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1970
Recommended Citation
Singh, Krishna Kumar, "Comparison of the Buckley-Leverett technique with a numerical simulation model containing heterogeneity
and capillary pressure" (1970). Masters Theses. 7162.
http://scholarsmine.mst.edu/masters_theses/7162
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COMPARISON OF THE BUCKLEY-LEVERETT TECHNIQUE
WITH A NUMERICAL SIMULATION MODEL CONTAINING HETEROGENEITY
AND CAPILLARY PRESSURE
BY
THESIS
submitted to the faculty of
THE UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI - ROLLA
Approved by
(Advisor)
ll
Abstract
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
for his timely help in all the matters that came up during
this work. His thanks are due also to Dr. R. E. Carlile.
iv
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
ABSTRACT . . . . ll
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT lll
LIST OF FIGURES v
LIST OF TABLES . Vl
I. INTRODUCTION 1
A. GENERAL . . . . . . . . . 8
DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS 10
D. MATHEMATICAL DEVELOPMENT 11
E. MATERIAL BALANCE 28
VI. CONCLUSIONS 50
VII. APPENDICES 52
A. NOMENCLATURE 53
c. RESERVOIR DATA 57
VIII. REFERENCES 68
IX. VITA 70
v
LIST OF FIGURES
4. Boundary Elements 25
8. Oil Recovery Vs 45
9• Oil Recovery Vs 46
Vl
LIST OF TABLES
I Summary of Results 41
II Summary of Results 42
tion . . 58
l
I. INTRODUCTION
duction has long been used in the oil industry. Water and
gas are perhaps the most widely used fluids for this pur-
systems.
Leverett assumptions.
3
phases.
4
They solved this equation for the case when gravity and
derations.
by different authors.
5
4
Fayers and Sheldon( ) used a finite difference approxi-
let.
( 7)
McEwen presented a numerical solution to the one-
under consideration.
Byron S. Gottfried, Guilinger and Snyder's(g) 1s per-
Buckley-Leverett theory.
8
A. General
limited usefulness.
with the size of the reservoir. Then rock and fluid pro-
nent input data are varied from one computer run to another
round-off error.
error.
qulre a maJor revlslon of the data and, therefore are not prac-
n1que.
D. Mathematical Development
Law.
i-1 l i+l
+ + + + + +
v
X
out
v +
x.
ln
/':,x
.
F lg. 2 A Typical Elemental Block
13
where,
0
Mass rate ln = Cv x Ap r )
. = Cv 6yh -st
-) ( l)
ln X 6 ln
0
The equality pr = --st
6
- for a phase is assumed applica-
( 2)
k (j¢
"V
X
= ]J dX •
( 3)
aM
Mass accumulation rate = IT
( s)
( 6)
and
d
dX
( kh d I{>)
JJS 8x
= + ~h L_B
r;: ~at - s2 s ( 8)
B a
ax
Ckh
JJS
81{>)
ax
= B ( Q lnJ
. . -Q PR) + ¢h
/:,.x6.y
G Cis
at
_ ~ ~
B dP
s ( 9)
ln a porous medium.
are glven.
I{>
w
= P
w
- pgh = P
w
, neglecting gravity (10)
defined as:
p ~ p p
c n w
Thus, (ll)
p
n
= pw + p
c
=p + p
c
assumptions yields:
~
n
~ p
n
= p + p
c
(12)
~
w
~ p
w
= p
below:
Wetting Phase:
following relationships:
16
i-1
T
h
p.l - 1
+
p .
l
+
pi+ 1
+
'\>-;
~
l ~
k h dcP
d (
w ___3!._)
Bw ax
]JwBw ax
Bn+h. 2 k h
n+~
(P. -P.)
n+l
k h
n+~
(P.-P. )
n+l
Wl ( w l+ 1 l ( w ) l l- 1
= 6.x. )
6.x.+6.x. 6.x.+Lx.
l ]JwBw l l+ 1 ]Jw 13 w . 1 l l- 1
i+~ l-";2
2 2
(13)
k
w
=k k
rw
=k k
ro
(14)
kg = k k rg
(P.-P. ) n+J
l l- 1
+ HKX.l - l + HKX.
l
i+~
(15)
18
where,
2(kh) l'+1"2
HKX.
l
= (16)
2 ( kh) . 1
l-"2
HKX.l- 1 = ~x.+~x.
, by definition.
l l- 1
Non-Wetting Phase:
follows:
19
k h Cl(P+P )
Bn Cl ( n c )
Cl x -,,--,B~ dX
.... n n
Bn+h2 n+~ n+~
n.
l
= 6x.
l
[IKxi-1 k
( rn )
wnsn • 1
l-~
pl}+l
l-l - { HKXi
( rn )
w s
n n . +
l 1~
k
+ I-lKXi-1
n+~
)n+~pr:+D+
sn+~
n+l n.
P. + HKX. (krn l
l l w B l+l 6x.
• 1
l-~
n n
l
. +1~ l
+ HKX.E l B
/':.x. w.
l l
20
n+~
k
rn Qinj-QPR
- HKX. l ( ) (P -P ) = sw.
l- JJn 13 n c. ci-1
( l:,x!:,y )
• 1 l l w
l-'2
s
w
+ s
n
= l (19)
d
s
w + at s n = 0 ( 2 0)
On the right hand side of Equation (18), the only term which
aP ( 2 l)
at =
HKXi-l
!:,x.
l
~i (
k
rw )
1Jw 13 w •
l-'2
1
+ i3
n.
l
(
k
rn
JJn 13 n
)
.]
l~'2
n+l
p.l- l (A.+C.) PI?+ l
l l l
+
HKX.
6x.
l
l
ti (
k
rw )
1Jw 13 w
i+~
+ sn.
l
(
k
rn)
JJn 13 n
J
.
l+~
n+ l
pi+l = QTERM.
l
21
-
s
¢h (~
df3
lit sw dP
s
w + n dS n
sn
dP )
(P~+l_pr:)
l l
r
Bn-
x.
l
E HKX.l ( rn )
11 n 13 n
k
i+~
(P
ci+l
-P
ci
) - HKX. l
l-
k
( r~ )
11 n n ·
l-'2
1
(P c. -P c. l
l l-
J. ( 2 2)
as:
( 2 3)
where,
A·l =
HKX.l - l
llx.
l
Ei (
k
rw )
11 wSw •
l-'2
1
+ s
n·l
(
k
rn
11 n 13 n
)
.J
l-'2
( 2 4)
c.l =
HKX.
llx·l
l
E (
k
rw )
l-lwSw
i+~
+ sn. C r n )
l l1 f3
k
n n l. + 1'2
J ( 2 5)
s dS w s dS n
.<1!..0. cY- + n (27)
G = lit sw dP sn
dP )
l dSw ( 2 8)
cw = - -
sw dP
dS n
l ( 2 9)
cn = - -
sn dP
22
k
D. = QTERM. - GPr: ( rn )
l l l jJ s
n n . +1
l "2
- HKX.l - l
k
( rn )
jJ
n
sn . 1
l-"2
(P c. -P c. l
l l-
J (31)
shown as follows:
BlPl+ClP2 = Dl
A2Pl+B2P2+C2P3 = D2
A3P2+B3P3+C3P4 = D3 ( 3 2)
AMPM-l+BMPM = DM
follows:
PM = YM
( 3 3)
CiP i+l
P.
l = Y·l -
Bl. l = M-1, M-2, ... 1
23
where y's and S's are determined from the recursion formulae
:::
sl Bl;
(34)
A.C.
l l- 1
s l. ::: B. l ::: 2,3,4, ... M
l B.l- l
:::
yl Dl/ Bl
( 3 5)
D.-A.y.
l l l- l
y. ::: l ::: 2,3,4, ... M
l sl.
It lS one of the disadvantages of a Gaussian Elimina-
Boundary Conditions:
( 3 6)
yields;
(A +B )Pn+l+C pn+l = ( 3 7)
l l l l 2
25
I - I
::8 +
:2::: 0-,
-
rl
I
rl ::8
I 0-, +
:2:::
~--
J.--
T(Y)
(Y)
+ X
<l
'--
+
-·t X
0J
<l
rl
rl
0-, +
t
-
X
<l
:t
I -1
I
OJ 0
I o., + I Xo
I :
1
<l
( 3 8)
(k
0
= 0). Thus, the equation for the first block may be
written as
( 3 9)
(40)
where,
CQ
w . . Bw ) = CB Q ) cs Q ) (41)
ln] l o oPR w wPR
M M
written as £ollows:
CQ B )
wPR w M
CQ B0 ) = ( 4 2)
0
PR M
Thus,
k "flo
CQ B ) = CQ B ) C~ - ) (43)
wPR w M 0
PR 0 M ro "Ww M
(Q Bw )
w.
CQ 0 S0 ) ln] l
= k ].1
(44)
PR M l+( rw ----.2.)
kro J.lw
M
phase.
E. Material Balance
discussed below.
ning of the old time step tn, plus the change in saturation
n+l
n+l B
s ( w ) + (6s ) (45)
W· Bn l
w
l l
w
29
i-1 1
h
ln.
l
out.
l
1
+ + +
P.l- l P. pi+l
l
volume, ( PV) .•
l
applicable:
thus,
Mass ln = v x. ( 4 7)
ln
(48)
31
k
(Mas s out ) .
l
= HKX.
l
(~)
llw
i+~
(49)
(Mass produced).
l
= Qw. p w t
~t (50)
l s
(PV).
l
= ~y.h.~x.¢ l l l
(51)
Bw.
~t l
(~s
w
) = h.~x.¢
-B- HKXi-1
l l l
i+~
w.l - 1
n+~
( p. -P. 1) (52)
l l-
• 1
l-";2
lated by
n+l
n+l n 8
s = s ( w ) + (~ s ) ( 53)
w.l W·
l l
w.
l
32
sion is:
sn+l
n+l n
s
n = s n. ( n ) + (6.s )
n
( 54)
l l
(6.s
n
)
l
6.t
= h.6.x.¢
l l
Ei )Jn
k
( rn)
i+~
(Pi+l-Pi)
n+~
Bn.
B
l
n.l - l
HKXi-l
k
n +h2 rn
( P. -P. ) + HKX. ( --)
l l-1 l ~n
i+~
sn. k
l
HKX. l ( __E.!2.) (p -P ) n+~
l- ~n c.l c.l - l
(55)
33
three-phase flow.
be immobile.
6) The areal sweep efficiency lS 100 per cent.
use.
3f
(~)
dS
w t
35
or,
6x = ( 56)
k A dP ds
0
l - (---c w + g6p Sina)
qt11o dsw dx
fw = l + (k /k )(1J 111 )
( 57)
0 w w 0
ditions.
A simplified computational procedure was proposed by
(15) This procedure was used in this study and is
We l ge .
-1
k ~w
f
w = Cl + ko ) (59)
w ~0
computations.
to this point.
37
N = (s -s ) l ( PV) ( 6 0)
p wav wi So
(STB)
WOR = l l
(61)
fw -
( 6 2)
( 6 3)
w.
l
T = Qw . .
(64)
lnJ
differences in time.
39
1n Appendix D.
shown.
Summary of Results
(f.l
0
/1J
w
= 10.)
4 3
s -s s -s
k ( w we) ( w we)
rvJ = 1-s
k
rw = l-s
we we
WOR = 9.61 WOR = 7. 32
_f:"
\-'
Table II
Summary of Results
s -s 4 s -s 3
( w we) ( w we)
k
rw = 1-s
k
rw = 1-s
we we
WOR = 9.61 WOR = 7.32
% Recovery by
% Recovery
% Recovery by
% Recovery
Buckley-Leverett Buckley-Leverett
by Model by Model
at Breakthrough at Breakthrough
~
~
4
k
rw
= ((s -s
w we
)/(1-s
we
))
1. Buckley-Leverett
2. Mathematical Model
h
0
·rl
---/2
--
Efflux End
4-J
rD
~
:::1
f-J
rD
(f)
~
QJ
f-J
rD
3:
0 ~----------r----------;-----------,----------~------~
0 100 200 300 400 500
Distance, X -!="
w
Fig. 6 Saturation Distribution Curves
3
1.0 k
rw
= ((s -s
w we
)/(1-s
we
))
1. Buckley-Leverett
•9
2. Mathematical Model
•8
•7
c
0 •6 Efflux End
·r1
+-'
rd
H
;:1
+-'
rd
(/)
H
(!)
+-'
rd
3
0
0 100 200 300 400 500
Distance, X
+
Fig. 7 Saturation Distribution Curves +
4
........
k
rw
= ((s -s )/(1-s ))
w we we
(f)
·r-1
(f) 9 l. Buckley-Leverett
rd
CD
2. Mathematical Model
Q) 8
u
rd
r-1
p..
I
h 2
•r-1
I ',~ l
"'-.._ '----~
r-1
·r-1
0
'---" ~---
>,
~
Q)
__ - ---- - --::-
--.::::--
>
0
u
Q)
p::;
r-1
·r-1
0
o\o
0•~--~~--~~--~~---,1---,l--~lr---ri---rl--~l--~(--~l~~lr---1~--~l----1
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30
Oil-Water Viscosity Ratio
Fig. 8 Oil Recovery Vs <w lw )
0 w
~
U1
3
,...., 10 k
rw
= ((s -s )/(1-s ))
w we we
(!)
·rl
(!)
rU
1. Buckley-Leverett
rD
2. Mathematical Model
Q)
u
rU
rl
Q.,
I
h
,~2
·rl
I
rl
•rl
.... :....
0
'-'
!>,
~
:-...
- 1
Q)
>
0
u
--..;._-.....
rl
•rl
0
c\c
0 -Ll---r--~--~--~--~--~~--r---r---r---,---,---~--~--~--~
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30
Oil-Water Viscosity Ratio
Fig. 9 Oil Recovery Vs (~ 0 /~ w )
-I=
m
47
ably well.
reasonably well.
systems.
technique.
50
VI. CONCLUSIONS
results.
52
VII. APPENDICES
53
APPENDIX A
Nomenclature
A = LJyh - sq-cm
\) = Darcy's velocity potential - em/sec
k = absolute permeability - Darcy
p = pressure - atm
h = reservoir thickness - ern
Q = production or injection rate - cc/sec
k
w
,k ,k
0 g
= phase effective permeability
k
r
= relative permeability
g = acceleration due to gravity - em/sec/sec
P
c
= capillary pressure - atm
dP dP ds
w
dx
c
= as-c dx , capillary pressure gradient in the system
w
f
w
= fraction of water in the produced fluids - fraction
s
Wl
. = initial water saturation - fraction
f
Wl
. = value of f
W
corresponding to s . - fraction
Wl
= average water saturation any time after break-
through - fraction
(f )
w sw s
= value of fw corresponding to any average satura-
(f I )
w sw s
= value of f~ corresponding to
w.
l
= water injected - res bbl
v = volume - cc
8M
8t = mass rate of accumulation - gm/sec
Subscripts:
X = indicating x-direction
i+l . . .
= lndlcatlng ( l+l
. ) th elemental block
n = non-wetting phase
0 = oil phase
r = reservolr conditions
lnJ = injection
PR = production
Superscripts:
APPENDIX B
Derivation of Miscellaneous Relationships
pst
Derivation of the relationship p
r
= ---
i3
mass
Pr = V
r
Pr mass
v st v st l
-- = vr
X
mass = vr = s
Pst
Thus,
Pst
Pr = -!3-
57
APPENDIX C
Reservoir Data
Numerical Model
315 331 331 331 158 158 166 299 276 229 315 315 312 237 158 158
Model 3
312 32 3 142 110 126 158 161 306 339 299 292 315 312 315 158 158
564 465 465 212 223 234 422 389 71 99 85 440 296 226 339 353
Model 5
127 282 141 144 147 113 423 346 214 564 257 36 7 705 458 271 282
400 330 330 150 158 166 299 276 50 70 60 312 210 160 241 250
Model 6
90 200 100 10 2 104 80 300 245 152 400 182 260 500 325 192 200
()l
00
59
-c 0 CP-P )
= Bob e b
-c (P-1)
= Bwb e w
Jl = . 2 + • 000l(Pxl4. 7)
0
where,
sure
sure
. . . . ( 16)
Relatlve Permeabllltles
3
s (2-s -2s )
g g w
k
rg = s
w -< s we
(1-s ) 4
w
4
1-s -s
g w)
k
ro = (
1-s we
s
w
< s
we
k
rw = 0; s
w -< s we
s 3 (2-s -2s )
g g we
k
rg = s
w
> s
we
(1-s we )4
60
3
(l-s -s ) (l-s +s ~2s )
g w g w we
k ro = 4
s
w
> s
we
( 1-s )
we
4
s -s
k =( w we) s > s
rw 1-s w we
we
s
w c
. 05 .852
.10 . 85 2
.15 .852
. 20 .227
. 25 .163
. 30 .134
. 35 .113
.40 .106
.45 .092
. 50 . 0 85
. 55 .084
. 60 . 0 83
. 65 .071
. 70 .071
. 75 . 063
. 80 .056
. 85 . 0 35
.90 .021
. 95 . 000
APPENDIX D
MAIN PROGRAM
I START I
t
Initialization of Model M,¢,PB,SWC,
SOR,SGC,CW,CO,initial pressure and
saturations, QW . . ,PTOL,BTAOB
ln]
Data Input
/':,.x. ,J:,.y. ,H. ,K. ,PC.
l l l l l
CALL BETA
~
Calculate initial
oil in place
I = l,M-1
Calculate HKX.l
ITER = 0
cb
62
CALL COEFF
CALL TRIDAG
Calculate pressures at
new time level
p~+l
l
CALL MBAL
Calculate saturations at
new time level
sn~l sn~l sn~l NO
Wl ' Ol ' gl
YES
YES
DELTH = DELT
SUBROUTINE COEFF
Calculate SWA,SOA,SGA,PAV,
PX
CALL PERMR
CALL VISC
CALL BETA
CALL CAP
Calculate A,B,C,D
NO
YES
Calculate A,B,D
RETURN TO
MAIN PROGRAM
66
Calculate DELPC2
QWTRM,QOTRM
NO Key = 2
BBW = 0.0
BBO = 0.0
66
CALL CAP
Calculate DELPC2
QWTRM,QOTRM
CALL BETA
NO Key = 2
BBW = 0.0
BBO = 0.0
67
SUBROUTINE TRIDAG
S(1) = R(1)
X(1) = D(1)/S(1)
I =
S(I) =
R(I) _ A(I)*C(I-1)
S(I-1)
D(I)-A(I)*XCI-1)
X( I) = S(I)
NO
Y(N)
I = 2 ,N
K = N+1-I
NO
YES
VIII. REFERENCES
IX. VITA
Petroleum Engineering.