Chapter 2

�Periodic table

� elements that are in the same groupnare most likely to have similar chemical and physical
properties.

� except for hydrogen, all elements on the left and in the middle of periodic table are metallic
elements or metals
� they are luster and high electrical and heat conductivity

� all metals except for mercury are solids at room temperature

� non metallic elements bare separated byba diagonal step like from boron to astatine

� metalloids - fall between metals and non metals

� Glenn Seaborg
� isolate plutonium
� first person to have an element named aftervhim while he was still alive

� molecules
� assembly of two or more stones bound together

�molecular compounds
� composed of molecules contain more than one type of atom

� molecular formula
� actual numbers and types of atom

� empirical formula
� relative number of atoms of each type in a molecule

Ion
� charged particlenelectrons are -/+

� cation
� negative charged
� anion
� positive charged

� metal atoms tend to lose electron to form cation , whereas nonmetalnatoms tend to gain
electrons to form anion
 � polyatomic ions
� consist of atoms joined as in a molecule but have a net positive or negative charge

� ionic compound
� compound that contains both + and - charged ions

� chemical nomenclature
� system of naming substances

� organic compounds contain carbon while inorganiuc compounds do not

�Names and formulas of ionic compounds

positive ions (cations)

� cations formed from metal atoms have the same name as the metal
Ions formed from a single atom called monoatomic ions
E.g. Na+ sodium ion

� if a metal can form different cations , the positive charge is indicated by a roman numeral
in parentheses following the name of the metal. Older method use -ous for lower charge and -ic
for higher charge
E.g. Fe2+ iron (II) ion. Ferrous ion
Fe3+ iron (III) ion. Ferric ion
� actions formed from nonmetal atoms have names that end in -ium
E.g. NH4+ ammonium ion

negative ions (anion)

� the names are monoatomic anions formed by replacing ending of the name with -ide and
few polyatomic ions
E.g. H- hydride ion
� polyatomic anions containing oxygen have names ending in -ate or -ite called oxyanion
-ate for more common ions ; -ite for same charge with one oxygen atom fewer
- prefix per- indicates one or more oxygen atom than the oxyanion ending in -ate, the prefix
hypo- indicates one or more atom fewer than the oxyanion ending in -ITE
E.g ClO4- perchlorate ion; ClO3- chlorate ion; ClO2- chloride ion; ClO- hypochlorite ion

� anions derived by adding H+ to an oxyanion are named by adding prefix the word
hydrogen or dihydrofpgen as appropriate. Older method use prefix bi-
E.g. HCO3- hydrogen carbonate or bisulfate; H2PO4- dihydrogen phosphate;

Ionic compounds
 Names of ionic compounds consist of the cation name followed by anion name
E.g. CaCl2 calcium chloride

Anion Acid
-ide Hydro- -ic acid
- ate -ic acid
- ite -ous acid

� names and formulas of acid

� acids containing anions whose names end in -ice are named by changing the -ide ending to
-ic, adding the prefix hydro- to this anion name, and then following with the word acid
� acids containing anions whose names end in -ate or -ite are named by changing -ate to -ic
and -ite to -ous, and then adding the word acid. Prefixes in the anion are retained

� names and formulas of binary molecular compounds

� name of the element further tobthebleft bin the periodic table is usually written first.
Exception compound that contains hydrogen. Oxygen is always last except when combined with
fluorine.
� if both elements are in the same group, higher atomic number is named first.
� name of second element is given an -ice ending
� Greek prefixes used 5o indicate number of atoms in each element

�organic compounds
� contains compounds

� hydrocarbons
� contains carbon and hydrogen

� alkanes
�carbon bonded to 4 other atoms
� names end in -and
� CnH2n+2
� alcohol
� replacing an H atom of an alkane with an -OH group