RESEARCH PROJECT REPORT

ON
IMPACT OF SWACCH BHARAT ABHIYAN ON SANITATION LEVEL
OF RURAL KANPUR
SUBMITTED TO

IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT

FOR THE AWARD OF THE DEGREE OF

“BACHELOR OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION”

Batch 2016-19
Session 2018-19

Submitted by: Supervised by:

(SHIVAM ARORA) (MISS BUSHRA HAMEED)
Student of B.B.A. VI Semester Associate Professor -Dept. of
Mgmt.
Roll No. 0102328
Allenhouse Business School,
Kanpur
 CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that Mr. Shivam Arora, a student of BBA VI Semester has successfully
completed his research project report titled “Impact of Swacch Bharat Abhiyan on
Sanitation level of rural Kanpur”.
The work is carried out under the guidance & supervision of the undersigned and is as per
the norms of CSJM University, Kanpur
We wish his successful and bright future

Kirti Malhotra Ms. Bushra Hameed

Assistant Director Associate Professor

Place: Kanpur
Date: …………………… (………..…………)
Name & Signature of Supervisor
 DECLARATION

I Shivam Arora, student of B.B.A. (VI Semester) Session 2018-2019, Batch 2016-2019,

hereby declare that my work titled “Impact of Swacch Bharat Abhiyan on Sanitation

level of rural Kanpur” is an outcome of genuine efforts done by me, under the able

guidance of Miss Bushra Hameed Ma’am and is being submitted to the “Allenhouse

Business School, Kanpur”, as a research project report in partial fulfillment for the award

of the degree of Bachelor of Business Administration (B.B.A.).

Place: Kanpur
Date: …………………………
NAME: ……………………

Course: B.B.A. (VI Semester)

University Roll No ……….
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Firstly, I would like to express my sincere gratitude to Miss Kirti Malhotra - ABS without
whose blessings my summer training project work would not be completed. I also want to
thank our HOD – Dr. Neetu Singh for providing me encouragement, motivation and moral
support throughout the project work. I would like to give special thanks to our RPR
Coordinator – Ms. Bushra Hameed for continuously motivating and guiding us
throughout the journey of making this project as effective as possible.

I would again like to thank Ms. Bushra Hameed Assistant Professor ABS who has
supervised me for this project. Under her persistent support and guidance, my project has
taken this shape.

I am equally indebted to my family and friends who always inspired and motivated me to
do something better throughout this project.

At last, I would like to extend my sincere thanks to all the respondents to whom I visited
for giving their support and valuable information, which helped me in completing my
project work.

…………………………………

Course – B.B.A. VI Sem.

University Roll No. ……………….

 CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

SWACCH BHARAT ABHIYAAN

Swacchta that is cleanliness is the abstract state of being clean and the habit of achieving and
maintaining that state. Cleanliness may imply a moral quality, as indicated by the aphorism
"cleanliness is next to godliness", and may be regarded as contributing to other ideals such as
health and beauty.

In Hinduism, cleanliness is an important virtue and the Bhagavad Gita describes it as one of the
divine qualities which everyone must practice. The Sanskrit word for cleanliness is 'Śaucam' and
interestingly, the Bhagavad Gita repeats this word in many slokas.

On a practical level, cleanliness is related to hygiene and diseases prevention. When we talk
about hygiene and diseases then it is necessary to add drinking water and sanitation with it.
Without proper sanitation we can’t keep our surroundings clean and prevent ourselves from
diseases.
Around 1989, David Strachan put forth the "hygiene hypothesis" in the British Medical Journal
that environmental microbes play a useful role in developing the immune system; the fewer
germs people are exposed to in early childhood, the more likely they are to experience health
problems in childhood and as adults. The valuation of cleanliness, therefore, has a social and
cultural dimension beyond the requirements of hygiene for practical purposes.

Mahatma Gandhi said “Sanitation is more important than independence”. He made cleanliness
and sanitation an integral part of Gandhian way of living. His dream was total sanitation for all.
He use to emphasize that cleanliness is most important for physical well- being and a healthy
environment.

Swacch Bharat Abhiyan is a nation-wide campaign in India for the period 2014 to 2019 that aims
to clean up the streets, roads and infrastructure of India's cities, towns, and rural areas. The
campaign's official name is in Hindi and translates to "Clean India Mission" in English.

The objectives of Swacch Bharat include eliminating open defecation through the construction of
household-owned and community-owned toilets and establishing an accountable mechanism of
monitoring toilet use.

Run by the Government of India, the mission aims to achieve an "open-defecation free" (ODF)
India by 2 October 2019, the 150th anniversary of the birth of Mahatma Gandhi, by constructing
90 million toilets in rural India at a projected cost of ₹1.96 lakh crore (US$30 billion). The mission
will also contribute to India reaching Sustainable Development Goal, established by the UN in
2015.

The campaign was officially launched on 2 October 2014 at Rajghat, New Delhi by Prime Minister
Narendra Modi. It is India's largest cleanliness drive to date with three million government
employees and students from all parts of India participating in 4,041 cities, towns, and rural areas.
Modi has called the campaign Satyagrah se Swachhagrah in reference to Gandhi's Champaran
Satyagraha launched on 10 April 1917.

The mission has two thrusts: Swachh Bharat Abhiyan ("gramin" or 'rural'), which operates under
the Ministry of Drinking Water and Sanitation; and Swachh Bharat Abhiyan ('urban'), which
operates under the Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs.

As part of the campaign, volunteers, known as Swachhagrahis, or "ambassadors of cleanliness",

have promoted indoor plumbing and community approaches to sanitation (CAS) at the village
level. Other non-governmental activities include national real-time monitoring and updates from
non-governmental organizations (NGOs) such as The Ugly Indian, Waste Warriors, and SWaCH
Pune (Solid Waste Collection and Handling) that are working towards its ideas of Swachh Bharat.
The government has constructed 86 million toilets since 2014, reducing the number of persons
who openly defecate from 550 million to fewer than 150 million in 2018.
Many people continue to not use toilets despite having them. The campaign has been criticized
for using coercive approaches to force people to use toilets.

Sanitation and drinking water in India has always been the central issue. However, it continues to
be inadequate despite of the longstanding efforts by the various levels of the government and
communities to improve the coverage. The rural sanitation programme in India was introduced in
1954 as a part of First Five Year Plan of Government of India. The 1981 census revealed that
rural sanitation coverage was only 1%.

The government has begun giving emphasis on rural sanitation after declaration of International
Decade for Drinking water and Sanitation during 1981-90. In 2015, 40% population has access
to improved sanitation, 63% in urban and 29% in rural area.

In 2008, 88% of population in India had access to an improved water source but only 31% had
access to improved sanitation. In rural areas where 72% of India’s population lives, the
respective share is 84% for water and 21% of sanitation.
In the light of the above, on 2nd October, 2014, Prime Minister of India launched a nationwide
cleanliness campaign called Swachh Bharat Mission. It is India’s largest ever cleanliness drive.
The objectives of Swachh Bharat are to reduce or eliminate open defecation through construction
of individual, cluster and community toilets.

The concept of SBM is to provide sanitation facility to every family, including toilet, solid and
liquid waste disposal system, village cleanliness and safe and adequate drinking water. Under the
mission, nearly 10 crore toilets will be constructed by 2019. Since the launch of SBM, nearly 2
crore toilets (nearly 20% of the target) have been built. In order to accelerate the pace of work
and aspect of behavioral change, it was envisaged that the CBOs/NGOs have to be associated in
the implementation of the mission in the rural area.

They are considered for active involvement in IEC activities including demand generation,
capacity building assistance in construction and ensuring sustained use of facilities.

The SBM has made progress since it was launched in 2014. However, to be able to meet the
enormous challenge to making India ODF by 2019, the aspect of behavioral change and inter
personal communication have to be accelerated.

As a result of continuous efforts by the government, CBOs/NGOs and communities, things are
moving in the right direction. During last one and half year many villages have been declared
ODF village.

History- Open defecation and sewage contamination of drinking and bathing water has been an
endemic sanitary problem in India. In 2014, India was the country with the highest number of
people practicing open defecation, around 530 million people.

Launch- Swachh Bharat Abhiyan campaign, launched on 2 October 2014 on Gandhi Jayanti,
aims to eradicate open defecation by 2 October 2019, the 150th anniversary of the birth of
Mahatma Gandhi, by constructing 90 million toilets in rural India at a projected cost of ₹1.96
lakh crore(US$27 billion).

The national campaign spans 4,041 statutory cities and towns. Conceived in March 2014 at a
sanitation conference organized by UNICEF India and the Indian Institute of Technology as part
of the larger Total Sanitation Campaign, which the Indian government launched in 1999.

Rapid improvements are being made in augmenting drinking water supply and sanitation in
India, due to concerted efforts by the various levels of government and communities at
improving coverage.
The level of investment in water and sanitation, albeit low by international standards, has
increased in size during the 2000s. For example, in 1980 rural sanitation coverage was estimated
at 1% and reached 95% in 2018.

Also, the share of Indians with access to improved sources of water has increased significantly
from 72% in 1990 to 88% in 2008. At the same time, local government institutions in charge of
operating and maintaining the infrastructure are seen as weak and lack the financial resources to
carry out their functions. In addition, only two Indian cities have continuous water supply and
according to an estimate from 2018 about 8% of Indians still lack access to improved sanitation
facilities.

A study by Water Aid estimated as many as 10 million Indians, or 5 percent of Indians living in
urban areas, live without adequate sanitation. India comes in first place globally for having the
greatest number of urban-dwelling inhabitants living without sanitation. India tops the urban
sanitation crisis, has the largest amount of urban dwellers without sanitation, and the most open
defecators (urban) with over 5 million people.

A number of innovative approaches to improve water supply and sanitation have been tested in
India, in particular in the early 2000s. These include demand-driven approaches in rural water
supply since 1999, community-led total sanitation, a public-private partnerships to improve the
continuity of urban water supply in Karnataka, and the use of micro credits for water supply and
sanitation in order to improve access to water and sanitation.

Rationale of the Study

Impact on disease burden due to inadequate and unsafe water, lack of sanitation and poor hygiene
behavior is a complex issue. During 2006 and 2007, Sulabh International Academy of
Environmental Sanitation carried out a study, supported by WHO to review and analyze, regional,
national, state and district level data of water supply and sanitation coverage and co- relate the
same with selected infectious diseases.

In the final report submitted to WHO, it was observed that there are many confounding factors
including inadequacies in the water supply and sanitation coverage figures at the state and district
level. The lack of adequate sanitation and safe water has significant negative health impacts
including Diahhorea.

The government has spending a lot of energy and fund to improve the access to water and
sanitation for all. However, It has been observed in various studies that the primary reason for
health benefits not being commensurate with the investment was neglect of hygiene behavior
issues.
Despite the improvement in facilities in sanitation, disposal of solid and liquid waste and safe
drinking water, much more has to be done with regards to aware the rural population on hygiene
practices including use of toilets. Actually, perception of the community on health and hygiene
issue has a strong influence on practice of hygienic behavior together with provision of sanitation
facilities have significant impact on reducing burden of diseases like cholera, diarrhea and
typhoid etc.

Since the knowledge on health and hygiene is low among the rural mass and also the behavior
and practices are lower, Aarogya Foundation of India, Jharkhand chapter has initiated an
integrated health and sanitation programme that include awareness and behavioral change.

An impact study on implementation of SBA project was proposed and meant to study the extent
of its outreach and outcome along with to assess the overall impact of the programme on
community including perception, participation and practice towards health and hygiene.

Previous sanitation campaigns –

On 1 April 2000, the Government of India restructured the Comprehensive Rural Sanitation
Programme and launched the Total Sanitation Campaign (TSC) which was later (on 1 April
2012) renamed "Nirmal Bharat Abhiyan" by then Prime Minister Manmohan Singh.

A limited randomized study of eighty villages in rural (Madhya Pradesh) showed that the TSC
programme did modestly increase the number of households with latrines, and had a small effect
in reducing open defecation. However, there was no improvement in the health of children."
The earlier "Nirmal Bharat Abhiyan" rural sanitation program was hampered by the unrealistic
approach. Consequently, Nirmal Bharat Abhiyan was restructured by Cabinet approval on 24
September 2014 as Swachh Bharat Abhiyan.

Promotional campaigns –

Selected public figures- Prime Minister Modi selected following public figures to propagate this
campaign. They are:
 Sachin Tendulkar
 Salman Khan
 Team: TMKOC
 Kamal Hasan
 Vidya Balan
 Virat Kohli

Brand Ambassadors- On 2 October 2014, Prime Minister Modi nominated following people as
Brand Ambassadors:
 Kapil Sharma
 Ramoji Rao
 Sourav Ganguly
 Aroon Purie
 Kiran Bedi
 CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE REVIEW

1- Swacch Bharat Abhiyan and Issues of Sanitation in India- By (Ruchita

Chakraborty in April 2016)
Public health and sanitation has been a matter of concern for India and across the world since
long. This is evident from various international initiatives including the recent Sustainable
Development Goals adopted by the UNDP in 2016. The lack of sanitation has a human right
perspective especially because it compromises on the dignity and privacy of individuals.

It is more pertinent in case of women, which renders them vulnerable to attacks from intruders
and this has been witnessed by the country with the reported cases of rapes committed with
women who were out in the open alone for answering the natural call.

In this context, Swachh Bharat Abhiyan is a welcome policy that would not only address public
health but also gross infringement of human rights to women. This article has studied the
government policies and judicial responses in this matter. This article also gives a case study
based on empirical research on the effects and important to sanitation on public health.

2- Failing the third toilet test- By (Kathinka Frøystad in 2018)

This article reexamines the long-standing corridor topic of toilet facilities in anthropological
fieldwork, arguing that their condition has stronger methodological implications than previously
acknowledged.

Drawing on personal experiences from three successive fieldworks in one of India's poorest states
– Uttar Pradesh – it reflects on the importance of gender, age, and prior experience with unfamiliar
sanitary facilities in shaping our adjustment to the conditions we meet in the field.

It narrates the three 'toilet tests' to which the author has been exposed over a series of field visits:
the transition to water, squatting, and ultimately the lack of privacy. Failing the latter, she had to
shelve a promising fieldwork lead. Scaling up, the article suggests that, if field sites with 'difficult'
toilet conditions attract fewer and differently positioned anthropologists, the result is likely to be
a bias in coverage and theory-building that merits more reflection.

3- What Swachh Bharat Abhiyan ignores? CASTE By (Ravichandran Bathran

in 2018)
The profession of waste removal needs to be made caste-neutral through adoption of technologies
In 2014, Prime Minister Narendra Modi pledged to clean the " filthiness all around us " , which,
according to him, is an obstacle for promoting the tourism that offers jobs to the poorest of the
poor.

Mr. Modi announced his government's resolve to accomplish the vision of a clean India by 2019,
on the 150th birth anniversary of Gandhi. Swachh Bharat Abhiyan (SBA) was an unprecedented
nationwide initiative aimed to inspire the public to voluntarily clean public spaces as a service to
the nation.

The campaign initially highlighted images of celebrities “voluntarily " sweeping the streets, in
protective gear. Circulated by a pliable commercial media, these images trended on social media.
Concurrently, municipalities began to employ more contractual labourers — mostly scavengers
forced into the profession by their caste — to remove waste.

4- A Review of Cleanliness Mission- By (Supreeta Desai in June 2018)

Living within the lap of nature is an ecstasy. The need of the hour is to conserve and safeguard the
aura and ecological life balance of nature. This menace may be fought against solely by creating
awareness in the society. "Cleaning and organizing is a practice and not a project" Swachh Bharat
Abhiyan is a mission towards protecting our environment from getting filthy.

It was a major step taken by the Government of India and the objective is to eliminate open
defection, conversion of insanitary toilets to pour flush toilets and eradication of manual
scavenging. Cooperation of people is mandatory to make Swachh Bharat Abhiyan mission
successful.

The dusty and stained walls have been transformed into beautiful art piece like that of thane station
area. The dump yard which was filled with garbage and of course the unbearable stink have been
cleaned. The garbage which was overflowing has been picked up. On the other hand there are
residents with poor hygiene which needs to be improved.

People talk about litter around them but are not taking any measures to dispose it. It should not
just be the responsibility of the "˜safaai kaamgar' who clean the particular area. Supreeta Desai, |
Prof. Sudeshna Roy"A Review of Cleanliness Mission "Swachh Bharat Abhiyan"

5- Swachh Bharat- By (Dhamma Darshan Nigam in October 2017)

This article is in response to using Gandhi as an icon for cleanliness from the perspective of a
worker who toils day in and day out, bearing the societal stink and contempt.

6- An Integrated Approach towards Sustainable Waste Management- By

(Saurabh Gupta in 2014)

The main objective of SHUDDHI is to introduce fresh concept of Integrated Waste Management
System in India. This system will support proper collection & recycling of waste generated from
our residential societies, manufacturing units and offices. To maximize recycling, the most
important component in the waste management system is the source segregation of Waste. Thus,
the first step would be to spread massive awareness campaigns and teach people to segregate
waste at their homes separately into dry and wet waste. Various useful recycled products can be
made from this collected waste after its segregation, such as Notebooks, Plastic Bags, and Glass
Items etc. This system involves Collection, Segregation and Recycling of waste that helps in
saving our environment by reducing the amount of waste that goes into landfill or for open
dumping. It also checks the cost and energy required to process fresh raw material from natural
resources.

CHAPTER 3

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

This study was conducted with an aim to assess the impact of the implementation of Swacch
Bharat Abhiyan Project in the rural areas of Kanpur. Best level of precision in sampling method
and other aspect of methodology were important aspects of this study. The details regarding the
methodology adopted in the study are provided in this chapter.

Transparency in data collection was of foremost concern for this impact study. For every
activities to be conducted and as a part of data collection process, detailed information was
collected through meeting and interviews in order to develop an understanding about the
processes, objectives, norms and resources during the implementation period of the project.
3.1 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
The main concern of this study was to assess the impact of the implementation of Swacch Bharat
Abhiyan Project in Rural areas of Kanpur and also how far the area becomes aware about the
cleanliness, health and hygiene, sanitation and safe drinking water etc and the change in
practices. The broad objectives of the study were as follows:
 To assess the perception and practices related to cleanliness, sanitation,
health and hygiene.
 To assess the level of knowledge of AFI field functionaries
 To examine the provisions made by AFI, its usefulness and also usage by
the beneficiaries.
 To assess the effectiveness of the project in terms of changed practices and regression in
diseases.

3.2 SCOPE OF THE STUDY

The scope of the study is as follows:

 Collect data through questionnaires and interview schedules in Rural areas of Kanpur such
as Ghatampur, Hamirpur and Raipur. Interactions were administered with the rural people
to examine the outreach of the programme.
 Analyses of collected data to find out the impact of the project measured through various
factors like increase in awareness, behavioral and socio-economic changes among the
beneficiaries and incorporate the observations made during the study.
 To find out practical implications and suggest to improvise the process and other factors.

3.3 LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY

The limitations of the study is as follows:

 Noninvolvement of the people

 Lack of awareness

3.4 RESEARCH DESIGN

The Study- The study that has been done is exploratory in nature with study technique utilized
for information for data accumulation.

Population-The population for the study was for the rural areas of Kanpur who helped me to find
out the impact of the Swacch Bharat Abhiyan on Sanitation level of rural kanpur.
Sampling Frame- The study has been conducted on people who have been living in different
rural areas or who are shifting from rural to urban areas. Their response toward their present
condition in those areas.

Sampling Element– Individual experience that they have gained through their daily life has been
used as the sampling elements of the study.
Sample size- For analyzing the impact of factors a sample of 50 people were taken from rural
areas of the Kanpur.

Sampling Techniques- Non-probability purposive sampling technique was used. The study
would include equal representation on the demographic variable gender and proportionate
representation on profession, and income to ensure that the demographic variables do not affect
the results of the study and also to ensure that the results of the study are suitable for drawing
generalizations for at least Kanpur region.

CHAPTER 4

DATA ANALYSIS

4.1 INTRODUCTION

The study explored the impact of implementation of Swachh Bharat Abhiyan Project and the
changes occur among the beneficiaries including the people living in rural area of kanpur. The
study was carried out keeping in mind the objectives of the programme.

Data collected and was compiled and tabulated. Analysis of the responses gathered from the
respondents led towards major findings of the study.

The purpose of this chapter is to present the result derived from the analysis of the
responses generated from administering the schedules among the beneficiaries of
the programme.

4.2 TABULATION OF THE DATA

CHAPTER 5

FINDINGS
Among the findings, the most important is that the villagers were undoubtedly made aware of the
local health and hygiene issues affecting their community and area. The evidence was based on
the feedback taken from the villagers through questionnaire on these talks showed Swacch
Bharat Abhiyan project an effective program. Some of these are:

 The discussion in the women group was truly enlightening and gave me a good insight on
how to deal with common ailment for children and myself.
 A man in the area said, "I will now ensure that not only my family members but
neighbors are also using toilet."
 The project aims to make the community aware about hygiene and
sanitation.
 It was observed household toilets in the study have been increased and
construction of new toilets is in progress.
 It is important to mention here that the villagers are now able to
comprehend the link between cause of diseases and hygienic practices and
many of the respondents found affirmative that diseases can be prevented
by using toilet. Even, the persons not preferring toilets were found aware
about importance of toilet and its usage.
 It was found that the women who had toilet in their household tended to
have higher level of awareness about sanitation and hygiene.
 The study shows that perception on hand wash was high and the practice
on the same was also found high. Even, the school going children were
found aware about hand washing after using toilet and before eating. Most
importantly hand washing with soap-water was found in practice.
 The study shows that there was relatively low perception and low practice
for disposal of solid waste. In some places, it was found that the
community garbage pit does exist however, household garbage still being
thrown in the open. A system of useful disposal of solid waste/garbage is
evolving in the study area.
 The level of awareness on disposal of liquid waste was high while the
practice was low. Many of the houses in the study area yet to be connected
to the outside drain and resulted water accumulation outside the house or
on the road.
 It was found that a commendable process of constructing soaking pits and
connected with the house drain has started in the area. A sizeable number
of soak pits have been constructed in the area which also validates the
relevance of the project.
 On two issues, personal hygiene and home/food sanitation, awareness was
medium while practice was high.
 Respondents who were more aware of hygienic practices tended to report fewer diseases
in their households. A sharp decline in diseases like – malaria and diarrhea was observed
in the study area.
 In last one year diarrheal cases have been declined and less Anemia cases
were recorded.
  Incidence of water and sanitation related diseases is decreasing, however, pneumonia
case has been increased.
 Respondents were found aware of disadvantages of using impure water and consequently
bad effect on health.
 It was found that they have a better understanding that using open source of water can
result the diseases like diarrhea and jaundice.
 Overall, the study shows an increasing trend in health and hygiene
awareness with improvement in sanitation coverage.

CHAPTER 6

CONCLUSION
The study on Implementation of Swachh Bharat Abhiyan on Rural Kanpur
Project was conducted to assess the impact of the programme on community
along with evaluate the skill of functionaries.
The finding suggests that community members were inclined towards the cleanliness
programme and desired maintain continuity of activities conducted. The perception
of the community particularly the women regarding the public health and hygiene
issues is an important influencing factor in conditioning the practice of hygiene in
the community.

One of the most difficult aspect of community level programmes is ensuring

sufficient penetration and reach across a community to attain population-level
impact. Thus, although specific programme component may be effective, the low
level of involvement in individual level behavior change programme limits the
community wide impact.

In spite of that, the experiment is an innovative approach and it is a most reliable and
interactive mode of reaching the rural and deprived communities with low literacy
rates and little access to health services in the remote areas in Kanpur.

CHAPTER 7

RECOMMENDATION
 Given the level and intensity of programme activities, it was difficult
to achieve cent percent community wide impact in such short
duration. It is suggested that programme should continue for longer
duration, ideally for 6-8 months.
 Though, the programme has a great impact in the operational area
however, there is a need to constitute an implementation committee at
the grass root level in order to ensure community participation in the
programme. The members may be assigned to monitor the programme
at the grass root level.
 Knowledge and learning of functionaries at the grass root level is the most
crucial input for improving the quality of the project. Therefore, it is
highly recommended that short-term refresher training programmes should
be provided at regular intervals to us so that we can upgrade our skills and
learn more about heath, hygiene and sanitation along with interpersonal
communication skill.

REFERENCE