Sewage treatment plant

CHAPTER- 1

INTRODUCTION

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1.1) General
Sewage is waste water from a community, containing solid and liquid excreta, derived from houses,
street and yard washings, factories and industries. The term “sullage” is applied to waste water
which does not contain human excreta. Sewage may create following environmental problems if
not disposed properly:
a. Creation of nuisance, unsightliness and unpleasant odours.
b. Breeding of flies and mosquitoes
c. Contamination of food
d. Increase in the incidence of disease.

Sewage contains 99.9% of water and solids which barely comprises of 0.1% are partly organic and
inorganic matters. The offensive nature of sewage is mainly due to the organic matters present in it.
In addition, sewage is charged with numerous living organisms derived from faeces, some of which
can even be pathogenic.

One quarter of the world’s population is affected by economic water scarcity. Due to the growth of
population, consumption of water resources is more and availability is less, so the demand for water
is increasing. In India from urban areas, the waste water generated about 5 billion litres per day
(BLD) in 1947 which has Increased to about 30 BLD in 1997 . According to the Central Pollution
Control Board (CPCB), 16 BLD of wastewater are generated from Class-1 cities (population
>100,000), and 1.6 BLD from Class-2 cities (population 50,000-100,000). Of the 45,000 km length
of Indian rivers, 6,000 km have a bio-oxygen demand above 3 mg/l, making the water unfit for
drinking . An estimated 80% of wastewater is generated by developing countries, especially China
and India, is used for irrigation . The irrigated area with waste water varies around 10% of the
world’s total irrigated area so the waste water can be used efficiently. To prevent the adverse effects
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on the receiving water bodies, whether it is used for gardening, recreation, water supply, or any
other purposes adequate treatment of water is necessary. Municipal waste water/sewage treatment is
the process of removing contaminants from waste water by using physical, chemical and biological
processes.

The aim of sewage treatment is to “stabilize” the organic matter so that it can be disposed off safely,
and, to convert the sewage water into an effluent of an acceptable standard of purity which can be
disposed off in to land, rivers, sea.

1.2) History :
The history of water supply and sanitation is one of a logistical challenge to provide clean
water and sanitation systems since the dawn of civilization. Where water resources, infrastructure or
sanitation systems were insufficient, diseases spread and people fell sick or died prematurely.

But entering into the modern age, we found the need to find better alternative than the disposing it
in the nearest water body. This led to the first attempt of sewage treatment that is Land Treatment.
The sewage was disposed in in areas away from city but it cause tremendous health concerns which
again created the need to find better solutions. As pollution of water bodies became a concern,
cities attempted to treat the sewage before discharge. In the late 19th century some cities began to
add chemical treatment and sedimentation systems to the sewers. In 1912, Dr. Gilbert Fowler, a
scientist at the University of Manchester, observed experiments being conducted at the Lawrence
Experiment Station at Massachusetts involving the aeration of sewage in a bottle that had been
coated with algae. Fowler's engineering colleagues, Ardern and Lockett,[6] experimented on treating
sewage in a draw-and-fill reactor, which produced a highly treated effluent. They aerated the waste-
water continuously for about a month and were able to achieve a complete nitrification of the
sample material. Believing that the sludge had been activated (in a similar manner to activated
carbon) the process was named activated sludge. During the half-century around 1900, these public
health interventions succeeded in drastically reducing the incidence of water-borne diseases among
the urban population. At the end of the 19th century, since primary treatment still left odour
problems, it was discovered that bad odours could be prevented by introducing oxygen into the
decomposing sewage. This was the beginning of the biological aerobic and anaerobic treatments
which are fundamental to wastewater processes.

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1.3) Sewage treatment plant for town:

The town has been a developing place due to the steady increase in town population, which in turn
resulted in the increase of domestic sewage generated, but still there is no sewage treatment plant.
So it is required to construct a sewage treatment plant with sufficient capacity to treat the generated
sewage. Sewage water treatment has challenges to treat the excess sludge and disposal of sludge.
Sewage/wastewater treatment operations are done by various methods in order to reduce, its water
and organic content, and the ultimate goal of wastewater management is the protection of the
environment in a manner commensurate with public health and socio-economic concerns. This
paper focuses on the sewage generation in the town area and sewage treatment plant is designed. In
one day the total sewage generated was estimated 38.16 MLD considering the projected population
of town for the next 30 years. The various components of sewage treatment plant are screening, grit
chamber, primary sedimentation tank, biological reactor, secondary clarifier, activated sludge tank;
drying beds. It is proposed to design the various components of sewage treatment plant considering
the various standards and permissible limits of treated sewage water. The treated water will be
supplied for irrigating the crops and the sludge which is generated after the treatment will be used
as manure, so it increases the fertility of soil. Also reduce the ground water usage.

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CHAPTER- 2

LITERATURE REVIEW

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1)Author Name: M. Bhargavi, E. Ananta Rao, T. Pravallika ,Y. Sri Teja, Title of paper:Analysis and
Design of Sewage Treatment Plant: A Case Study on Vizianagaram Municipality ,Journal name:
SSRG International Journal of Civil Engineering (SSRG - IJCE), Volume no: 5, Issue no: 4, Date
and year: 4th April 2018

The main objective of this study was to carry out to design of a sewage treatment plant for a
vizianagaram municipality, as it has excess sewage due to growing population .This paper focuses
on sewage generation in vizianagaram area, which was estimated 38.203MLD considering
population of next 30 years. As a solution to this problem a sewage treatment plant with objective
that were to design for a population form 2018-2048, meeting the demands of population of
3,00,000 and the treated sewage will be used for irrigation, fire protection, and toilet flushing in
public, commercial and industrial buildings and if it is sufficiently clean, it can be used for ground
water recharge.

2)Author Name: Rahul Sharma , Pritesh Agrawal, Title of paper:A Case Study on Sewage
Treatment Plant (STP), Delawas, Jaipur, Journal name: IJESC, Volume no: 7, Issue no: 5, Date and
year: 23rd October 2017

This paper focuses case study of a sewage treatment plant at, Delawas, Jaipur. The main aim of
paper is to use the treated water in a way; which does not harm human and environment along with
consideration of mentality of society. The work area is STP Delawas, PratapNagar, Jaipur, which is
setup in 2006. The conclusion drawn from this study were that STP was a fully functioning and well
working plant, the water from this plant could be used to agricultural purposes for commercial
purposes, and for groundwater recharge.

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3)Author Name: Puspalatha P and Kalpana P, Title of paper: Design Approach for Sewage
Treatment Plant: A Case Study of Srikakulam Greater Municipality, India, Journal name: Environ
Sci Ind J, Volume no: 12, Issue no:9, Date and year: 20th September 2016

The paper suggest a design approach for the sewage treatment plant for the city of Srikakulam. With
a ever-growing population of the city requires a STP for the tremendous domestic waste generated.
The proposed plan is construction of a STP using trickling filter. The main objective is to sewage
treatment along with replenishment of ground water recharge. Following are the design
specification for the STP:

1. The design of primary sewage treatment is for the predicted population of 179,000 and estimated
sewage of 22.2 MLD.

2. The dimension of screen is 0.59 m × 1.0 m.

3. The dimension of grit chamber with aeration is 2.5 m × 10 m × 3 m.

4. The dimension of the primary sedimentation tank is 34.4 m × 8.6 m × 3.6 m.

5. The dimension of the trickling filter is diameter of 25 m and depth 5 m.

6. The dimension of the aeration tank is 22 m × 11 m × 5.3 m.

7. The dimension of sludge dry bed is 0.5 m × 20 m × 0.5 m.

4)Author Name:Deep Gupta, Abhishek Ghildiyal, Neeraj Rana ,Abhishek Kumar, Ishank Goyal,
Gagan Goswami, Title of paper:Design and Analysis of Sewage Treatment Plant, Journal name: The
Engineering Journal of Application & Scopes, Volume no: 2, Issue No: 1, Date and year: 1 February
2017

The Engineering college of Roorkee have a their own sewage treatment plant in the campus. The
sewage treatment plant in COER was designed in 1999 to treat the population at that time. So there
was a immediate need to re-design the present system. A sewage treatment plant was designed for
this specific goal in mind to treat around 1 MLD of wastewater for a total population of 4000.

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CHAPTER-3

METHODOLOGY

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3.1 Procedure
RECEIVING CHAMBER`
Receiving chamber is the structure to receive the raw sewage collected to underground System of
sewage treatment plant. It is a rectangular shape tank constructed at the entrance of the sewage
treatment plant. The main sewer pipe is directly connected to this tank.
SCREENING
Screening is the first unit operation used at wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). Screening
removes objects such as rags, paper, plastics, and metals to prevent damage and clogging of
downstream equipment, piping, and appurtenances. Some modern wastewater treatment plants use
both coarse screens and fine screens.
Coarse Screens
Coarse screens remove large solids, rags, and debris from wastewater, and typically have openings
of 6 mm (0.25 in) or larger. Types of coarse screens include mechanically and manually cleaned bar
screens, including trash racks.
Fine Screens
Fine screens are typically used to remove material that may create operation and maintenance
problems in downstream processes, particularly in systems that lack primary treatment. Typical
opening sizes for fine screens are 1.5 to 6 mm (0.06 to 0.25 in). Very fine screens with openings of
0.2 to 1.5 mm (0.01 to 0.06 in) placed after coarse or fine screens can reduce suspended solids to
levels near those achieved by primary clarification.
GRIT CHAMBER
Grit includes sand, gravel, cinder, or other heavy solid materials that are “heavier” (higher specific
gravity) than the organic biodegradable solids in the wastewater. Grit also includes eggshells, bone
chips, seeds, coffee grounds, and large organic particles, such as food waste. Removal of grit
prevents unnecessary abrasion and wear of mechanical equipment, grit deposition in pipelines and
channels, and accumulation of grit in anaerobic digesters and aeration basins.







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SKIMMING TANK
A skimming tank is a chamber so arranged that the floating matter like oil, fat, grease etc., rise and
remain on the surface of the waste water (Sewage) until removed, while the liquid flows out
continuously under partitions or baffles.
PRIMARY SEDIMENTATION TANK
The Primary Settlement or sedimentation tanks are designed to reduce the velocity of the
wastewater flow, allowing heavier organic solids (called raw sludge) to settle. They are the first
stage of treatment after the removal of rags and grit in the inlet works. Scrapers present in the tank
move continuously along the floor of the tank to deposit the raw sludge in hoppers for removal. The
scum which floats to the surface is directed by water jets or scum boards to the sludge sump. The
raw, settled sludge is removed by pump or gravity feed to a sludge treatment process, either on site
or via tanker to a larger processing centers. Approximately 60% of suspended solids and 35% of
BOD removal efficiency can be achieved at this stage.
SLUDGE ACTIVATED PROCESS
The activated sludge process is a type of wastewater treatment process for treating sewage or
industrial waste-water using aeration and a biological floc composed of bacteria and protozoa.
The process takes advantage of aerobic micro-organisms that can digest organic matter in sewage,
and clump together (by flocculation) as they do so. It thereby produces a liquid that is relatively free
from suspended solids and organic material, and flocculated particles that will readily settle out and
can be removed.
The general arrangement of an activated sludge process for removing carbonaceous pollution
includes the following items:
Aeration tank where air (or oxygen) is injected in the mixed liquor.
Settling tank (usually referred to as "final clarifier" or "secondary settling tank") to allow the
biological flocs (the sludge blanket) to settle, thus separating the biological sludge from the clear
treated water.
Treatment of nitrogenous matter or phosphate involves additional steps where the mixed liquor is
left in anoxic condition (meaning that there is no residual dissolved oxygen).







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AERATION TANK
Aeration tank where air (or oxygen) is injected in the mixed liquor. Settling tank (usually referred to
as "final clarifier" or "secondary settling tank") to allow the biological flocs (the sludge blanket) to
settle, thus separating the biological sludge from the clear treated water.
Aeration brings water and air in close contact in order to remove dissolved gases (such as carbon
dioxide) and oxidises dissolved metals such as iron, hydrogen sulphide, and volatile organic
chemicals (VOCs). Aeration is often the first major process at the treatment plant.
SLUDGE DRYING BED
Drying of the sludge can be divided in to two different stages, namely drainage and evaporation.
The design of SDB is based mainly on-site specifications, as well as environmental and climatic
factors. The sizing of the sludge drying beds should be done considering the worst-case scenario).
The loading is based on per capita basis or on a unit loading of pounds of dry solids per square foot
per. There are mainly five types of sludge drying methods viz. conventional sand beds, paved
drying beds, artificial media beds, vacuum assisted and solar. The typical conventional SDB has
dimensions of 6 m width, 6 - 30 m length, with sand layer ranging from 230 – 300 mm depth. The
sand should have a uniformity coefficient of not over 4.0 and effective size of 0.3 to 0.75 mm. The
piping to the sludge drying beds should be designed for velocity of at-least 0.75 m/s. The sludge is
placed on the bed in 20–30 cm layers and allowed to dry. Sludge cake removal is manual by
shoveling into wheel-barrows, trucks, scraper, or front-end loader. The drying period is 10–15 days,
and the moisture content of the cake is 60 – 70%. Sludge loading rate is 100–300 kg dry solids/
m2 /year for uncovered beds.

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SEWAGE DISPOSAL
The sludges accumulated in a wastewater treatment process must be treated and disposed of in a
safe and effective manner. The purpose of digestion is to reduce the amount of organic matter and
the number of disease-causing microorganisms present in the solids. The most common treatment
options include anaerobic digestion, aerobic digestion, and composting. Incineration is also used,
albeit to a much lesser degree.
Sludge treatment depends on the amount of solids generated and other site-specific conditions.
Composting is most often applied to small-scale plants with aerobic digestion for mid-sized
operations, and anaerobic digestion for the larger-scale operations.
The sludge is sometimes passed through a so-called pre-thickener which de-waters the sludge.
Types of pre-thickeners include centrifugal sludge thickeners rotary drum sludge thickeners and belt
filter presses. Dewatered sludge may be incinerated or transported offsite for disposal in a landfill or
use as an agricultural soil amendment.
3.2 Method:
Treating sewage water has the aim to produce an effluent that will do as little harm as possible when
discharged to the surrounding environment, thereby preventing pollution compared to releasing
untreated wastewater into the environment.
Sewage treatment generally involves four stages, called preliminary, primary, secondary and tertiary
treatment.
• Preliminary treatment consists solely in separating floating materials like tree
branches, papers, pieces of rags, wood etc. and heavy settable inorganic solids. It helps in
removal of oils and greases and reduces the BOD by 15% to 30%. The process under this
are: 


Screening – to remove the floating papers, rags, clothing.

Grit Chamber- to remove grit and sand.

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Skimming tank – to remove oils and greases.

• Primary treatment consists of temporarily holding the sewage in a quiescent basin where
heavy solids can settle to the bottom while oil, grease and lighter solids float to the surface.
The settled and floating materials are removed and the remaining liquid may be discharged
or subjected to secondary treatment. Some sewage treatment plants that are connected to a
combined sewer system have a bypass arrangement after the primary treatment unit. This
means that during very heavy rainfall events, the secondary and tertiary treatment systems
can be bypassed to protect them from hydraulic overloading and the mixture of sewage and
storm water only receives primary treatment. 


• Secondary treatment removes dissolved and suspended biological matter. Secondary

treatment is typically performed by indigenous, water-borne micro-organisms in a managed
habitat. Secondary treatment may require a separation process to remove the micro-
organisms from the treated water prior to discharge or tertiary treatment. 


• Tertiary treatment is sometimes defined as anything more than primary and secondary
treatment in order to allow ejection into a highly sensitive or fragile ecosystem. Treated
water is sometimes disinfected chemically or physically (for example, by
lagoons and microfiltration) prior to discharge into a stream, river, bay, lagoon or wetland,
or it can be used for the irrigation of a golf course, green way or park. If it is sufficiently
clean, it can also be used for groundwater recharge or agricultural purposes. 


DESIGN PERIOD
A sewerage scheme involves the laying of underground sewer pipes and
construction of costly treatment units, which cannot be replaced or increased in their capacities
easily or conveniently at a later date. In order to avoid such complications, the future expansions of
the city and consequent increase in the sewage quantity should be forecasted to serve the
community satisfactorily for reasonable year. The future period for which the provision is made in
designing the capacities of various components of the sewerage is known as design period. This
sewage treatment plant is designed for 30 years period.
 
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CHAPTER -4

RESULT & DISCUSSION 


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4.1 CALCULATION’S

 

4.1.1 Population forecast
Forecasting method: - Incremental increase method

YEAR POPULATIONS INCREMENTAL INCREMENTAL

INCREASE

1961 1,06,024 - -

1971 1,13,742 7,718 -

1981 1,39,082 25,340 17,622

1991 1,74,247 35,165 9,825

2001 1,75,061 814 -34,351

AVG-69,037 AVG-6,904

X = 69,037/4 y = -6,904/3
= 17,260 = -2,302
population after nth decade is Pn = P+ n.X + {n (n+1)/2}.Y
Where,
Pn = Population after nth decade
X = Average increase
Y = Incremental increase
Population in the year 2011 is,
P2011 = 175061 + (17260x 1) + {(1 (1+1))/2} x (-2302)
= 1,90,019
For the year 2021
P2021 =190019 + (17260 x 2) + {(2 (2+1)/2)} x (-2302)
= 2,17,633

For the year 2031

P2031 = 217633 + (17260 x 3) + {(3 (3+1)/2)} x (-2302)
= 2,55,595
For the year 2041
P2041 = 255595 + (17260 x 4) + {(4 (4+1)/2)} x (-2302)
= 3,01,615
For the year 2051
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P2051 = 301615 + (17260 x 5) + {(5 (5+1)/2)} x (-2302)

= 3,53,385
At the design period of 30 years population of city is 3,53,385.

4.1.2 Calculation of sewage generation

Ultimate Design Period = 30 YEARS

Forecasted Population in a year 2051 = 3,53,385
Per capita water supply = 135 lpcd
Avg. Water supply per day = 353385 × 135
= 47,706,975 ~ 47,707,000
= 47.7 MLD
Avg. Sewage generation per day = 80% Of supplied water
= 0.8 × 47.7
= 38.16 MLD
In cumec
Avg. sewage generation per day = (38.16 × 1000) / (24 ×60×60)
= 0.4416
Avg. Discharge = 0.4416
Max. Discharge = 3× 04416
= 1.325

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4.1.3 Unite calculation

RECIVING CHAMBER
DESIGN:
Design flow = 1.325 M3 / SEC
Detention time = 60 SEC
Volume required =1.325 × 60
=79.5 M3
Provided depth = 3 M
Area 79.5 / 3
=26.5M2
L:B = 2:1
L × B = 2B × B= 2B2= 26.5
B =3.7M
L=7.3 M

CHECK:
Volume design = 3×7.3×3.7
= 81.03 M3
Required volume < Volume design
Receiving chamber designed for 7.3 m×3.7m×3m +(0.5m

COARSE SCREENING
DESIGN:
Peak flow = 1.325 m3/ sec
Assuming that the velocity through screen (at peak flow ) is not allowed to exceed 0.8m/s
The net area of the screen opening required
= 1.325/0.8
= 1.656M2
Using a rectangular steel bar in the screen, having 1 cm width and placed at 5cm clear spacing
The gross area of the screen required = (1.656 × 6) / 5
= 1.987M2
Assuming that the screen bars are placed at 60° to the horizontal,
we have the gross area of the screen = (1.987 × 2)/ 1.732
= 2.29 M2 = 2.3 M2
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Provide depth of 3m + 0.5 (FB)

Hence, A coarse screen of 2.3M3 area is required

GRIT CHAMBER:
DESIGN:
Peak flow = 1.325 m3/sec
Assume a Avg. Detention period = 180sec
Aerated volume = 1.325 × 180
= 238.2 M3 = 240 M3
In order to drain the channel periodically for routine cleaning and maintenances two chambers are
used Volume of each chamber = 240/2
= 120 M3
Assume depth of 3m
Depth to width ratio 2:1
Width of channel = 2×3
=6m
Length of channel = 120/ (6×3)
= 6.67m
Increase the length about 20% in account of inlet and outlet = 6.67× 1.2
=8m
Grit chamber is designed for the size of 8m×6m×3m each (two grit chambers are provided)

FINE SCREENING:
DESIGN:
Peak flow = 1.325 m3/ sec
Assuming that the velocity through screen (at peak flow ) is not allowed to exceed 0.8m/s
The net area of the screen opening required
= 1.325/0.8
= 1.656M2
Using a rectangular steel bar in the screen, having 1 cm width and placed at 5cm clear spacing
The gross area of the screen required = (1.656 × 6) / 5
= 1.987M2
Assuming that the screen bars are placed at 60° to the horizontal,
we have the gross area of the screen = (1.987 × 2)/ 1.732
= 2.29 M2 = 2.3 M2
Provide depth of 3m + 0.5 (FB)
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Hence, A coarse screen of 2.3M3 area is required

SKIMMING TANK:
DESIGN:
Surface area required for the tank = 0.00622× (q/Vr)
Where,
Vr = Minimum raising the velocity of only material to be removed in m/min
q = Rate of flow sewage in m3/day
q = 1.325× 24×60×60 = 114480
Vr = 0.25 m/min = 025×60×24 = 360 m/day
Surface area requried for the tank = 0.00622× (114480/360)
= 1.97 m3 = 2 m3
Provide depth of skimming tank 3m
L: W = 1.5:1
L= 1.5B
L×B = 1.5 B2
Therefor breadth of tank = 1m
L = 1.5 m
Skimming thank designed for the size 1.5 m× 1m × 3m + 0.5m (FB)

PRIMARY SEDIMENTATION TANK:

DESIGN:
Max. Quantity of sewage = 38.16 MLD
Surface loading = 40 m3/m2/day
Detection period = 1 Hour
Volume of sewage = 38.16 ×1000× (1/24)
= 1590m3 = 1600 m3
Provided effective depth = 2.5m
Surface area = 1600/2.5
=640 m2
Surface area of tank = 38160/ 40
= 954 m2
Use a greater area of these two, therefore a surface area of tank = 954 m2
Diameter of tank = 34.85m = 35m
Primary sedimentation tank design for deamination of 35m(dia) × 2.5m (depth) + 0.5 (fb)
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AREATION TANK
DESIGN:

No. of Aeration tank Design flow = 38.16 MLD Average flow of each tank = 38160/2 = 19080 m’

BOD at inlet = 0.8 x 300

(20 % of BOD removed at Grit chamber) 39 Y, = 240 mg/l BOD at outlet Yr = 20 mg/l BOD
Removed in Activated Plant = 240-20

= 220 mg/l

Minimum efficiency required in the activated plant = 220240 Min. efficiency = 91.7 % Since the
adopted extended aeration process can remove 85-92 % Hence it is OK MLSS (X,) = 3000 mg/l

F/M ratio = 0.4

Volume the tank required V = QFM x Yoxt

= 19080 X 2200.4 X 3000

= 2344.67 m° = 2345 m°

Assume the liquid depth of the tank as 4.5 m The Width to Depth ratio as 2.2 BD = 2.2

B=9.9m

40 =10m

L = 24354.5 X10 = 54m L=54m;B=10m; d=4.5m Volume provided = 54 x 10 x 4.5 = 2430 m

CHECK FOR AERATION PERIOD / HRT: Hydraulic Retention Time (HRT) = t =VX24Q

= 2430 X 2413280

SLUDGE DRYING BED:

Sludge applied to drying bed at the rate of 100kg/MLD

Sludge applied = 300kg/day

Specific gravity = 1.015

Solid content = 2%

Volume of sludge = 3000.02 X 1000 X 1.015 = 14.778m"/day

Number of cycle in one year = 365 /10= 37 cycles.

Period of each cycle = 10 days Volume of sludge per cycle = 14.778 X 10 = 147.78 m

Spreading a layer of 0.3m per cycle,

Area of bed required = 147.780.3 = 492.6 m’ = 500 m?* Provide 5 nos. of beds,

Area of each bed = 100 m?

5 beds of dimension 12.5m X 8m are designed


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CHAPTER-5

CONSLUSION


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For a city, with the present population of around 1.80 lakhs. A sewage system using
activated sludge process which in-turn uses the aeration system is suitable keeping in mind the
requirements of today and need for future. A key aspect this sewage system is its design is its
practicality and workability along with it the efficiency of process which is 80- 90%. It provides
water which then can be used for varied purposes. They consume the most energy of any part of an
aerobic process and the potential energy savings warrants close attention to design and maintenance
details. It will be used for commercial farming, gardening and groundwater recharge. Hence, it’s
the most desired method of sewage treatment.


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Chapter- 6

References

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1)https://www.scribd.com/document/254182477/Design-of-Primary-Sewage-Plant

2)https://www.researchgate.net/publication/281113121_Waste-water_treatment_plant_Design

3)http://ijesc.org/upload/
5fb259d8eb2753b4d0ea2dcd3290b357.A%20Case%20Study%20on%20Sewage%20Treatment%20
Plant%20(STP),%20Delawas,%20Jaipur.pdf

4)https://www.irjet.net/archives/V2/i8/IRJET-V2I8161.pdf

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