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IN LINEAR ALGEBRA
Mahmut Kuzucuoğlu
Middle East Technical University
matmah@metu.edu.tr
Ankara, TURKEY
March 14, 2015
ii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTERS
0. PREFACE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1. LINEAR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ??
2. MAP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ??
3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ??
4. ?? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ??
5. ??? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ??
Preface
Mahmut Kuzucuoğlu
METU, Ankara
March 14, 2015
M. Kuzucuoğlu
1
Name : Answer Key
METU
.......
...... .... ID Number : 2360262
.................... .................... DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS
.............. ............ Signature : 0000000
........
.. Math 262 Quiz I Duration : 60 minutes
1956
(05.03.2008)
2 4 −2
1.) Let A = 0 −4 3 .
−3 −7 4
(c) Find the characteristic vectors and a basis B such that [A]B is diagonal.
Solution. The characteristic values of A are c1 = 2, c2 = 1, c3 = −1.
0 4 −2 −3 −7 2
−3x − 7y + 2z = 0 z = 2y
A − 2I = 0 −6 3 −→ 0 2 −1 , ⇒
2y − z = 0 x = −y
−3 −7 2 0 0 0
0 0 −1
(d) Find A -conductor of the vector α = (1, 1, 1) into the invariant subspace spanned by (−1, 1, 2).
Solution. Set W =< (−1, 1, 2) > and denote the A -conductor of α into W by g(x). Since
mA (A) = 0 we have mA (A)α ∈ W. Thus, g(x) divides mA (x). Hence, the possibilities for g(x)
are x − 2, x − 1, x + 1, (x − 2)(x − 1), (x − 2)(x + 1), (x − 1)(x + 1). We will try these polynomials.
(Actually, the answer could be given directly.) Now,
0 4 −2 1 2
(A − 2I)α = 0 −6 3 · 1 = −3 ∈ / W ⇒ g(x) 6= x − 2,
−3 −7 2 1 −8
1 4 −2 1 3
(A − I)α = 0 −5 3 · 1 = −2 ∈ / W ⇒ g(x) 6= x − 1,
−3 −7 3 1 −7
3 4 −2 1 5
(A + I)α = 0 −3 3 · 1 = 0 ∈ / W ⇒ g(x) 6= x + 1,
−3 −7 5 1 −5
0 4 −2 3 6
(A − 2I)(A − I)α = 0 −6 3 · −2 = −9 ∈ / W ⇒ g(x) 6= (x − 2)(x − 1),
−3 −7 2 −7 −9
0 4 −2 5 10
(A − 2I)(A + I)α = 0 −6 3 · 0 = −15 ∈ / W ⇒ g(x) 6= (x − 2)(x + 1),
−3 −7 2 −5 −25
1 4 −2 5 15
(A − I)(A + I)α = 0 −5 3 · 0 = −15 = −15α1 ∈ W ⇒ g(x) = x2 − 1.
−3 −7 3 −5 −30
0 0 0
2
whose minimal polynomial is x .
3.) Prove that similar matrices have the same minimal polynomial.
Solution. Let A and B be similar matrices, i.e., B = P −1 AP for some invertible matrix P. For
any k > 0 we have B k = (P −1 AP )k = P −1 Ak P which implies that f (B) = P −1 f (A)P for any
polynomial f (x). Let fA and fB be the minimal polynomials of A and B, respectively. Then fA (B) =
P −1 fA (A)P = P −1 OP = O implies that fB divides fA . On the other hand, O = fB (B) = P −1 fB (A)P
gives us fB (A) = O. Hence, fA divides fB . Therefore, we have fA = fB .
2 M. KUZUCUOĞLU
f (E) = c0 I + c1 E + · · · + cn E n
= c0 I + c1 E + · · · + cn E
= c0 I + (c1 + · · · + cn )E.
f (x) + f (−x)
Observe that fe (x) = is a continuous even func-
2
f (x) − f (−x)
tion and fo (x) = is a continuous odd function.
2
Hence, f = fe + fo , that is V = We + Wo . To show that
V = We ⊕ Wo , we need to show that We ∩ Wo = {0}. To see
this, let g ∈ We ∩Wo . Then, g ∈ We implies that g(−x) = g(x),
and g ∈ Wo implies that g(−x) = −g(x). Thus, we have
g(x) = −g(x) or g(x) = 0 for all x ∈ [−1, 1], which means
that g = 0.
b) For f (x) = x ∈ Wo , we have (T f )(x) = x2 /2 ∈ / Wo ,
and for g(x) = x ∈ We , we have (T g)(x) = x /3 ∈
2 3
/ We . Thus,
neither We nor Wo are invariant under T.
(12) Let V be a finite dimensional vector space over the field F, and
let T be a linear operator on V, such that rank(T ) = 1. Prove
that either T is diagonalizable or T is nilpotent, but not both.
Proof. Since rank(T ) = dim(Im(T )) = 1, we have dim(Ker(T )) =
n − 1. Let 0 ̸= β ∈ Im(T ). So, Im(T ) = ⟨β⟩. Since β ∈
Im(T ), there exists a vector α0 ∈ V such that T α0 = β.
Let {α1 , α2 , · · · , αn−1 } be a basis for Ker(T ). Then, B =
{α0 , α1 , α2 , · · · , αn−1 } is a basis for V.
We have T αi = 0 for all i = 1, 2, · · · , n − 1.
8 M. KUZUCUOĞLU
U = b0 I + b1 T + · · · + bn−1 T n−1 .
V such that
0 0 ··· 0
⋆ 0 ··· 0
[N ]B = . .
⋆ ⋆ . . . ..
⋆ ⋆ ··· 0
since, similar matrices have the characteristic polynomial, it
follows that the characteristic polynomial of N is xn where
n = dimV.
(17) Find the minimal polynomial and rational form of the matrix
c 0 −1
T = 0 c 1 .
−1 1 c
Solution. The characteristic polynomial of T is
x−c
0 1
fT (x) = det(xI − T ) = 0 x − c −1
1 −1 x − c
x − c −1 0
1
= (x − c) +
−1 x − c x − c −1
= (x − c)((x − c)2 − 1) − (x − c)
= (x − c)((x − c)2 − 2)
√ √
= (x − c)(x − c − 2)(x − c + 2).
Since the characteristic polynomial and the minimal polyno-
mial have the same roots and the minimal polynomial di-
vides the characteristic polynomial we have mT (x) = fT (x) =
(x − c)((x − c)2 − 2) = (x − c)3 − 2(x − c) = x3 + (−3c)x2 +
(3c2 − 2)x + (−c3 + 2c). Thus the rational form of T is
0 0 c3 − 2c
R = 1 0 −3c2 + 2 .
0 1 3c