Adrian R.

Refulgente

19th CENTURY WORLD SPAIN AND PHILIPPINES

1. Define the Following terms:

a. Nationalism - is a political, social, and economic system characterized by the promotion of
the interests of a particular i nation, especially with the aim of gaining and maintaining
sovereignty (self-governance) over the homeland.
b. Absolutism - the acceptance of or belief in absolute principles in political, philosophical,
ethical, or theological matters.
c. Conservatism - is a political and social philosophy promoting traditional social institutions in
the context of culture and civilization. The central tenets of conservatism include tradition,
human imperfection, organic society, hierarchy, authority, and property rights Conservatives
seek to preserve a range of institutions such as monarchy, religion, parliamentary government,
and property rights, with the aim of emphasizing social stability and continuity.
d. Constitutionalism - is "a complex of ideas, attitudes, and patterns of behavior elaborating
the principle that the authority of government derives from and is limited by a body of
fundamental law". Political organizations are constitutional to the extent that they "contain
institutionalized mechanisms of power control for the protection of the interests and
liberties of the citizenry, including those that may be in the minority".
e. Liberalism - is a political and moral philosophy based on liberty and equality. Liberals espouse
a wide array of views depending on their understanding of these principles, but they generally
support civil rights, democracy, secularism, gender equality, racial equality, internationalism,
freedom of speech, freedom of the press and freedom of religion.
f. Mercantilism - is a national economic policy that is designed to maximize the exports of a
nation. Mercantilism was dominant in modernized parts of Europe from the 16th to the 18th
centuries before falling into decline, although some commentators argue that it is still practiced
in the economies of industrializing countries in the form of economic interventionism.
g. Capitalism - is an economic system based on the freedom of private ownership of the means
of production and their operation for profit. Characteristics central to capitalism include private
property, capital accumulation, wage labor, voluntary exchange, a price system, and
competitive markets. In a capitalist market economy, decision-making and investment are
determined by every owner of wealth, property or production ability in financial and capital
markets, whereas prices and the distribution of goods and services are mainly determined by
competition in goods and services markets.
h. Socialism - is a range of economic and social systems characterized by social ownership and
workers' self-management of the means of production as well as the political theories and
movements associated with them Social ownership may refer to forms of public, collective or
cooperative ownership, or to citizen ownership of equity.
i. Communism - a political theory derived from Karl Marx, advocating class war and leading to
a society in which all property is publicly owned and each person works and is paid according
to their abilities and needs.
j. Humanism - is a philosophical and ethical stance that emphasizes the value and agency of
human beings, individually and collectively, and generally prefers critical thinking and evidence
(rationalism and empiricism) over acceptance of dogma or superstition. The meaning of the
term humanism has fluctuated according to the successive intellectual movements which have
identified with it. The term was coined by theologian Friedrich Niethammer at the beginning of
the 19th century to refer to a system of education based on the study of classical literature
("classical humanism"). Generally, however, humanism refers to a perspective that affirms
some notion of human freedom and progress. It views humans as solely responsible for the
promotion and development of individuals and emphasizes a concern for man in relation to
the world.
k. Secularism - as defined in the Merriam-Webster dictionary, is the "indifference to, or rejection
or exclusion of, religion and religious considerations." As a philosophy, secularism seeks to
interpret life on principles taken solely from the material world, without recourse to religion. In
political terms, secularism is the principle of the separation of government institutions and
persons mandated to represent the state from religious institution and religious dignitaries (the
attainment of such is termed secularity). Under a brief definition, Secularism means that
governments should remain neutral on the matter of religion and should not enforce nor
prohibit the free exercise of religion, leaving religious choice to the liberty of the people. One
manifestation of secularism is asserting the right to be free from religious rule and teachings,
or, in a state declared to be neutral on matters of belief, from the imposition by government of
religion or religious practices upon its people.

l. Individualism - is the moral stance, political philosophy, ideology, or social outlook that
emphasizes the moral worth of the individual. Individualists promote the exercise of one's
goals and desires and so value independence and self-reliance and advocate that interests of
the individual should achieve precedence over the state or a social group, while opposing
external interference upon one's own interests by society or institutions such as the
government. Individualism is often defined in contrast to totalitarianism, collectivism, and more
corporate social forms.
m. Globalism - refers to various systems with scope beyond the merely international. The term
is used by detractors of globalization such as right-wing populist movements. While primarily
associated with world-systems, other things with global reach have also been so described.
2. Discuss the Following significant event during 18th Century

How did they contribute political movement during 19th Century?

 American Revolution
The conflict between the First Philippine Republic and the United States that
lasted from February 4, 1899 to July 2,1902. The war resulted in the deaths of 200,
000 Filipino civilians, the war and especially the following occupation by the U.S, it
leads to the disestablishment of the Catholic Churches in the Philippines as a state
religion, and introduce the English to the island as the primary language.
In 1902, the United States Congress passed the Philippine Organic Act, which
provided for the creation of the Philippine Assembly, with members to be elected by
Filipino males. (Women did not have suffrage in the US or the Philippines.). This act
was superseded by the 1916 Philippine Autonomy Act, which contained the first formal
and official declaration of the United States government's commitment to eventually
grant independence to the Philippines. The 1934 Philippine Independence Act created
the Commonwealth of the Philippines the following year, a limited form of
independence, and established a process ending in Philippine independence
(originally scheduled for 1944, but interrupted and delayed by World War II). The
United States granted independence in 1946, following World War II and the Japanese
occupation of the Philippines, through the Treaty of Manila concluded between the two
governments and nations.
 French Revolution
The Philippines was one of the potential trading sector for France since 17th
century. The France was the first country to establish a consul in Spanish Philippines
and established its consul in Manila in March 1824. During the centennial of the French
Revolution in 1889, José Rizal sought to organize a conference called the Association
Internationale des Philippinistes which was to be launched with Ferdinand Blumentritt,
the President and Edmond Plauchut, the Vice President. The French also permitted
Rizal to live in exile in France where he wrote the books Noli Me Tangere and El
Filibusterismo.
However the Filipino revolutionaries failed to garner French support. France
remained neutral and distanced itself from the Filipino revolutionaries as France
respected Spain's sovereignty over the Philippines as a fellow colonial power.Embassy
 of the Philippines in Paris Diplomatic relations between France and the Philippines
was officially established on June 26, 1947 with the signing of the Treaty of Amity
 Industrial Revolution
This phenomenal spread of knowledge called Industrial Revolution had not
made a rapid progress in the global market. But in 1830, it eventually developed
gradually and quickly reached every corner of the globe. Along with its worldwide
expansion, it underwent a huge regional expansion. Every area in the world enhanced
their specialized fields in the industry. The global economic power and technological
superiority entailed by the Industrial Revolution had eventually reached the
Philippines.
Located in the heart of the Orient, it took time for technological innovations to
enter the Philippines. Until the 21st century, Philippines gradually developed at a
remarkably slow pace. Nonetheless, the 21st century marked the paramount of
Philippines’ own “Industrial Revolution”, as multinational companies become more and
more interested to invest in the Philippines in the field of offshore outsourcing,
particularly in the call center industry.
3. What were the reasons why Spain declined as a world powerful nation?
The decline of the Spanish empire was brought about by many factors. Money was
tight for the Spanish during the 17th century, despite that galleons filled with gold were sent
from the Americas (though many were raided by pirates or were wrecked in storms). But
conquering and forming an empire is one thing; maintaining it quite another. Often the natives
of a conquered land are not happy with the conditions they're subjected to by the conquerors,
just as often those conditions are brutal and unfair. So they rise up in arms, and that means
that empire has to spend a lot of money on armies and weapons to extinguish it.
4. Describe the Philippine Society during the 19th century under the following aspects
a. Political Systems
The Political system of the Philippines in 19th century became more develop because
of the galleon trade in the Philippines. The politics that time is a monopoly and causes
different results. The growing commercial agriculture in the Philippines resulted to a better
and developed economy that attract the politicians to be more intact in the political system
of the Philippines.
b. Economic Systems
The political and economic changes in Europe were finally beginning to affect Spain
and, thus, the Philippines. Important as a stimulus to trade was the gradual elimination of
the monopoly enjoyed by the galleon to Acapulco. The last galleon arrived in Manila in
1815, and by the mid-1830s Manila was open to foreign merchants almost without
 restriction. The demand for Philippine sugar and abaca (hemp) grew apace, and the
volume of exports to Europe expanded even further after the completion of the Suez Canal
in 1869.
The growth of commercial agriculture resulted in the appearance of a new class.
Alongside the landholdings of the church and the rice estates of the pre-Spanish nobility
there arose haciendas of coffee, hemp, and sugar, often the property of enterprising
Chinese-Filipino mestizos. Some of the families that gained prominence in the 19th century
have continued to play an important role in Philippine economics and politics.
c. Cultural Systems
1. Education
The public education in the Philippines started in 1863, the church who’s the
one controlling the curriculum. In this year less than one-fifth of the student went to
school could read and write Spanish, and far fewer to speak it properly. The limited
higher education in the colony was entirely under clerical direction, but by the year
1880’s many sons of the wealthy were sent to Europe to study.
2. Religious
The most dominant religion in the Philippines that time is Catholic which
introduced by the Spaniards since 16th century. Catholic religion is following the
spiritual direction of a pope; the pope is considered as the leader or the highest position
in Catholic religion. The Philippines was controlled by the church and act like a
supreme leader of the country. Religion serves as the barrier between the Filipino and
Spaniards that time but it also became the reason why the country is intact and united.