Mr.

Manish Dafda
Nursing Tutor
Shandra Shroff Rofel College Of Nursing
M.Sc. (N), Pediatric
CARDIAC CATASTROPHE, CAUSE,
RISK FACTORS AND CARE

“With a healthy heart, the beat goes on.”

Catastrophe is an event causing great and usually sudden damage or suffering.

Cardiac catastrophe is also class of diseases that involve the heart or blood
vessels. Cardiovascular disease includes coronary artery diseases (CAD) such
as angina and myocardial infarction (commonly known as a heart attack). Other CVDs
include stroke, heart failure, hypertensive heart disease, rheumatic heart
disease, cardiomyopathy, heart arrhythmia, congenital heart disease, valvular heart
disease, carditis, aortic aneurysms, peripheral artery disease, thromboembolic disease,
and venous thrombosis.

Sudden cardiac death is a catastrophic event which leads to loss of young and middle-
aged population with dire consequences.

The antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) is characterized by the occurrence of venous or

arterial thrombosis or of specific pregnancy morbidity, in the presence of laboratory evidence
of antiphospholipid antibodies.

Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) take the lives of 17.9 million people every year, 31%
of all global deaths. Cardiovascular diseases are the leading cause of death globally. This is
true in all areas of the world except Africa. Together they resulted in 17.9 million deaths
(32.1%) in 2015, up from 12.3 million (25.8%) in 1990. Deaths, at a given age, from CVD are
more common and have been increasing in much of the developing world, while rates have
declined in most of the developed world since the 1970s. Coronary artery disease and stroke
account for 80% of CVD deaths in males and 75% of CVD deaths in females. Most
cardiovascular disease affects older adults. In the United States 11% of people between 20 and
40 have CVD, while 37% between 40 and 60, 71% of people between 60 and 80, and 85% of
people over 80 have CVD. The average age of death from coronary artery disease in the
developed world is around 80 while it is around 68 in the developing world. Disease onset is
typically seven to ten years earlier in men as compared to women.

In India (2016-17) during a two year period, 223 patients (mean age 55 + 10 yrs, 78.9%
male, body mass index 26 + 4, 60% smokers, 39% known Coronary Artery Disease, 46%
hypertension, 43% diabetes) presented to hospital with Unexplained Sudden Death. Sudden
Cardiac Death was attributed to myocardial infarction (MI) in 87% of cases; 69% were acute
(96% anterior MI); 76% were small/moderate infarct and 9.9% of the cohort had normal hearts.
Based on official municipal vital statistics, the SCD rate in those >35 yrs of age was estimated
as 39.7/100,000 with male/female ratio of 4.6. SCD in this south Indian city occurred
predominantly in men of relatively young age and was most frequently associated with small
or moderate-sized acute MI. Improved health care access, preventive measures and enhanced
emergency management may reduce SCD from acute MI in this locale.

CAUSES:
1. Congenital heart disease
 Septal defects: A heart defect due to an abnormal connection between the lower
Chamber of heart.
 Obstruction defects
 Cyanotic heart disease: Cyanotic heart disease refers to a group of many
different heart defects that are present at birth (congenital). They result in a
low blood oxygen level.Cyanosis refers to a bluish color of the skin and mucous
membranes.
2. Arrhythmia
 Tachycardia: Tachycardia, also called tachyarrhythmia, is a heart rate that exceeds the
normal resting rate. In general, a resting heart rate over 100 beats per minute is accepted
as tachycardia in adults. normal resting rate. In general, a resting heart rate over 100
beats per minute is accepted as tachycardia in adults.
 Bradycardia: Bradycardia is a condition wherein an individual has a very slow heart
rate, typically defined as a resting heart rate of under 60 beats per minute (BPM) in
adults. Bradycardia typically does not cause symptoms until the rate drops below 50
BPM.
3. Coronary artery disease: Damage or disease in the heart's major blood vessels.
4. Dilated cardiomyopathy: It is a condition in which the heart becomes enlarged and cannot
pump blood effectively.
5. Myocardial infarction: A blockage of blood flow to the heart muscle.
6. Heart failure: A chronic condition in which the heart doesn't pump blood as well as it
should.
7. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
 This is a genetic disorder in which the wall of the left ventricle thickens, making it
harder for blood to be pumped out of the heart. This is the leading cause of sudden death in
athletes.
8. Mitral regurgitation: A backflow of blood caused by failure of the heart's mitral valve to
close tightly.
9. Mitral valve prolapse: Improper closure of the valve between the heart's upper and lower-
left chambers.
10. Pulmonary stenosis: It is a obstruction to blood flow from the right ventricle to the
pulmonary artery.

RISK FACTOR
There are many risk factors for heart diseases
 Genetics
 Age
 Sex
 Tobacco
 Physical inactivity
 Diet
 Sleep
 Celiac disease
 Socioeconomic disadvantage
 Air pollution
 Cardiovascular risk assessment

 Occupational exposure

 Non-chemical risk factors

 Chemical risk factors
 Somatic mutations

CARE:
 Control blood pressure.

 Keep your cholesterol and triglyceride levels under control.

 Stay at a healthy weight.

 Eat a healthy diet.

 Get regular exercise.

 Limit alcohol.

 Don't smoke.

 Manage stress.

 Manage diabetes.

 Make sure that you get enough sleep.

SUMMARY:

In this cardiac catastrophe underscores the need to apply a wide differential diagnosis in
a patient with an atypical and dramatic presentation of heart failure progressing to
cardiogenic shock. Only with a multidisciplinary approach involving several subspecialties of
cardiology, haematology, pathology, radiology, and cardiac surgery was this patient rescued
from a nearly fatal event; she now awaits transplantation. And also want maintain proper
hygiene and proper care of heart.