TORSION DESIGN ES EN 1992-1-1:2015

Beam Design for Torsion Example

The slab system shown in figure 1 serves as a shade in a basketball court. It is required to design
the beam supporting the cantilever slab which spans a clear length of 2 m. if the beam depth and
width are given to be 500 and 300 mm, design the beam using C25/30 and S400 materials.

Figure 1: Plan of slab

Figure 2: Section x-x of figure 1

1 Material data
For C25/30 : 𝑓𝑐𝑘 = 25 𝑀𝑝𝑎
For S400: 𝑓𝑦𝑘 = 400 𝑀𝑝𝑎

Torsion Design Example Page |1 Af

 TORSION DESIGN ES EN 1992-1-1:2015

Concrete design strength

αcc fck
fcd = [ES EN 1992 − 1 − 1: 2015, Eqn. 3.15 ]
γc
Where: the recommended value of αcc is 0.85.
0.85 ∗ 25
fcd = = 14.17 𝑀𝑝𝑎
1.5
Steel design strength
𝑓𝑦𝑘
fyd = [ES EN 1992 − 1 − 1: 2015, Figure 3.8 ]
𝛾𝑠
400
fyd = = 347.83 Mpa
1.115

2 Analysis
Dead Load
Components of slab dead load

Figure 3: Section of Slab

From ES EN 1992-1-1:2015 Table A.1
unit weight of mortar(screed and plastering) = 23 KN/m3
𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑅𝐶𝐶 = 25 𝐾𝑁/𝑚3
the dead load on slab would be:
𝐶𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑠𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑒𝑑 = 23 ∗ 0.02 = 0.46 𝐾𝑁/𝑚2
𝑅𝐶𝐶 𝑠𝑙𝑎𝑏 = 25 ∗ 0.2 = 5 𝐾𝑁/𝑚2
𝑃𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 = 23 ∗ 0.02 = 0.46 𝐾𝑁/𝑚2

Torsion Design Example Page |2 Af

 TORSION DESIGN ES EN 1992-1-1:2015

𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐷𝑒𝑎𝑑 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑(𝐺𝑘 ) = 0.46 + 5 + 0.46 = 5.92 𝐾𝑁/𝑚2

Live Load
The structure serves as a roof(shed) and it is categorized under category H in ES EN 1991-1-:2015.
This category is for roofs inaccessible except for normal maintenance and repair.
𝐾𝑁
𝑞𝑘 = 0.4 [𝐸𝑆 𝐸𝑁 1991 − 1 − 1: 2015, 𝑇𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 6.1]
𝑚2
Design load
𝑃𝑑 = 1.35𝐺𝑘 + 1.5𝑞𝑘 = 1.35 ∗ 5.92 + 1.5 ∗ 0.4 = 8.592 𝐾𝑁/𝑚2
2.1 Load on Beam
The beam would be subjected to equilibrium torsion from the slab and uniformly distributed load
would be transferred through torsion.
Uniformly distributed load

Figure 4: Slab model for load transfer to beam

Reaction at fixed end:
𝑅𝑦 = 𝑃𝑑 ∗ 1𝑚 ∗ 2.15 = 8.592 ∗ 1𝑚 ∗ 2.15 = 18.47 𝐾𝑁/𝑚

2.152 2.152
𝑀 = 𝑃𝑑 ∗ 1𝑚 ∗ = 8.592 ∗ = 19.86 𝐾𝑁 − 𝑚/𝑚
2 2
The vertical reaction would be gravity load on the beam and the reaction moment would be torsion
on the beam.

Figure 5: Torsional load on Beam (uniformly distributed torsion)

Torsion Design Example Page |3 Af

 TORSION DESIGN ES EN 1992-1-1:2015

Assuming the columns provide full torsional restraint, the reaction torsion at the column would
be:
5𝑚 5
𝑇𝑠𝑑 = 𝑀𝑡 ∗ ( 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑒 𝑎𝑠 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑓𝑜𝑚𝑙𝑦 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑏𝑢𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑) = 19.86 ∗ = 49.65 𝐾𝑁 − 𝑚
2 2

Figure 6: Torsion diagram on beam

The maximum shear force and moment, based on the shear transferred from the slab would be:
5 5
𝑉𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝑅𝑦 ∗ = (18.47) ∗ = 46.175 𝐾𝑁
2 2
52 52
𝑀𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝑅𝑦 ∗ = (18.47) ∗ ( ) = 57.72 𝐾𝑁 − 𝑚
8 8

3 Design for shear and flexure

Design for flexure
b = 300 mm
𝑐𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟 = 35 𝑚𝑚 (𝑋𝐶3 𝑒𝑥𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑐𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑠)
𝐷 = 500 𝑚𝑚
∅𝑙 = 20 𝑚𝑚
∅𝑠 = 8 𝑚𝑚
∅𝑙 20
𝑑 = 𝐷 − 𝑐𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟 − ∅𝑠 − = 500 − 35 − 8 − = 447 𝑚𝑚
2 2
𝑀𝑠𝑑 57.75 ∗ 106
𝜇𝑠𝑑 = = = 0.0679 < 0.295 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑦 𝑟𝑒𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑑
𝑓𝑐𝑑 𝑏𝑑 2 14.17 ∗ 300 ∗ 4472
𝑘𝑧 = 0.965
𝑀𝑠𝑑 57.75 ∗ 106
𝐴𝑠 = = = 384.996 𝑚𝑚2
𝐾𝑧 𝑑𝑓𝑦𝑑 0.965 ∗ 447 ∗ 347.83

Check minimum rebar

Torsion Design Example Page |4 Af

 TORSION DESIGN ES EN 1992-1-1:2015

𝑓𝑐𝑡𝑚
𝐴𝑠,𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.26 𝑏𝑑
𝑓𝑐𝑘
For C25/30 𝑓𝑐𝑡𝑚 = 2.6 𝑀𝑝𝑎 [ES EN 1991-1-1:2015 Table 3.2]
2.6
𝐴𝑠,𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.26 ∗ ∗ 300 ∗ 447 = 226.629 𝑚𝑚2
400
Since 𝐴𝑠 > 𝐴𝑠,𝑚𝑖𝑛 provide As.
384.996
# 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑎𝑟𝑠 = = 1.226 ≈ 2∅20
314
Design for shear
Check for diagonal compression failure
 With θ=22⁰
𝛼𝑐𝑤 𝑏𝑤 𝑧𝑣1 𝑓𝑐𝑑
𝑉𝑟𝑑,𝑚𝑎𝑥 = [ES EN 1992 − 1 − 1: 2015, Eqn. 6.9]
cot(𝜃) + tan(𝜃)
𝑓𝑐𝑘 25
𝑣1 = 𝑣 = 0.6 [1 − ] = 0.6 [1 − ] = 0.54
250 250
𝑧 = 0.9𝑑 = 0.9 ∗ 447 = 402.3 𝑚𝑚 [0.9𝑑 𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑑 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑧]
𝛼𝑐𝑤 = 1
cot(22) = 2.47 ≈ 2.5 and tan(22) = 0.404 ≈ 0.4
𝛼𝑐𝑤 𝑏𝑤 𝑧𝑣1 𝑓𝑐𝑑 1 ∗ 300 ∗ 402.3 ∗ 0.54 ∗ 14.17
𝑉𝑟𝑑,𝑚𝑎𝑥 = = ∗ 10−3 = 318.446 𝐾𝑁
cot(𝜃) + tan(𝜃) 2.5 + 0.4
𝑉𝑟𝑑,𝑚𝑎𝑥 > 𝑉𝑚𝑎𝑥 θ=22⁰ and diagonal compression failure is not possible, i.e., depth is OK!

 Check whether designed or calculated shear reinforcement is required

1
Vrd,c = [Crd,c 𝑘(100ρ1 fck )3 ] bw d [ES EN 1992 − 1 − 1: 2015, Eqn. 6.2 a]

0.18 0.18
Crd,c = = = 0.12
𝛾𝑐 1.5
𝐴𝑠 2 ∗ 314
𝜌1 = 𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 = = = 0.0046 < 0.02 𝑜𝑘!
𝑏𝑑 300 ∗ 447

200
𝑘 =1+√ ≤2
𝑑

Torsion Design Example Page |5 Af

 TORSION DESIGN ES EN 1992-1-1:2015

200
𝑘 =1+√ = 1.67 ≤ 2 𝑜𝑘!
447
1
Vrd,c = [0.12 ∗ 1.67 ∗ (100 ∗ 0.0046 ∗ 25)3 ] 300 ∗ 447 ∗ 10−3 KN = 60.65 KN

And the minimum Vrd,c

𝑉𝑟𝑑,𝑐 = (𝑣𝑚𝑖𝑛 )bw d [ES EN 1992 − 1 − 1: 2015, Eqn. 6.2 b]
3 1
2
𝑣𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.035𝑘 2 𝑓𝑐𝑘 [ES EN 1992 − 1 − 1: 2015, Eqn. 6.3 N]

200
𝑘 =1+√ ≤2
𝑑

200
𝑘 =1+√ = 1.67 ≤ 2 𝑜𝑘!
447

3 1 3 1
2
𝑣𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.035𝑘 2 𝑓𝑐𝑘 = 0.035 ∗ (1.67)2 ∗ (25)2 = 0.377

𝑉𝑟𝑑,𝑐 = (𝑣𝑚𝑖𝑛 )bw d = 0.377 ∗ 300 ∗ 447 ∗ 10−3 KN = 50.646 KN

Since the first Vrd,c is greater than the minimum, use the value of Vrd,c.
𝑉𝑟𝑑,𝑐 = 60.65 KN
Check if designed(calculated) shear reinforcement is required
Assuming 400 mm square column the design shear force is
46.175 0.4
𝑣𝑠𝑑 = ( ) ∗ (2.5 − − 0.447) = 34.22 𝐾𝑁
2.5 2
𝑉𝑟𝑑,𝑐 = 50.646 KN > 𝑉𝑠𝑑 = 34.22 𝐾𝑁 provide minimum shear reinforcement.

0.08√𝑓𝑐𝑘
𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 = [𝐸𝑆 𝐸𝑁 1992 − 1−: 2015, 𝐸𝑞𝑛. 9.5 𝑁]
𝑓𝑦𝑘

0.08 ∗ √25
𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 = = 0.001
400
𝐴𝑠,𝑤
𝜌𝑤 = [𝐸𝑆 𝐸𝑁 1992 − 1−: 2015, 𝐸𝑞𝑛. 9.4]
𝑠𝑏𝑤 sin(𝛼)
Equating 𝜌𝑤 = 𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛

Torsion Design Example Page |6 Af

 TORSION DESIGN ES EN 1992-1-1:2015

𝜋∅2 82
𝐴𝑠,𝑤 = 2∗ =2∗𝜋∗ = 100.53 𝑚𝑚2
4 4
100.53
0.001 =
𝑠 ∗ 300 ∗ sin(90)
𝑠 = 335.1 𝑚𝑚
Check maximum allowed spacing
𝑆𝑙,𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.75𝑑(1 + cot(𝛼)) [𝐸𝑆 𝐸𝑁 1992 − 1−: 2015, 𝐸𝑞𝑛. 9.6𝑁]

𝑆𝑙,𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.75 ∗ 447 ∗ (1 + cot(22)) = 1165.02 𝑚𝑚

Since S<Sl,max , provide S
S=335.1 mm which is 330 mm.
Provide Ø8 c/c 330 mm.
3.1 Torsion Design
Trd,max , which is the design torsional resistance moment, is given by:
𝑇𝑟𝑑,𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 2𝑣𝛼𝑐𝑤 𝑓𝑐𝑑 𝐴𝑘 𝑡𝑒𝑓,𝑖 sin(𝜃) ∗ cos(𝜃) [𝐸𝑆 𝐸𝑁 1992 − 1 − 1: 2015, 𝐸𝑞𝑛. 6.3 ]

Where:
𝑓𝑐𝑘
𝑣 = 0.6 [1 − ]= [𝐸𝑆 𝐸𝑁 1992 − 1 − 1: 2015, 𝐸𝑞𝑛. 6.6𝑁
250
𝛼𝑐𝑤 = 1
𝐴𝑘 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑦 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟 − 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑤𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑠
Calculation of Ak
A
t ef,i − thickness of effective wall, given by
U
∅𝑙
t ef,i − 𝑠ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑙𝑑 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑏𝑒 𝑙𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑛 2(𝑐𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟 + ∅𝑠 + )
2
Since 500 mm by 300 mm section is given:
A=500x300=150,000 mm2
U=2*500+2*300=1600 mm2
𝐴 150,000
𝑡𝑒𝑓,𝑖 = = = 93.75 𝑚𝑚
𝑈 1600
∅ 20
And 2 ∗ (𝑐𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟 + ∅𝑠 + 2𝑙) = 2 ∗ (35 + 8 + ) = 106 𝑚𝑚
2

Torsion Design Example Page |7 Af

 TORSION DESIGN ES EN 1992-1-1:2015

Take 𝑡𝑒𝑓.𝑖 = 106 𝑚𝑚

𝐴𝑘 = (𝑏 − 𝑡𝑒𝑓,𝑖 )(𝐷 − 𝑡𝑒𝑓,𝑖 ) = (300 − 106) ∗ (500 − 106) = 76,436 𝑚𝑚2

𝑓𝑐𝑘 25
𝑣 = 0.6 [1 − ] = 0.6 [1 − ] = 0.54
250 250
sin(𝜃) = sin(22) = 0.37
cos(𝜃) = cos(22) = 0.93
𝑇𝑟𝑑,𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 2𝑣𝛼𝑐𝑤 𝑓𝑐𝑑 𝐴𝑘 𝑡𝑒𝑓,𝑖 sin(𝜃) ∗ cos(𝜃) = 2 ∗ 0.54 ∗ 1 ∗ 14.17 ∗ 76,436 ∗ 106 ∗ 0.37 ∗ 0.93 ∗ 10−6

𝑇𝑟𝑑,𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 43.06 𝐾𝑁 − 𝑚

Since the design torsion, 𝑇𝑠𝑑 > 𝑇𝑟𝑑,𝑚𝑎𝑥 , provide design torsional rebar.

Longitudinal torsional rebar:

∑ 𝐴𝑠𝑙 𝑓𝑦𝑑 𝑇𝐸𝑑
= cot(𝜃) [𝐸𝑆 𝐸𝑁 − 1992 − 1 − 1: 2015, 𝐸𝑞𝑛. 6.28]
𝑈𝑘 2𝐴𝑘
𝑇𝐸𝑑 𝑈𝑘 49.65 1600
∑ 𝐴𝑠𝑙 = cot(𝜃) ∗ = ∗ 0.93 ∗ ∗ 106 = 1398.39 𝑚𝑚2
2𝐴𝑘 𝑓𝑦𝑑 2 ∗ 76,436 347.83

Using ∅20 provide

1398.39
# 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑎𝑟 = = 4.42 ≈ 5∅20
314
Shear rebar for torsion
Since ES EN 1992-1-1:2015 doesn’t provide the shear reinforced from torsion Eurocode 2 is used:
𝐴𝑠𝑤 𝑇𝐸𝑑
=
𝑠 2𝐴𝑘 𝑓𝑦𝑑 cot(𝜃)

𝐴𝑠𝑤 49.65 ∗ 106 𝑁 − 𝑚𝑚

= = 0.377
𝑠 2 ∗ 76,436 ∗ 347.83 ∗ cot(22)
Using Ø8 double legged stirrup
100.53
= 0.377
𝑠
100.53
𝑠= = 266.65 ≈ 260 𝑚𝑚
0.377
Provide Ø8 c/c 260 mm.
ES EN 1992-1-1:2015, Article 9.2.3(3) states the spacing of shear links should not exceed

Torsion Design Example Page |8 Af

 TORSION DESIGN ES EN 1992-1-1:2015

𝑢 1600
𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑥 = = = 200 𝑚𝑚
8 8
Since S> Smxa, provide Smax.
Provide Ø8 c/c 200 mm.
Since torsional reinforcement is provided, it is not necessary to check torsion shear
interaction ([ES EN 1992-1-1:2015, Article 6.3.2(4)].
Detailing

Figure 7: beam section detailed for torsion

Since ES EN 1992-1-1:2015, Article 9.2.3(4), states that “at least one bar should be at each corner”
and “the other bar should be distributed evenly around the perimeter with spacing not greater than
350 mm” additional 1 bar is added in order to satisfy this rule.

Torsion Design Example Page |9 Af