PIA

José Luis Chan Mayen-1834995

Daniel Mejía Monzón-1835131
Amos David Gómez Gómez-1835152
Raul Barron Perez-1791691
Flight Dynamics

Abstract: The objective of this project is to simulate the 3 axis of an aircraft which are roll, pitch and jaw.
This simulation will help us to understand the movements of the aircraft.

INTRODUCTION motion is an up and down movement of the wing

An airplane has three (3) axes about / around which
it can move in flight
Longitudinal axis: from the nose to the tail of the
airplane
Lateral axis: from wingtip to wingtip
Vertical axis: from the bottom of the airplane
Each of these three axes meet at the center of
gravity (CG) of the plane. We can then define the
orientation of the aircraft by the amount of rotation
of the parts of the aircraft along these principal
axes.
The yaw axis is defined to be perpendicular to the
plane of the wings with its origin at the center of
gravity and directed towards the bottom of the
aircraft. A yaw motion is a movement of the nose
of the aircraft from side to side.
The pitch axis is perpendicular to the yaw axis and
is parallel to the plane of the wings with its origin
at the center of gravity and directed towards the
right-wing tip. A pitch motion is an up or down
movement of the nose of the aircraft.
The roll axis is perpendicular to the other two axes
with its origin at the center of gravity and is
directed towards the nose of the aircraft. A rolling
tips of the aircraft.
The movement of a body is described as a function
of a group of variables related to each other by
means of a coordinate system.
The movement of an object is usually described
with respect to a reference point. If this movement
occurs in coordinates I = {xI, yI, zI}, it is necessary
to establish a frame of reference that allows us to
estimate the position and angular and linear
velocity of the vehicle with respect to this point.
The inertial frame of reference. The axes of this
coordinate system are perpendicular to each other,
pointing the xI axis to the terrestrial north, the yI
axis to the east and the zI axis to the center of the
earth. the equations of movement under the form
known as Newton-Euler, which are:
In applications such as navigation, the objective is
to determine the position, orientation and velocity
of the vehicle to describe the dynamics of its
movement. These 3 parameters are very important
and are usually calculated by means of on-board
sensors, for which a coordinate system is defined
on board the vehicle that estimates the variables
with respect to a reference system on the ground
(Reference frame).
 Movement variables.
This frame of reference works with the assumption
of a flat earth in which the vertical it is parallel to
the force vector of gravity, however, to describe the
movement with respect to this coordinate system, it
is necessary to perform a transformation by means
of a Transformation Matrix in a procedure known
as "Euler Angles"
Euler angles are defined as 3-axis orthogonal The surface used to simulate the axis are moved by
rotations that comply with the right-hand rule. The the joysticks, in this case we only use two joysticks.
rotation order of each axis is indistinct, providing a
description of the movement

DEVELOPMENT
To do the mechanic design we used a foam. We cut
different rectangles to get a square. Which will be
MATERIAL connected each other
Foam
Glue
ELECTRONIC MATERIAL
Protoboard
Joystick
Servomotor
Dupont wires
First, we use the wires Dupont to connect the
protoboard and the joysticks and the servomotors.
For this simulation we used three servomotors to Once we have our structure connected, we
simulate the axis of the aircraft. procedure to add the servomotors. it is necessary to
connect the servomotors to the structure in a correct
form to get the simulation of the axis

Finally, we got the final project and we could see

the simulation of the axis of the aircraft.

Wings

BLOCK DIAGRAM
Elevator
XFLR SIMULATION

In order to see the behavior of our profile, we

performed a simulation in xflr5 of the chosen
profile (AG12). The graphs of the different
aerodynamic coefficients are presented below.

Rudder

𝐶𝑙 = 0.0014 + 0.149 ∝ + 0.0106(𝑠.𝑐)

 −𝑙𝐸𝑋 −𝐷𝐸 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼 + 𝐿𝐸 𝑠𝑒𝑛𝛼
𝑟= 0 ;𝐹= 0
𝐶𝑙 = 0.16 + 0.11𝛼 + 0.018(𝑠. 𝑐)
−𝑙𝐸𝑍 −𝐷𝐸 𝑠𝑒𝑛𝛼 − 𝐿𝐸 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼
𝑀𝐸
𝐶𝑙 = 0.00135 + 0.154 ∝ + 0.0106(𝑠.𝑐) 𝑖 −𝑗 𝑘
= −𝑙𝐸𝑋 0 −𝑙𝐸𝑍
Momentum −𝐷𝐸 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼 + 𝐿𝐸 𝑠𝑒𝑛𝛼 0 −𝐷𝐸 𝑠𝑒𝑛𝛼 − 𝐿𝐸 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼

𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛽 𝑠𝑒𝑛𝛽 𝑠𝑒𝑛𝛼𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛽 𝑀𝐸

𝑤 = −𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼𝑠𝑒𝑛𝛽 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛽 −𝑠𝑒𝑛𝛼𝑠𝑒𝑛𝛽 0
−𝑠𝑒𝑛𝛼 0 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼 = −𝑙𝐸𝑋 (−𝐷𝐸 𝑠𝑒𝑛𝛼 − 𝐿𝐸 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼) − 𝑙𝐸𝑍 (−𝐷𝐸 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼 + 𝐿𝐸 𝑠𝑒𝑛𝛼)]
0
Ω̇ = 𝐽−1 [ᴦ − Ω𝑥𝐽Ω]
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛽 = 1
𝑠𝑒𝑛𝛽 = 0

𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼 0 −𝑠𝑒𝑛𝛼 −𝐷
𝑤𝑇 = 0 1 0 ∗ 𝐹𝐴 = 0 =
𝑠𝑒𝑛𝛼 0 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼 −𝐿

CONCLUSION
−𝐷𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼 0 𝐿𝑠𝑒𝑛𝛼 𝑇 0
A simulink diagram was correctly made for the
𝑤𝑇 = 0 0 0 + 𝐹𝐵 = 0 + 𝐹𝐼 = 0
−𝐷𝑠𝑒𝑛𝛼 0 −𝐿𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼 0 𝑊 movement of our aircraft in the three required axes
as seen in the delivered model. And together with
the data obtained from our simulation of xflr5 we
−𝐷𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼 + 𝐿𝑠𝑒𝑛𝛼 + 𝑇 could see the behavior and performance of the
𝑤𝑇 = 0 = aircraft prototype to be used for the final part of our
−𝐷𝑠𝑒𝑛𝛼 − 𝐿𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼 + 𝑊 project.
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼 0 −𝑠𝑒𝑛𝛼 −𝐷𝐸
𝑤𝑇𝐸 = 0 0 0 ∗ 𝐹𝐴 = 0
𝑠𝑒𝑛𝛼 0 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼 −𝐿𝐸
−𝐷𝐸 𝐶𝑂𝑆𝛼 + 𝐿𝐸 𝑠𝑒𝑛𝛼 BIBLIOGRAPHY
𝑇 0
𝑤 𝐸=
−𝐷𝐸 𝑠𝑒𝑛𝛼 − 𝐿𝐸 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼  Andrew H. (2013). The three axes of an airplane.
Retrieved from:
http://smartflighttraining.com/three-axes-of-
Momentum an-airplane
 Nancy H. (2015). Aircraft rotation. Retrieved from
𝑀𝑊 = 𝑟 𝑥 𝐹 https://www.grc.nasa.gov/www/k-
−𝑙𝑤 −𝐷𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼 + 𝐿𝑠𝑒𝑛𝛼 12/airplane/rotations.html
𝑟= 0 ;𝐹= 0
0 −𝐷𝑠𝑒𝑛𝛼 − 𝐿𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼
𝑖 −𝑗 𝑘
𝑀𝑤 = −𝑙𝑤 0 0 =
−𝐷𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼 + 𝐿𝑠𝑒𝑛𝛼 0 −𝐷𝑠𝑒𝑛𝛼 − 𝐿𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼

0
𝑀𝑤 = 𝑙𝑤(−𝐷𝑠𝑒𝑛𝛼 − 𝐿𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼)
0
𝑀𝐸 = 𝑟 𝑥 𝐹