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Best Approach
Fundamentals Of Mathematics
Class XI
Contents
Number Systems
Sets, Relations
Functions - Introduction Only
Modulus Function
Inequalities
Quadratic - Introduction Only
Log
Log Properties
Log Equations
Characteristic Mantissa
Maths IIT-JEE ‘Best Approach’ MC SIR
Number systems  Rational number in Decimal

(I) Natural Numbers (N) Representation
(II) Whole numbers (W)
(III) Integers (I or Z)
(IV) Rational numbers
(V) Irrational numbers
(VI) Real numbers
(VII) Prime numbers
(VIII) Composite numbers
(IX) Twin Prime numbers
(X) Co-Prime numbers
 Representation of rational numbers on  Representation of number on the

a number line number line by means of magnifying
glass
Fundamental Of Mathematics - XI Page 2

 Conversion of terminating and non-  Irrational numbers
terminating decimal numbers into the
form of p/q
 Real numbers  Representation of Irrational numbers

on a number line

 Exponents of real numbers  Laws of Integral Exponents
 Laws of Exponents  Radicals & surds

 Conjugate surd
17 17
Note : Take, =
6 23
we observe that the prime factorisation

of the denominator of these rational
numbers
are not of the form 2 m × 5 n , where m,n
are non-negative integers.
Hence 17/6 has non terminating and
repeating decimal expansion.
Terminating Decimal NON TERMINATING &

REPEATING DECIMALS

Q. The polynomial ax3 + bx2 + x – 6 has Q. Using factor theorem, factorize the
( x + 2) as a fact o r and leaves a polynomial x3 – 6x2 + 11x – 6.
remainder 4 when divided by (x – 2).
Find a and b.
Sets - Introduction A set is a well - defined collection of objects.

Sets and their Representation There are two methods of representing a set :
N: The set of all Natural Numbers (i) Roster or tabular form
W: The set of all Whole numbers (ii) Set - builder form.
Z: The set of all Integers
Z+ : The set of all Positive Integers
Q: The set of all Rational numbers
Q+ : The set of all Positive Rational umbers
T: The set of all Irrational numbers
R: The set of all Real numbers
R+ : The set of all Positive Real numbers
Q. Write the set A = {1, 4, 9, 16, 25, .....} in 1 2 3 4 6

set-builder form. Q. Write the set { , , , , } in the set-
2 3 4 5 7
builder form.

Q. List all the elements of following sets : 1 9
(ii) B = {x : x is an integer,  <x< }
(i) A = {x : x is an odd natural number} 2 2
(iii) C = {x : x is an integer, x2  4} (iv) D = {x : x is a letter in the word "LOYAL"}

(v) E = {x : x is a month of a year not having (vi) F = {x : x is a consonant in the English
31 days} alphabet which precedes k}
The Empty Set Finite and Infinite Sets

Definition : A set which does not contain any
element is called the
empty set or the null set or the void set.

Equal Sets Subsets
A  B if a  A  a  B
We read the above statement as Every set A is a subset of itself.

A is a subset of B if a is an element of
A implies that a is also an element of
B.
If A is not a subset of B, we write A 
B.

Proper Subset Superset
Singleton set Subsets of set of real numbers

The set of natural number The set of integers
N = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, ......} Z = {....,–3, –2, –1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, ......}
The set of Rational number Intervals as subsets of R
p [a, b] = {x : a  x  b}
Q = {x : x = , p, q  Z and q  0} closed interval
q
[a, b) = {x : a  x  b}
N  Z  Q, Q  R,T  R, N  T
open interval from a to b, including
a but excluding b.
(a, b] = {x : a  x  b}
open interval from a to b, including
b but excluding a.

The set (–, ) describes the set of Power Set
real numbers in relation to a line The collection of all subsets of a set A
extending is called the power set of A.
from – to . In general, if A is a set with n(A) = m,
then it can be shown that n[P(A)] = 2 m.
Universal Set Q. Write the following intervals in set-

builder form :
(i) (–3, 0)
(ii) [6, 12]
(iii) (6, 12]
(iv) [–23, 5)

Venn Diagrams Operations on Sets
These diagrams consist of rectangles Union of sets AB
and closed curves usually circles. Intersection of Sets A  B
The universal set is represented
usually by a rectangle and its
subsets by circles.
U
A 3
1 2
5 4
6
8
9 7
Properties of the Operation of Union Properties of the Operation of Intersection

(i) A  B =B A (i) A B =B A
Commutative law Commutative law
(ii) (A  B) C = A  (B C) (ii) (A  B) C = A  (B C)
Associative law Associative law
(iii) A=A (iii) A=
Identity law,  is the identity of U Law of 
(iv) AA= A (iv) AA= A
Idempotent law Idempotent law
(v) U A=U (v) U A=A
Law of U Law of U
(vi) A  (B  C) = (A  B)  (A  C)
Distributive law

Disjoint Sets Difference of Sets
Q. Let A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}, B = Complement of a Set

{2,4,6,8}. Find A – B and B – A. Some Properties of Complement Sets

Complement laws. PROBLEMS ON UNION AND
(i) A  A' = U INTERSECTION OF TWO SETS
(ii) A  A' =  (i) Let A and B be finite sets. If A  B = ,
De Morgan's laws. then
(i) (A  B)' = A' B' n (A  B) = n (A) + n (B) .....(i)
(ii) (A  B)' = A'  B' (ii) In general, if A and B are finite sets, then
Law of double complementation
n (A  B) = n(A) + n(B) – n(A  B) ......(ii)
(A')' = A
(iii) If A, B and C are finite sets, then
Laws of empty set and universal set
(i) ' = U n (A  B C) =
(ii) U ' =  n(A) + n(B) + n (C) – n(A  B) – n(B  C)
– n(A  C) + n (A  B  C) .....(iii)
Proof : We have Q. If X and Y are two sets such that X  Y has

50 elements, X has 28 elements and Y has
n (A  B C) = n(A) + n(B  C) –
32 elements, how many elements does X 
n [A C [from (ii)]
Y have ?
= n(A) + n(B) + n(C) – n (B C) – n [A 
C [from (ii)]
Since
A  (B C) = (A  B) (A  C)
Distributive law
n [A  (B C)] =
n (A  B) n (A  C)
– n [(A  B) (A  C)]
= n (A  B) n (A  C) – n (A  B C)
So, we have
n (A  B C) =
n(A) + n(B) + n (C) – n(A  B) – n(B  C)

– n(A  C) + n (A  B  C) .....(iii)

Q. In a survey of 400 students in a school, 100 Q. There are 200 individuals with a skin disor-
were listed as taking apple juice, 150 as tak- der, 120 has been exposed to the chemical
ing orange juice and 75 were listed as taking C1, 50 to chemical C2, and 30 to both the
both apple as well as organge juice. Find how chemicals C1 and C2. Find the number of in-
many students were taking neither apple juice dividuals exposed to
nor orange juice.
(i) Chemical C1 but not chemical C2
(ii) Chemical C2 but not chemical C1
(iii) Chemical C1 or chemical C2
Relations Cartesian products of sets

(red, b), (red, c), (red, s), (blue, b), (blue,
c), (blue, s)
s
c
red blue
Definition : Given two non-empty sets P and

Note. The cartesian product P. Q is the set of all Q. If R is the set of all real numbers, what do the
ordered pairs of elements from P and Q, i.e. cartesian products R × R and R × R × R
P . Q = {(p, q) : p  P, q  Q} represent ?
A . B = {(red, b), (red, c), (red, s), (blue,
b), (blue, c), (blue, s)}
P×QQ×P
Q. If A × B = {(p, q), (p, r), (m, q), (m, r)}, find Relations
A and B.
X Y
Agra
a Delhi
d Dhanbad
m Mumbai
Pune

A relation R from a non-empty set A to Note : (i) A relation may be represented algebraically
a non-empty set B is a subset of the either by the Roster method or by the Set-
cartesian product A × B. The subset is builder method.
derived by describing a relationship (ii) An arrow diagram is a visual
between the first element and the second representation of a relation.
element of the ordered pairs in A × B.
The second element is called the image
of the first element.
The set of all first elements of the
ordered pairs in a relation R from a set
A to a set B is called the domain of the
relation R.
The set of all second elements in a
relation R from a set A to a set B is called
the range of the relation of the relation
R. T he whole set B is called t he
codomain of the relation R.
Note that range  codomain.
Q. Let A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}. Define a relation R Note : The total number of relations that can be
from A to A by defined from a set A to a set B is the
R = {(x, y) : y = x + 1} number of possible subsets of A × B. If
(i) Depict this relation using an arrow diagram. n(A) = p and n(B) = q, then n (A × B) =
(ii) Write down the domain, codomain and pq and the total number of relations
range of R. is 2 pq .

Functions - Intro only Definition :
Special type of relations are called functions. A relation ƒ from a set A to a set B is said to
A function is a rule, which produces new be a function if every element of set A has
elements out so some given elements. There one and only one image in set B.
are many terms such as 'map' or 'mapping' In other words, a function ƒ is a relation from
used to denote a function. a non-empty set A to a non-empty set B
such that the domain of ƒ is A and no two
distinct ordered pairs in ƒ have the same
first element.
If ƒ is a function from A to B and (a, b)  ƒ,
then ƒ (a) = b, where b is called the image
of a under ƒ and a is called the preimage of
b under ƒ.
The function ƒ from A to B is denoted by ƒ : Real valued function

A  B. A function which has either R or one of its
subsets as its range is called a real valued
function.
Further, if its domain is also either R or a
subset of R, it is called a real function.

Some function and their graphs (ii) Constant function
(i) Identity function
(iii) Polynomial function Q. Define the function ƒ : R  R by y = ƒ(x) =

x2, x  R.

The Modulus Function
The function    defined by f(x) = |x|
 x, x0 2
f (x)   y = |x|
 x, x0
1
–3 –2 –1 1 2 3
–1
–2
Solve for x
Examples on Modulus Q. |x| = 2

Solve for x Inequalities
Q. |x – 1| = 4
Rules Quadratic - Intro Only

Log - Introduction EXAMPLES
Ex. Form the quadratic polynomial whose zeroes

are 4 and 6.
Ex. Form the quadratic polynomial whose zeroes Ex. If x + y = 12 and xy = 32, find the value of x2
are –3, 5 + y2.

Ex. If a2 + b2 + c2 = 20 and a + b + c = 0, find Factorization of the difference of two squares
ab + bc + ca.
Ex. Factorize each of the following expressions : (ii) x4 + 5x2 + 9

(i) x4 + x2 + 1

Factorization of quadratic polynomials Ex. Factorize : (x2 – 4x) (x2 – 4x – 1) – 20
by splitting the middle term
Exponential Form (N = ax) Logarithmic form

– a>0 &a1 logaN = x
– a is called ‘base’ and x is called logaN is defined when N > O, a > 0, a  1
‘exponent’

Find values : Q. log10 (0.001) = ?
Q. log2 (log2 4) = ?
Q. log81 27 = ? Q. log1/3 9 3 = ?

Q. log625 125= ? Q. log10 3 10  ?
Q. log 7
49  ?  1 
Q. log 2    ?
 32 

3 Important Deductions
1
Q. log 1    ? – logN N = 1
2 8
– log 1 N  1
N
– loga1 = 0
Fundamental Logarithm Identity Find values :

Q. log2– 3 (2 + 3 )=?
a log a N  N

Find values : Find values :
Q. log 5 5. 5. 5. 5........  ?
Q.  
log10 0.9 = ?
Solve : Q. The value of : [JEE 2012]

Q. 7log7 x + 2x + 9 = 0
 
 1 1 1 1
6  log 3 4 4 4 .....  is.

2 3 2 3 2 3 2 3 2 
 

Solve : Note : It must be noted that whenever the number
Q. log (tan 5) log (tan 9) log (tan 13) .... log(tan and the base are on the same side of unity
61) = ? then logarithm of that number to that base is
(+ve), however if the number and the base
are located on different side of unity them
logarithm of that number to that base is (-ve)
Antilog/ Power form

2
Q. antilog8    ?
 1 3
Q. antilog 1    ?
100  2

Principal Properties of Log. Example
– logamn = logam + logan
m Q. Let y =
– loga = loga m – logan
n log 2 3.log 2 12.log 2 48.log 2 192  16 –
– logamx = x loga m log2 12. log2 48 + 10.
1
– log n y m = lognm
y
Note : log2x2 = 4 and 2log2 x = 4 will not have the Base Change Theorem
same solution.
log c a
logb a = log b
c
a logb x  x logb a

Q. If (log23) (log34) (log45) .... (logn (n+1))= 10, Q. Prove that log2 7 is irrational
find n
Q. 7log3 5 + 3log5 7  5log3 7  7log5 3  ? Q. Number of solutions of log4 (x – 1) = log 2 (x – 3)

is
(A) 3 (B) 1
(C) 2 (D) 0
[JEE 2001, (Screening)]

Q. If logax = b for permissible values of aand x For A Non Negative Number
then which of the following may be correct :
(A) If a rational and b rational then x can be n
a  a/n ‘a’ & N  2, n  N
rational.
(B) If a irrational and b rational then x can be
rational.
(C) If a rational and b irrational then x can be
rational.
(D) If a and b are two irrational numbers then
x can be rational.
True / False Logarithmic Equations

Q. log35 > log1725

Examples Q. log3 (3x – 8) = 2 – x
Solve the following equations
Q. logx–1 3 = 2
Q. x1 + logx = 10x Q. x log3x  9

log x 5 Solve the following equations :
Q. x 3
 105log x
log5 x 1
Q.  x 5
Solve the following equations : Solve the following equations :

Q. log  x 2 
x x
9 1
Q. log2 (100 x) + log2 (10x) = 14 + log  
x

Solve the following equations : Solve the following equations :
1 Q. log3 (1+log3 (2x – 7)) = 1

Q. log4(2log3 (1+log2(1+3log3x))) =
2
Q. Solve for ‘x’ log5 (51/x +125)– log5 (6) = 1 + Logarithmic Equations
1 x 7 x 1
Q. Solve for ‘x’ 2log 2 + log 2 =1
2x x 1 x 1

Examples Logrithmic Equations
Q. Solve for ‘x’
Q. Solve for ‘x’ log5  x

5  125 – log5 (6) =
1+(log 4 x) (log1/4 x)-1 26
5 +5 
5 1
1+
2x
Taking Log. Both Sides

Q. Solve for x Q. Solve for x
(x + 1)log10 (x +1) = 100 (x + 1) log32 x
3  x log3 x  162

Q. Solve for ‘x’
Q. Solve for ‘x’ 2
log4 (x2 – 1) – log4 (x –1)2 = log4 4  x 
4
2log8 (2x) + log8 (x2 + 1–2x) =
3
Q. Solve for ‘x’ Q. Solve for ‘x’

3x 2 10x  3 2log3 (x – 2) + log3 (x – 4)2 = 0
x 3 1

Q. Solve for ‘x’ Q. Solve for ‘x’
2
log3 x 2  2log x x 9
x
7 3/4  log 2 x   log 2 x  5/4 
x 1   x  1  2
Common and Natural Logarithm Log. Inequalities

– For a > 1 the inequality 0 < x < y & loga x <
logay are equivalent
– For 0 < a < 1 the inequality 0 < x < y & loga
x > logay are equivalent

Characteristic & Mantissa Using log 2 = 0.3010 and log 3 = 0.4771,
– Standard form of a positive number and log 7 = 0.8451
Q. Find the number of digits
(A) 650 (B) 525
Examples on Characteristic & Mantissa Q. Find the largest integral value of N if 1= 5,
Let log3 N = 1 + 1; log5 N = 2 + 2; log7 2= 3 and 3= 2
N = 3 + 3 where 1, 2 3 are integers
and 1, 2, 3  [0, 1)
Q. Find the number of integral N when 1 = 4
and 2 = 2

Q. Find the difference of largest and smallest integral Q. Find the number of zeros after decimal be-
values of N if 1 = 5, 2 = 3 and 3 = 2 fore a significant figure start in :
Using log2 = 0.3010 and log3 = 0.4771, and 100
9
log 7 = 0.8451 (A)  
8
(B) 3–50

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Best Approach

Number systems  Rational number in Decimal

 Representation of rational numbers on  Representation of number on the

Fundamental Of Mathematics - XI Page 2

 Real numbers  Representation of Irrational numbers

Fundamental Of Mathematics - XI Page 3

 Laws of Exponents  Radicals & surds

Fundamental Of Mathematics - XI Page 4

we observe that the prime factorisation

Terminating Decimal NON TERMINATING &

Fundamental Of Mathematics - XI Page 5

Sets - Introduction A set is a well - defined collection of objects.

Fundamental Of Mathematics - XI Page 6

Q. Write the set A = {1, 4, 9, 16, 25, .....} in 1 2 3 4 6

Fundamental Of Mathematics - XI Page 7

(iii) C = {x : x is an integer, x2  4} (iv) D = {x : x is a letter in the word "LOYAL"}

Fundamental Of Mathematics - XI Page 8

The Empty Set Finite and Infinite Sets

Fundamental Of Mathematics - XI Page 9

We read the above statement as Every set A is a subset of itself.

Fundamental Of Mathematics - XI Page 10

Singleton set Subsets of set of real numbers

Fundamental Of Mathematics - XI Page 11

The set of Rational number Intervals as subsets of R

Fundamental Of Mathematics - XI Page 12

Universal Set Q. Write the following intervals in set-

Fundamental Of Mathematics - XI Page 13

Properties of the Operation of Union Properties of the Operation of Intersection

Fundamental Of Mathematics - XI Page 14

Q. Let A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}, B = Complement of a Set

Fundamental Of Mathematics - XI Page 15

Proof : We have Q. If X and Y are two sets such that X  Y has

– n [(A  B) (A  C)]

n(A) + n(B) + n (C) – n(A  B) – n(B  C)

Fundamental Of Mathematics - XI Page 16

(ii) Chemical C2 but not chemical C1

(iii) Chemical C1 or chemical C2

Relations Cartesian products of sets

Definition : Given two non-empty sets P and

Fundamental Of Mathematics - XI Page 17

Fundamental Of Mathematics - XI Page 18

Fundamental Of Mathematics - XI Page 19

The function ƒ from A to B is denoted by ƒ : Real valued function

Fundamental Of Mathematics - XI Page 20

(iii) Polynomial function Q. Define the function ƒ : R  R by y = ƒ(x) =

Fundamental Of Mathematics - XI Page 21

The function    defined by f(x) = |x|

Fundamental Of Mathematics - XI Page 22

Rules Quadratic - Intro Only

Fundamental Of Mathematics - XI Page 23

Ex. Form the quadratic polynomial whose zeroes

Fundamental Of Mathematics - XI Page 24

Ex. Factorize each of the following expressions : (ii) x4 + 5x2 + 9

Fundamental Of Mathematics - XI Page 25

Exponential Form (N = ax) Logarithmic form

Fundamental Of Mathematics - XI Page 26

Fundamental Of Mathematics - XI Page 27

Fundamental Of Mathematics - XI Page 28

Fundamental Logarithm Identity Find values :

Fundamental Of Mathematics - XI Page 29

Solve : Q. The value of : [JEE 2012]

Fundamental Of Mathematics - XI Page 30

Antilog/ Power form

Fundamental Of Mathematics - XI Page 31