GROUNDWATER HYDRAULICS 𝝑𝒉 TRANSMISSIVITY

𝒒 = − 𝑲(𝝋)𝒉 (𝟐. 𝟕)
FORMULA : 𝝑𝒍 𝑻=𝑲𝒃 (𝟐.𝟏𝟕)
DARCY`S LAW 𝒗 = − 𝑲.
𝒉𝟏 − 𝒉𝟐
=𝑲. 𝒊 Or where
∆𝒍
𝝑𝒉 K is the hydraulic conductivity
Where 𝒒 = − 𝑲(𝜽)𝒉 (𝟐. 𝟖)
v is superficial flow velocity (m/s), 𝝑𝒍
b is the depth of the saturated aquifer
K is hydraulic conductivity (m/s),
 where θ is the water content of
The total rate of flow (Q)
𝑑ℎ the soil. There are three
i is hydraulic gradient− , (m/m), 𝑸 = 𝑾 . 𝑻 . 𝒊, (𝟐. 𝟏𝟖)
𝑑𝑙 methods for computing
h1 is height of water in the upper where W is the width of the aquifer, i is
unsaturated hydraulic
piezometer (m), the hydraulic gradient, T is transmissivity
conductivity as a function of
h2 is the height of water in the lower (m2/s), and Q is the discharge rate (m3/s).
piezometer (m), and
water content.
∆l is the distance between hydraulic conductivity for the
piezometer, constant head permeameter WELLS
𝒉𝟐 − 𝒉𝟏  The general form of Equation of
𝑸 = − 𝑲𝑨 radial distance r from the
𝑸/𝑨=𝑲𝒊 =>𝑸=𝑲𝒊𝑨 𝑳
Or Therefore pumped well is
𝒉𝟏 −𝒉𝟐
𝒒=𝑲𝒊𝒃 Where 𝐾  𝑸 = 𝟐𝝅Kb[ ]
𝒍𝒏(𝒓𝟏 /𝒓𝟐 )
Q is the hydraulic discharge, m3/s 𝑄𝐿
= (2.14) Q = well discharge rate (m3/d)
A is the cross-sectional area, m2 𝐴ℎ
where K = transmissivity of aquifer
Q is the discharge in unit width of
the aquifer, m2/s (m2/d)
Q is the flow rate
B is the thickness of the aquifer, m r1, r2 = respective distances of
A is the cross-sectional area
𝑄 = 𝐴𝑝 𝑣𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑙 . 𝐴𝑝 is the area of pores, the piezometers from the
L is the length of the sample
and 𝑣𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑙 is the average velocity of pumping well (m)
h is the constant head h1, h2 = respective steady-
water through the pores
state drawdowns in the
𝑸 = 𝑨𝒗 For the falling head piezometers (m)
𝑨𝒑 permeameter, the hydraulic b = saturated thickness of the
=> 𝒗 = 𝒗 => 𝒗 = 𝒏𝒗𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒍 (𝟐. 𝟑)
𝑨 𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒍 conductivity is obtained as aquifer (m)
𝑸 = 𝑨𝒑 𝒗𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒍 following: zone of influence of radius re, He =
Hydraulic Conductivity in Saturated Media 𝒅𝒉
𝜸 𝑸𝒊𝒏 = − 𝑨𝒕 saturated thickness of the aquifer,
𝑲𝑺 = 𝒌 (𝟐. 𝟔) 𝒅𝒕 𝝅𝑲(𝑯𝒆𝟐 − 𝒉𝟐𝒘 )
𝝁 𝒉 𝑸=
Where 𝑸𝒐𝒖𝒕 = 𝑲𝑨𝒄 𝒍𝒏(𝒓𝒆 /𝒓𝒘 )
𝒍
Ks is the saturated hydraulic conductivity, cm/s
where At and Ac are the cross-
or ft/day
sectional area of the tube and
k = Cd2 is the specific or intrinsic permeability
the container, respectively.
C is the constant of proportionality, unit less
d is the grain size of porous medium, m
In steady state condition, Qin =
γ is the specific weight of water, kN/m3
Qout:
μ is the dynamic viscosity of water, N s/m2
𝒅𝒉 𝒉
Hydraulic Head −𝑨𝒕 = 𝑲𝑨𝒄
𝒅𝒕 𝒍
 In a groundwater system in
saturated zone, hydraulic head 𝑨𝒕 𝑳 𝒉𝟏
at a point (Figure 2.4) can be 𝑲= 𝒍𝒏 (𝟐. 𝟏𝟓)
𝑨𝒄 (𝒕𝟐 − 𝒕) 𝒉𝟐
expressed as
where
𝒛+𝒑
𝒉= (𝟐. 𝟓) L is the length of the sample
𝝆𝒈
H1 and h2 are the heads at the beginning,
where
t1, and at time t2 later.
z is the elevation head above a datum
 the pore velocity obtained by
plane (m)
Darcy’s law can be equated to
p is the fluid pressure at the point applied
that obtained by dividing the
by the column of water above the
distance by the travel time
point(Pa)
between the two bore holes.
ρ is the water density (kg/m3)
𝒏𝑳𝟐
g is the gravity constant (m/s2) 𝑲= (𝟐. 𝟏𝟔)
𝒉𝒕
ρg expresses the specific weight of water Where n is the porosity
(γ)
t is the travel time between the two bore
Hydraulic Conductivity in Unsaturated
holes.
Media