 0.9070 0.9133 0.9165 0.9197 0.922a 0.9260
98....... 0.8908
0.8913 0.9005 0.9036 0.9068 o.91ao 0.9131 0.9163 0.9195 0.9226
99 ....... o.ml4
0.8940 0.8912 0.9003 0.9035 0.9066 0.9098 0.9130 0.9161 0.9193
1M)....... 0.8841
0.8906 0.8937 0.8969 0.9001 0.9032 0.9064 o. 9095 0.9127 omsa
0.8873 0.8904 0.8936
-
0.8961 0.8999 0.9030
-
0.9062 0.9093 0.9125
75

TABLE VI (Cont.)
TABLE V.-VALUES OF THE PRODUCI'/h FROM WET- AND DRY-BULB TEMPERATURES."
VALLUES OFfhPORHmfIDITYCORXECT~ON PROCEDURE* ELCEEOENT STEY COPPECTIONS' IN DEOREESFAERENEEIT
OE INLET- AND OUTLET-WATER TEIEPJ~OMTXEES
Dry-Bulb1 DiBterence Between
Wet-Bulb
Dry-Bulb
and Temperatures, deg. Fahr. Nom.-Individualcorrectionsareto be appliedto
Temnera- each of the averaged thermometer readings, This correc.
tion is positive, and is to be added to the observed read-
ing, when the water temperature is higher than the room-
air temperature. I t is negative, and is to be subtracted
from the observed reading, when the room-air temperr-
turc is higherthanthewatertemerature.Eachther-
mometer is assumed to be h e r s e a t o the fopof the nut
holding it in place in theCalorimeter.
N u b e r of WaterTemperature minur Room-Air

Fnhrenheit
Temperature, deg. Fahr.
Degrees
Emergent
I I I 1 I I I I
O 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
1-I-I-I
o. ,.....,.0.00 0.00
, 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.M) 0.00 0.00 0.00
VALUESOF t h FOR H U Y ~ I TCONTROL

5..
10..
15..
.... 0.m 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.81 0.01 0.01 0.02
0.00
0.00 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.03 0.03
.... 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.03
0.02
0.04 0.04 0.05
20.. .... 0.00 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07
Y PEOCEDURE~
1 .... 0.00
Dry-Bulb Difference Between Wet- and Dry-Bulb Temperatures. deg. Fahr. 25.. 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.09
Temperature, 30
35
......
...... o.ooo.o~o.o3o.o~o.o~o.o6o.oao.o9o.1o
0.000.010.030.040.060.070.090.100.12
deg.Fahr.
50 ........
"
91
1 84
"- 10 li 12 13
40 ...... 0.000.020.030.050.070.090.100.120,14
45,.....
55 ........
........ 91 8s 50 ......
64 92 86 55 ......
65
70
........
........ 93
93
a1
88 51
60 ......
89 .
75....... 94 55 51
80 ........ 94 90 51 54 51 a Based on the-valus 0.000085 per deg. Fahr. for the
as ........
90 94 59 56 53 relative coefficient of expansion of mercury In glass.
......
9 0 . . 91 95 61 sa 55 S3
95 ........ 96 92 63 60 57 55
100........ 59
96 92 65 62
--
56
a Theproductfhis equal t o t ratio of the mass of water vapor mixed with a given massof air to themass of water
-
v a w r which would be mlxed WII:h Ithe same massof air if it were saturatedat thesame temperature and totalpressure.
f * ,
- c.
where W , vapor pressure of water at the temperature I F ,
*
- 30 Wt
k relative humidity, per cent, as defined in the Standard Method of Determining Relative Humidity (A.S.T.M.
Designation: D3371.w
These values offh are from wet- and dry-bulb temperatures for psychrometer in air moving with a velocity not le88
than 900 ft. per min,, and under a barometric pressure of 30 ln. of mercury. The values of h for calculatingfh for the
humidity correction procedure are taken from Report N0.235, U. S. Weather Bureau,.Department,of Agriculture(1931).
If the barometric pressure IS below 21 ln. of mercury, the tabulated values WIU be In error by SI nlficant amounts for
certain valuesof temperature and wet-bulb depresslon. If average local barometric pressure is beyow 27 in. of mercu
a special t h l a t i o n of values of fh for the humidity correction procedure, corresponding to local conditions, should%
prepared
C These values of fh are from wet- and dry-bulb temperatures, for psychrometerin air movingwit! a velocity of 8 to
10 f t . per min, The values of b for calculatmg h for the humidlty control procedure are from revtsion a of the valuen
glven in "Fuel Gas Calorimetry-Water-Flow dethod " Supplement to Vol. 32, Procccdinir, Pacjfic Coast GasAssoc!a- TABLE V1I.-ERROR INTHE VALUE OFTHE
PRODUCT h FOR THE COMBUSTION AIR COR-
tion. The revised data were supplied by Guy Corfield, Chauman, Calorimetry Commlttee, Paclfic Coast Gas Assocla- RESPOND&(Ì TO AN ERROR OF 0.05 PER CENT
tion. I N A TOTAL CALORIFIC VALUE DETERMINA-
TION WITH 40 PER CENT EXCESS AIR
Combustion-AirTemper- Allowable Errorin /h,

ature, deg. Fahr. centa
per
40..
50..
............
............ 10.0
6.0
TABLE VI.-EMERGENT STEM CORRECTIONS FOR m ..............
70.. ............
5.0
3.5
THERMOIEI'ERS. 80.. ............ 2.5
EXEPOENTSTEX CORRECrION~r0 READINGS OF OUTLET- 90..
100..
............
............
1.0
2.0
WATEI THEUOMETZE POP A 15 F. RISE IN TEMPERA-
T- oz WATERWHEN TEMPERATURES OF INLET WATER
AND Roor ARE APPROXIUTZLY EQUAL,IN DEGREES a These tolerances applyto the determination of f h for
FAHRENHEIT
- """
either humidity correctlonor humiditycontrol rocedures.
The use of a humidity correction corresponfiig to too
NOTE" T h i s table is a plicable when the temperature high a value of /h for the combustion a u will result in
of the iilet water is wit%ln 2 F. of room temperature. too low a calorific valuefor the gas being tested.
The temperature of the emergent stemof the outlet ther-
mometer is slightly abovethat of the surrounding air, and
allowance has been made for this DI the table. The ther-
mometer is assumed to be immersed to the top of the nut
holding it in place in the calorimeter. The correction is
positive and is to be added to the observedreading.
- - ..-..-
Outlet-Water
I Temperature of Inlet Water or Room,
deg. Fahr.
Thermometer - -
h Immersed,
deg. Fahr.
-
80 90
-I-
I 100
I"
30...... 0.04
...... 0.05 0.06 0.07
0.06
0.09
0.08
0.10
0.09
40
50...... 0.03
m......
0.02
0.00
0.04
0.03
0.01
0.05
0.04
0.03
0.05
0.04
0.07
0.05
0.08
0.06
76

ASME P T C * 3 - 3 6 9 m 0759670 0053576 b m
GASEOUS FUELS
TABLEVIIL-AVERAGE VALUES OF NO
.
Type of Gas
I Value Btu per
rtand&d CU ft
.. .
Total Calorific
I CC; ...
Ne standard
ft per
100 Btu
Nt. standard
CU . .
ft per
1CQ Btu .
No .Nt
per 100 Btu .
tandard CU: ft /ho."
per cent
Butane-air and propane-rir
Carburetted water ...............

I
.....
3000
1500
lo00
S00
100
600
500
1000
ao0
700
600
500
1.24
1.20
1.15
.
1.11
1 09
1.05
1.00
1.11
1.08
.
1.05
1 02
0.96
-0.11
-0.11
-0.11
-0.11
-0.11
"0.11
-0.11
-0.19
-0.20
-0.20
-0.21
-0.23
1.35
1.31
1.26
1.22
1.20
1.16
1.11
1.30
t
1.25
1.23
1.19
.u
92
92
91
91
91
90
90
85
84
a4
a3
Il
400 o.aa -0.26 1.14 71
300 0.13 -0.33 1.06 69
1.22
1.20
1.14
-0.13
-0.14
-0.11
1.35
1 34
1.31
. 90
90
81
1.10 -0.20 1.30 85
.
1.07
1 03
0.98
"0.21
-0.23
-0.26
1.28
1.26
1.24
84
82
79
0.92 -0.29 1.21 16
Nrturrl ........................ 1300 1.1a

1.16
-0.17
-o.la
1.35
1.34
1.14 -0.20 1.34
TABLEM.-VALUEOF THE FUNCTION S AT

VARIOUS TEHI'ERATURES
. .
Combustion-Air Tempera-
ture. deg Fahr Vaho Of S
40
42
..............
.............. 13
14
44.'............ 15
46..............
4a ..............
16
11
so .............. 18
52.
54
.............
.............. 19
21
S6 ..............
sa ..............
23
14
60.............. 26
62.............. 18
64.............. 30
66.............. 32
68..............
IO ..............
35
12 ..............
31
14..............
40
43
16.............. 45
18.............. 49
ao .............. 53
82 .............. 56
a4..............
86..............
64
64
8a .............
90..............
68
13
92.............. 11
94.............. a2
96.............. aa
9a.............. 93
100.............. 100

ASME PERFORMANCE TEST CODJS
Valuesof&
TABLE X.-COMBINED CORRECTIONS
Value:ofN.....
1 1 1 1 1 1 I 1 1 1 1
C FOR ILLUSTRATIVE LOCAL CONDITIONS WHEN
CALCULATING T ~ T A L
...............................
"-
0.0
CALORIFIC VALUE:
...........................0.30 0.431.060.560.94
0.1
0.68 0.81
0.2
""
0.3
""
0.4 0.5 0.6 .O.l
0.18
0.8 0.9
0.05-0.08-0.20
1.0
1
Comburtio
Air Vair
I
Temperatu of J Corrections Bh. per Standard CU. ft.
(Dry-Bulb
deg. Fahr
- - - - - - - - --
40 13
7.00 NS/28..
7.00 (Cm).
...... 3.c
........ 3.4 I
I..
l
3.:
3.(
2.'6
3.1D
2.:
3.1
l.! l. l.( 0.1 O. 2 -0.3 -0.7
3A 3.(
c*................: : ~6.4 6.1 5.16 5.1 4 ..I 3.1
4., 4s
3.1
3.1
3.'O
3. 2
3.0
2.7
3.0
2.3
45 15
7.00 NS/28 ........
7.00 (C") .........
4.a l 3.! 3.1J 2.4 2.1 1.1 1.1 O.! O. 2 -0.3 -0.8
c.. ...............
2.5
6.5
2.! 2.!5 2.5 2.! 2.. 2.3 2.! a..5 2.5 2.5
6S 5.15 5.1 4.t 4. 3.1 3.: 2. 7 2.2 1.7
50
7.00 N.5'128.
7.00 (G,).
......
........ 4.8
2.0
4.1 3.1i 3.1 2.! l.! 1.4 0.1 0.:1 -0.4 -0.9
2.0 2.( 2.0 2.c 2.( ,2.0 2.( 2.1 2.0 2.0
c.. ............... 6.1 6.1 S.( i 5.1 4.5 3.1 3.4 2.1 2.: 1 1.6 l.!
7.00 NS/28 ....... 5.a 5.1 4.! i 3.7 3.1 2.1 1.1 1s 0.: 1 -0.4 -1.1
55 22 ~.OO(cm) .........
..............
1.6
1.4
1.6
6.1
l.t i
6.1 L
1.6
5.3
1.6 l.( 1.6 1.1 1.1I 1.6 1.6
L... 4.1 4.( 3.3 2.6 l.< 1.2 0.5
1.00 NS/28. ...... 6.9
60 26 (Cm).........
L00................ 1.5
8.4
6.1
1.5
7.6
5.3!
1.5
6.1
4.4
1.5
5.9
3.6
1.5
5.1
2.L
l.!
4.3
2.0
1.5
3.5
1.2
1.5
2.7
.!
O.! I '-0.5
1 i 1.5
1.8I 1.0
-1.3
1.5
0.2
1.00 NS128.. ..... 8.1 7.3 6.3 5.3 4.3 3.3 2.3 1.4 0.4I '-0.6 -1.6
65 31 !.o0 (Cm)......... 1.5 1.5 1.s 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 l.! i 1.5
*I ................ 9.1 a.a 7.11 6.8 5.1 4.1 3.8 1.9 1.s l 0.9
1.5
-0.1
1.00 NS/28 ....... 9.1 11.7 7;s 6.3 5.2 '4.0
!.O0 (cm).........
2.a 1.7 0.5 -0.7 -1.9
10 31
.*................ 1.5
11.3
1.5
1'0.2
1.5
9.0
1.5
1.a
1.5
6.7
1.1
5.5
1.5
4.3
1.5
3.1
1.5I
2.0 l
1.5
0.8
1.5
-0.4
1s 44
'.O0 NS/28.
. ......
:.o0 (Cm). * * . ..,
*
.* .................
,
,
11.7
1.5
13.2
1'0.3
1.5
11.8
8.9
1.5
0.4
1.5
1.5
9.0
6.2
1.5
7.1
4.7
1.5
6.2
3.3
1.5
4.8
2.0
1.5
3.5
0.6 I . -0.9
1.5
2.1
1.5
-2.2
1.5
0.6 -0.1
r.ooNs/2a........ 14.0 11.5 0.1 9.0 1.4 5.1 4.0 2.4 0.1 -1.1
80 53 ;.o0 (cm).......... 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6
-1.7
................... 15.6 14.1
, 2.3 10.6 9.0 1.3 5.6 4.0 2.3 0.5
1.6
-1.1
as 61
'.O0 NS/18
(cat).
........
......... 16.4
1.1
l.L 6
1.7
2.6
1.7
10.5
1.7
1.7
1.7
6.7
1.1
4.7
1.7
2.8
1.7
0.8 -1.2
1.1
..-3.1
1.1
'.o0
.....P ............. 18.1 115.3 4.3 12.2 .0.4 8.4 6.4 L.5 2.5
1.7
.1.4
90 13
.O0 NSI28.
;00 (cm)
.......
.......... 19.3
1.9
ljI , ?
1.9
4.1
1.9
12.4
1.9
.o. 1
1.9
1.a
1.9
5.5
1.9
1.3
1.9
0.9
1.9
.3.1
1.9 1.9
................... 21.2 i!t.1 6.1 14.3 2.1 9.1 1.4 5.2 2.8 0.5 .1.a
95 86
.OONS/28
-00 (G)
......... 22.8
.......... 2.1
j.2
1.1
1.4
1.1
i4.6
2.1
2.0
1.1
9.3
2.1
6.5
2.1
1.9 1.1 -1.7 -4.3
1.1 2.1 2.1
,
1 ................. 24.9 2:1.3 9.5 i6.1 4.1 1.4 8.6 LO 3.2
2.1
0.4 -2.2
,OONSI20.........
100
.
100 .o0 (cm) ........... 26.5
.*.................
2.4
28.9
2: 1.5
:1.4
2! i.9
20.3
2.4
17.0
2.4
4.0
2.4
D.8
2.4
1.5
2.4
1.5
1.4
1.3
2.4
-2.0 -5.0
2.4 2.4
-
* I t ím assumed that tho gam m
-- 22.1
--
19.4
í am'xture of S!50-13tu. carburetted water gam and 1100-B
6.4 3.2 9.9
- - - -I
5.9 3.1 0.4 -2.6
natural gal, the heating
l
value of the mixture being 100 Btu. It ir allo u:u m od that the local barometrie preuure 1
the combined correction r p u h
I in.
of mercury. Then
E i: the aatici atod total calorific value of the mixture% Britlmh thermal unit: and P i: the average local barometric
prnrure in inctem of mercury. The vrlun of S were taken from Table M aqd the valucm of N wer0 calculated u d e
muibrd In Section 16 of the method, wing data takcn from Table VIII. Valuem of Cm were taken from TableXI,

ASME PTCx3.3 67 W 0757b70 0 0 5 3 5 7 8 T W
GASEOUS FUELS
TABLE XI,-NINOR CORRECTIONS G TOBE TABLE XII.-VALUES OF CORRECTION C& FOR TABLE XIIL-LATENT HEAT OF
ADDED TO THE OBSERVED CAf.ORiFIC DIFFERENCE BETWEEN INLET-WATER AND VAPORIZATION AND VAPOR
VALUE. CONBUSTION-AIR TENPERATURES.'* b PRESSURE OF WATER.
Correct[ons' to be Added, percentage For Calculating Combustion-Air

Net Calorific
of antlclpated total calorific value
and Com-
bustion-Air
I !'LY
'- Value ercentage
of ant&ated total -
Combustlon-Air
calorific-value per
deg. Fahr. .(O...
45..
.......
........ 1.36 0.248
so ..........
Temperature, difference 1.36 0.300
Total
Net
5s ..........
des. Fahr. 2.35 0.363
2.34
60.. ........
Calo- Calo. 40....... 0.094 0.074 0.436
Cb rlfic rific 2.34 0.512
45.......
....... 0.102 0.079 65.... ......
++
Value
(cb+
Value 2.33 0.621
(cb
+
50
55.......
0.110
0,119
0.083
0.087 70 ..........
........ 2.32 0.139
CrG Cr 60.......
..... 0.128 0.090
15..
..
2.31 0.875
" "- i-
Cd C,) 65..
70....... 0.136
O , 146
o. o92
0.094 85..........
EO........
90.. ........
2.31
1.30
2.39
1.032
1.213
95. .........
4 0 . . . . . . . 0.11 0.220.2O-O.1O 0.43 0.53 15...,... 0.155 0.095 1.412
45....... 0.11 0.11 0.20 -0.07 0.35 0.42 80.. .....
..... 0.167
o. 180
0.097 100.. ........ 2.28
2.27
1.660
1.933
55 .......
SO.......
60........
0.11 0.030.20--0.05
0.11 -0.04 0.20 -0.02
0.11 -0.090.20 0.00
0.29
0.25
0.22
0.34
0.21
0.21
90 .......
85..
95.......
0.194
0.209
0,098
0.099
0.099 a
I
column are in British thermal

T h e valncs giren ln this
65...... 0.11 -0.120.20 0.02 0.21 0.19 loo....;.. 0.228 0.100 unitspermilliliter a t the. corresponding temperature,
70....... 0.11 "0.150.20
7S....... 0.11 -0.160.20 0.07
0.05 0.21 0.16 - - They ar* for use in reducmgobserved tonet calorific
0.22 0.15 The correction is added if the inle t-water tem erature
ao....... 0.10 -0~170.20 0.10 0.23 0.13 Ia higher than combustion-airtem PC:rature, a n a i s sub-
90
95
.......
8 5 . . . . . . . 0.10-0.180.20 0.12
....... 0.10 -0.18 0.20 0.15
0.10 -0.17 0.20 0.17
0.24
0.27
0.30
0.11
0.12
0.13
tracted If the inlet-water temperatim:is lower.
,The valuer are based oü the assumption that-the
100 ....... 0.10 -0.160.20 0.20
I I I
0.34 0.14
temperature of the combustion air and the air surrounding
the calorimeter are identical but sometimesthesetem-
peratures are different. In this event, an additional cor-
'The siificance of theindividual corrections Cb, rection Ir necessary to take account of the fact that the
Cr, C,, and R i s as follows: part of Cd which is for heat loss from the aurfnce of the
C, corrects for the buoyancy of air affecting the
weight calorimeter should be based on room temperature rather
of tho water collected. The values shown are for a baro- thanon cornbustion airtemperature.Thisadditional
metric pressure of 30 In. of standard mercurycolumn. If correction amounts to0.068 per cent of the observed calo-
the barometric pressure differs significantly from 30 in.. rific value per del. Fahr. difference and is added if the
the tabulated valuer shall be multiplied by.$, where P i; temperature of t h e room air Is lower than thatof the com-
bustion air and subtracted If it is higher. This correctioa
the average local barometrlc height in inchesof mercury, Is to be applied in calculating both totaland netcalorific
C, corrects for varlation of the specific heat of pure valuer.
r a t e r with temperature.Thetemperature riso of tho
r a t e r is taken as 15 F.
Cr corrects for heat lost by the calorimeter by radia-
tion andconvection and is an average figure for American
and Precision typo h x i m e t e r s .
Cc corrects for the difference ln the heat capacity of
the combustion products and the reactants (gas and air)
a t temperatures abpve and below 60 F. as related to the
total calorrfic value. The tem erature coefficients for net
calorific value are much smafier and can be neglected.
Tho tabulated valuer of CIhpply for all fuel gases except
blue water gas. For blue water gas one half of the tabu-
lrted values of Cc II u l d be used.
APPENDIX
SUMMARIZED
OPERATING FOR WATER-FLOW
DIRECTIONS CALORIMETERS
Al. The followingsummarized directions (8) Allow timeforattainment of a steady ( 1 ) Preparetest record sheet,andmake
may beof use to those who are sufficiently fami- thermalstateandadjust damper(Section 8 preliminary observationsof barometric pressure
liar withthe complete directions for this method(h))* and temperature, pressure and temperature of
and may desire only a reminder of the principal (b) Adjlrstmenl for H z c ~ i d i t yControl Pro- gasinmeter, wet- anddry-bulbthermometer
operationsinvolved. They are not to be consid- cedure: readings, temperature of flue gases, and time of
ered as a substitute for the detailed directioqs ( 1 ) Make adjustmentsdescribed in Items (I) one revolutionof meter (Section10 (a) and (b)),
given in the testof the method, which shouldbe to (Ir) of Paragraph (a), (2) Start collection of condensate and record
followed in all cases. References to the detailed (2) Start flowof water through calorimeter meter reading (Section10 (c), Item (I)),
directions are given for each of the items below: and through humidity controller (Section 9 (b)), (3) Take fust series of observations as fol-
Pro-
(a) Adjmtttzents for Hzr~t~id~tT-Correctiott (3) Light gas, adjust rate of gas flow, adjust lows: Make preliminary notation of water tem-
cedwe: primary air supply, and open flue damper wide peratures; shift water; observe series of water
(1) R11 water supply tank and adjust tem- (Section, 9 (c)), temperatures; shift water; make supplemental
pewture of water (Section 8 (a)), (4) Attach special housing containing burner notation of water temperatures; and weigh water
(2) Purge gas lines (Section8 (b)), to calorimeter, then connect the humidity con- (Section 10 (c), Items (2)to (a),
(3) Adjust meter for temperature, leve1,water troller to the specialburner housing (Section
level, and saturation of water with gas (Section 9 (dl), (4) Take second and third series of observa-
tions (Section 10 (d)),
8(G))J (5) Allow time. for the attainment of a steady
(4) Test for gas leaks (Section 8 (d)), thermal state. Close flue damper until evidence ( 5 ) Stop collection of condensate and record
( 5 ) Start flowof wated through system and of incomplete combustion is observed. Reduce meter reading and amount of condensate (Sec-
expel air (Section 8 (e)), gas flow to standardrate.Adjusthumidity tion :O (e)) ,
(6) Light gas, adjust rate of gas flow, adjust controller so as to maintain the proper value of (6) Repeat preliminary observations of Item
primary air supply, and insert burner in calo- jlt. Adjust water flow in calorimeter to give the ( 1 ) above (Section 10 ( j ) ) ,and
rimeter (Section8 ( f ) ) , proper temperature rise (Section9 (e)). (7) Turn off gasandthen turn off water
(7) Adjustwater flow to give propertem- (c) Pvocedwe for Calorific V a h e Detertttim- (Section 10 (g)).
perature rise (Section 8 (g)), and tion:

”
ASME P T C * 3 - 3 h7 W 0759670 0053577 L W
HIGH-HEAT VALUE OF GASES IN NATURAL GAS RANGE

The high-heat value of gases in the natural gas range may also be determined by means of a continuous recording
gas calorimeter where one is correctly installed and maintained. In the use of this instrument, it is of special impor-
tance that the gas sampling and instrument connections be connected directly to the equipment. When changing gases,
the calorimeter must be operated for a sufficient time after the change to provide equilibrium conditions of the gas i n
contact with the equipment.
Standard Method o f Test f o r

CALORIFIC VALUE OF GASES I N NATURAL GAS RANGE
BY CONTINUOUS RECORDINGCALORIMETER
ASTM Designation: D 182644

(Paragraph and table to obtain factors to change results,from
46
Standard” to other temperature and pressure baies is omitted.
See Table I , page 2.)
Scope Summary of Method the water vapor formed.in the combus-
1. (u) This method covers a procedure 2. (u) The heating value is determined tion, is imparted to the heat, absorbing
for determining with the continuous re- by impartingall of theheat obtained air, the calorimeter makes a direct deter-
cording calorimeter (Note 1) thetotal from the combustion of the test gas to a mination of total heating value. The
calorific value of fuel gas produced or stream of air and measuring the rise in temperature rise is measured by nickel
sold in the natural gas range of 900 to temperature of the air. The streams of resistance thermometers and is translated
1200 Btu per standard cubic foot. test gas and heat absorbing air are main- into Btu per standard cubic foot.
NOTE í.-An extensiveinvestigation of the tained in íked volumetric proportion to
accuracy of the Cutler-Hammerrecordinggas each other bymetering devices similar to
calorimeter, when used with gases of high heat- Definitions
ing value, was made by the National Bureau of
the ordinary wet test meters, geared to-
Standards in 1957 under a research project spon- gether and driven from a common 3. The most important terms used in
sored by the American Gas Association. electric motor. The meters are mounted connection with the determinationof the
in a tank of water, the level of which is caloriiïc value of gaseous fuels in record-
(b) The subjects covered in this maintained and the temperatureof which ing calorimetly are as follows:
method appear in the following sections: (u) British Thernzul Utzit.-A British
determines the temperature of the enter-
SECTI~NS
ing gas and air. thermal unit, or Btu, is the quantity of
Air :Gas Ratio Test. ........... 1;
Apparatus. ..................... (b) The flue gas resulting from com-
heai that must be added to one avoirdu-
Basis of Measurement.. ......... 13 pois pound of pure water to raise its
Cold Balance Test. ............. 9 bustion of the gas (combustion products
temperature from 58.5 to 59.5 F under
Compensation of Complicating plus excess combustion air) is kept
Factors. ..................... 12 separate from the heat absorbing air, and
standard pressure.
Condition of Gas Sample. ....... 6
Definitions. .................... J is cooled to a fewdegrees above the Nom-From the National Bureau of Stand-
Installation of Apparatus. ....... 5 initial temperaturt! of gas, and air. The ards data: One British thermal unit, or Btu, is
Maintenance, Appendix I. ...... Al to A4 water formed in the combustion is equivalent to 1055.07absolute joules.
0t:rating Precautions, Appendix
ll .......................... B1 and B2 practically all condensed tothe liquid
Operation and Checking of Appa- state. Consequently, the temperature (b) Combzcstiort Air.-The air used for
ratus ....................... 8 rise produced in the heat absorbing air is combustion, a.total of the portion mixed
Precision. ..................... 14
Scope. ........................ 1 directly proportional to the heating value with the gas as primary air and the air
Standardization of Calorimeter. .. 11 of the gas. Since all the heat from the supplied around the burner tube as sec-
Standardization,Preliminary, of ondaryair (theoretical air plus excess
Calorimeter by Hydrogen ..... 7 . combustion of the test gas sample, in-
Summary of Method.. .......... 2 cluding the latent heatof vaporization of air).
80

ASflE PTC*3.3 by 0757b70 0053580 8 m
GASEOUS FUELS
SURE 2 TO 3“W.C.
CONNECTOR ASSEMBLY
URNER WATER SEAL WATER
CONGNSATE
PAN
FIG.1.-Calorimeter-Schematic Flow Diagram.
(c) Flue Gases.-The flue gases are the (g) Stattdard Presswe.-The standard of techniquesandmaintenance, the manufac-
products of combustion remaining in the pressure is theabsolutepressure of a turer’s manuals shouldbe consulted.
gaseous state, together with any excess NOTE3.-Refer to specific manufacturer’s
column of pure mercury 30 in. in height manual for pictures of the recorder.
air. at 32 F andunderstandardgravity
(G?)Heat-AbsorbìtzgAir.-The heat- (32.174 f t per sec per sec). Installation of Apparatus
absorbfng air is the heat exchange (h) Standard Tmperatzcre.-The stand- 5. (a) In order to secure the precise
medium used to absorb the heat of com- ard temperature is 60 F, based on the results that are possible with the record-
*bustíon derivedfrom the burning of international temperaturescale. ing calorimeter, it is important that the
gaseous fuel. (i) Total Calorijc Value.-The total instrument be installed so that the sur-
(e) Satwaled Basis.-Theexpressed calorific value of a gas is the number of roundingconditions will notintroduce
total calorific value of a gas when it is Britishthermalunits evolved bythe errors. In general,moreprecise results
saturated with water vapor at standard complete combustion at constant pres- will be secured when a narrow range is
temperature and pressure; 1 CU ft of this sure of one standard cubic foot of gas maintained on the various conditions of
gas is equivalent in dry gas content to with air, the temperature of the gas, air, the calorimeter environment.
0.9826 CU ft of dry gas at the temperature and products of combustion being 60 F, (b) Calorimeter Room.-A typical in-
and pressure. and all the water formed by the com- stallation of a single recording calorime-
Nom-The definitions given in Paragraphs bustion reaction being condensed to the ter is shown in Fig. 4. The detailed re-
(e) and (i) arefortotal calorificvalues per liquid state. quirements for the calorimeter room are
standard cubic foot of gas. The det@ítions cor- giveb in Table I.
responding to anyother unit quantity of gas are
Apparatus
obtained by substitutingthename of the de- NOTE4,-A detailed discussion of these re.
4, The recording calorimeter (Note 2)
sired unit in place of the term “standard cubic quirements is included in the latest edition
of the
foot” in the definitions. Methods of calculating
consists of two major units: the tank unit manufacturer’s instruction bookcovering the
calorific values per cubic foot of gas under any
or calorimeter proper, Figs. 1, 2, and 3, recordingcalorimeter. The information can be
desired conditions o€ pressure, temperature, and applied to all models of the instrument.
in which the heating valueof the testgas
water vapor content are specified in Section 13. NOTE5.-The dimensionsshown in Fig. 4
sample is measured; and the recording are forthe latestmodel calorimeter.
(f) Statdad Czrbic Foot o j Gas.-A unit which translates the heat measure- (c) Gas Comeciiott.-The sample line
standard cubic foot of gas is the quantity ments into an indication of calorificvalue that brings the gas to be tested to the
of any gas that at standard temperature and records it graphically (Note 3). calorimeter tank unit should be located
and under standard pressure will fill a so thatthe heatingvalue is actually
space of 1CU ft when in equilibrium with NOTE2.-The specificmodelusedby the representative of the conditions existing
liquid water. National Bureau of Standards in i t s investiga- in the main gas line. The sampleline
tion work was the Cutler-Hammer Model Type
Nom-According to Dalton’slaw, this is AB. S i c e that time, a new model has been in- time lag should be kept as small as pos-
equivalent to stating that the partial pressure troduced with major changes in recorder, Both sible by (1)locating the calorimeter tank
of the gas is: models are applicable. Figures 1, 2, and 3 are of unit close to the sample point, (2) run-
30 - 0,522 = 29.418 in. of mercurycolumn the newmodel.However, for pertinent details ning the sample line of small size pipe
81

ever, it is found that excessive quantities of

TOP VIEW deposits and sludge are formed in short dura-
tion which interfere with satisfactory perform-
ance, it will be necessary to use distilled or
demineralized water.
NOTE9.-For actualtest instx'uctions and
other information, see the appropriate instruc-
tion book provided by the manufacturer.
(f) Recorder
Inslal1ation.-The re-
corder should be installeci SC that the
instrument is reasonably free from
mechanical vibration.This is particu-
larlyimportant for those models in
which a suspension-type galvanometer
is employed.
Condition of Gas Sample
6. (a) Physical Contamiaation.-The
gas sample should be free of dust, water
and other entrained solids. If experience
"A" SKETCH SEE SKETCH "C' indicates that the foreign materials car
GEAR ,A
"' enter the sample line, a suitable sample
line filter should be installed. To avoid
any problems in the line from water ac-
GEAR ' ' B k cumulation, the line should be pitched to
a low point and a drip leg provided.
(b) ChemicalCotataminalion.- The
HEATABSORBING
-AIR METER sample line should be practically free
from hydrogen sulfide. A small, low-
GAS METER.
,HENABSORBING capacity purifier can be constructed using
AIRMETER SCREWS iron oxide on wood shavings as the puri-
fyingmaterial. The time lag in the
purifier adds to the sample line time lag
U U so that the purifier should be of small
$IDE VIEW capacity. A design that will purify about
FIG.2.-Calorimeter-Layout Diagram. 3 CU ft of gas per hr will be,satisfactory
Preliminary Standardization of Calo-
rimeter by Hydrogen
(Nöte 6), and (3) operating the sample electronic recorder, it is essential that a 7. The use of preliminary standardiza-
line a t low pressure. An additional purge suitable ground connection be made a t tion by hydrogen test gas before the use
burner or a bleed to a low pressure point both the recorder and the tankuhit. De- of standard methane a t the time of the
shall also be provided. tailsare given in the manufacturer's initial installation or after any complete
instructions. major overhaul of thetankunitand
NOTE6.-Time lag may be calculated on the
basis that the calorimeter
uses
aBout 1.2 CU 7.4Vhere
ft outdoor or underground recorderis required, because of the
per hr. wiring must special
be used, care should be following factors:.
exercised to protect the terminals of the cables (a) Because of the low density of hy-
Ezectricaz fo-ur leads from,moisture in order to prevent grounds in drogen, the presence of any leaks in t h è
for the resistance thermometers between the measuring circuit.
the recorder and the tank unit shall be system from the gas meter to the burner
of No. 12 gage, insulated, solid copper (e) Initial Installation.-When the will result in a definite low reading. This
wire &hout joints. They shall be run in calorimeter is í k t installed, fìll'the tank situation should certainly be considered
separate rigid metal conduit ,which is unit with water (Note 8) and adjust it to on the initial installation and whenever
grounded and contains no other leads .a temperature that is 2 to 5 F below the the gas meter assembly has beendis-
(Note 7). Power circuit wiring should be normal room temperature. Allow the mantled for iFspection or cleaning.
No. 14 gage, insulated, solid or stranded, unit to operate a t least, 24 hr before Per- (b) The hydrogen test gives another
copper wike. The supply line should be forming the detailed calibration tests. crosscheck o f the slidewire and ther-
. mometer calibration a t a different point
provided with a suitably fused discon- NOTE &-The water may -be ordinary tap
nect switch. For the model using.an water supplied by most municipalities. If, how- . instrument. A satis-
on the scale .of the
82

ASME PTCm3.3 h 9 9 0759670 0053582 L m
GASEOUS FUELS
tion will ensure that the high degree of

precision attainable will be maintained,
THERMOMETER The manufacturer's appropriate instruc-
tion book gives details of the procedure
i
for operating the instrument. The
following points should be checked pe-
riodically:
(a) Recorder.-Check the operation of
the recorder a t regular intervals to be
sure that the chart is set a t the proper
/BURNER CAP time and ihat thepen is making a satis-
GAS TUBE WRENCH factory line. Examinations of the chart
record will aid in avoiding certain oper-
/LIGHTGAS HERE ating problemssince the record will show
if undesirable conditions develop. For
example, an irregular chart may be the
result of deposits in the burner parts or
on orifice caps. Gradual changes in the
record from normal values may indicate a
failure to replenish the water inthe
reserve tank or may show the existence
of obstructions on the overflow w$r.
(b) Tank Unit.-T'o avoid contamina-
tion of the air in theroom with combus-
tible gas, take care to ensure that the
bleeder burnerremains lighted a t ,all
times. Forunattended locations, it is
possible to provide for the sample line a
thermostatically-operated shut-off valve
\
which closes upon failure of the bleeder
flame. Regular inspection will indicate
the necessity of replenishing the water in
the reserve tank and thus ensure main-
COMBUSTION TUBE tenance of the proper level in the main
tank. The presence of any foreign ma-
terial either in or on the water can be
avoided by regular examination. This
will prevent incorrect overflow weir op-
eration. Periodic examination of the
FIG.3.-Calorimeter Combustion Chamber. thermometers -and the burner parts will
avoid errors in readingwhich could be
caused by deterioration of any of these
factory hydrogen test would give addi- pensate in another way for thelow read- parts,
tional assurance that no error existed in ing. This is obviously undesirable.
this part of the instrument. Procedure for Cold Balance Test
NOTE10,-Themanufacturer'sinstruction
(c) There is practically no possibility manual shallbeusedfor the hydrogen test. 9. (u) The object of the cold balance
of incomplete combustion on the hydro- This test is considered satisfactory if the read- test is to check the complete tempera-
gen test. Therefore, a satisfactory hydro- ingagrees withthe theoretica1value within ture-measuring circuit, It is equivalent
gen result gives assurance that, with the 0.3 per cent. to the calorimeter measuring a gas with
proper heat input,the correct scale read- zero heating value. Forthistest,the
ingwill be seculed. If asatisfactory Operation and Checking of Apparatus sameprecautions-and care shouldbe
hydrogen test hasbeen secured and low a 8. The recording calorimeter isde- observed that are required for the calo-
reading has been obtained on the stand- signed for continuous operation and,as a rimeter in normal use. The over-all time
ard gas, the possibility of incomplete precision instrument, it should receive of test shall not be less than 1 hr.
combustion could be suspected. Without regular inspection, Recording the results (b) If the cold balance is consistent
the hydrogen test, there might be some of tests, the replacement of any parts, within the range of the balancing rheo-
tendency to make adjustments to com- and theestablishment of a regular inspec- stat (onlysmallvariationsoccurring
83

ASME P T C x 3 . 3 h 9 m- 0 7 5 9 b 7 0 0053583 3
NORTH very important that the room tempera-

13 ' ture be stable in order to avoid a false
INSICE
u balance condition. In effect, a falling
WINDOW IF DESIRE0 THERMOSTAT
room temperaturetends to result in a
low-balance setting and a rising room
temperaturein a high-balance setting.
The room temperaturevariation shall
not exceed f.2.5 F during this test.
4DJUSTABLE
-
Procedure for Air Gas Ratio Test
WENT NEAR 10. (a) The object of the air- gas ratio
FLOOR
test is to ensure the k e d predetermined
volume relation between the output of
the gas meter and that of the heat-ab-
sorbing air meter. This volume ratio is a
ked f basic factor in the accuracy of the calo-
Lr'
1 AIR CCNOlTlChllNG
TEMPERATURE CONTROL
SUMMER AND WINTER
H ECI G
E IHLTI N G e FT. $7
rimeter.
(b) The room temperature shall be
reasonably constant at the normal con-
trolled value during the test.
Nom.-For each additional calorimeter a t least 60 per cent additional space is required; for ex-
(c) The tank unit shall be in proper
ample, for two calorimetersthe room shouldbe 12 by 18ft inside; for three calorimeters 15 by 18 ft. mechanical operating condition; particu-
FIG.4.-Calorimeter Room. larly, there should be no excessive gear
or bearing wear existing.
TABLE 1.-CALORIMETERROOM REQUIREMENTS. (G?) The air - gas ratio prover shall be
accurately balanced. (See new modelset-
Detail
I Requirements
up, Fig. 5.)
Space. . . . . . . .. . . .. .. ..
. . .. 1000 CU ft, min. (e) There shall be no leaks in the gas
Ceiling height.. . . . . .: . . . . .
, 8 W, min. meter, heat-absorbing air meter, or the
. . . .. . ..... .. ., ., .. ,.,,
Side wall widths.. 10 f t and 13 ft, min.
Windoivs. , ., . One, on side normally away from sun (in northern hemisphere, the prover and its connections.
northern side). (f> The tank unit level shall be
Doors. . . . . , . , . , . . , . . . . . . . . One, with 3-ft opening, not in .window mall. A door check is desira- checked before the'air - gas ratio test is
ble.
Ventilation.. .. , , . , , , .. . . , . , Natural. I n ceiling and base of door. No sudden drafts. started.
Tank unit location. . . . . . , . . . Position to avoid, as much as possible, direct circulation from the (g) Recording of a typicalair - gas
door and from room temperature conditioning equipment.
Heating and cooling., . . . . . . , Controlled in therange 72 to 77 F with a variation of not more than ratio test is shown in Table II with the
2.6 F from the set point. allowable tolerances.
Foundation floor,. . . , , , , . . . . 3000-lb load should produce no deflection. Tank unit feet shall be
on concrete floor. Standardization of Calorimeter
. .. . . ., . . . . . . .
Lighting.. , , , No direct sunlight permitted on calorimeter tank unit.
Condition of air. . . . . , . . .. . . Essentially free from dust and absolutely free from any combusti- 11. (u) The over-all accuracy of the
ble gas. recording calorimeter may be checkedby
Vibration. . . . , , . , .. . , . . , . . , No vibration6 or shocks shall be transmitted to the tankunit.
Water. .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . . .
I . . Pure, clean water shall be available for filling the tank and replen- burning a gas of known heating valueand
ishing the reserve tank. comparing the results with this value.
Power supply., ., . . , . . . . . . . . 116 v, 1 phase, 60 cycles, 1000 m for small motors. Lighting in The total time of test shall be not less
addition.
Gas supply., , . . . . . . . . . . . , . . Sample pipe shall be capable of handling 2 to 4 CU ft per hr. Actual that 1.5 hr. For natural gaseshaving
installation shall be the minimum capacity to reduce time lag. heating values in the range 900 to 1200
Pressure in lineentering calorimeter room shall be not more than
1 psig. Btu per CU ft, standardmethane of
. . . . ....... ..
Water supply and drain. Desirable but not essential. knownaccuracybetween 0.5 and 0.9
Radiation., , , , , , , , Tank unit shallbe shielded fromany hot radiationsurfaces. Btu per CU ft should be used (Note 11).
The use of methane involves no change
in the operation of the calorimeter, but
from one test to another),the thermome- thermometer leads. Thus,variationsin merely a shift from the test gas to the
ter leads and resistance elements in the the setting could be evidence of unsatis- standard gas. Thus, this eliminates the
circuit are in satisfactory condition. factory electrical connections, or deteri- necessity of changinggears to compen-
(c) The rheostat provides a small oration of the thermometers or connect- sate for chart reading and results in no
arnount of adjustment to compensate for ing leads. water-level changes.
any differences in the resistance of the ( d ) Whenperforming thetest, it is (b) For acceptedperformance, cali-
84

~
ASME P T C x 3 . 3 6 9 0759670 Q0535A4 5 m
used, which covers only a limited range

below the maximum, for example, the
range from990 to 1200 Btu per standard
cubic foot. I n more recent instruments,
the scale is divided into a larger number
of linear sections.
(c) When the temperature of the tank
and therefore of the entering gas and air
changes, thequantities of gas and air
delivered bythe meterschange as a
result of the thermal expansion of the
gas a n d air, and also as a result of a
change in partialpressure of the gas with
change in the vapor pressure of water.
The change in the quantity of gas deliv-
ered by the meter results in a change in
the quantity of heat produced by com-
1 bustion of gas per revolution of the gas
PROVER TEST METER GEAR"E" ~I meter, while the heat capacityof the air
FIQ.5. Air-Gas Ratio Prover. per unit-volumeis only slightly affected,
Hence, if there were nocompensating
effect, a change intanktemperature
would result in a change in reading of
brations should be made weekly as set up fore it will not be a linear function of the caIorimeter for a gas of a given heat
in Fig. 6, However,before this is per- heat of combustion. This effect can be of combustion. This effect is partially
formed, it is essential that the calorime- compensated for by using a nonlinear compensated for by the nonlinearity of
ter and recorder be in proper operating scale of calorimeter reading versusresist- the resistance - temperature relation of
condition and calibration be performed ance. In some Cutler-Hammer calorime- the thermometers. The compensation is
as close as possible to thewater tempera- ters the scale of heating values extends not perfect, however, although it is very
ture of thetank as expected during from zero to a maximum reading, and the nearly so over the temperaturerange
normal operation. The inlet pressure of effect on calorimeter reading of the from 60 to 75 F. Outsidethis range,
the calibration gas shall be the same as nonlinearity of the resistance tempera- - the reading on agas of fixed heat of
for subsequent operation. ture relation is considerably reduced by combustion changes rather rapidly with
using two linear resistance-reading scales, tank temperat~re,~ Therefore, ideal con-
NOTEIl.-A standard gas, essentially meth-
me, is supplied in high-pressure cylinders with eachextendingoverabout half of the
certification oi the heating value by the Insti- total range of the instrument. In some *This change is showngraphically in Na-
tute of Gas Technology, 3424 S. State St., instruments, however, a more open (''ex- tional
Bureau of Standards Investigational
Chicago, Ill. 60616. panded") scale of heat of combustion is Report, p. 19.
Compensation of Complicating Factors
TABLE 11,"TYPICAL RECORD OF AIR - GAS RATIO TEST.
12. (a) Because the calorimeter chart
reading is to bea direct indication of the Prover Readings for Beginnings and Endings of AirChange in Prover Reading from Average of Onc
?deter Revolutions Initial Reading Revolution
heating value of the gas, compensation
in the instrument must be made either Starting Time:
by standardizationor by mechanical de-
vices for all correction terms and other
complicating factors. ""
(b) With a given initial temperatureof ... O 1 2 3 1-0 2-0 3-0 ...
gas and air, the temperature rise of the 15 -0.01 -0.08 -0.15 -0.21 -0.07 -0.14 -0.20 -0.07
heat-absorbingair is directly propor- 1G -0.02 -0.07 -0.13 -0.19 -0.05 -0,ll -0.07 -0.06
tional to the heat of combustion of the 17 -0.03 -0.09 -0.16 -0.21 -0.06 -0.13
-0.18 -0.06
gas, but the resistance of the thermome-
ters is a quadratic function of tempera-
. . .. . . . . .. . . . .
Final Average of Column VIII. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . I -0.08
ture.
Hence, if the reading of the Column No.. ...
calorimeter is a linear function of ther- a If any reading in Column VI1 exceeds f0.30 per cent, adjust the air-gas ratio and repeat the
mometerresistance, it will not bea test for the three complete revolutions.
linear function of temperature, and there- The averages in Column VI11 should be less than f0.10 per cent.
85

RUBBERTUBING WITH HYDKOGEN TEST Nom 12.-h the newmodelcalorimeter,

INLET CONNECTOR (FURNISHED the bleeder burner opening is at the level of the
WITH HYDROGEN TEST ACCESSORIES
FROM CUTLER-HAMMER,INC.)
tank mater.
GAS LINE CONNECTION N 0 . 2
CONNECTION FOR
Basis of Measurement
I INDIVIDUAL LINE
13. (a) The recording unit of the caio-
rimeter is normally calibrated to give
total heating valueof the test gasdirectly
in Rtu percubic foot at 30 in. of mercury
(at 32 F), 60 F, saturated. The basis of
measurement corresponds to the defini-
tion of a standard cubic foot of gas as
CALORIMETER TANK
contained irl. Section 3 cf). However,
variations have been introduced in an
effort to make the basis of measurement
m
I 8 GAS L I N Y N E C j l O N N0.I
correspond to average conditions exist-
ing in a specific system. The recording
calorimeter can be calibrated to give re-
FIG.6.-Calorimeter Set Up for Cilibration, sults at any of these specialbases of
measurement by design of the recorder
slide wire.
ditions would be the maintenance of the change in the reading forí-in. of mercury
temperature of the room by thermostatic (A-STM Section 13 ( b ) and Table I I I
in barometric pressure is less than 0.01
control. not included.)
per cent for any tank temperature be-
(d) The gas and combustion air enter tween 60 and 90 F. However, calorime-
the calorimeter burnersaturatedwith ters are adjusted as nearly as possible to Precision
water vapor at the temperature of the the prevailing barometric pressure of the la. (u) The reproducibility of three
tank, and the exit, flue gases (product of locality in which they are used. calorimeters was .followedover a 4-yr
combustion plus excess air) are also (f) RelativeAtmospheric Humidity.- period: The calorimeters were standard-
saturated with water vapor at the tem- This effect is eliminated because all the ized withmethane weekly. A rigid control
perature to which they are cooled by the gases and air passing through the calo- was maintained over the room tempera-
heat-absorbing air. Because of the con- rimeter are saturated with water vapor ture so that no errors were caused by a
traction involume ~7hichtakes place in the meters at the operating tempera- change in the tank water temperature.
when most gases are burned under con- ture. An analysis of the data indicated that 1
ditions inwhich the water formedis -
(g) Bleeder Burtter Chinzney Effect.- week after standardization about 95 per
condensed to the liquid state, the total The bleeder burner of the calorimeter is cent of the errors were less than 0.3 per
volume of the flue gases will usually be located above the water level in the tank. cent with a few errors as high as 0.5 per
less than that of the entering gas plus Consequently, the gas pressure inthe cent. It is expected that errors greater
combustion air. Hence, if the flue gases inle't chamber of the gas meterwill vary, than these may be found if the period be-
werecooled tothetemperature of the dependent uponits height above the tank tweenchecking against thestandard
entering gas, more water vapor would be water. This difference in pressure is too methane is greater than 1 week.
condensed than was formed in the com- small to affect the density of the gas (b) In general, therefore, when the
bustion reaction and, consequently, the appreciably, butit is large enough to apparatus is operated in accordance with
quantity of heat imparted to the heat- have asignificant effect onthe water level the instruction manual under controlled
absorbing airwould be greater than that in the meter, and therefore the quantity conditions of temperature, and continues
corresponding to the total heating value of gas deliveredby itper revolution. The to operate at very close tothe same
of the gas, that is, corresponding to the effectiveheight of the bleeder burner temperature a t which it was calibrated,
condensationof only the water formed in above the water tank has been set at 8; the precision will probably be within 0.3
combustion, Thiseffect ispartially elimi- in. (Nott 12)Because the test gas and per cent. This is also based on industry-
nated by the fact that the burner and standard methane are of approximately wideperformance over thepast few
burner housing are so designed that the the same density, the chimney effect is years.
exit gasesleave the calorimeter at a abogt the samefor both gases and hence
temperature somewhat higher than that does not introduce any appreciable error
of the entering gas and air, and therefore intothe reading of thetest gas. It is
carry off morewater vapor thanthey important that thebleeder burner should
would if cooled to the initial temperature not be piped to some other location, and
86

ASME P T C * 3 * 3 6 9 I0 7 5 7 6 7 0 0053586 3 m
GASEOUS FUELS
APPENDIX I (g) Check the orifice cap on the combustion ( d ) Perform the air-gas ratio test.
air meter autletfor any obstructionof the orifice. (e) Perform the over-all accuracy check of
(h) Remove and clean the inlet thermometer the calorimeter,using the appropriatestand-
MAINTENANCE and passage in the burner jacket using an ap- ardizing gas.
propriate brush,
(i) Remove and clean the burner cap, fluted
General Care: tube, combustion tube, and inlet gas tube,using
anappropriatebrush. Take careinhandling APPENDIX LI
Al. (a) Tank Unit: the fluted tube and burner capso as not to bend
(1) When lubricating tank unit parts, care any of the parts. Do not scrape the burner parts
should be exercised not to allow any grease or with sharp instruments to remove any deposits. OPERATINGPRECAUTIONS
oil to drop into the water. Lubrication should Before reassembling the bufiFparts, examine Tank Unit:
be applied sparingly. each of them for defects and, if found, replace
(2) Periodically check places where oil BI. (a) Calibrate the instrument weekly.
with new parts.Alightcoating of petroleum (b) Theinlet pressureusedshouldbe the
might accumulate and drip ontothe mater. jellyshould be added to the threaded ends to
(3) The inside of the tank unit requires no same for both calibration and subsequent oper-
facilitate future removal.When the inlet gas ation.
paint. If any problem of organic growth is en- tube, combustion tube,and fluted tubehave
countered,.distiIled water should be used. (G) Following the weeklycare,Section A?,,
beenreinstalled,check to be sure that each will eliminate the following adverse conditions:
(4) When the tank unit is overhauled, all tube iscentered in the tube in which it is lo-
the underwaterparts shouldbe thoroughly (1) Chemical reactions insome of the burner
cated. parts cause gradual accumulation of insulating
cleaned usinga brush andcloth. Flush the meters ( j ) Whenlighting the burner,note the ap-
with water to remove any sediment. compounds which affect absorption of heat.
pearance of the flame for proper combustion,
(5) If the tank unit is refilled with mater, (k) Check the operation of the water pump (2) Dust from the air andgastends to
adjust the temperature so that it is from 2 to accumulate in the gas and air orifices and in the
to be sure that water is being delivered to the
5 E below the room temperature. main tank. fins of the fluted tube.
(b) Recorder: (L) Check the condition of the overflow weir (3) Phy.sical particles of slime tendto
(1) Lubrication of mechanical parts of the surface. accumulate inthe several meters.
recorder should bedone sparingly. (m) Perform weekly gas standardization (4) Appreciable wear of meter bearings.
(2) Examine the slidewiresoccasionally check of the calorimeter, if this procedure has (5) The surfacetensioncharacteristics of
for any evidence of wear or corrosion. been established. the water at the weir can change, causing some
(3) The application of a small amount of deleterious effect upon the efficiency of the in-
petroleumjelly to the slide wires with a lint- Monthly Care: strument.
free cloth is recommended to prevent wear and A3. (a) Check the inletthermometerand ReGwder Unil:
corrosion. .remove any accumulation of dust and dirt.
(b) Check the condition of the tank water. B2. (a) Sensitivity or response to small
(c) Maifrtenatzce Record:
(c) Make a cold balance test, heating value changes can vary because of suck
(1) Detailedmaintenanceinstructionsare
included ln the appropriatemanual provided things as excessive tolerances of moving parts,
(d)Lubricate the recorder in accordance with
by the manufacturer. the manufacturer’s instructions. the fineness of adjustment of the resettinglevers,
(2) Besure to record theresults of all the degree of tension in the suspension strips,
(e) Check the chart recordfor operation of
tests performed, indicating, where possible, the the pen. the presence of oil 6lm or dust on the fiber
readings before and after any adjustments were (r) Change the recorder chart roll. pointer, imperfect contact with the slide wire, or
made. Also record the replacement of any parts (g) Check the mechanical operation of thethe change in efficiency of the rectifier.
or the necessity for any unusual maintenance. recorder. Where required, check the mechanical (b) Also, variations in the humidity of the
balance of the galvanometer andrecorder mech- room as well as improper tolerances on the ad-
Weekly Care: anism. justment of the rolls cancause differences in
agreement between the scale and chart, amount-
A2. (d Check and record the room and Four-Mont11Care: ing to as much as 2 Btu.
tank temperatures. (C) Forany specific summation of all such
lb) Fill theauxiliarystoragetank tothe A4. (u) Follow all instructionsfor weekly
and monthly care,’exercising special precautions effectsupon the recorded heatingvalue, the
proper level with water of approximately room cold balance rheostat or the baffle in the burner
temperature. in the inspection to detectirregularitiesin
jacket can be changed in a direction that will
(c) Check the lubrication of the tankunit adjustment and the mechanical condition of the cause the pen on the properly aligned chart to
and-recorder. parts of both the tank unit and the recorder, indicate a heating value in agreement with the
(d)Check the main burner water seal. (b) If thetankwatercontains suspended heating value of the calibrating gas.However,
(e) Emptythecondensatedrippan. If no solids or examination shows an accumulation of no change greater than 0.15 per cent shall, be
condensate is found in the pan, it will be evi- algae, the water shouldbereplaced. If more attempted. But even when the calibration is in
dence that the main burner water seal requires frequentreplacement seems to be necessary, progress or during any subsequent time interval,
attention and additionof water. the use of distilled mater is recommended. slight changes in some of the mentioned factors
( r ) Remove and clean with a wooden tooth- (c) Perform the lubrication suggested by the can bring about a somewhat different summation
pick the primary and secondary airorifice caps. manufacturer a t this period. of effects.
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF GAS - SPECIFIC GRAVITY
a7

M-177 gives greater detail than is given been omitted because the manufacturer reason no particular instrument for this
herein orin ASTM D 1070-63 on the has discontinued this particular insfru- application is described in detail. Instead
apparatus described and alsodescribes ment. No extensive investigation has some of the instruments now offered for
a number of other makes of apparatus of been made of the instruments currently this application are listed giving the
the same and of different types. available for measuring a continuous gas method of operation.
The recordihg displacement balance sample such as was’made by the National
described in D 1070-63 as Method C has Bureau of Standards in 1941. For this
SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF GASEOUS FUELS
Adapted from ASTM Designation: D 1070-63
(Detaileddescription of adisplacementtypebalancehasbeen
omitted along with details on the care of a pressure type balance.)
Scope Application of Methods Terminology

1. (a) These methods are for deter- (ASTM Section 2 replaced b yt h e 3. The most important terms used in
mining the specific gravity of gaseous following.) the determination of the specific gravity
fuels, ixluding liquefied petroleum gases, of gaseous fuels are as follows:
2. ( a ) The direct weighing method is
in the gaseous state at normal tempera- (u) Density.-Mass per unit of volume
intended for reference and check test of the fuel gas or air being considered,
tures andpressures. The apparatusspeci-
fied is sufficiently varied in nature so that purposes and for calibrations. (a) Gaseous Fuel.-Material to be
one or more of the methods described ( b ) The direct weighing method shall tested, as sampled, without change of
may beemployedfor laboratory, con- beemployed (1) for determinations re- composition by drying or otherwise,
trol, reference, or infact for any purpose quiring exceptional accuracy, and ( 2 ) (c) RelativeHumidity.-Ratio of ac-
where it is desired to know the relative for determination of the specific gravity tual pressure of existing water vapor to
density of a gas or gases as compared to of gases to be used for the calibration of maximum possible pressure of water
the density of dry airat the same temper- specific gravity instruments. As this pro- vapor in the atmosphere a t thesaiae
ature andpressure, temperature, expressed as a percentage.
cedure is not practical forfield deter-
(b) These methods are based on the (d) Sjecijïc Gravity.-Ratio of the
minations, an acceptable field method density of the gaseous fuel, under the
assumption that fuelgases tested for
specific gravity do not deviate from the has been included employing a pressure observed conditions of temperature and
fundamental laws governing the tem- balance, the Ac-Me Gravity Balance pressure, to the density of dried air, of
peratureand pressure relationships of (four-spring type). Themethod of oper- normal carbon dioxide content, a t the
ideal gases. This assumption can be ation is explained in sufficient detail to same temperatureand pressure.
made safely because, within the range of permit the .observer to make measure-
temperatures and pressures used in the ments readily and accurately, providing Accuracy
measurement of the specific gravity of the instructions given in these methods (ASTM Section 4 replfcedbythe
fuel gases, any such deviation is’ neg- are properly followed. I t is not intended f0110wing.)
ligible in its effect on specific gravity. to imply that thereare not other equally 4. The apparatus described in these
accurateandsatisfactoryinstruments methods for the determination of the
commerciallyavailable, or thatothers specific gravities of individual samples
(ASTM Section l ( c ) not included.) will not be developedin the future. of gaseous fuel may be expected to give
88

ASME PTC*3.3 h7 II% 0 7 5 7 b 7 0 0053588
GASEOUS FUELS
results which are accuratewithinplus type vary in size, method of supporting 5 C (9 F) above room temperature. Place
or minus two per cent. The degree of thebalance beam, sealing the balance the two flasks in the bath and connect
accuracy can be proved by comparison case, and other minor details of construc- themtothe manifold by thetapered
with results obtained by applying the tion. They are all subject, however, to ground joints. The joints shall be lubri-
direct weighing method to theiame corrections and errors of the same kind, cated with care to prevent getting any
although not necessarily of the same lubricant inside the tube where it would
sample or samples of fuel gas. An error be difsculttoremove.Evacuateand
of two per cent in the determination of magnitude. The Ac-Me Balance (four- fill each flask three times. Fill one flask
specific gravity affects by about one per spring type), which is described herein with the. gas to be tested, and fill the
cent the measurementof fuel gas flow by in Sections 10 to 16, is a typical example otherwith purified outdoorair,Leave
a meter employing an orifice, a pitot, or of a pressure balance. A partial list of a slight excess óf pressure (a centimeter
venturi tube. pressure balances being marketed for or two of water column is sufficient) in
measuring thespecific gravity of gaseous each flask after the last filling. Close the
Types of Test fuels is given in thetable at end of valves and allow the flasks to remain 30
section on Principles of Other Methods min. to reach thetemperature of the
(ASTM Section 5 replaced b y the bath; then arrange the manifold valves
for Determining Specific Gravity.
jollowitzg.) to permitpurginggasandair tothe
5. Thesemethods covertwoproce- outer atmosphere through the small tubes
dures for determining the specific gravity provided to preventback-difFusion. After
of individual samples of gaseousfuels, (ASTM Sectiotz 6 ?tot itzclzJded.) these tubes have been purged with the
METHOD A. DIRECT WEIGHING sample gas and with purified air, respec-
using different types of apparatus,as tively, open the valves of the flasks for
follows: Apparatus
7. The apparatus shall consist of the about 5 sec. to permit equalization of
(a) Direct Weighittg Method-This pressure. The gases in the flasks will be
method involves the differential weighing following:
slightly chilled by expansion, possibly
on an accurate balance of two suitable (a) Balame.-An analytical balance unequally. Again leave the flasks closed
containers of as nearly as possible equal with a capacityof a t least 250 g, a sensi- for about 5 min., during which time re-
weight and volume, each filledsucces- tivityunderthat load of 0.1 mg, and cord the barometric reading. Again open
1 sively withgas andairunder similar room for the suspension of a 1-liter, or at the flasks to the air for 1 sec. and close
least OS-liter, round flask fromeach the valves,
conditions of temperature and pressure.
balance-arm, Remove the flasks from the bath and
(The pressure is always approximately carefully clean them; then hangthem in
atmospheric pressure.) The samples are ( b ) Flasks.-Two glass flasks with
place on the balance and leave for 30
reversed and reweighed, thusdoubling well-ground stopcocks and connecting
min. to attain the temperature of the
the difference in weightand canceling tubeswithstandard-tapermale ends, balance case. In very dry weather, static
errors from several sources. Provided this The flasks mustbe closely matched in charges maygive trouble. If they do, the
method is properly applied, it is possible such a way as to identify one from the Basks should beexposed momentarily
to make specific gravity determinations other . tosteamfrom boiling distilled water
with an accuracy of a t least one order of (c) Bath.-A thermostatcapable of before hanging in the balance. After the
magnitude greater than can be achieved maintainingatemperatureconstant to flasks have been in the case for a half-
by any of the instruments now commer- 0.1"C (0.2") in a bath with room for the hour,bring the balance to equilibrium
cially available. The apparatus required, two flasks mentioned-aboveand facilities byadding weights to one side or the
recommended procedure, and calcula- for supporting and connecting them and other.
manipulatingtheir stopcocks. (b) Repeat the procedureexactly as
tions required for this method are given
(d) Manifold.-Facilities and connec- before except thatthe flask that for-
in detail in. Sections 7 to 9. tions in a permanent manifold for evacu- merlycontained purified air now shall
( b ) PressureBalames-Inthistype ating the flasks, for supplying them with be filled with gas, and vice wwsa. Weigh
of apparatus a beam carrying a bulb and the sample to be weighed and with puri- the same flask on the same balance pan
counterweightis brought to balance, suc- fied outdoor air, and for connecting regardless of its contents.
cessively in air and in gas, by adjusting them to the outer air without danger of (c) The accuracy of controls and ma-
the pressure within the balancecase; the contamination by diffusion. nipulation can and should be checked to
(e) Barometer.-An accurate mercurial the satisfaction of the observer by con-
absolute pressures are determined by ducting a determination of the specific
means of abarometerand a mercury- barometer.
gravity of air in the place of the gas.
filled manometer; and the specific grav- Procedure Deviation of the valueobtainedfrom
ity is computed fromtheratio of the 8. (a) Adjust the thermostat to a tem- unity will give a good idea of the overall
absolute pressures. Instruments of this perature it fewdegrees, not more than accuracy of any determination madeby
89
.~ ...-

the direct weighing method. equilibrium is established. tion of samples. This accessory is
equipped with check valves and may be
Calculations employed to obtain either a vacuum or a
9. Calculate the specific gravity of the pressure. An accompanying mercury
gaseousfuelby means of Eq. 3 below,
whichis derived as follows:
BZ 7z P2
+
X V Z D ~ (WrL.. . . (2)
manometer has tubes of 5.0- to 6.0-mm.
bore mounted in a channel 2 in, wide
B1 = weight of flask I, Subtracting Eq. 2 from Eq. 1 and made of a cast aluminum alloy, with a
B, = weight of flask 2, solving for Do/Da, removable sliding cover and metal plugs
V1 = volume of gas inflask 1 a t 760
mm. - -
of mercury and the tem- Specific gravity = D, PZ VI
perature of the bath,
+
Da P I V PI I
PI V1
VI
to prevent spillage of mercury during
transit. A millimeter scale with the zero
at the center is stamped onan adjustable
V , = volume of gas inflask 2 a t 760 strip of thinmetal mounted betweep
mm. of mercury andatthe the glass tubes of the manometer. The
temperature of thebath, lateittype of a ù dryer supplied with
D, = density of air a t 760 mm. of Two assumptions are involved in this this instrument is made of transparent
mercury and a t the tempera- derivation: (1) that the temperatu‘re re- plastic tubing which permits ready ob-
ture of the bath, mains constant, and (2) it is permissible servation of thedryingagent (“indi-
Do = density of the gas a t 760 mm. to make a linear extrapolation from pre- cating” silica gel). This material changes
of mercury and a t the tem- vailing barometric pressure to 760 mm. color when excessive quantities of mois-
perature of the, bath, of mercury with both a ù and gas. tureare absorbed. This accessory is
(WJland (W J ) = ~ weights added to METHODB. AC-ME GRAVITYBALANCE mounted on the aluminum base and is
right pan and left pan, respec- (FOUR-SPRLNG TYPE)
connected to the valve on the container
tively, to produce balance dur- by a short length of Tygon tubing.
ing the first weighing, and Apparatus (c) Connections from the balance
(W,), and (WJ,= weights added to 10. The apparatus (Appendix II), is case to thehand pump are made through
right pan and left pan, respec- cylindrical, in shape, approximately 6 needle valves and heavy rubber tubing
tively, to produce balance after in. in outside diameter, and roughly equipped with metal union fittings. The
interchanging gas and airin the 20 in. in length (see Fig. 1 in Section 14 connection tothe mercury manometer
flasks. and Figs. 4 and 5 in Appendù II). It is is also through a needle valve. A fourth
At the prevailing barometric pressure, mounted on a cast aluminum base pro- needle valve permits controlled dis-
P,and the constant temperature of the vided with leveling screws and may be charge of any excess pressure without
bath, the quantity of gas in flask 1 (re- supported either on a table or a tripod. disconnecting the balance from either
duced to units of volume a t 760 mm.) Its table height is about 11 in. When thepumpor gas supply.
(d) As indicated by Fig. 4, the Ac-Me
was (P/760)V1, andthequantity in mounted onthe accompanying tripod
flask 2 was (P/760)V*. Assumeflask 1 stand, with accessories, tripod, manom- balance beam is a metal rod with a large
to contain gas and flask 2 to contain air, eter, a ù dryer, pump, and hose connec- bulb a t one end and large and small ad-
both a t a pressure of Pl millimeters of tions, its height is roughly 64 in. The justable coùnter weights provided with
mercury, The weight of gas in flask 1 is complete apparatus weighs about 76 lb. lock nuts a t the other. A cross-arm a t
(P1/760)V1D,.Likewise, the weight of The essential features of the apparatus the center of gravity of the beam is pro-
the a ù in flask 2 is (P1/760)V2Da. AS- are described in the following Paragraphs vided with screw clamps for attaching
sume also that flask 1 is placed on the ( 4 to (4. metal suspension stripsand a short
left balance pan and flask 2 is placed on (u) The balance beam is suspended threaded vertical rod carrying a weight
the right, When a weight equilibrium from a frame attached to the face plate. which regulates thesensitivity of the
has been established, the following is This frame in turn slides into a cylinder, apparatus.Fourthinmetal suspension
true: to the open end of which the face plate strips, two a t either end of the cross-
is attached by
cap screws. Rubber arm, are supplied in this type of balance.
BI + P1
-
760
+
X V I D , (WJl gaskets are employed to ensure gas- Viewed from the side they form a narrow
tightness of the complete assembly. A topped X, a true Cardan suspension (see
+ P1
+
= B2 - x V l D . Q V A I . . . .(I)
160
plastic window in the face plate permits Fig. 5 ) although of rather extreme form.
observation of a scale attachedtothe The suspension springs are phosphor
The gas and air are interchanged in beam as well as a thermometer which is bronze and are roughly 0.001 in. thick
the flasks, the temperature of thg bath supported from the frame. Both scale andabout in.wide. This assembly is
remaining constant, while the atmos- and thermometer are located within the so arranged and fitted that it prevents
pheric pressure may have changed so cylinder case. lateral motion. Moreover, the construc-
that both flasks are now a t a pressure (b) A hand pump of the reciprocating tion of this particular model permits the
Pt. Asbefore, with flask 1 onthe left plunger type, supplied by the manufac- balance beam to be raised and locked
panand flask 2 on theright pan, an turer of the balance, ai& in the collec. securely in place by means of a cam on a
.
.
.z
ASME P T C * 3 * . 3 ' h 7 W 0757b70..0053570 O W
GASEOUS FUELS
shaft,theshaft extendingthrougha
packed joint to the outside of the bal-
ance case.
Assembly of Apparatus
11. (a) Selling Up Tripod.-Set up
the tripod in the shade and out of the
wind, if possible. If on sloping ground,
loosen the wing nuts on the legs and ad-
just so that the base is approximately
level, tighten the wing nuts and tighten
the thumb screw on the spider. If the
tripod is set on loose, sandyground,
boards should be placed under the tri-
pod legs.
(b) MozmtingBalance on Tripod,-
Lift the balance by the case and screw
it onto the tripod. Unhook and remove
the case, using it as a stool during the P: Pressure-VocuuA
test. Level the balance with the leveling Pump
v; Vacuum Sida
nuts, K,Fig. 4, and lock with wing nuts, o f Pump
U,underneath the base board. P: Pressura Side
of Pump
(c) Allaching Manomeler.-Attach the A.D: Air Dryer
manometer by the bracket to the base
board,Attachthe hose (23-ft. length)
connecting the manometer to the third
valve onthe balance and open the valve.
Be sure that the bonneton this valve is (e) (1)
pulled down suf3ìcientlyto prevent leaks,
Fill the manometerwithmercury to FIO.1.-Connection Diagram for Ac-Me Gravity Balance (Four-Spring Type).
zero,
the outlet of the pump (pressure side) between the inlet (vacuum side) of the
Procedure through the air dryer to valve 1 of the pump and valve 2 of the balance. Con-
12. In determining the specific grav- halance(seeFig. 1, (c)), openvalve nect valve 4 to the supply of gas but do
ity of a gas the following four readings 1, and compress the air within the bal- not open it. The connection is made a t
shouldbemade and recorded as de- anceuntilthemanometer,connected this time to avoid a possible disturbance
scribed in Sections 13 to 17: average throughvalve 3, shows apressure of of the balance after the air reading is
barometer reading, air reading, gas read- about 650 mm. above atmospheric; then taken. Connections will nowbe asshown
ing, and air check reading. These read- close valve 1. Tap the manometer alter- in Fig. 1 (e).Open valve 2, reduce the
ings shouldallbemadewithout any nately on bothsides several times until a pressure in the balance toabout 650
change in the adjustment or position of steady reading is obtained. Read the mm. below atmospheric, close valve 2,
the balance. Thetemperature in the temperaturewithinthebalance case, and observe the manometerduring 5
balance should be recorded for each of At the end of 5 min. again tap the min. to determineleakage as before.
the air, gas, and air check readings and manometer and read the temperature. (There may be leakage in one direction
the level should be checked before and If any decrease of pressure has occurred but not in the other.)
after each reading,,particularly when the that is not fully accountedfor by a (c) Admit Air lo theBalance.-When
balance is on a tripod in the field. The cooling of the balance, or if the tempera- the tightness of the system is assured,
precautions described in Appendices I ture has increased without a correspond- admit air slowly through the dryer and
and II should be observed. ing increase of pressure, leakage is indi- valve 1 until atmospheric pressure is
Average Barometer
Reading cated,The leak can usually befound reached. Repeat the exhaustion and re-
with the aid of soapsuds and must be filling of the balance to assure adequate
13. Readthebarometer atthe be- purging and again exhaust. Check the
ginning and a t the end of each test and repaired before an accurate determina-
tion of specific gravity can be made. level of the balance carefully.Unlock
record on the reportsheet the average of the balance beam by turning thelocking
these tworeadings. (b) Connect Vacuum Pump.-When
the balance has been found tight under lever counter-clockwise; the beam will
Air Reading positive pressure, disconnect the hose then be in an unbalanced position with
14. (a) Connecl Air &yer.-Connect from the pump to the dryer and attach the zero above the hairline indicator. Ad-

ASME PERFORMANCE TEST
CODES
mitairthroughvalve 1 andairdryer had under apressure above atmospheric, it 'is important in avoiding condensation
until the beam has reached the balanced the pump sheuld be connected through to have the pressure within the balance
position as indicated in Fig. 1 (b). the air dryer and enough air introduced as nearly as possible equal tothat in
(d) Avoid Parallax. - Errorsfrom to produce an unbalanced position of the the line and never a t a higher absolute
parallax may be very largein this ap- beam with the zero below the index line. pressure than that in the line.
paratus unlessspecial precautions are Airshould thenbe releasedfrom ,the (b) Adjust Balance and Attach Hose.-
taken. It is very ditlicult to obtain an balance through valve 2 and the beam Adjust the apparatus to balance on gas
acmrate reading from the relative posi- brought to a balancedposition in a man- at a pressure about 20 mm. less than that
tions of the index line andthe scale, ner similar to that outlined above, Keep in the line (see Appendix I). Attach the
the balance beam locked except when it hose (74ft. length) connectingvalve
However, parallax can be avoided almost 4 tothe. gassupply;then attachthe
completely by arranging a light to cast is being balanced.
hose(53-ft. length) connectingvalve 2
a shadow of the index line on the scale Gas Reading for Gas Under Pressure with thepumpvacuumandthe hose
and reading the position of the shadow. 15. (a) Operation of Valves.-Close (Si-ft. length) connecting the pump
The light must, of course, have a fixed valve 1 on the air dryer; thenopen valve
2, and exhaust the balance to a pressure
pressure to the gas supply (Fig. 1 u)),
positioninrelation to the balance and In cases of nearly complete vacuum it
comefrom a sharp source, such as the about 650 mm.below atmospheric and will be necessary to use a rotary
miniature bulb of a flashlight. close valve 2. pump instead of the Ac-Me hand
(e) Oscillation of Beam.-The charac- (b)
AdmitGas lo the Balance. - Pump.
teristics of the suspension or its relation Through valve 4 (Fig. 1 (e)), admit gas (c) Purge Balance.-Open valve 4 and
to the center of the scale are such that intothebalanceuntilthemanometer valve 2; then, by means of the pump,
a different pressure is required to pro- reads 650 mm. above atmospheric pres- pull gasthrough the balancepurging
duce a large oscillation equally divided sure. it until twosuccessive readings(Para-
on both sides of +hezero than to produce (c)Repeat Paragraph (a) and (b).- graph ( d ) ) willcheck.
small
a oscillation. The position of Repeat the operations described in (d) Admit Gasand Balance the Beam.-
balancecanbe judged less accurately Paragraphs (a) and (b) a t least two more Close valve 4 and pull as high a vacuum
when the oscillation is large than when times,
while
keeping the connection as possible on the balance. Close valve
it is small; hence, the oscillation should between the gas supply and the balance 2. Unlock the balanceand admit gas
be reduced to a small value of not more under pressure a t all times, The first into it through valve 4 until the beam
than three scaledivisions on each side operation leaves about 8 per cent of air has reached the balanced position,
of the zero before balance is considered in the balance. The second leaves about (e)Lock Balance a d Read Manom-
to have been achieved, and this ampli- 8 per cent of the 8 per cent mixture, or eter.-Lock the balance; tap the manom-
tude as well as the position of the mid- 0.64 percent of air.Thethird leaves eterwith alternate series of light taps
point must be duplicated with accuracy about 8 percent of the 0.64 percent on each side; read the position of the
a t each setting. In bringing the balance mixture or 0.05 per cent of air. Presence meniscus on each side of the manometer
to equilibrium, airmaybeadmitted of this very small amount of air would to the nearest half 'millimeter; and re-
rapidly at first, butasthe balanced result in negligible error in the deter- cord the sum of the readings (distances
position is approached air should be ad- mination of specific gravity. If the bal- from the center of the scale),which is
mitted in smaller and smaller incre- ance is purged by blowing gas through the gas reading. Verify the level of the
mentsuntil balanceis obtained. After it, the purging shouldbe continued until balance, and record the temperature
some practice the amplitude of the os- two successive readings (Paragraph (d)) within it.
cillations of the beam can be controlled willcheck.
by timing the small changes of pressure (d) Balance the Beam.-Unlock the Air Check Reading
asthe balance point is approached. balance and release gas pressure thrciugh 17. (a) Disconnect Hose from Gat
(j) Lock the Balance and Read Manom- valve 2 until the balanced position of the Supply.-Disconnect hose from the gas
eter.--lock the balance; tap themanom- beam is reached, using the same pro- supply to pressure connection on vacuum
eterwithalternate series of light taps cedure as in balancingwith air. Lock pump, but to avoid disturbing the bal-"
on each side; read the position of the the balance. Tapthe manometerand ance more than is necessary, do not dis-
meniscus on each side of the manometer read and record the gas pressure shown, connect the onefromvalve 4 of the
to the nearest half millimeter; and re- Verify the level of the balance and record balance. Open valve 2 and evacuate the
its temperature.
cord the sum of the readings (distances balance to a pressure about 650 mm. be-
from the center of .the scale), which is Gas Readingfor Gas Under Partial low atmospheric.
the air reading. Verify the level of the Vacuum
instrument, and record the temperature 16. (a) Avoid Condensation of Hydro- (b)AdmitAir.-Admit air through
withinthe balance. carbons.-When makingareadingon the air dryer and valve 1 until atmos-
(g) Air Reading AboveAtmospheric gas that is under a partial vacuum and pheric pressure is reached. Close valve 1.
Pressure.-If theairreading is to be has a high content of natural gasoline, (c) Refied Parugruphs (u) und (b).--

ASME P T C x 3 . 3 h7 W 0757670 0053572 4 W
GASEOUS FUELS
Repeat the
operations described in NOTE1.-If a mercury barometeris used densate does appear, the test shouldbeelimi-
the last sentence of Paragraph (u) and and i t is at the a m e temperature as themanom- nated, the balance purged by evacuating several
eter, and if this temperature does notchange times, and the testa repeated at lower balance
in Paragraph (b) a t least two more times, pressure.
between the air and gas readings, no correction
or until successive readings (Paragraph of eitherbarometer or manometer will be
(a)) will check. needed since it will cancel out when ratios are Propane and Gasolins Vapors:
(a) Evacuate Balance.-Again evacu- taken; otherwise all readings of both barometer A2. A source of error, whichbecomes ap-
ate thebalance, close vahe 2, unlock the and manometer should be corrected af all timu. preciable with propane and may be very large
Reference should be made to Appendix III for when the gas contains much gasoline vapor or
beam, and admit air through the . w e r a discussion of the correctians to bc applied, even butane, is,absorption in the great lengths
to bring the beam to the balanced posi- NOTE2: Exampls.-A ample calculation ir of rubber tubing used, and possibly also in the
tion, as when taking the &st air reading aa folIows: rubber gasket material. The exposed surface of
(Section 14). Lock the balance, read and thelatter shouldbe kept a t a minimumand
record the pressureshown by the manom- whenever practicable the rubber tubing should
be replaced by metal. If rubber tubing must be
eter, verify the level of the balance, and used, it should be presaturated with the gas to
record the temperature. This is a very be tested bypermittìngaslow flow of gas through
mm. ...........-
important check on the accuracy of the it, overnight. if practicable. The tube usedfor
test andrequires little extra timeif more
determinations are to be made, because
the balance must be purged of gas and
Barometer reading
746
Air reading..
Cas reading...............
-105
75
+
+ 746
716
-- 641
811
gas should .never be used for air. It gases of
approximately the samecomposition are to be
tested in succession, it will be desirable to keep
filled with dry air for the next test any-
way. If the next test is to be made imme-
Specific gravity-
Nr check reading..,,,
n e e air pressure
atsolutegas prenaurc I
-105
641
G I O.”’
air out of the gas tubing by stoppering the ends
when not in use.
Terling for Leakagr:
diately, the air-check test of one deter-
mination serves as the first a k reading A3. The balance should be tested for leakage
after every assembly or any change that might
of the next determination if the balance When there is a difference between the mean of result in leakage, and at frequent intervalseven
is not moved. the twotemperatures for the “air readings” when it remains undisturbed. Sometimes leakage
(e) Close All Valves When Test i s and the temperature for the “gaS reading,” the will occur in one direction but not in the other;
Comjtelul.-When thetesthas been pressures shouldbemultiplied by the inverse hence the tests should be made with pressures
ratio of absolute temperatures to give the true both aboveand below atmospheric. The con-
completed close all valves onthe balance; nected manometer maka testing simple. When
also close the cock on the air dryer to specific gravity, 81 follows:
practicable, the sample line and valve should be
prevent moistening of the drying mate- kept under slight pressure at all times to assure
rial. Be sure that the balancebeam is against the leakage of air through connections
locked. and valve packing.
Calculations Barometer reading -

mm. .......... -190 550 103 5h3
18. (u) When an aneroid barometer is Air740reading
Tapping d.lanometer:
A4. The manometer mustbe tapped carefully
before reading, The manometers supplied with
used it should be checked periodically Gas reading..... ... -386 354 92 552
this apparatus are rather difficult to read with
Air check recding -196.5 543.5 97 557
with a mercury barometer, the reading Average of al accuracy, L i e s of the scale must be mentally
readings.. ..
of which has been reduced to O C. (32 extrapolated to the highest
point of each
F‘). Aneroid barometersespecially de- Spcelfic gravity Pa
signed for use with specific gravity
& x TT#
. - 546*8 x
354 x 560
I $22 - meniscus; at thesame time all possible care
should be taken to avoid parallax.
balancescompensatefornormaltem- Clean Mercury:
perature changes, The effect of tempera- Excessivechanges of both temperature and AS. A principal source of irregular error in one
balancingpressurewereassumed for this ex- direction is the sticking of the mercury meniscus
ture on the mercury barometer must be ample. Where such large differences occur, the inthe narrowglass tubes of the manometers.
determined and corrections applied result should usually be discarded and another Unless and until more adequate manometers are
whenever the ditlerence in readings set of observations made. supplied, about all that can be done is to clean
between the twotypes of barometers the tubes frequently and thoroughly,replace the
is significant. The aneroidbarometer mercury with
clean
and preferably recently
should bo handled v e v carefully and APPEND~X I redistilledmercury, and tap both tubes of the
manometer several timesalternately before every
be well packed fortransportation. If OPERATING PRECAUTIONS FOR THE reading, The open end of b e manometer should
the barometer reading is in inches, mul- AC-MEGRAVITY BALANCE also be protected from dirt by a filter.
tiply it by 25.4 to convert to millimeters, (FOUR-SPRINGTYPE) Vaifidion of Balance Lacl:
(b)Add the barometricpressure h A6. A careful verification of the level of the
millimeters,correctedfortemperature, “WeîGat”: balanceshould be madebefore and after each
tobothairand gaspressurereadings operation with a balance mounted on a tripod,
Al. Whenthe specific gravity of a ‘(wet” particularly in fieldwork. The levels on these
(Npte 1). Divide the absolute pressure fuel gas is h i n g determined, itis imperative balances will not serve theirpurpose un le^ they
for air by the absolute pressure for gas that the pressure in the balance be maintained are checkedregularly as a matter of routine.
roniewhat lower than the pressure at the source
to obtain the specific gravity of the gas of the sample. This procedureshould ensure Tcmpmalure of Balance:
(Note 2). againstcondensationinthe balance. If con- A7. Special care must also be taken to avoid
-~---
93
~ ~- ~~
~ ~~ ~~
~
~

everything (including
personal contact) that bustion from nearby equipment, is so constant = ratio of density of gas to density of air
wouldaffect the temperature of the balance. with respect to all constituents except water underanydefiniteconditionsofhumidity
vapor that its density when dried does not vary in each.
sufficiently to affect the limits of accuracy = the particular value of Rwhen both
APPENDIX II prescribedin this method. I t is possible,how- gas and air aresnturated.
ever,in a laboratory or compressor station to = the specific gravity of dry gas; that is,
CORRECTIONS TO SPECIXIC GRAVITIESencounter CO, concentrations far in excess of it is the particularvalue of R whenboth
MEASURED
AC-MEGRAVITY
WITH THE
BALANCE
normal. Under such circumstances a correction
for excessive carbon dioxide becomes necessary
if the maximum attainable accuracy is desired.
- gas and air are free from water vapor,
the specific gravity of gas containing a
partial pressure, g, of water vapor;
This ismosteasilyaccomplishedbyplacing that is, it is the value of R when the air
"Ascarite" or sodalimein
E&t of Davialion of Gas fromBoyle's Law: drying tube. Wben CO* is entirely removed i b
a portion of the
- is dry and the gas is not.
the partial pressure of water vapor in
effects on observedspecific gravity results are
A13. A source of error with this apparatus is negligible. In the event carbon dioxideis not - the air.
the partial pressure of water vapor in
the deviation ob the gas from Boyle's law. This removed, however, corrections for carbon dioxide
is common to all pressure balances and, in the applicable to results obtained byuse of the
case of gases containing much gasoline vapor or Ac-Me balance maybe calculated as lollows:
- the gas.
the pressure of water vapor at
saturation. (When ail is saturated,
--
evenpropane and butane, it maybe of con- a W ; when the gas
saturated,
is
siderableimportance.Specific gravity at one
atmosphere is usuallydesired.When testing a
+
S, c. R(0.9998 0.529 C,) ... , (6) d 1.1
the barometric pressure.
gar of unknown compressibility, and one that is where: = the average head of water during a
known to be constant longenough to permit S, = specific gravity with respect todry air determination, in millimetera of mer-
the measurements to bemade, tests maybe withnormal CO*content,
R = observed valueuncorrectedforcarbon cury.
conducted at different pressures,
preferably = the total pressure at which gas or air ir
above and below the pressure of special interest, dioxide inthe referencpair, +
saturated (b h).
by adjusting the load on the end of the balance 0.9998 = specific-gravity of dry air minus nor- 0.622 = the specific gravity of water vapor;
beam with a rider or counterweight. The specific mal COZcontent, that is, it is the ratio of the density of
gravities. foundunder the twoconditions are C, concentrationCO, of in reference
ait. pure water vaporto thedensityof dry air
plotted with respect to the pressure of the gas, expressed.as a fraction of the total, at the same temperature and pressure.
and an interpolation made by drawinga straight
tine through the two points and Teading from it 0.529
the specific gravity at the pressure of interest.
- and
of Cot and that of air.
The specific gravity, S, of a dry gas in terms
difference between the specific gravity of the ratio, R, of the density of gas containing
a partial pressure, g, of water vapor tothe
This methodshould not beusedfor extra- density of air containing a partial pressure, a,
polation. Cerrcclions for Humidily:
of water vapor is:
Corrections of Barometer andManometer for A16. (a) As the Ac-Me balance compares the
Tmperattwc: sample of fuel gas directly with dry air, there is
normally no correction to be made for humidity
A14.Allobservations,whetherwithbarom- when the air dryer isinuse and filled with a
eteror manometer,should
be
corrected to suitable reagent. There are specialcases.how-
O C.(32 F.) unless a mercurialbarometer and ever,forexamplein the manufactured gas in-
manometer are used at the same temperature, dustry, where it ,is sometimes desired to express The specific gravity, S,of a dry gas in terms
in which case the heights of the mercury columns specific gravity results under
some other of the ratio, R,, of the density of saturated gas
can beused without correction.When the ob- humiditycondition of gas or airthan that to that of saturated air is:
served temperature is other than O C. (32 F.) prevailing at the time of the observation. In
corrections should be calculated as follows: this particular case standards for measurement
designate a cubic foot of fuel gas as the quantity
. . .
M mPt . . . . . . . . . (5) that will fill a space of 1 CU.ft. a t a pressure of
I
where: 30 in. of mercury and 8 temperature of 60 F.

.~ ~
h1 = correctioninmillimeters of mercury to .andinequilibriumwithliquidwater. It isin-

Anotherspecialcaseof Eq. 7 wodd be the
be subtracted if the temperature of ob- convenient mth the AC-MC balance or any other specific gravity, S,, of a gas containing a partid
servation is higher *an 0, (32C. F.) or apparatus the same principle to
pressure of water vapor, g, expressedin terms
added if the observed temperature is less change the humidity of either gas or air. Con- of the specific gravity, S, of thedry gas, as
uquently, the specific gravity determined by
,~ than O C. (32 F.)l
o,ooo18 mm. per deg. Cent. or o~ooolo direct observation on a fuel gas maybe theratio
of a gas of one humidity to air of another, in
fdlows:
mm.perdeg.Fahr.,
si DreSSure to be corrected in
of mercury,and
neither
. . .of which the observer is directly in-
terested.
(b) Miscellaneous Publication "177of the
S, = S ( y )+ pg
0.622 3.. ..
(9)
I difference
between the temperature of
observation and the standard National Bureau of Standards provides several
O C.(32 F.) formulas which permit ready calculation of the Still another special case of Eq. 7 involves a
relative densities of gas and air under any con- method for
expressing the specific gravity,
Corrcclions for Carbon Dionide: dition of humidity in terms of their densities S,, under the conventional standard conditions
when dry, the density of water vapor, and the employedfor designating the heating value of
A15. h these stardardsthe Specific gravity partial pressure of each component of the fuel gas in the manufactured gas industry.
of V O U S fuela has been designated as the ratio mixtures, In othet words., thev Dermit the calcu- Here P
"
30 in. of mercury and g 5 the va-
of the density of the gas to that of dry air of lation of the relative densities of gas or air for por pressure of water at 60 F. In this case,
-
normal CO2 content, (0.03 per cent) at the same any condition of either from observations made
temperature and pressure. The composition of under any other conditions, Symbols employed
outdoor air,unmodified by products of com- in these formulas are as follows: S, + ..
0.982G 0.0108 . . . (10)
94

ASME P T C * 3 * 3 h7 E O759670 005359LI 8 W
GASEOUS FUELS
D Q O P
H ù Ni i E A
J
A-Balance beam &“in guide.

B-Bsse plate. M-Scale.
C-Coniriner. N-Aluminum rsil.
D-Cross arm. O-Lxge balance weight.
&Float. P-Small bnlznce weight.
P-F~ce. @-Sensitivity nei5ht.
&Front leas. R-Suspeadon rpnsgs.
Il-Rear l e c S-Purgin ring
I-Lift pins. T-S f i t fevel.
J-Sup~rt. ~ - & n g nut.
R-Leveling nut.
FIG. $.--i\c-Me Gravity Balance (Four-Spring Type).
FIG,S.-Ac-Me Gravity Balance Beam Cross-

Arm.
95

ASBE P T C * 3 * 3 h7 1%1 0757670 0053575
~~
T m
PRINCIPLES O F OTHaER METHODS maintain the dumbbell in balance is a measure of the specific gravity of the
FOR DETERMINING SPECIFIC linear indication of the torque created gas. This differential torque is trans-
GRAVITY by the difference in buoyancies between mitted through a lever and linkage
These cover five types of systems for the two ends of the dumbbell, which is arrangement tocontinuously indicate
determining the specific gravity of con- proportional to changes in specific grav- or.record the specificgravity.
{
tinuous samples of gaseousfuels,using ity of the sample when the reference gas (d) Orifice Pressure Differential
different types of apparatus as follows: is air.The circuitry delivers a signal Method-With this method a constant
(a) Displacement Balance-Mechani- which may be fed to a suitable indicating volume of a continuous gas sample is
cal-This
classification
covers instru- meter or astandard potentiometer re- passed through a calibrated orifice. The 6
ments that dependon the principle of corder calibrated to read specific gravity. density is measured as a function of the
balancing the weight of a given volume (c) Differential Torque Type-This difference in pressure across the orifice,
of gas by displacement of the center of type of instrument has two hollow cylin- This measurement may be considered as
gravity of a mechanical balance beam. drical chambers. Each chamber contains accurate if the pressure and temperature
The amount of this displacement, or an impeller anda companionimpulse are maintained constant or if appropriate
“deflection,” subject to correction, meas- wheel of identical construction, The im- compensation is applied. By transmitting
ures the specific gravity. These instru- pellers of the two chambers are driven the orifice differential to a suitable differ-
ments may operate at atmospheric pres- in opposite directions at equal constant ential pressure meter, variations in spe-
sure or at any controlled pressure with speed. The impeller of one ’chamber cific gravity may be indicated or re-
appropriate compensationfor the pres- draws in a continuous sample of gas corded.
sure utilized. Instruments of this class which is directed against the vanes of (e) Centrifugal Fah DifferentialPres-
may be of either the indicating or re- the companion impulse wheel after which mye-This method determines the specific
cording type. Apparatus of this general it is discharged to atmosphere. The ki- gravity of gas by measuring the differen-
classification varies even more widely in netic energy transmitted to the impulse tial pressure due to centrifugal force
construction than pressure balances (re- wheel creates a torque which is a measure between the inlet andoutlet of afan
fer to Par. Sb, page 89). of the gas density. Air is simultaneously rotated a t constant speed with a con-
(b) Displacement Balance-Electronic passed through the other chamber which tinuous gas sample passing through the
-With this principle of operation the creates. a torque on that impulse wheel fan. This differential pressure is trans-
sensing elementor balance is a tiny glass which is proportional to the air density. mitted. to a bell-type float recording
dumbbell supported on aquartz fiber The differencebetweentheopposing differential pressure gauge Calibrated to
enclosed in a chamber through which a torques oftheimpulsewheels is a show specific gravity.
continuous gas sample flows under con-
trolled pressure and temperature condi-
tions. One end of the dumbbell contains PARTIAL LIST OF INSTRUMENTS AVAILABLE FORMEASURING THE SPECIFIC
a reference gas and the other end is GRAVITY OF GASEOUS FUELS
pierced to permit the gas sample to enter.
An electrostatic field is created around Ac-MeBalance
Ac-Me Gravity
Specific (1)
Junior S ecific Gravit Balance (1)
one end of the dumbbell which is coated Arcco-Anubisf’ortable Gas balance (2)
GasDensityBalance,Edwards (3)
with rhodium to make it conductive. The
dumbbell is maintained in balance by DisplacementBalance-Mechanical Ac-Me RecordinGas Gravitometer (1)
Arcco-Anubissa ! ( Gravitometer (2)
varying the electric potential to this UGC Instruments Gravitometer (4)
field, A mirror affixed to the dumbbell’s DisplacementBalance-ElectronicBeckmanContinuousGasDensityBalance (5)
axis reflects a beam of light on a dividing Differential
Torque
Ranarex
Gas
Gravitometer (6)
mirror ivhich. splits the beam equally OrificeDifferentialPressureSystemHaganGasDensityMeasuringSystem (7)
between tlvo photocellswhen the dumb- Centrifugal FanDifferentialPressure MetricGravitometer (8)
bell is in balance. When the dumbbell is NOTES TO TABLE ABOVE
unbalanced, the light reflected to the two (1) Chandler Instrument Company, Tulsa, Oklahoma
photocells is unequal. This difference (2)
(3)
Arcco Instrument Company, Inc., Los Angeles,California
Arthur H. Thomas Company, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
signal isamplified and becomes the (4) UGC, Instruments Division, United Gas Corporation, Shreveport, Louisiana
balancing potential applied to the elec- (5)
(6)
Beckman Instruments, Inc., Fullerton, California
Ranarex Instrument Division, The Permutit Company, New York
trostatic field to maintain balance of the (7) Hagan Corporation, Pittsburgh; Pennsylvania
dumbbell. The potential required to (8) American Meter Company, New York, New York
/
96

ASME P T C * 3 * 3 h7 W 0757b70 0 0 5 3 5 7 b L M
GASEOUS FUELS
COMPRESSIBILITY pV = ZRT or 2 = p V / R T provideapproximate values of com-

pressibilityfactors for gases con-
For fuel gases, correction forcom- where 2 = Compressibility factor taining nonhydrocarbon components.
pressibility is of major importance in R = Molal gas constant The auxiliarypressure scale (psia)
relation to measurement of volume and p = Absolute pressure andtemperature scale (F) on the
flow a t high pressure such as those en- V = Molal specific volume chart is an example only for gas of the
countered in underground storage and in T = Absolute temperature composition .shown in the insert or for a
transmission piping. I t may also become For the ideal gas, the value of 2 is unity similar gas having an identical reduced-
significant when appreciable percentages under all conditions. For real gases, 2 pressure and reduced-temperature, By
of the heavier hydrocarbons are involved, may be equal to, less than, or greater use of the reduced pressure and tem-
because of their lower critical pressures. than unity, as referred to a standard perature scales the chart maybe applied
For the usual fuel gases, under conditions state;but this value i5 a function of tonatural hydrocarbon gases varying
normally maintained in burner piping composition, pressure, and temperature, widely in composition. Other correlation
(below 100 psig) andin analysis pro- For mixtures of gases, such values of 2 charts have been prepared (Bib. 10) for
cedures, the effects of compressibility, are unique to thecomposition because of evaluation of the compressibility range
however real, are of small magnitude,’ interaction effects between unlike mole- of various natural gascompositions based
and for purposes within the scope of this cules. on (a) measurement of specific gravity,
Code may bedisregarded without serious Accounting for compressibiIity is sig- and (b) laboratory determination of the
consequence (error probably less than nificant because the measured cubic foot minimum value of compressibility factor
0.5 per cent). of gas, a t a specified pressure and tem- at 100’F.
Natter in the gaseous phase complete- peraturemay contain more (or less) Measurement of compressibility is not
ly fills any space in which it is confined. moles of substance thanwould have been covered by a standard procedure, and is
It is therefore necessary to specify con- indicated by calculations based upon the not included in this Code since it re-
ditions of pressure, temperature, and ideal gas equation. I n consequence, a quired specialized equipment and tech-
volume to define the stateof a particular corresponding differencewould exist in niques likely to be available only in re-
quantity of substance under considera- the calculated values of mass (or of fuel search laboratories, Data for thepure
tion. The ideal gas, by definition, con- energy) delivered to thepoint of use. components of airand fuel gases are
forms to the relationship The deviation becomes more extreme as available from reference sources (Bib.
conditions approach dewpoint, where 10, 11, 1 2 ) and procedures *forcalculat-
- PV
= P V =
1 R change of phase occurs, andtherefore ing the values for mixtures have been
T Tl holds greater significance for calculations described (Bib. 10, 13, 14). Correction
R being a constant of proportionability dealing with vaporsthan for the so- factors applying to the measurement of
having the dimensions of work energy called permanent gases such as oxygen flow are covered by other ASME pub-
per degree per mole of material when and nitrogen, which are normally remote lications (Bib. 2, 3, S). Where circum-
expressed in consistent terms. from their critical states. stances justify greater refinement in the
Real gases departappreciablyfrom Correlations of compressibility data calculation of Stoichiometric data,the
this behavior, although all approach it for different gases have been made (Bib, method of Mason and Ealrin should be
when rarefied a t low pressures. Causes 10) based on the phenomenon of corres- considered. (See Bib. 14.)
ofthe deviation areattributed tothe ponding states, for which the reduced-
volume actudly occupied by the mole- pressure ( P , ) and reduced-temperature
cules,which vary in size and structure ( T r ) are used as parameters as shown in STOICHIOMETRIC
fordifferent substances, andto forces the figure on page 98, P, and T, are CALCULATIONS
acting between them, which also vary defined as the ratios of the actual to
with composition, and with the proximity the critical pressure and temperature, When the composition of fuel a
and energy of the molecules manifested respectively, for any single-component gas is known in terms of i t s con-
by pressure and temperature. While gas under consideration. For a mixture stituent gases,
as determined by
of gases, P, and T, are ratios of actual chemical o r other .analyses, the heat
separate equations of state could be writ-
value Equation (a) and specific
ten to describe the behavior of individual to molal-average critical pressure and gravityEquation (b)of the mixture
gases, it is convenient to account for the temperature, respectively, of the mix- may be calculated from corresponding
deviation by use of experimentally deter- ture. This graph is intended €or use properties of theconstituentgases
mined “Compressibility” factors applied with naturalgas and otherparaffin given in the Table XXIII on Combus-
in the general equation hydrocarbon mixtures, however, i t will tion Constan‘ts. In a similar manner, the
97

PRESSURE IN POUNDS PER SQ. IN.ABSOLUTE

O 1O 0 0 ,2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I
I l I l l l I I I
6000 7000 8000 9000 10,000
PRESSURE IN POUNDS PER SQ. IN. ABSOLUTE
Compressibility Facrors With Reduced P r e s s u r e and Temperature Coordinates for Paraffin

Hydrocarbons and Natural Gas. (Phase Relations of Gas CondensateFluids, C. Kenneth
Eilerts e t al.)
stoichiometric quantitiès Òf air required pressure and water-vapor content beof other components to the moist-gas
for combustion and the gaseous products tween actual and standardor other refer- basis. Water-vapor content (per cent by
of combustion may be calculated by use ence conditions. volume) is measured by its partial pres-
of multiplying factors given in the Table Since the fuel gas analysis is usually sure in the moist-gas mixture Equation
XII1 on Combustion Constants. An ex- reported on a moisture-free basis, and (c), and may be evaluated a t dewpoint
ample of these calculations is shown water-vapor content is subject to varia- temperature by means of data obtained
intheTable XXIV on Calculation tion, it is convenient to make separate from tables for saturated steam or read
from Fuel Gas Analysis. calculation for the mixture of dry gases directly from the graph on Water Vapor
Calculations may be made on the and to make subsequent corrections for Content of Moist Fuel Gas.
weight (lb), volume (CU ft) or molal moisture. Alternatively, the moisture Change of volume attributable to dif-
(pound mole) basis. Consideration must may be indluded as an item of the analy- ferences in temperature, pressure, and
begiven to differences in temperature, sis after adjusting the percentage values water-vapor content between actual and
98

ASME P T C * 3 - 3 b 9 . ’ E l 0 7 5 7 b 7 0 , 0 0 5 3 5 7 8 5 m
GASEOUS FUELS
- <
Water Vapor Content of Moist Fuel Gas.
standard conditions (or between various the calculation procedure are indicated (a) Unsatzdrated hydrocarbom are
published standards) may be calculated inthe headings of theother columns. here treated as a single component using
by the general equation given as a NOTE The conversion from volumetric to averaged properties of C P H ~and C3Ho.
in Table I on Standard Conditions Used weight percentages assumes behavior of Significant error may accrue from this
for the Measurement of Gases. An ex- all constituentsaccording to the ideal g 2 procedure if “illuminants” are present in
ample is shown in the table on Calcula- law which is justified for engineering appreciable percentage, because of wide
tion from Fuel Gas Analysis for calcula- calculations. The analysis is not intended differences in specific gravity and heat
tion of heat value, specific gravity, air to represent a typical fuel gas; but has value per CU ft of individual members of
required for combustion and products of been chosen to include unsaturated hy- this group, In such cases separate identi-
combustion for a hypothetical fuel gas drocarbons (illuminants), inerts, and fication is required, beyond the usual
mixture. The initial volumetric analysis “other gases” for the purpose of calling analysis given by chemical absorption
is given in Column 7, Successive steps in attention to thefollowing considerations: methods, which maybe obtained from
99

- A S M E PTCu3.3 69.m. 0 7 5 9 b 7 0 0053599 7
~~ ~
chromatograph or mass spectrometer calculation procedure shown in Table by the respective

analyses. XXIV. per cent ( b y VOZ-
urne) of that con-
(b)Znerts: Carbon dioxide and nitro- stituent in the
Equations mixture.
gen reduce the heat value of the mixture
by dilution. However, they remain in (a) Heat 1 Summation of the (c) Water 1 Absolute pressure
mixture withthe products of combus- value ='loo x numerical prod- vapor = 100 x of saturated )va-
of fuel . ucts obtained by Per ter vapor a t dew
tion.
gas multiplying the by cent point tempera-
(c) Other Gases: Hydrogen sulfide mixture heat value of each volume ture (from steam
adds slightly to the heat value, and pro- constituent by tables or Pg. 99).
duces H20 as well as SO2 (which is the respective per
treated as COZ in the products of com- cent* of that con- Total pressure of
stituent in the moist fuel gas
bustion).
(d) Oxygen inthe fuel gas is pre-
mixture. (barometer +
gage) a t same
sumed to be utilized in combustion, (b) Specific -
1 Summation of the
gravity = 100 X numerical prod-
temperature.
thereby decrcasing the requirement of * NOTE:Heat value may be expressed as (1)
of fuel ucts obtained by
airandits corresponding amount of Btu per standard CU ft or (2) Btu per lb. The
gas multiplying the
nitrogen. The negative sign indicates mixture specific gravity of corresponding per cent values must be expressed
substraction of these increments in the each component as (1) by volume or (2) by weight.
-100

TABLE XXIII-COMBUSTION CONSTANTS*
Cu Ft/Cu Ft of Combustible(e) Lb/Lb, of CombustibIe

Reouired
~- -1----~ Reauired
_.-.
Spec. Heat of Combustion(f) I for for
Molecular Gravity Btu/Cu Ft Btu/Lb(b) Combustion Flue Products Combustion Flue Products
No. Substance FormuIa Weight (Airz1.000) --
1 Carbon 12.01 - - - 14,093 14,093 - - - 11ps4 3.664 - S.820

2 Hydrogen 2.016 0.06959 325.02 274.53 61,095 51,623 2.3St - 1.0 LSS2 34.209 - S.937 26.272
3 Oxygen 32.000 1.1053 - - - - -4.76 - - -3.76 -4.31 - - -3.31
4 Nitrogen (Pure) 2S.016 0.9672 - - - - - - - 1.00 - - - 1.00
5 Nitrogen (Atmos.) 2S.l61(c) 0.9720 - - - - - - 1.00 - - - 1.00
6 Carbon Monoxide 28.01 0.9672 321.37 321.37 4&f 4,347 2.382 1.0 - 1.882 2.462 1.571 - 1.891
7 Carbon Dioxide 44.01 1.52S2 - - - - - - - 1.00 - -

Paraffin Series
8 Methane 16.042 0.5543 1012.32 911.45 23,875 21,495 9.52s 1.0 2.0 7.52s 17.196 2.743 2.246 13.206
9 Ethane 30.068 1.04ss 1773.42 1622.10 22,323 20,4lS 16.675 2.0 3.0 13.175 16.056 2.927 1.798 12.331
10 Propane 44.094 1.5617 2523.82 2322.01 21,669 19,937 23.S21 3.0 4.0 lS.SZl 15.642 2.994 1.634 12.013
11 n-Butane 58,120 2.0665 3270.69 3OlS.48 21,321 19,67S 30.967 4.0 24.467 15.427 3.029 1.550 11.848

12 Iso-Butane 58.120 2.0665 3261.17 3008.96 21,271 19,628 30.967 4.0 2: 24.467 15.427 3.029 1.55a lLS4S
13 n-Pen&me 72.146 2.4872 4019.65 3717.15 21,095 19,507 3s.114 5.0 30,114 15.293 3.050 1.498 11.745
14 Iso-Pentane 72.146 2.4872 4010.71 3708.01 21,047 19,459 38.114 5.0 zb" 30.114 15.293 3.050 1.498 11.745
15 Neopcntane 72.146 2.4872 3994.00 3692.00 20,978 19,390 3S.114 5.0 6:0 30.114 15.293 3.050 1.49s 11.745
标准分享网
16 n-Hexane S6.172 2.9704 4768.27 4415.23 20,966 19,415 45.260 6.0 7.0 35.760 15.207 3.064 1.464 11.679
Olefin Series
17 Ethflene 28.052 0.9740 1603.75 1502.S7 21,636 20,275 14.293 2.0 11.293 14.750 3.138 1.2S5 11.32s
gw 1s Propylene 42.078 1.4504 2339.70 2lSS.40 21,04S 19,6S7 21.439 3.0 ::: 16.939 14.750 3.13s LZSJ 11.32s
19 Butylene 56.104 1.9336 3os4.00 2885.00 20,854 19,493 2S.565 4.0 4.0 22.585 14.750 3.138 1.285 11.32s
/
20 I‘so-Butene 56.104 1.9336 3069.00 2868.00 20,737 19,376 2s.5ss 4.0 4.0 22.585 14.750 3.13s 1.285 11.328
21 n-Pentene 70.130 2.419 3837.00 3ss5.00 20,720 19,359 35.732 5.0 5.0 28.232 14.750 3.138 1.285 11.328
Aromatic Series
22 Benzene 78.108 2.692 3751.6s 3600.52 18,184 17,451 35.732 6.0 3.0 28.232 13.246 3.381 0.692 10.173
23 Toluene 92.134 3.1760 4486.44 4284.81 lS,501 17,672 42.878 7.0 4.0 33.878 13.474 3.344 0.782 10.348
24 Xylene 106.160 3.6618 5223.00 4971.00 18,633 17,734 50.024 8.0 5.0 39.524 13.642 3.317 O.S49 10.477
www.bzfxw.com 免费下载
Miscellaneous Gases
25 Acetylene 26.036 0.9107 1476.55 1426.17 21,502 20,769 11.911 2.0 1.0 9.411 13.246 3.3Sl 0.692 10.173
26 Napthalene Cdb 128.164 4.4208 5854.00 5654.00 17,303 16,708 57.170 10.0 4.0 4 .170 12.914 3.434 0.562 9.91s
27 Methyl Akohol C&OH 32.042 1.1052 868.00 767.00 10,258 9,066 7.146 1.0 2.0 % .646 6.457 1.374 1.125 4.959
28 Ethyl Akohol C&zH ;1;:6;; 1.590 1600.00 1449.00 13,161 11,917 14.293 2.0 3.0 11.293 8,983 1.911 1.173 6.S99
29 Ammonia NH, 0.5961 441.00 364.00 9,667 7,985 3.573 - 1.5 3.323 6.073 - 1.W 5.4S6
SO?
-SO?
JO Sulfur 32.06 - - 3,QSO 3,980 - 4.302 1.998 - 3.304
31 Hydrogen Sulfide 34.076 1.1898 646.00 S95,OO 7,097 6,537 7:46 Gl 1.0 5.646 6.072 1.880 a.529 4.663
- - - - - - - - -- -
32 SuIfnr Dioxide 64.06 2.264
33 Water Vapor 18.016 - - - - - - - - -- -
0.6215
*Data from: Schnidman, L., Ed., “Gaseous Fuels,” 2nd Ed., A.G.A. 1954, as revised in “Gas Engineers Handbook,” published by the Industrial Press, N-Y., 1965. All values
corrected for 60°F and 30 in. Hg Dry. For gases saturated with water vapor at 60eF, deduct 1.74% of the Btu value. To convert volumes to 6S”F and 29.921 in. Hg saturated
multiply by 1.0418.
(eJ Composition of Air, by volume: O,- 21.0%, NL-79.0%; by weight: O--23.2%,
N--76.S%.
(b) Per pound of vapor (except Carbon and Sulphur). (c) Apparent molecular weight to account for rare gases.
(d) Plus rare gases. (e) May also be expressed as Moles/Mole.
(f) Estimated uncertainty of values varies from less than .Ol% to 0.1%. See F. D. Rossini, Bureau of Standards Circular 461-1947.
TABLE XXIV-CALCULATION FROM FUEL GAS ANALYSIS
FUEL GAS PRODUCTS OF COMBUSTION
GAS
CONSTITUENT ANALYSIS CALCULATIONS VOLUME, CU FT/CU FT GAS WEIGHT, LB/LB GAS
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (111 (12) (13) (14) WV (16) (17) (18) (19) cm
Specific wt. of
Molec- Gravity Mol. Wt.
ular (Air= Btu Per cent Frac- Per Specific Btu Air Products Air Products
Name Formula Weight 1.0) Cu Ft Lb By Vol. tion Lb Required CQ
--- H?o NZ Required COZ
--- Hz0 Na
------- cent GravityCuFt --
(3x07 @)x100 (4)x(7) (5)x(7) (‘3x@)

----- -& X (7) x factor Table XXIII Iio x (9) x factor Table XXIII
100 Sum (8) 100 100 100
DRY GAS
Saturated Hydrocarbons

Methane CH, 16.042 0.5543 1012.3 23,875 60.0 9.62.5 41.01 0.3326 607.4 9,791 5-717 0.60 1.20 4.517 7.052 1.125 0.921 5.416
Ethane 30.068 1.0488 1773.4 22,323 20.0 6.014 25.62 0.2098 354.7 5,719 3.335 0.40 0.60 2.635 4.113 0.750 0.461 3.159
Propane ::z 44.094 1.5617 2523.8 21,669 10.0 4.401 18.75 0.1562 252.4 4,063 2.382 0.30 0.40 1.882 2.932 0.561 0.306 2.252
Unsaturated Hydrocarbons (Illuminants)

Ethylene
Propylene &RI
&Ho 42.078
28.052 0.9740
1.4504 1603.7
2339.7 21,636
21,048 1 3 ’o
-4verage* 35.065 1.2122 1971.7 21,342 1.052 4.48 0.0364 59.2 956 0.540 0.075 0.075 0.423 0.661 0.141 0.058 0.507
Inerts
Carbon Dioxide CO? 44.010 1.5282 - - 2.0 0.880 3.75 0.0306 - - - 0.020 - - - 0.038 - -
Nitrogen N2 28.016 0.9672 - - 3.0 0.840 3.58 0.0290 - - - -- 0.030 - -- 0.036
Other Gases
Hydrogen Sulfide HZ 34.076 1.1898 646. 7,097 1.0 0.341 1.45 0.0119 6.5 103 0.071 0.010 0.010 0.056 0.088 0.027 0.008 0.067
Wz) (SO,)
Oxygen 02 32.000 1.1053 - - 1.0 0.320 1.36 0.0111 - - (-0.048) - - (-0.038) (-0.059) - -
Sum 100.0 23.473 100.00 0.8176 1280.2 20,632 11.977 1.405 2.285 9.505 14.787 2.642 1.754
MOIST GAS
Dry Gas Mixture 23.473 0.8176 1280.2 20,632 98.26 23.065 98.66 0.8034 1267.9 20,338 11.788 1.381 2.226 9.339 14.417 2.608 1.732 11.107
Water Vapor H,O 18.016 0.6215 ’ - - 1.74 0.314 1.34 0.0108 - - - - 0.0174 - - - 0.0134 . -
(60”F, 30” Sat.)
Sum 100.00 23.379 100.00 0.8142 1267.9 20,338 11,788 1.381 2.243 9.339 14.417 2.608 1.745 11.107
* Bluminants assumed to contain 50% CZH, and 50% CZfL.

ASME P T C * 3 * 3 63 W 0753670 0053602 3 W
. .
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
Page P age
Gas Sample Containers,Fig. 1 l.ll..l...l.l......ll.l.l..l.l...l 4 Calibration Curves of a Wet Test.Meter Without
Apparatus for Inducing or Forcing Gas Flow, Fig. 2 5 and With a Rate Compensating Chamber, Fig. 7 .. 27
Steps in Taking a Sample by Water Displacement Separation Column for Oxygen, Nitrogen, and
from a Glass Bottle, Fig. 3 .................................... 5 Methane, Fig. 1 l.lll.1.1.1.1...1.....1.1...o....11...,,,.,,,,,,,... 32
Steps in Taking a Sample by Water Displacement Chromatogram of Natural Gas (HMPA Column),
ina Sample Container,Fig. 4 ................................ 6 Fig. 2 ............1...1.1.1.11..1.....(11.1....,,.,.,.,...,.,..,,.....,.,..... 32
Collection of Sample by Air Displacement from a Chromatogram of Natural Gas (Silicone 200/500
Sample Container,Fig.5 ......................................... 6 Column), Fig. 3 ....I.I.....III.I.........I...III..IIIIIII..III..I.I.... 33
Apparatus for Collecting a Sample in a Steel Con- Chromatogram of Natural Gas (DIDP + DMS
tainer Under Pressure, Either Direct from Gas Column), Fig. 4 ......r...........I.1..11.1...........,...,.,.,.,,,,,,,, 33
Main or Using a Hand Pump, Fig. 6 I.II..I.I....II.II.I,I 6 Composition of Hexanes and Heavier Fraction,
Apparatus for Collecting a Gas Sample Under Fig. 5 ,....I......................I.......I...................I.I.....I.II.I., 36
Pressure in Several Steel Containers, Fig. 7 ..,... 7 Column Arrangement, Fig. 6 37
Arrangement of Apparatus for Collecting an Aver- Average Molecular Weight of Natural Gas Hydro-
age Sample, Dry,Under Pressure, Fig. 8 ,...,......, 8 carbon Mixtures, Fig. 7 l.....l...l.l.l.......l.)...l.l.l..lll.... 38
Arrangement of Apparatus Employing a Gas Holder Bureau of Mines Dew Point Apparatus, Fig. 1 ,,.,,,,, 41,
for Collecting an Average Sample Over Water, Dew Point Apparatus 1.1.1.........1...1...,.,.,..........11.......,,,.,, 43
Fig.9 ........................................................................ 8 Oil Dew Point Apparatus ......l......l..l.....l.........l...,...,.,, 43
Collecting an Average Sample by Water Displace- Gas Burner for Sulphur Determination, Fig. 1,.,..,.,.. 45
ment, Fig.10 ..........II........,...1.(11......................,.,...,...,. 9 Detailed Drawing of Combustion and Absorption
Sample Containers and Transfer Line, Fig. 1,.....,... 11 Apparatus for Sulphur Determination, Fig. 2 ..,.,.., 45
Simple Open-End Sampling Tube, Fig. 1 ......,.....,.,..,13 Suction System for Sulphur Determination, Fig. 3 ,. 46
Water-cooled Sampling Tube, Fig. 2 .......................... 13 Purified Air System for Sulphur Determination,
Glass Gas Sample Containers, Fig. 3 ...................... 13 Fig. 4 ....................................................................... 46
Metal Gas Sample Container, Fig. 4 .......................... 13 Tutwiler Apparatus ...................................................... 48
High Pressure Sample Container, Fig. 5 ,...,..........,.. 14 Precision Flow Calorimeter Assembly, Fig. 1 ........ 51
Apparatus for Inducing or Forcing Gas Flow, American Flow Calorimeter Assembly, Fig. 2 ,,,.,... 52
Fig. 6 .......................................................................... 14 Sectional View of a Water-Flow Gas Calorimeter,
Filling Sample Containers by Liquid Displacement, Fig. 3 ........1.1.1.....,.....1.....1.....1..1...........,,...,.,.,.,.,,.,.,., 53
Fig......7........ 15 Front of Instrument Panel Showing Calorimeter
Apparatus for Taking Continuous Sample by Equipment, Fig. 4 .......................4..........1...1.,.,,.,,,,,,. 55
Liquid Displacement, Fig. 8 .................................. 15 Air Humidity and Temperature Controller, Con-
Improved Apparatus for Taking Continuous Sample nected in Operating Position to Calorimeter
by Liquid Displacement, Fig. 9 ............................ 16 Combustion Chamber, Fig. 5 .................................. 56
Apparatus for Taking Continuous Sample by Formfor Humidity Correction Procedure, Fig. 6 ..,. 6 1
Mercury Displacement, Fi=g, 10 .............................. 17 Formfor Humidity Control Procedure, Fig. 7 ........,. 62
Arrangement of Equipment Employing a Gas Holder Illustration of Certificate Corrections for Cal-
for Collecting an Average Sample Over Water, orimeter Thermometer, Fig. 8 ................ ...............66-
Fig, 11 .................................................... 17 Calorimeter Schematic Flow Diagram, Fig. 1 .....,.... 81
Stillman-type Portable Cubic-Foot Standard, Calorimeter Layout Diagram, Fig. 2 .......................... 82
Fig. 1 ........................................................................ 19 Calorimeter Combustion Chamber, Fig. 3 ..........,.....83
One-tenth Cubic Foot Bottle, Transfer Tank, and Calorimeter Room, Fig. 4 ...l..l.....l....,l...........l.........,.,. 84
Bubble-Type Saturator for Testing Laboratory
Wet Gas Meters, Fig. 2 ............................................ 19 Air-Gas Ratio Prover, Fig. 5 ...................................... 85
Liquid-Sealed Rotating-Drum Gas Meter of 0.1 Calorimeter Set Up for Calibration, Fig. 6 ,.....,.,.,... 86
CU ft per Revolution Size, Fig. 3 ..,.......l.l.....l....II. 20 Connection Diagram for Ac-Me Gravity Balance
Iron-case Diaphragm-type Gas Meter with Large (Four-Spring Type), Fig. 1...................................... 91
Observation Index, Fig. 4 ..l.......l.l.l.l.l..l....l...l.l...ll 20 Ac-Me Gravity Balance (Four-Spring Type), Fig. 4 ,, 95
Schematic Diagram of Equipment and Connections Ac-Me Gravity Balance Beam Cross Arm, Fig. 5 ,,,, 95
for Calibration of a 0.1 CU ft Wet Test Meter Compressibility Factors with Reduced Pressure
with a O a l CU ft Bottle, Fig. 5 ........,..,,.....I ,....,..,.... 23 and Temperature Coordinates for Paraffin
Simple Equipment for Calibration by Aspirator Hydrocarbons and Natural Gas ............................... 98
Method, Fig. 6 ............................................. o ,...,,......24 Water Vapor Content of Moist Fuel Gas .................... 99
103

LIST. OF TABLES
. .
Page ’ . P age
Standard ConditionsforMeasurement .of Gases, Error in the Value of the Product fh for the Com-
Table I ....................................................................
Apparatus for Measuring Gaseous Fuel Samples,
2 bustion Air
Corresponding to an Error of 0.05 Per
Cent ina total Calorific Value Determination with
.
Table I .................................................................... 18 40 Per Cent Excess Air, Table VI1 ........................ 76
Sample Data Sheet from Calibration of Gas Meter Average
Values of N,, N,, N,-N,, and fho for <
Prover, Table II ...................................................... 21 VariousGases .......................................................... 77
Sample Data Sheet for Calibration of Meter with Value of the Function S a t Various Temperatures,
an AspiratorBottle, Table III .............................. 25 Table IX .................................................................. 77
Natural GasComponents and Range of Compo- Combined Corrections Cc for Illustrative Local
sition Covered, Table I .................................... 32 Conditions when Calculating Total Calorific Value,
Vapor Pressures and Specific Volumesof Saturated Table X .................................................................... 78
Water Vapor at Various Temperatures, Table I .... 42 Minor Corrections Cm to be Added to the Observed
Time per Revolution of a 0.1 Cu. Ft. Meter Hand Calorific Value, Table XI ........................................ 79
Corresponding
to Total Calorific Value of Values of CorrectionCdforDifferenceBetween
3000 BTU Per Hr, Table I .................................... 68 Inlet-water and CombustionAir Temperatures,
Corrections for Reduction of Observed Barometric Table XII ................................................................ 79
Heights to Standard Conditions, Table II ............ 68 Latent Heat of Vaporization and Vapor Pressure
Equivalent Pressures, Inches of Water Column .of Water,Table XII1 ............................................ 79
versus Inches of Mercury Column, Table III ........ 68 Calorimeter Room Requirements, Table I ..........;, 84
Correction Factor F for Gas Volume, Table IV .... 69-75 Typical Record of Air-Gas Ratio Test, Table II .. 85
Values of the Product fh from Wet and Dry Bulb Partial List of Instruments Available for Measur-
Temperatures, Table V .......................................... 76 ing the Specific Gravity of Gaseous Fuels ............ 96
EmergentStemCorrectionsfor Thermometers, Combustion Constants, Table XXIII ................101
TableVI .................................................................. 76 Calculation from Fuel Gas Analysis,Table XXIV.. 102
BIBLIOGRAPHY
(1) Codc on Definitiom and Valaes, ASME Performance ( 9 ) ASME Test Code for Determining Dust Concentration
Test Code, PTC 2-1945. in a Gas Stream, PTC 27-1957.
(2) Fluid fif eters, Their Theory and Application, ASME, (10) Eilerts, C. Kenneth et al., Phase Relations of Gas Con-
1959. densate Fluids, 2, Monograph 10, American Gas Asso-
(3) “FlowMeasurement,”ASME Supplement on Instru- ciation, New York, 1957.
ments and Apparatus, PTC 19.5 4-1959. (11) Hilsenrath, J. et al., Tables of Thermal Properties of
(4) “Orifice Metering of Natural Gas,”AmericanGas Gases, National Bureau of Standards Circular 564,
Association Report No. 3 of the GasMeasurement 1955.
Committee, reprinted with revisions to January 1956. (12) Rossini, F. D., Selected Values of Physical and Thermo-
(5) Flowmeter Computation Handbook, ASME, 1961. dynamic Properties:of Hydrocarbons and RelatedCom-
( 6 ) Deaton, W. NI., and E. M. Frost, Jr., Bureau of Mines pounds (API Research Project 43), Carnegie Press,
Apparatus fos DeterminingtheDew-Point of Gases Pittsburgh, 1953.
underPresswe, U. S. Bureau of Mines (RI 3399), (13) Gaseozts Fuels, L. Schnidman (Ed.), American Gas As-
May, 1938, sociation, New York, 1954.
(7) International Critical Tables, 3, 1928, pp. 210-211. (14) Mason, D. McA., and B. E. Eakin, “Proposed Standard
(8) Goff, John A., and S. Sratch, Low Pressure Properties Method for Calculating Heat Value and Specific
of Water !rom -160 t o 212, (Trans. ASME), 18, No. Gravity from Gas Composition,” American Gas Asso-
2, 1946, PP. 125-36. ciation Paper (CEP-61-11), 1961.
104

. .
PERFORMANCE TEST CODES NOW AVAILABLE

PTC 23 - Atmospheric Water CoolingEquipment, ............... (1958)
PTC 8.2- Centrifugal Pumps ................................. (1965)
PTC 4.2- Coal
Pulverizers .................................. (1969)
PTC 1 - CodeonGeneralInstructions.. ...................... (1945)
PTC 2 - Code on DefinitionsondValues .................... (1945)
P T C 10 - CompressorandExhausters ......................... (1965)
PTC 9 - DisplacementCompressors,Vacuum Pumps and Blowers (1954)
P T C 2.1 - Displacement Pumps ............................... (1962)
P T C 12.3- Deaerators .......................................... (1958)
P T C 27 - DeterminingDustConcentrationinaGas Stream,. .....
(1957)
P T C 28 - DeterminingthePropertiesofFineParticulateMatter,. (1965)
P T C 3.1- Diesel andBurnerFuels ............................ (1958)
PTC 21 - DustSeparatingApparatus ......................... (1941)
P T C 24 - Ejectors andBoosters ............................. (1956)
P T C 14 - EvoporatingApparatus ............................ (1955)
P T C 12.1- FeedwaterHeaters ................................ (1955)
PTC 16 - GasProducersandContinuous Gas Generafors.. ....... (1958)
P T C 22
P T C 3.3-
- Gas TurbinePowerPlants ..........................
.................................... (1966)
PTC 18 - Gaseous Fuels

HydraulicPrimeMovers ............................ (1969)
(1949)
P T C 17 - InternalCombustionEngines ........................ (1957)
PTC 20.2- Overspeed T r i p Systems for Steam Turbine -Generator
Units .......................................... (1965)
PTC 7 - ReciprocatingSteam-DrivenDis placement Pumps ...... (1949)
PTC 5 - Reciprocating Steam En.gines ........................ (1949)
P T C 25.2- SafetyandReliefValves,, .......................... (1966)
PTC 3.2- SolidFuels ....................................... (1954)
PTC 29 - Speed-GoverningSystemsforHydraulicTurbine-Generator
Units ......................................... (1965)
PTC 26 - Speed-GoverningSystemsfor Internal Combustion
Engine-GeneratorUnits .......................... (1962)
P T C 20.1 - Speed-Governing Systems for Steam Turbine-Generator
Units .......................................... (1958)
P T C 12.2 - Steam Condensing Apparatus,. ...................... (1955)
P T C 4.1 - Steam-Generafing Units ........................... (1964)
P T C 6 - Steam Turbines ................................... (1964)
PTC 6A - Appendix A to Test Codefar Steam Turbines.. ........ (1964)


ASME PTC 3.3 - W (1979) Gaseous Fuels

Caricato da

Informazioni sul documento

Titolo originale

Copyright

Formati disponibili

Condividi questo documento

Condividi o incorpora il documento

Opzioni di condivisione

Hai trovato utile questo documento?

Questo contenuto è inappropriato?

Copyright:

Formati disponibili

ASME PTC 3.3 - W (1979) Gaseous Fuels

Caricato da

Copyright:

Formati disponibili

COPYRIGHT American Society of Mechanical Engineers

Licensed by Information Handling Services

COPYRIGHT American Society of Mechanical Engineers

(The Standard Methods published and copyrighted by The American

Library of Congress Card Catalog No. 68-59099

COPYRIGHT American Society of Mechanical Engineers

COPYRIGHT American Society of Mechanical Engineers

Edward D. McOwan, Chairman

A. L. Jordan, Mechanical Engineer (ret.), Engineering Division, Ehasco Services Incorporated,

COPYRIGHT American Society of Mechanical Engineers

P e r s o n n e l of Performance Test Codes Committee

J. H. Anderson J. H. Fernandes W. T. Moore

COPYRIGHT American Society of Mechanical Engineers

COPYRIGHT American Society of Mechanical Engineers

ASME PERFORMANCE TEST CODE

COPYRIGHT American Society of Mechanical Engineers

ASME PERFORMANCE TEST CODES

COPYRIGHT American Society of Mechanical Engineers

Scope mainly in degree, ratherthan in kind, considered as an average sample. Aver-

COPYRIGHT American Society of Mechanical Engineers

ZINC. METAL COPPER OR OTHER

COPYRIGHT American Society of Mechanical Engineers

of container may take any number of

(e) Shipfiftg Tags or Stickers.-To

Sample taken where,

Procedures for Sampling Natural Gases

COPYRIGHT American Society of Mechanical Engineers

ASME PERFORMANCE TEST CODES

r GAS SAMPLE (4) Whenusing the method em-

dead gas remains. Stretch rubber 1/41 WELDERSRUBBER HOSE

COPYRIGHT American Society of Mechanical Engineers

30 sec. The temperature of the gas .in

( d ) After the samples have been shut

COPYRIGHT American Society of Mechanical Engineers

ASME PERFORMANCE TEST CODES

filled with water and with the rate of

then start the sampling period with the ””-

holder either completely filledwith water,

crown sheet, which may extend above

COPYRIGHT American Society of Mechanical Engineers

#AS PRESSURE RLOULATOR

GA8 8AYPLINO LINE

W t t D L L VALVE NEEDLE VALVE

WATER FLOW INTO TANK

Sampling Natural Gas Containing

COPYRIGHT American Society of Mechanical Engineers

ASME PERFORMANCE TEST CODES

COPYRIGHT American Society of Mechanical Engineers

D a t the top, close vent valve B, and

COPYRIGHT American Society of Mechanical Engineers

COPYRIGHT American Society of Mechanical Engineers

t (1) A very simple form of aspirator,

COPYRIGHT American Society of Mechanical Engineers

aspirating device of the type described

(a) Aspirating Bottles (b) Rubber Bulb Hand Asp'irator

D the volume of B ) and immediately dis-

COPYRIGHT American Society of Mechanical Engineers

ASME PERFORMANCE TEST CODES

to the sample container by raising the

means of a mercury reservoir, mercury

(d) For collecting continuous samples

(ASTM Section 9 replaced b y the

rate samples of gas will have to be taken br 1