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BATCH MEMBERS :

BINITHA.B (10610103004)
POOJA RAMDAS (10610103017)
PREETHI.P (10610103019)
RADHA.S (10610103305)

GUIDED BY :

Mrs. F. DEVAIRAKKAM RENU M.E.,

Assistant Professor

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NON-DESTRUCTIVE TESTING (NDT):

Non destructive testing is a technique for checking

structural integrity after concrete hardening
without or partial damage to the concrete.

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OBJECTIVE:

To Study the use, methodology & applicability of

non destructive testing methods to monitor the
structural health.

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SCOPE:
 Suggest the methodology to be followed &
applicability of non destructive testing.

 Automatic interpretation of data from NDT, with the

goal of detecting flaws accurately and efficiently.

 To propose retrofitting techniques for structures

failing in this kind of testing.

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Why NDT?
 Strength on concrete depends on material, proper mixing
& also workmanship at the time of placing
 Conventional methods of testing of concrete does provide
solution to assess actual strength or internal structure after
hardening of concrete
 In some cases, it required to assess of concrete damaged
due to fire or any other natural calamity due judge the
condition of structure
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Where to use NDT?
 Quality control of Construction , in situ
 Confirming Workmanship
 determining the position, quantity or condition of
reinforcement
 Location of Cracks/Joints/Honeycombing
 Confirming or locating suspected deterioration of
concrete resulting from such factors as overloading,
fatigue, external or internal chemical attack or change,
fire, explosion, environmental effect.

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Various methods of NDT :
 Schmidt Rebound Hammer Test.

 Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity- UPV Test.

 Core Extraction for Compressive Strength Test.

 Carbonation depth measurement Test.

 Concrete Cover Measurement Test.

 Half-cell potentiometer Test.

 Chloride content Test.

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1) REBOUND HAMMER TEST
 This test is performed by a Schmidt hammer,
also known as a Swiss hammer or a rebound
hammer.

 It was invented by Ernst Schmidt, a Swiss

engineer in 1948.

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 Rebound
Hammer Test

Surface
Strength
Hardness

• Reference code: IS 13311 (Part 2) – 1992.

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Mechanism of Rebound Hammer
It Consist of a spring control hammer that slides on a
plunger within a tubular housing. When the plunger is
pressed against the surface of the concrete, the mass
rebound from the plunger. It reacts against the force of
spring. The Distance travelled by the mass, is called
rebound number.

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Principle : The rebound of an
elastic mass depends on the
hardness of the surface against
which mass strikes.

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The test is performed on a column of size 350mmx290mm to
determine its hardness. The rebound numbers are obtained
as below:
Point Rebound Average rebound
number number
3. 38
1. 36
48
40 40
36.33
30
32
42
34
40
36
42
40
42 4. 44
2.
42 36
39.66 40.33
36 46

38 36

38 40

42 40
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5. 40 8. 42

44 42
43.33 40.66
44 40

46 38

44 40

42 42
6. 44 9. 30

46 32
42.66 31.33
38 34

44 30

42 32

42 30
7. 42 10. 34

36 32
34.66
44 38
39
44 40

32 32
14
36 32
11. 30

36
31.33
30

30

30

32
12. 32

34
34
32

32

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30

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 The test is performed on a cube of size
150mmx150mmx150mm to determine its hardness. The
rebound numbers are obtained as below:

Cube M25 Cube M40

grade grade
Point 1 2 3 4 5 6 Point 1 2 3 4 5 6
32 30 32 30 24 28 38 42 44 40 44 42

Rebound 30 32 26 28 30 28 Rebound 40 40 36 38 38 36

number 24 26 30 24 32 30 number 44 44 42 42 40 38

28 30 26 32 26 26 36 38 38 36 36 44

24 26 28 28 24 32 40 36 40 44 38 40

26 28 30 28 28 30 38 38 42 40 40 40
Average Average
rebound rebound
27.3 28. 28.6 28.33 27.33 29 39. 39. 40.3 40 39.33 40
number number
3 66 6 33 66 3

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Average Rebound Number:

Average Rebound Number Quality of Concrete

>40 Very good hard layer
30 to 40 Good layer
20 to 30 Fair
< 20 Poor concrete
0 Delaminated

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Results:

Tested
M40 cube

Good
layer

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FACTORS AFFECTING THE TEST RESULTS:

 Type of Cement
 Type of Aggregate
 Surface Condition and Moisture Content of
Concrete
 Curing and Age of Concrete
 Carbonation of Concrete Surface

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2) ULTRASONIC PULSE VELOCITY-
UPV TEST
 This test is used for determination of the uniformity of
concrete in and between members and Detection of the
presence & approximate extent of cracks, voids & other
imperfection in concrete.

 Reference code: IS 13311 Part I

 Higher is the velocity, better is the quality of concrete

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The apparatus for ultrasonic
pulse velocity measurement
consists of the following:

(a) Electrical pulse generator

(b) Transducer – one pair
(c) Amplifier
(d) Electronic timing device

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 UPV
methods

Direct Semi direct Indirect

method method method

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24
Velocity criterion for concrete quality grading is given by
IS 13311 (Part-I):1992
Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity by Cross
Sl. No. Concrete quality grading
probing (Km/Sec)
1 Above 4.5 Excellent
2 3.5 to 4.5 Good
3 3.0 to 3.5 Medium
4 Below 3.0 Doubtful

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The test is performed on a column of size
350mmx290mm and the values are obtained as below:
DIRECT METHOD
Path Point velocity (km/s)
length A B
(m) Good
1 3.75 4.46
2 3.44 4.08 INDIRECT METHOD
0.290
3 3.46 4.10 Path Point velocity (km/s)
4 3.45 4.02 length A
5 3.65 4.29 (m)
6 3.77 4.13 1 3.08
7 4.13 4.36 2 2.87 SEMIDIRECT METHOD
0.200
3 2.83 Path Point velocity (km/s)
4 2.99 length A
5 3.22 (m)
Medium 1 3.76
6 3.085
2 3.64
7 3.10 0.316
3 3.35
4 3.54

Good 5 3.42
6 3.45
7 3.70
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The test is performed on a cube of size
150mmx150mmx150mm and the values are obtained as
below:
Concrete velocity (km/s)
grade DIRECT METHOD SEMIDIRECT
METHOD
M25 4.348 4.206

4.286 4.240
Good
4.644 3.926

4.889
M40 4.688 4.511

4.836 4.711

4.718 4.417
Excellent
4.417
M50 4.868 4.936

4.839 4.609

4.958 4.818

4.992
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3) CORE EXTRACTION FOR
COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH TEST
Reference Standard codes:
 IS 516
 IS 1199
 SP 24

Apparatus for Core Extraction of concrete:

 Core drill.
 Saw for trimming the ends of the core.

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Results:
M40 GRADE

Mold Load (KN) Area (mm2) Stress (N/mm2)

CUBE 982.5 150x150 43.67

CORE 617.5 π/4 x 138² 41.29

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4) CARBONATION DEPTH
MEASUREMENT TEST

Carbonation of concrete occurs when the

carbon dioxide, in the atmosphere in the
presence of moisture, reacts with hydrated
cement minerals to produce carbonates.

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The core retained its
purple color after the
solution is poured.
Thus, the core still
retains its alkaline
characteristic and no
carbonation had occur.

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5) CONCRETE COVER
MEASUREMENT TEST
Profoscope is specially for detecting the,

 Depth of concrete cover,

 Rebar location and

 Its orientation.

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Application:
Profoscope is used to evaluate
reinforced concrete structures:
•Locate in structures embedded
with reinforcement.
•Locate in structures embedded
with cable ducts.
•Locate rebars upto 160mm.
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6) HALF-CELL POTENTIOMETER
TEST

 Reference code: ASTM standard C876-91

 To assest reinforcement corrosion.

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The test is performed on a beam of size
600mmx300mmx60mm in which one half is casted
with salt water and other half is casted with normal
water.

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Probability of corrosion according to half-cell readings :

Half-cell potential reading, vs. Cu/CuSO4 Corrosion activity

less negative than -0.200 V 90% probability of no corrosion

between -0.200 V and -0.350 V an increasing probability of corrosion

more negative than -0.350 V 90% probability of corrosion

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 Half-cell potential reading (V)
Rebars
Salt water casting Normal water casting

1 - 0.302 -0.243

-0.288 -0.241 Both side Increasing probability of

corrosion
-0.314 -0.258

2 -0.529 -0.296

-0.477 -0.311
Corroded and
-0.401 -0.283 increasing probability of corrosion

3 -0.625 -0.172

-0.627 -0.170
Corroded and Non-corroded
-0.631 -0.159

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FACTORS AFFECTING TEST RESULTS:

o WETTNESS OF SURFACE
o CARBONATION
o ELECTRIC CURRENT

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7) CHLORIDE CONTENT TEST

 Reference code: IS:14959 Part – III – 2001

 To determine the chloride content from the

powdered sample which is collected from the
concrete by drilling method.

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 Sl. Volume of Burette reading Concordant
No. pipette Initial Final value
solution
1 80ml 0 ml 16.6 ml 16.6 ml
.

Chloride content =   x (equivalent value of chlorine x 250ml)

x (3.545x250)

= 0.149%
=0.149 x in kg/m3
Test results Interpretations
=3.59 kg/m3
Below 0.6 kg/m3 No corrosion.

There is high chloride attack

Above 0.6 kg/m3 High chloride attack.
on the selected concrete.

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Conclusion :
 Various NDT methods can be used depending upon
the type & age of structure to check the integrity of
structure.
 USPV, rebound hammer & cover meter can be applied
to newly constructed structures to check the quality of
concrete adequacy of cover before applying live load to
the structures.
 Half cell potentiometer & carbonation test can be
applied to old structure to access to carbonation depth
& amount of corrosion occurred.

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Remedial measures:
 Replacement of cover concrete by microconcrete
 Polymer Modified Mortar Treatment
 Protective Coating
 Jacketing
 Water proofing to slab

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