VISVESVARAYA TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

Jnana Sangama, Belgaum-590018, Karnataka

A project phase I report on

“SMART BIN IMPLEMENTATION FOR SMART CITIES”
In partial fulfilment of requirements for the Degree of Bachelor of Engineering
in
Electrical and Electronics Engineering
by
AKSHAY S 1DB15EE002
KAVYA J C 1DB15EE13
SAGARIKA V 1DB15EE31
VINAY N U 1DB16EE416
Under the Guidance of
RAFI AHMED. Z
ASST. PROFESSOR
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering
Don Bosco Institute of Technology

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering

DON BOSCO INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
Kumbalagodu, Mysore road, Bangalore-560074
2018-19
Smart bin Implementation for smart cities 2018-19

LIST OF CONTENTS

SL.NO CONTENTS PAGE NO

1.0 Introduction 03
2.0 Objective 04
3.0 Literature Survey 05
4.0 Methodology 07
5.0 Project Work Details 10
5.1 Scope 10
5.2 Block Diagram 10
5.3 Hardware requirement 14
5.3 Converting Sunlight in to Electricity 15
5.4 Solar Electricity Storage 16
5.5 Choosing the right battery 17
5.6 Real Time interfacing 17
6.0 Summary 19
7.0 References 20

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CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION

In the recent decade, urbanization has increased tremendously and increase in the waste
production at the same phase. From 1950 to 2018, India’s population has rapidly increased to
1,360,211,701 as of 2018.According to the recent survey, India alone generate more than
1,00,000 metric tonnes of waste everyday which is higher than many countries’ total daily waste
generation .

The term “Waste” normally refers to all kinds of waste whether generated during the extraction
of raw materials, the processing of raw materials into final products, consumption of final
products or other human activities including municipal.

These metric tons of waste are resulting in tremendous air and water pollution, health problem
in the community across the world and waste management has been a critical issue to be
considered. Presently in India with regard to waste management system, there is no systematic
schedule to collect waste and dispose it on a timely basics due to which the dustbins get
overfilled and waste spill out leading to deadly diseases.
Generally the “Waste Management” is the activity and action required to manage waste from
origin to its final disposal which is intended to reduce unfriendly effects of waste on health and
environment .This include collection, transport, treatment and disposal of waste together with
monitoring and regulation.
Therefore a system has to be build which can eradicate the problem of poor waste management
or at least reduce it to the minimum level by modern technology and strategic approach.

Therefore in our project, we have integrated Electrical and Electronics with analytical in order
to create optimal changes in the conventional methodology of waste collection with the large
amount of data that is being produced by the smart bin networks. The waste collected in the
smart bins can be crushed to smaller volume and the movement of waste across the whole city
can be tracked and thus can be monitored by a single system efficiently and concretely. This
system can prove to be a revolution for the whole waste management system of upcoming cities.
The network of sensors enabled smart bins connected through the cellular network generates a
large amount of data, which is further analysed and visualized at real time to gain insights about
the status of waste around the city.

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This system can prove to be a revolution for the whole waste management system of upcoming
cities.

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CHAPTER 2 OBJECTIVE

The main objective of our project are as follows:

 To design a prototype of smart waste collecting system “smart bin” and alert the garbage
collectors about the fullness of the bin by detecting the level of garbage based on depth
of the bin.
 To stop overflowing of dustbins along roadsides and localities.
 To create a clean and green environment, by reducing the operational workforce, the
number of trucks required to carry the waste, the amount of fuel consumed by trucks is
to be minimised.
 To solve the problem of inappropriate urban waste collection which may indulge in
causing various problems such as affecting the environment, the authorities and the
citizens.
 To build an energy efficient system for waste management by using solar power.
 To have a regular and relevant waste collection system.

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CHAPTER 3 LITERATURE SURVEY

.

 Research done by Mustafa M.R et al., of University of Malaysia ,was on monitoring

the level of waste in real time and alerting whenever the bin is full based on the type of
garbage[1]
 Prakash et al., have design Iot Base Waste Management for Smart City for solving the
trash over flow which create unhygienic condition and bad smell around the
surrounding. This project has two part that are transmitter section and receiver. The
8051microcontroller, RF Transmitter and sensors is the transmitter section that is
attached to the dustbin. In the receiver section RF Receiver, Intel Galileo, and Web
Browser is used. This system can detect waste level in dustbin and avoid the overflow
of the dustbin. [2]
 Meanwhile, Tey Ja Sin et al., design a sustainability waste management. This concept
was design based on the interview to six industry practitioner in both private and
government sector. [3]
 S.S.Navghane et al., use the dustbin that interfaced with microcontroller based system
having IR wireless systems along with central system showing current status of garbage,
on mobile web browser with html page by Wi-Fi. Hence the status will be updated on
to the html page. [4]
 Smart Garbage System (SGS) by I Hong et al., is proposed to reduce the amount of
food waste. The system exchange information with each other using wireless mesh
networks, and a router and server collect and analyse the information for service
provisioning and been operated as pilot project in Gangnam district. The results showed
that the average amount of food waste could be reduced by 33%[5]
 “Smart Bin ’by N Sharma et al., was designed to manage the waste collection system
based on smart city. The network of sensors enabled smart bins connected through the
cellular network generates a large amount of data, which is further analysed and
visualized at real time to gain insights about the status of waste around the city.[6]
 Catania et al., proposed smart waste collection by using smart-M3 platform to improve
and optimize the handling of solid urban waste by introduce ‘green points’ for
encouraging citizens to recycle. On the other hand, Medvedev et., al[7]

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 Iot components such as RFIDs, sensors, cameras and actuators for efficient waste
collection by A.Medevedev et al., proposed Decision Support System (DSS) for
efficient waste collection in Smart Cities. The system handles ineffective waste
collection by incorporates a model for data staring between truck drivers on real time
and dynamic route optimization.[8]

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CHAPTER 4 METHODOLOGY

Working principal of the Bin

Figure 4.1 Overview of the model

We know that large bins are present in each locality and serve as the centre point of garbage of
that particular locality. The garbage collection team collects the garbage from these central bins
in their trucks. Our model of hardware is going to be applied in these central bins and thus
making them smart bins.
Our model of Smart bin basically consists of two bins. One bin is only used to dump the
biodegradable waste and the other is used for non-biodegradable waste.
The hardware consists of PIC 16F73 microcontroller, HC-SR04 ultrasonic sensor, SIM900A
GSM module, IC7805 voltage regulator, resister, capacitor and a crystal oscillator, dc motor ,
The entire mechanism use solar energy through a solar panel which intern charges 12v battery
and serves the requirements. In case where the solar energy is not available automatic ac supply
is given to the system connected to battery by convertor.
Bin1 consists of two container, input container and an output container. An Ultra-Sonic sensor1
is installed in the input container and Ultra-Sonic sensor 2 in the output container and Ultrasonic
sensor-3 in the second bin.

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Figure 4.2 Circuit diagram

The ultrasonic sensors used here have two pins: Trigger and Echo, which are used for
calculating the distance of the object by generating sound waves and thus calculating the time
duration of the echo that is generated. A high to low signal by the microcontroller at the trigger
pin of the sensor sends eight 40 kHz sound waves, after which the ECHO pin is turned high
until when the echo of the sound waves echoed back to the sensor. The ECHO pin which is
being connected to the microcontroller is continuously monitored to detect its status. The timer1
of the microcontroller is used for the purpose of calculating the time period for the sound wave
to travel back to the sensor.
The calculated time can be computed through the following equation into the distance (cm)
unit.

D = {(t*v)/2}*100 (1)

Where ‘D’ as the distance in cm measured by the ultrasonic sensor, ‘t’ is the time taken by the
sound wave to echo back to the receiver in seconds, ‘v’ is the velocity of sound wave. Thus,
this equation is computed by the microcontroller and we can get the distance of any solid waste
material present in the bin

In the bin 1, Ultra-Sonic sensor 1 installed at a certain point in the input container which actuates
motor operation which crush the biodegradable waste, when the garbage reaches a certain
threshold level. Once crushing is done the crushed waste drops down to the output container.

Ultra-Sonic sensor 2, installed at a certain point in the output container, when the crushed
particles crosses a certain level then Ultra-Sonic2 sensor is triggered this results in sending the
information that the bit is full to the concerned department through the GSM kit.

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In bin-2 another third Ultra-Sonic sensor is installed at a certain point in the container, above
which the Ultra Sonic sensor is triggered and actuates the controller and this results in sending
the information that the bin is full to the concerned department through the GSM module
connected to the microcontroller. This GSM module has got a unique SIM card and a unique
number, which acts as a unique ID for the respective smart bin according to garbage level in
the form of text message is sent to the central waste office.

The data received at real time is used by the application interface for better viewing of the filled
level. The data received is saved in the database keeping all its attributes intact as time and date.
A history of data collected in months is used by the department of data analysis for prediction
and report making. The application interface shows the real time level to the garbage analyser
and using that it directs its team of garbage collector to collect the garbage to avoid overflow.
The prediction model is designed to predict the time in which the every level of container will
be filled in future. This will help the waste management department to optimize the route for
the collection of waste every time garbage collector moves around the city for garbage
collection. This helps in saving time, resources of the waste department and work is then
performed in more efficient manner.

The central office of waste management department now will be able to track the level of every
dustbin getting filled up just by sitting in their office at real time. This information will now
guide them efficiently to take up the action of sending the trucks to empty the dustbin whose
levels are significant.

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CHAPTER 5 PROJECT WORK DETAILS

5.1 Scope
By Implementing Smart Bins, the central office of waste management department will be able
to track the level of every dustbin at real time. This information will guide them efficiently to
take up the action of sending the trucks to empty the dustbin whose levels are significant. The
built hardware can be implemented at any dustbin irrespective of its size and height and thus is
portable with any bins.

5.2 Block diagram

5.3 Hardware requirement for the project

Components Specifications

Solar Panel 30w Polycrystalline

Photovoltaic Battery 12 v

Microcontroller LPC 2148 Arm7

Ultrasonic Sensor HC-SR04

GSM Module SIM-900A, IMEI-865904022247974

Motor 60 rpm DC Motor

LCD 16X2 (JHD162A)

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Motor Driving IC L293D

Voltage Regulator 7805

Register 10kohm

Capacitor 100uf and 22pf (2)

Oscillator Crystal Oscillator

Some components are explained below

Arm-7 controller
LPC 2148 is the most widely used IC from ARM-7 family. It is of 32 bits and has 64 pins (Port
1 and Port 2), operating voltage range between 3.0 to 3.6 V and has operating frequency of 60
MHz It has 32 - 512 kB of on-chip flash program memory and 8 - 40 kB of on chip static RAM,
with 32 bit timer /external counters with four capture and compare channel each. There are
more number of interrupts pins available as a results multiple functions can be performed at the
same time.

Figure 4.2 Arm-7 Controller

DC Motor

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It is an electrical machine which coverts electrical energy to mechanical energy which is used
for crushing of materials connected to gear drive. Operating voltage at 6-10V , current at 2.8A,
no load RPM 21000 , maximum efficiency of 18520 rpm and a torque of 1.56 Kg-cm.
F = BILSinø
where B = magnetic flux density, I = current ø= angle btw B& I and L = length of conductor.
T=BILwCosœ
where w=distance of armature , œ=angle btw the plane of armature turn and plane of reference

Figure 4.3 DC Motor

GSM Module
GSM module consists of SIM800A. It requires 5V DC voltage and current consumption of
500mA. GSM module communicate with controllers via automatic command and gives the
information, once the bin is being filled to the corporation and waste can be collected at a proper
instance, avoiding the over flow of the bin and also helps in transportation by minimising the
fuel consumption.

Figure 4.4 GSM Module

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Ultra sonic sensor

The principle used for measurement is locating the level of object by the reflected sound waves
so called echo sounding. Frequency range for measurement varies between 40 - 200 KHz,
working voltage is 5V (DC) and static current is less than 2mA. It is placed at the top of the bin
so that it provides an exact level of the object in the bin cabin.

Level =Speed of sound in air x Time delay

Figure 4.5 Ultrasonic sensor

Here VCC - 5V of power supply, TRIG - Trigger pin, ECHO - Echo pin, GND - to ground

Solar panel and charge controller

Solar panel is being designed to absorb the sun rays as a source of energy for generating
electricity. It consists of number of photovoltaic cells in a panel according to the required
voltage, as each cell generates a voltage of about 0.5V and due to photo voltaic effect the solar
energy is been converted to electrical energy and is been given to the battery. Charge controller
module is being connected from panel to the battery there by preventing the overcharging of
the battery and ensures the life of the battery.

Figure 4.6 Charge controller

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5.4 Converting Sunlight in to Electricity

Photovoltaic modules, commonly called solar modules, are the key components used to convert
sunlight into electricity. Solar modules are made of semiconductors that are very similar to
those used to create integrated circuits for electronic equipment. The most common type of
semiconductor currently in use is made of silicon crystal. Silicon crystals are laminated into n-
type and p-type layers, stacked on top of each other. Light striking the crystals induces the
“Photovoltaic Effect,” which generates electricity. The electricity produced is called direct
current (DC) and can be used immediately or stored in a battery.

Power Generation Using PN Gate

High purity silicon crystals are used to manufacture solar cells. The crystals are processed into
solar cells using the melt and cast method. The cube-shaped casting is then cut into ingots, and
then sliced into very thin wafers.

Processing wafers

Silicon atoms have four "arms." Under stable conditions, they become perfect insulators. By
combining a small number of five-armed atoms (with a surplus electron), a negative charge will
occur when sunlight (photons) hits the surplus electron. The electron is then discharged from
the arm to move around freely. Silicon with these characteristics conducts electricity. This is
called an n-type (negative) semiconductor, and is usually caused by having the silicon 'doped'
with a phosphorous film.

In contrast, combining three-armed atoms that lack one electron results in a hole with an
electron missing. The semiconductor will then carry a positive charge. This is called a p-type
(positive) semiconductor, and is usually obtained when boron is doped into the silicon.

A p-n junction is formed by placing p-type and n-type semiconductors next to one another. The
p-type, with one less electron, attracts the surplus electron from the n-type to stabilize itself.
Thus the electricity is displaced and generates a flow of electrons, otherwise known as
electricity.

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When sunlight hits the semiconductor, an electron springs up and is attracted toward the n-type
semiconductor. This causes more negatives in the n-type semiconductors and more positives in
the p-type, thus generating a higher flow of electricity. This is the photovoltaic effect.

5.5 Solar Electricity Storage

There are two primary methods of Energy Storage with a Photovoltaic solar power system

1) Battery Banks

2) Grid Inter-Tie

One way solar power storage can be accomplished is by using a battery bank to store the
electricity generated by the PV solar power system. A battery solar power storage system is
used in a grid-tied PV system with battery backup and stand-alone PV systems

The major components of a battery solar power system are...

 Charge Controller: Prevents the battery bank from overcharging by interrupting the
flow of electricity from the PV panels when the battery bank is full.
 Battery Bank: A group of batteries wired together. The batteries are similar to car
batteries, but designed specifically to endure the type of charging and discharging they'll
need to handle in a solar power system.
 System Meter: Measures and displays your solar PV systems performance and status.
 Main DC Disconnect: A DC rated breaker between the batteries and the inverter.
Allows the inverter to be quickly disconnected from the battery bank for service.

The third type of PV solar power system is a grid-tied PV system. This system can actually use
the grid as its solar energy storage system. This is done using net-metering

With net-metering, when you produce excess solar electricity, you send it to the grid and your
electric meter rolls backwards. Later on, at night for example, when your system is not
producing electricity, you can pull electricity from the grid and your electric meter will roll
forward. You are essentially using the grid to store your solar electricity.

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5.6 Choosing the right battery

Use a sizing calculator

Battery sizing is essential but often overlooked by users and installers. Batteries in PV systems
are routinely undersized due to cost or because the system loads were underestimated. It’s
important to know the customer’s power needs and correctly plan. Many online calculators
provided by battery manufacturers and other software simplifies determining battery capacity
for load requirements.

Consider cost of ownership

There are several factors that should be taken into account when determining the total cost of
ownership over the life of the battery.

Price:
A battery with a low price is always attractive, but if low price comes at the expense of quality
and battery life, the need for frequent battery replacements could boost the cost over time.
That’s why it’s important to consider issues other than price when making the decision.

Capacity:
Battery capacity is important because it’s a measure of the amount of energy stored in the
battery.

Voltage: The battery bank voltage must be considered to ensure it matches the system
requirements. The battery bank voltage is often determined by the inverter specifications if
installing a DC-to-AC system or by the voltage of the loads in a DC system.

Cycle Life: The most critical consideration is cycle life, which provides the number of
discharge/charge cycles the battery can provide before capacity drops to a specified percentage
of rated capacity. Batteries from different manufacturers may have the same capacity and
energy content and be similar in weight. But design, materials, process and quality influence
how long the battery will cycle.

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Battery ratings

The nameplate rating on a battery is the fully developed capacity, so it can be misleading to test
a battery immediately after it is purchased because it may take up to 100+ cycles for it to reach
its full capacity. Beware of batteries that promise full capacity at the time of purchase or those
that reach full capacity after only a few cycles. Batteries with a 100+ cycle warm-up will always
outlast those touting a high initial capacity.

5.7 Real Time interfacing

The real time view of the filled level of every container is developed in Microsoft Excel. The
dynamic reporting technique in Excel helped us develop this interface. Every level the dustbin
gets filled up is received at the interface end using message service. This message received is
taken in the form of text files which is connected to the excel sheet showing the filled level of
every container. SMS received from the GSM modules of our dustbin is taken in the form of
text files. The text file in connected to the excel sheets. The updated values of the dustbin level
are taken to form the real time report. The updated values from the excel sheet is taken using
various excel function like IFERROR, LARGE, INDEX, IF, COUNTIF and ROW. The widget
is developed using charts in excel.

The Doughnut chart is the indicator of all three levels. The pie chart is used to make the pointer
that moves accordingly as levels the dustbin gets filled in real time. The colour coding of the
levels is done as: Yellow for level 1, Green for level 2 and Red for level 3. The excel application
designed creates a real time dashboard along with a time series graph which shows the current
trend as well as the historical trend of waste level in that particular Smart bin.

Figure 4.7 Colour code of level in Smart Bin

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The map of the city will be used in the application interface and these widgets marking the level
of dustbin filled will be put in the location in map exactly the way dustbins are placed
throughout the city. This will help the garbage analyser to keep a track of dustbin filled in exact
location. Thus our application will help the garbage analyser to keep a check on every
dustbin throughout city at real time. It will help him taking accurate decision and avoid the
overflow of dustbins and use the resources more efficiently. These multiple smart bin model
can be applied to any of the smart cities around the world. A waste collecting team which is
deployed for collection of garbage from the city can be guided in a well manner for collection.
The application will serve as a central application for the person responsible for monitoring the
waste status across the city. The model interface in excel is made as shown below, it is
completely dynamic in nature and is well connected with the respective dataset generated by
the bins.

Figure 4.8 Model interface in excel sheet

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SUMMARY

Urbanization is at its rapid growth stage around the world as more number of people desire to
live in the city lights with more opportunities for growth and success. Cities are expanding like
never before to accommodate this growth and in this process, the concept of smart cities came
into action. The parameters like cleanliness and hygiene are the topic of concern in these smart
cities and concrete measures should be taken for that. Also, the growth should go hand in hand
with the green environment and research should be further done on such technology.

Our work is a small but efficient step towards cleanliness and we believe that this project would
encourage people to do work on the similar topics. We believe with encouragement from the
side of government we can successfully transform this model into product.

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REFERENCES

[1]Mustafa MR,” Smart Bin: Internet-of-Things Garbage Monitoring System”, MATEC Web
of Conferences 140, 01030 (2017)

[2] Parkash and V. Prabu, “IOT based waste management for smart city,” International Journal
Research Compututer and Communciation Engineering., vol. 4, no. 2, 201 16.

[3] A. Omran, A. Mahmood, and H. a Aziz, “Current practice of solid waste management in
Malaysia and its disposal,” Environmental Engineering Management Journal, vol. 6, no. 4, pp.
295–300, 2007

[4]S. S. Navghane, M. S. Killedar, and V. M. Rohokale, “IoT Based Smart Garbage and Waste
Collection Bin,” Internatonal Journal of Advanced Research in Electronics and Communication
Engineering, vol. 5, no. 5, pp. 1576–1578, 2016.

[5] I. Hong, S. Park, B. Lee, J. Lee, D. Jeong, and S. Park, “IoT-based smart garbage system
for efficient food waste management.,” Scientific World Journal., vol. 2014, p. 646953, Aug.
2014.

[6] N. Sharma, N. Singha, and T. Dutta, “Smart Bin Implementation for Smart Cities,”
International. Journal. Science Engineering. Research., vol. 6, no. 9, pp. 787–791, 2015.

[7] V. Catania and D. Ventura, “An approch for monitoring and smart planning of urban solid
waste management using smart-M3 platform,” in Proceedings of 15th Conference of Open
Innovations Association FRUCT, 2014, pp. 24–31.

[8] A. Medvedev, P. Fedchenkov, A. Zaslavsky, T. Anagnostopoulos, and S. Khoruzhnikov,

“Waste management as an IoT-enabled service in smart cities,” in Lecture Notes in Computer
Science (including subseries Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence and Lecture Notes in
Bioinformatics), 2015, vol.9247, pp. 104–115.

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