Chapter 3

📝 Stoichiometry
stoicheion - element ; metron - measure

📝 antoine Lavoisier- father of modern chemistry

" atoms are neither created nor destroyed"

📝 chemical reactions are represented in a concise way by chemical equation

� left are the reactant and right are the products
� number in front of the formulas are coefficients

Symbol above arrow indicates heat

📝 combination reaction - two or more substances react to form one product

� when occurs in non metal and metal the product is ionic solid

📝 decomposition reaction - one substance undergoes a reaction to produce two or more other
substances

📝 combustion reaction - rapid reactions that produce flame

� mostly involves O2 from air a reactant

� hydrocarbon- contains only carbon and hydrogen s.a. CH4, C2H6

� when combusted in air they react with O2 to form CO2 an H2O for complete reaction, if
there is insufficient O2 it will produce CO, reaction is then called incomplete reaction

📝 oxidation reaction - reactions involve in intermediate state in combustion reaction

✏📝Formula weight- the sum of atomic weights of each atom

✏ Molecular weight- if chemical formula is that of molecule

📝 percentage composition
� percentage by mass contributed by each element in the substance

% Element = ( number of atoms of element) ( atomic weight of element)

( formula weight of compound)

📝 mole - amount of matter that contains as many objects as the number of atoms in exactly 12g of
pure isotope C12. number is Avogadro's number
�Avogadro's Number ( Amedeo Avogadro) 6.0221421x 10²³ per mole
� used to get number of atoms
� mole is always the same in number (An) but 1 mole of different substances will have different
masses
📝 the mass of a single atom of an element (in amu) is numerically equal to the mass (in grams) of
1 mole of that element

molar mass - mass in grams of one mole of a substance

� molar mass (g/mol) is numerically equal to its formula weight (amu)

📝 Conversions

Grams ⬅ use molar mass ➡ moles ⬅use A.N ➡ formula units

📝 empirical formula

✏ the ratio of the number of moles of each element in a compound gives the subscript in a
compound's empirical formula

General procedure in determining empirical formula

Mass % element ➡ assume 100g sample ➡ grams of each element ➡ use molar mass ➡ moles of
each element ➡ calculate mole ratio ➡ find empirical formula
❓in determining the simplest whole number ratio of moles, divide each number moles by the
SMALLEST number of moles

📝 molecular formula

✏ the subscripts in the molecular formulnof a substance are always a whole number multiple of
the corresponding subscripts in its empirical formula

Whole number multiple = (molecular weight) / (empirical weight)

combustion analysis - commonly used for compounds containing principally carbon and
hydrogen as their component elements

General approach to calculate quantities of substance

Grams of substance A ➡ use molar mass A ➡ moles of A ➡ use coeff of A and B from balanced
equation➡ moles of B ➡ use molar mass B ➡ grams of substance B

limiting reactant (limiting reagent)

� reactant that is completely consumed in the reaction
� determines the amount of product formed
📝 excess reactant (excess reagent)
📝 theoretical yield - quantity of product that is calculated to form when all of the limiting reactant
reacts
� expected based on calculations
📝 actual yield - the amount of product actually obtained in reaction
� always less than Theo yield

☝ it is always possible to recover all of the product from the reaction mixture

📝 percent yield - relates Theo and actual yield

Percent yield = [ (actual ) /(Theo) ] × 100%