Ministry of Higher Education

& Scientific Research

University of Technology
Chemical Engineering Department

Carnot Engine

Report of Thermodynamic in Chemical Engineering

/ Chemical Processing Engineering

By

( Khlood Salim Al-Kafajy )

Supervisor By

Assist. Prof. Dr. Riad Sadiq Assist. Prof. Dr. Shorouq Al - Humiri

1440 2019
Carnot Engine Thermodynamics

Contents
Subject Page

Contains

Introduction 1

Statements of the Second Law 3

The Carnot Heat Engine 4

The Carnot Heat Engine Cycle 5

Carnot Principles For Heat Engine 6

Carnot Refrigerator Processes 7

Carnot Principles For Refrigerator 8

Reference 9

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Carnot Engine Thermodynamics

Carnot Engine
1- Introduction
Nicolas Léonard Sadi Carnot was a French physicist who proposed an

―ideal‖ cycle for a heat engine in 1824. The idea of an ideal cycle came about

because engineers were trying to develop a steam engine (a type of heat

engine) where they could reject (waste) a minimal amount of heat. This would

produce the best efficiency since η = 1 – (QL/QH). Carnot proposed that a

cycle comprised of completely (internally and externally) reversible processes

would give the maximum amount of network for a given heat input, since the

work done by a system in a reversible (ideal) process is always greater than

that in an irreversible (real) process.

The way you get mechanical work from thermal energy is to allow thermal

energy to go from a hotter place to a colder place. For example, in an internal

combustion engine (ICE), the fuel/air mixture is ignited when the piston is at

the top of the cylinder. The result is a hot, high pressure gas. This is the hot

place. The gas pushes the piston down, doing work, expanding, cooling and

dropping in pressure. When the piston reaches the bottom of the stroke, the gas

mixture is cooler. This is the cool place. Then the exhaust valve is open and the

gas exits to an even colder place (the atmosphere). But, that escaping gas still

had some usable energy in it that was wasted. As a result, entropy increased.

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Carnot Engine Thermodynamics
The Carnot cycle is a way of operating a piston in a cylinder without

releasing the working gas to the environment. The operating gas is heated and

cooled, but never released. The Carnot cylinder and piston extract mechanical

energy from thermal energy without increasing entropy. You cannot do better

than a zero change in entropy, so an engine based of the Carnot cycle would be

the most efficient at using thermal energy. Of course you can still be wasteful

in the way that you generate thermal energy.

Some of the reasons that Carnot cycle engines are not used are:-

1. The cycle is slow and you only get a fixed amount of mechanical energy

from each cycle. In other words, it does not get much done in a fixed amount of

time.

2. Impossible perfect thermal insulation is required.

3. The cylinder must be connected alternately to two constant temperature

thermal reservoirs. One of those can be the earth, but you must construct the

other and you must heat it without losing any heat, except to the cylinder. This

is not easy, since the usual method is combustion which creates a steady stream

of hot exhaust gas.

4. All irreversible engines operating between temperatures T1 and T2 < T1 are

less ecient than a Carnot engine operating between the same temperatures.

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Carnot Engine Thermodynamics

2- Statements of the Second Law

Second Law in Kelvin words: No process is possible in which the sole result

is the absorption of heat from a reservoir and its complete conversion into work.

Second Law in Clausius words: No process is possible whose sole result is the

transfer of heat from a body of lower temperature to a body of higher

temperature. To show the equality of the two statements it will be useful to

define a heat engine. Heat engine is a system which undergoes a cyclic

transformation that takes heat Q1 from a warmer reservoir, converts some of it

to work W and rejects the rest Q2 = Q1 ≠ W to a colder reservoir. In contrast,

refrigerator, is a heat engine running backwards in time: use work to extract

heat from a colder reservoir and to reject it to a warmer reservoir. Problem:

Prove that the Kelvin and the Clausius statements of the Second Law are

equivalent. Solution: Assume that Kelvin statement is false ∆ Extract Q of heat

from a reservoir at temperature T2 and convert it entirely to work W = Q. Then

convert this work back into heat Q = W and transfer it to reservoir at

temperature T1 > T2 ∆Clausius statement is false. Assume that Clausius

statement is false ∆ Extract Q of heat from a reservoir at temperature T2 and

transfer it to reservoir at temperature T1 > T2 ∆ Operate an engine between

temperatures T1 and T2 designed such that W = Q ∆Kelvin statement is false.

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Carnot Engine Thermodynamics

3- The Carnot Heat Engine

Carnot engine is an engine consisting of two isothermal paths (i.e. T = 0)

operating at two dierent temperatures and two adiabatic paths (i.e. Q =0)

connected in a cyclic transformation. Decrease the entropy generation to

preserve the quality of energy as much as possible, that is achieved by ideal

processes such as the other ideal cycles as well as making the heat transfer

process through differential temperature difference(that process or that feature

is what makes Carnot cycle more efficient than other ideal cycles), there is

below a proof to this premise, choose a closed system consisting of two

subsystems between them heat transfer such that the whole system is adiabatic

so from the 2nd law you deduce that the only reason for entropy change is

entropy generation, note that this proof also included one of the methods to

prove newton’s law of cooling, from newton’s law of cooling you can

understand why this cycle is so slow that it isn’t practical.

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Carnot Engine Thermodynamics

4- The Carnot Heat Engine Cycle

The Carnot heat engine cycle consist of four reversible process in a sequence:

Heat transfer from HTR

1 2 Reversible isothermal
(+) and boundary work (+)
expansion.
occur in closed system
2 3 Reversible adiabatic Work output (+), but no
expansion heat transfer
Heat transfer (-) and
Reversible isothermal
3 4 boundary work (-) occur
compression
in closed system
Work input (-), but no
4 1 Reversible adiabatic
heat transfer And W out
compression
>>> W in

,
P-V Diagram for Carnot heat engine cycle Showing network is POSITIVE.

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Carnot Engine Thermodynamics
A useful example of an isothermal expansion is boiling (vaporization) at a

constant pressure in a device such as a piston-cylinder. Similarly, an example

of an isothermal compression is condensation at a constant pressure in a piston-

cylinder. Also, heat transfer can only occur in processes 1 ‫ ــــــ‬2 and 3 ‫ ـــــــ‬4.

1 ‫ ــــ‬2: since work is positive (expansion) and Δu is positive (e.g., boiling) then

heat transfer is positive (input from HTR). 3 ‫ ــــــ‬4: since work is negative

(compression) and Δu is negative (e.g., condensation) then heat transfer is

negative (output to LTR).

5- Carnot Principles For Heat Engine

In thermodynamics and engineering, a heat engine is a system that converts

heat or thermal energy—and chemical energy—to mechanical energy, which

can then be used to do mechanical work.

1. The efficiency of an irreversible (real) heat engine is always less than the

efficiency for a reversible (CARNOT) heat engine operating between the same

high and low temperature reservoirs, (regardless of type of devices, working

fluid, etc.)

2. The efficiencies of all reversible (CARNOT) heat engines operating between

the same high and low temperature reservoirs are always equal, (regardless of

type of devices, working fluid, etc.)

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Carnot Engine Thermodynamics

6- Carnot Refrigerator Processes

Carnot refrigerator is simply a reversed Carnot heat engine, with a sequence of

four reversible processes.

Heat transfer (+) and

1 2 Reversible isothermal
boundary work (+) occur
expansion.
in closed system
Work input (-), but no
2 3 Reversible adiabatic
heat transfer AND Win
compression
>>> Wout
Heat transfer (-) and
Reversible isothermal
3 4 boundary work (-) occur
compression
in closed system
4 1 Reversible adiabatic Work output (+), but no
expansion. heat transfer

,
P-V Diagram for Carnot refrigerator cycle Showing network is NEGATIVE.

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Carnot Engine Thermodynamics

7- Carnot Principles For Refrigerator

Operates on the reversed Carnot cycle is called a Carnot refrigerator or

a Carnot heat pump. The coefficient of performance(COP) of reversible or

irreversible refrigerator or heat pump is given by

1. The coefficient of performance (COP) of a refrigerator (or heat pump)

comprised of reversible processes (CARNOT) is always greater than the COP

for a sequence of irreversible (real) processes operating between the same high

and low temperature reservoirs (regardless of type of devices, working fluid,

etc.).

2. The COP’s of all reversible (CARNOT) refrigerators or heat pumps

operating between the same high and low temperature reservoirs are always

equal, (regardless of type of devices, working fluid, etc.) The second CARNOT

principle states that the efficiency of a CARNOT heat engine is a function of

high and low temperature reservoir temperatures (T H,TL) only when

temperature is on an absolute scale (Kelvin). That is

ηC = f (TH,TL)

then since η is by definition a function of the ratio QH/QL. For a model system

of three heat engines operating between the same reservoirs

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Carnot Engine Thermodynamics

Reference

 Martínez, I. A., Roldán, É., Dinis, L., Petrov, D., Parrondo, J. M., & Rica,
R. A. (2016). Brownian carnot engine. Nature physics, 12(1), 67.‫‏‬
 Nie, W., & He, J. (2009). Quantum boundary effect on the work output of a
micro-/nanoscaled Carnot cycle. Journal of Applied Physics, 105(5),
054903.‫‏‬
 Maheshwari, G., Chaudhary, S., & Somani, S. K. (2009). Performance
analysis of endoreversible combined Carnot cycles based on new maximum
efficient power (MEP) approach. International Journal of Low-Carbon
Technologies, 5(1), 1-6.‫‏‬
 Holubec, V., & Ryabov, A. (2018). Power fluctuations close to Carnot
efficiency: Cyclic vs. steady state heat engines. arXiv preprint
arXiv:1805.00848.‫‏‬
 Feldmann, T., & Palao, J. P. (2018). Performance of Quantum
Thermodynamic Cycles. In Thermodynamics in the Quantum Regime (pp.
67-85). Springer, Cham.‫‏‬
 Ma, Z., Chen, Y., & Wu, J. (2019). Ecological optimization for a combined
diesel-organic Rankine cycle. AIP Advances, 9(1), 015320.‫‏‬
 www.Wikipedia.com