WORKSHEET-18

PATENT DRAFTING

AIM-TO LEARN THE TECHNIQUES OF PATENT DRAFTING

READ THE FOLLOWING PATENT AND ANSWER THE QUESTIONS

The invention relates to an electric incandescent lamp in which a tungsten filament is arranged in a bulb
which is pervious to light, the bulb containing, in addition to an inert filling gas, a reactive transport gas
the object of which is to prevent blackening of the bulb during burning by means of a regenerative cyclic
process in which the tungsten which evaporates from the filament is converted into a volatile compound
which decomposes in the proximity of or on the filament.

QUESTION-WHAT IS BASIC OF INVENTION?

_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________

In such a lamp the wall of the bulb is not blackened and the filament experiences no loss of weight. The
basic idea of a regenerative cycle to prevent Weakening of the bulb of an incandescent lamp is already
rather old. For example, a lamp has already been described which contains chlorine, bromine, or iodine
as a transport gas and in which such a regenerative cycle was said to take place. However, in said Lamp
all metal components other than the filament, for example, supports and current supply wires and the
comparatively cold ends of the filament had to be protected against the aggressive transport gas. In
practice the protection of the said colder parts of the filament and of the other metal parts has proved
to be a substantially insurmountable difficulty.

QUESTION-WHAT IS PRIOR ART OF THE INVENTION?

_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________

When using iodine as the transport gas this requirement can rather easily be fulfilled structurally. 'When
using iodine the construction of the lamp must be such that the comparatively cold parts of tungsten
during burning assume a temperature above approximately 800°C and the wall of the hull) assumes a
temperature above approximately 250°C. This can be realized with a cylindrical bulb of quartz in which a
filament of tungsten is arranged in the axis of the cylinder. Such a lamp has a greater efficiency

IIPTA| Mabbit Research and Learning Private Limited 1

expressed in lumenlwatt than normal incandescent lamps have, while the quantity of lumen! watt
remains the same or substantially the same during the whole life of the lamp.

When iodine is replaced by chlorine which chemically is far more active under otherwise the same
conditions, attack of the comparatively cold tungsten parts in the lamp occurs to a strong extent. In this
case, tungsten crystals are formed in the form of dentrites at the ends of the filament and at the points
where same is supported, so in the proximity of the comparatively Bold places.

The use of iodine is associated with many drawbacks.For example, it is not simple to exactly dose the
quantity of iodine required in the lamp. In addition, iodine is very aggressive with respect to many
metals; consequently the hole filling device must consist of iodine-resistant material.

The tungsten-iodine cycle has been found to be particularly sensitive to all kinds of impurities. This
involves that all the materials used for the lamp have to be subjected to an extensive cleaning process.
This holds in particular for the tungsten filament.The colour of iodine is undesired in certain eases; in the
visible light an absorption of 4 to 5% occurs.

In order to mitigate the dosing difficulties it has already been proposed to fill lamps with hydrogen.
iodide (HI) which at room temperature is a gas. Since quartz is considerably permeable to hydrogen
already at a temperature of 300°C the hydrogen would disappear from the lamp wholly or substantially
wholly in the long run during burning of the lamp. The same effect would occur when the lamp is filled
with hydrogen chloride. After some time a so-called tungsten-chlorine cycle would be obtained which.,
however, has the disadvantageous properties already described.

QUESTION-WHAT ARE PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH PRIOR ART?

_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________

It is the object of the invention to mitigate a number of drawbacks associated with the use of Iodine.

According to the invention this may be achieved by a lamp which is characterized in that during burning
a mixture of chlorine, hydrogen and hydrogen chloride is present in the lamp, the construction of the
lamp also being such that a variation by loss of hydrogen of the hydrogen-chlorine ratio in the gas
mixture which is detrimental to the life of the lamp prevented during the life.

QUESTION-WHAT IS NOVELTY STATEMENT?

_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________

IIPTA| Mabbit Research and Learning Private Limited 2

Claim 1-

_____________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________

The dosing of chlorine and hydrogen is considerably simpler than of iodine because these elements are
gases at room temperature or can be dosed via volatile or gaseous compounds which, in addition, in
substantially all the cases are less aggressive than iodine.

In practice it has been found in addition that the ready functioning of the tungsten-hydrogen-chlorine
cycle is far less dependent upon the purity of the materials from which the lamp is manufactured than is
the case with the tungsten-iodine cycle.

The Said drawbacks of the tungsten-chlorine cycle, namely the attack of, comparatively cold parts of
tungsten in the lamp, is sufficiently suppressed by the presence of sufficient hydrogen. This is based on
the fact that hydrogen chloride does substantially not attack solid tungsten and is dissociated to a small
percentage only at high temperature. This means that also at the highest temperature only little
hydrogen chloride is dissociated on the filament. The quantity of chlorine originating from this
dissociation, however, may be sufficient to cause a cycle, by which blackening is prevented, to function
when the quantity of hydrogen chloride in the lamp is sufficiently high. The reactive transport gas need
not contain accurately equivalent quantities of chlorine and hydrogen although this is to be preferred. A
small excess of hydrogen may be favourable in certain conditions, while the small excess of chlorine
need not have a disturbing influence. The best results are obtained when the ratio in gram atoms
between chlorine and hydrogen in the gas mixtures lies between 4:5 and 5:4.

From the experiments which resulted in the invention it has been found, that optimum results have
_been obtained when at the beginning of the life of the lamp the lamp contains per cm' of bulb capacity
between 0.35x10-4 and 1.00X10 -6 gramatoms of hydrogen and 0.35 x 10-4 and 1.00x10---41 of
chlorine as such or in the form of a compound, for example, HCI or a chlorinated hydrocarbon.In order
to lose no tungsten by condensation of tungsten chlorides on the wall of the bulb, it is to be preferred to
construct the lamp so that the wall of the bulb during burning reaches a temperature of approximately
350°C pr higher. Structurally this can easily be realized

QUESTION-WHAT IS NOVELTY STATEMENT?

_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________

IIPTA| Mabbit Research and Learning Private Limited 3

Claim 2-

_____________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________

QUESTION-WHAT IS NOVELTY STATEMENT?

_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________

Claim 3-

_____________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________

A. The lamp may be constructed so that during operation of the lamp at the voltage for which the lamp
is designed the temperature of the filament is high so that the resulting life of the filament is already
ended before the comparatively cold tungsten parts in the lamp are damaged as a result of chemical
attack by chlorine in a manner which is detrimental to the life of the lamp.

B. The bulb may also be manufactured from a -type of quartz which is less permeable to hydrogen than
is melted silicon dioxide. Alternatively, highmelting-point types of glass which do not pass hydrogen
could be used.

C. The bulb of a material which passes hydrogen may be provided in a bulb which does not pass
hydrogen and the space between the two bulbs may be filled with hydrogen gas or et mixture of
hydrogen and an inert gas.
D. To maintain the desired ratio of hydrogen and chlorine during the whole life of the lamp substances
may be provided in the lamp which either can remove the lack of hydrogen which arises by diffusion in
and possibly through the wall of the bulb by deposition of hydrogen or which can bind the excess of

IIPTA| Mabbit Research and Learning Private Limited 4

chlorine which is formed or which combine the two functions. Alternatively, mixtures of these
substances may be used.Fig. I is a cross-section of an incandescent lamp comprising an inner bulb and an
outer bulb, the filament being arranged in the inner bulb, a hydrogen-containing gas being present
between the inner bulb and the outer bulb.Fig. 2 also is a cross-section of an incandescent lamp.

IIPTA| Mabbit Research and Learning Private Limited 5