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my
Able to identify stress limit (at transfer and 1. Understand the principle of
service) and estimate minimum cross prestressing;
section of pre-stressed concrete beam. 2. Able to determine minimum elastic
moduli (Z);
3. Able to determine the min. required
prestress (P) force for a given
eccentricity (e);
4. Able to determine the minimum cross
section of prestressed concrete beam.
1. Beam properties
2. Actions
3. Calculate min. pre-stress force and stresses
-----------------------------------------------------------------
1. Beam properties:

𝐴 = 300 × 150 = 45,000 mm2

𝑏ℎ3 150 × 3003
𝐼= = = 337.5 × 106 mm4
12 12

𝐼 337.5 × 106
𝑍= = = 2.25 × 106 mm3
𝑦 150
Or
𝑏ℎ2 150 300 2
𝑍= = = 2.25 × 106 mm3
6 6
2. Action 3. (i) Min. pre-stress force
Minimum pre-stress force necessary for no
Self-weight, w = concrete density x A tension under live load at mid-span
𝑤 = 25 × 45,000 = 1. 125kN/m From eq. (2.2):
Moment due to self-weight, 𝑃 𝑃𝑒 𝑀
1.125 × 42 𝜎btm = + − −−−− −Eq. 2.2
𝐴 𝑍b 𝑍b
𝑀0 = = 2.25 kNm
8
𝜎btm = 0 (no tension)
1 𝑒 𝑀𝑇
Load, w = self-weight + live load 𝑃 + − =0
𝐴 𝑍𝑏 𝑍𝑏
𝑤 = 1.125 + 10 = 11.125 kN/m
Moment at service, 𝑀𝑇 22.25kNm
𝑃= =
11.125 × 42 𝑍𝑏 2.25 × 106 mm3
𝑀T = = 22.25 kNm 𝐴 +𝑒 45,000 mm2
+ 65mm
8
𝑃 = 193.5kN
193.5 kN is a min. pre-stress force required for no
tension in a bottom fiber
3. (ii) Calculate the corresponding stresses
under self-weight only at mid-span and at
the ends of the member
Stresses at the mid-span due to self-weight:
3. (ii) Calculate the corresponding stresses
under self-weight only at mid-span and at
the ends of the member
Stresses at the ends of the member due to self-
weight:

𝑃 193.5 kN
= 2
= 4. 3N/mm2 𝑃 193.5 kN
𝐴 45,000 mm = = 4.3 N/mm 2
𝑀mid;span 2.25 kNm 𝐴 45,000 mm2
= 6 3
= 1.0 N/mm2 𝑀end 0
𝑍 2.25 × 10 mm = = 0 N/mm 2
𝑃𝑒 193.5 kN × 65 mm 𝑍 2.25 × 106 mm3
= 6 3
= 5.59 N/mm2 𝑃𝑒 193.5 kN × 65 mm
𝑍 2.25 × 10 mm = = 5.59 N/mm 2
𝑍 2.25 × 106 mm3

𝜎top = 4.3 + 1.0 − 5.59 = −0. 29N/mm2 tension

2
𝜎top = 4.3 + 0 − 5.59 = −1.29 N/mm2 tension
𝜎btm = 4.3 − 1.0 + 5.59 = 8.89 N/mm (comp. )
𝜎btm = 4.3 − 0 + 5.59 = 9.89 N/mm2 (comp. )
Fig. 2.8
Fig. 2.8
 𝑀𝑣
𝑀𝑣 𝑍𝑡 ≥
𝑓𝑐𝑐,𝑡 − Ω𝑓𝑐𝑡,0

𝑀𝑇 − Ω𝑀0 ≤ 𝑓𝑐𝑐,𝑡 − Ω𝑓𝑐𝑡,0 𝑍𝑡

𝑀𝑇 − Ω𝑀0 ≤ Ω𝑓𝑐𝑐,0 − 𝑓𝑐𝑡,𝑡 𝑍𝑏

𝑀𝑣
𝑀𝑣 𝑍𝑏 ≥
Ω𝑓𝑐𝑐,0 − 𝑓𝑐𝑡,𝑡
 span
span ≤ 36 m ℎ= + 0.1 𝑚
25
span
span > 36 m ℎ= 𝑚
20
1. Determine MV

MV based on UDL only:

3 × 102
𝑀𝑣 = = 𝟑𝟕. 𝟓 𝐤𝐍𝐦
8

2. Determine stress limit

Clause 5.10.2
Assume 𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝑡 = 60%𝑓𝑐𝑘 = 24 N/mm2
𝑓𝑐𝑐,0 = 0.6 × 24 = 14.4 N/mm2
𝑓𝑐𝑡,0 = −1 N/mm2
𝑓𝑐𝑐,𝑡 = 0.6 × 40 = 24 N/mm2
𝑓𝑐𝑡,𝑡 = 0
3. Make use Eq. 2.7 and 2.8 4. Propose a size

𝑀𝑣 37.5 × 106 𝑏ℎ2

𝑍𝑡 ≥ = 𝑍= = 3.255 × 106 mm3
𝑓𝑐𝑐,𝑡 − Ω𝑓𝑐𝑡,0 24 − 0.8 × −1 6
𝑍𝑡 ≥ 1.512 × 106 mm3 ℎ
Assume 𝑏 = 2.5, ∴ ℎ = 2.5𝑏
𝑏 2.5𝑏 2
𝑀𝑣 37.5 × 106 𝑍= = 3.255 × 106
𝑍𝑏 ≥ = 6
Ω𝑓𝑐𝑐,0 − 𝑓𝑐𝑡,𝑡 0.8 × 14.4 − 0 ∴ 𝑏 = 144 mm
𝑍𝑏 ≥ 3.255 × 106 mm3 Hence, h = 360 mm
Propose a size of 𝟐𝟎𝟎 𝐦𝐦 × 𝟑𝟓𝟎 𝐦𝐦
𝑍𝑏 ≥ 3.255 × 106 mm3 govern the section
properties
5. Check the proposed size:

𝑏ℎ2 200 × 3502

𝑍= = = 4.083 × 106 mm3
6 6 3
𝑍 = 4.083 × 10 mm > 3.255 × 106 mm3 ∴ 𝐎𝐊!
6
1. Propose a size
10
span ≤ 36 m ℎ= + 0.1 = 0.5 m = 500mm
25
ℎ
Assume 𝑏 = 250 mm; since 𝑏 = 2 < 2.5
A proposed size: 250 mm × 500 mm

∴ 𝐴 = 0.125mm2

2. Determine MV

25 × 0.125 × 102
𝑀0 = = 39.0625kNm
8
3 × 102
𝑀𝑇 = 39.0625 + = 76.5625kNm
8

𝑀𝑣 = 76.5625 − 0.8 × 39.0625 = 𝟒𝟓. 𝟑𝟏𝟐𝟓 𝐤𝐍𝐦

3. Determine stress limit
𝑀𝑣 45.3125 × 106
𝑍𝑏 ≥ =
Ω𝑓𝑐𝑐,0 − 𝑓𝑐𝑡,𝑡 0.8 × 14.4 − 0
Clause 5.10.2
Assume 𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝑡 = 0.60𝑓𝑐𝑘 = 24 N/mm2 𝑍𝑏 ≥ 3.933 × 106 mm3

𝑓𝑐𝑐,0 = 0.6 × 24 = 14.4 N/mm2 𝑍𝑏 ≥ 3.933 × 106 mm3 govern the section properties
𝑓𝑐𝑡,0 = −1 N/mm2
𝑓𝑐𝑐,𝑡 = 0.6 × 40 = 24 N/mm2
𝑓𝑐𝑡,𝑡 = 0 5. Check the proposed size:

𝑍 = 3.933 × 106 mm3

4. Make use Eq. 2.7 and 2.8
Let say maintain 𝑏 = 250 mm
𝑀𝑣 45.3125 × 106
𝑍𝑡 ≥ = 250ℎ2
𝑓𝑐𝑐,𝑡 − Ω𝑓𝑐𝑡,0 24 − 0.8 × −1 𝑍= = 3.933 × 106 mm3
6
∴ ℎ = 307mm
𝑍𝑡 ≥ 1.827 × 106 mm3 Propose a size of 𝟐𝟓𝟎 𝐦𝐦 × 𝟑𝟏𝟎 𝐦𝐦
1. Determine MV

MV based on UDL only:

25 × 92
𝑀𝑣 = = 𝟐𝟓𝟑. 𝟏𝟐𝟓 𝐤𝐍𝐦
8

2. Determine stress limit

Clause 5.10.2
Assume 𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝑡 = 0.60𝑓𝑐𝑘 = 24 N/mm2
𝑓𝑐𝑐,0 = 0.6 × 24 = 14.4 N/mm2
𝑓𝑐𝑡,0 = −1 N/mm2
𝑓𝑐𝑐,𝑡 = 0.6 × 40 = 24 N/mm2
𝑓𝑐𝑡,𝑡 = 0
3. Make use Eq. 2.7 and 2.8 4. Propose a size

𝑀𝑣 253.125 × 106 𝑏ℎ2

𝑍𝑡 ≥ = 𝑍= = 23.438 × 106 mm3
𝑓𝑐𝑐,𝑡 − Ω𝑓𝑐𝑡,0 24 − 0.75 × −1 6
ℎ
𝑍𝑡 ≥ 10.227 × 106 mm3 Assume = 2.0, ∴ ℎ = 2.0𝑏
𝑏

𝑀𝑣 253.125 × 106 𝑏 2𝑏 2
𝑍𝑏 ≥ = 𝑍= = 23.438 × 106
Ω𝑓𝑐𝑐,0 − 𝑓𝑐𝑡,𝑡 0.75 × 14.4 − 0 6
𝑍𝑏 ≥ 23.438 × 106 mm3 ∴ 𝑏 = 328 mm
Hence, h = 655 mm
𝑍𝑏 ≥ 23.438 × 106 mm3 govern the section Propose a size of 𝟑𝟑𝟎 𝐦𝐦 × 𝟔𝟓𝟓 𝐦𝐦
properties

5. Check the proposed size:

𝑏ℎ2 330 × 6552

𝑍= = = 23.596 × 106 mm3
6 6
𝑍 = 23.596 × 106 mm3 > 23.438 × 106 mm3 ∴ 𝐎𝐊!
 Those equations give a range within which the prestress force must lie to
ensure that the allowable stress conditions are met at all stages in the life of
the member.
 𝒁𝒕 𝒇𝐜𝐭,𝟎 − 𝑴𝟎
𝑷𝒎𝟎 ≥ −−−− −𝐄𝐪 𝟐. 𝟗
𝒁𝒕 𝑨𝒄 − 𝒆

𝑍b 𝑓cc,0 + 𝑀0 Note: In Eq. 2.9 and 2.11, it is possible that

𝑃𝑚0 ≤ −−−− −Eq 2.10
𝑍b 𝐴𝑐 + 𝑒 the denominator term 𝑍𝑡 𝐴𝑐 − 𝑒 , might
be negative if 𝑒 > 𝑍𝑡 𝐴𝑐 . In this case, the
sense of the inequality would have to
change as the effect of dividing an
𝒁𝒕 𝒇𝐜𝐜,𝒕 − 𝑴𝑻 inequality by a negative number is to
𝑷𝒎𝟎 ≤ −−−− −𝐄𝐪 𝟐. 𝟏𝟏 change its sense.
𝛀 𝒁𝒕 𝑨𝒄 − 𝒆

𝑍b 𝑓ct,t + 𝑀T
𝑃𝑚0 ≥ −−−−− −Eq 2.12
Ω 𝑍b 𝐴𝑐 + 𝑒
 𝒇𝒄𝒄,𝒕 𝒁𝒕 + 𝒇𝒄𝒕,𝒕 𝒁𝒃
𝑷𝒎𝟎(𝐦𝐚𝐱.,𝐞𝐜𝐨.) =
𝒁 + 𝒁𝒃
𝜴 𝒕
𝑨𝒄
Use info. in Numerical Example 2.2: The 10 1. Determine stress limit
m span simply supported beam of 200 mm x From Example 2.2:
350 mm is subjected to eccentrically pre-
Clause 5.10.2
stress force at 75 mm. Determine the min.
initial pre-stress force required. Assume 𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝑡 = 0.60𝑓𝑐𝑘 = 24 N/mm2
𝑓𝑐𝑐,0 = 0.6 × 24 = 14.4 N/mm2
𝑓𝑐𝑡,0 = −1 N/mm2
𝑓𝑐𝑐,𝑡 = 0.6 × 40 = 24 N/mm2
𝑓𝑐𝑡,𝑡 = 0

2. Determine section properties

𝐴𝑐 = 200 × 350 = 0.07m2
𝑏ℎ2
𝑍𝑡 = 𝑍𝑏 = = 4.083 × 106 mm2
6
3. Determine M0 and MT

4. Determine the Pm0

Given a pre-stress force at transfer, P = 2500
kN. Losses between transfer and SLS = 20%.
Determine all stresses at the mid-span at
transfer and in service.
The section is rectangular, 300 mm wide and
650 mm deep. It is simply supported spanning
12 m with dead load equal to self-weight and a
live load of 6 kN/m (unfactored). The pre-stress
force is applied at the centroid.
Given a pre-stress force at transfer, P = 1500 kN
with an eccentricity of 100 mm. Losses between
transfer and SLS = 20%. Determine all stresses
at the mid-span at transfer and in service.
The section is rectangular, 300 mm wide and
650 mm deep. It is simply supported spanning
12 m with dead load equal to self-weight and a
live load of 6 kN/m (unfactored).

A rectangular concrete beam with a cross-
section 300 mm depth and 200 mm width is
prestressed by means of 15 nos. of wires of 5
mm diameter located 6.5 cm from the bottom of
the beam and 3 nos. of wires with diameter of 5
mm, 2.5 cm from the top.
Assuming the prestress in each wire as 840
N/mm2, calculate the stresses at the extreme
fibers of the mid-span section when the beam is
supporting its own weight over a span of 6 m
and a uniformly distributed live load of 6 kN/m.
The density of concrete is 25 kN/m3. Assume the
loss is 20%.
(refer Assignment_5_good [Q4])
A post-tensioned beam has a mid span cross-
section with a duct of 50 mm x 75 mm to house
the wires. It is tensioned with 516 mm2 of steel
to an initial stress of 1040 MPa. Immediately
after transfer, the stress is reduced by 5% owing
to anchorage loss and elastic shortening of
concrete.
Compute the stresses in the concrete at transfer.
 200 mm
A rectangular concrete beam with a cross-
section 300 mm depth and 200 mm width is 25 mm
prestressed by means of 15 nos. of wires of 5
mm diameter located 6.5 cm from the bottom of
3 nos. of
the beam and 3 nos. of wires with diameter of 5 wires ϕ 5
mm, 2.5 cm from the top. mm

Assuming the prestress in each wire as 840 CGcon.

300 mm
N/mm2, calculate the stresses at the extreme
e CGsteel
fibers of the mid-span section when the beam is
supporting its own weight over a span of 6 m
and a uniformly distributed live load of 6 kN/m.
The density of concrete is 25 kN/m3. Assume the y 15 nos. of
loss is 20%. wires ϕ 5 mm 65 mm

Note: y = centroid of the prestressing force

www.civil.eng.usm.my
• Able to analyze problems with justifications 1.
and design pre-stressed concrete beam in 2.
accordance to current code of practice.
• Able to present design output in the form of 3.
report, tendon profile drawing and detailing in
accordance to current code of practice. 4.
Able to construct Magnel diagram;
Able to determine min. and max. Pm0 and
its corresponding e from Magnel diagram;
Able to determine the range of
eccentricities;
Able to sketch the tendon profile of the
prestressing cable.
 1 1 𝐴𝑐 − 𝑒 𝑍𝑡 1 Ω 1 𝐴𝑐 − 𝑒 𝑍𝑡
≥ − −Eq. 2.16 − −(from Eq. 2.9) ≥ − −Eq. 2.18 − −(from Eq. 2.11)
𝑃𝑚0 𝑓𝑐𝑡,0 − 𝑀0 𝑍𝑡 𝑃𝑚0 𝑓𝑐𝑐,𝑡 − 𝑀𝑇 𝑍𝑡

1 1 𝐴𝑐 + 𝑒 𝑍𝑏 1 Ω 1 𝐴𝑐 + 𝑒 𝑍𝑏
≥ − −Eq. 2.17 − −(from Eq. 2.10) ≤ − −Eq. 2.19 − −(from Eq. 2.12)
𝑃𝑚0 𝑓𝑐𝑐,0 + 𝑀0 𝑍𝑏 𝑃𝑚0 𝑓𝑐𝑡,𝑡 + 𝑀𝑇 𝑍𝑏
 Service, top
Transfer, top
Pm0,min
Service, bottom
Pm0(max.,eco.)
Feasible region
Pm0,max
Transfer, bottom

emax emin

(a) (b)
Figure 2.10
• The layout of cable plays a vital role in The profile of the tendons can be provided
reducing tension from concrete. in various ways. Some of them are:
• The curvature of the cable exerts force on 1. Straight tendons
the concrete to counterbalance the forces
causing tension.
• In most of the pre-stressed beams, the
tendons are located with eccentricities
towards the soffit of the beam to 2. Trapezoidal tendons
counteract the sagging bending moments
due to transverse loads.
• Since the bending moment is the product
of the pre-stressing force and eccentricity,
the tendon profile itself will represent the
shape of the bending moment diagram.
3. Parabolic tendons (Central anchors) 6. Parabolic and straight tendons

4. Parabolic tendons (Eccentric anchors) 7. Parabolic and straight tendons

(Eccentric anchors)

5. Sloping tendons (Eccentric anchors)

At transfer: At service:

𝒁𝒕 𝒇𝒄𝒕,𝟎 𝒁𝒕 𝑴𝟎 𝑍𝑡 𝑓𝑐𝑐,𝑡 𝑍𝑡 𝑀𝑇
𝒆≤ − + −− −(𝟐. 𝟐𝟎) 𝑒≥ − + −− −(2.22)
𝑨𝒄 𝑷𝒎𝒐 𝑷𝒎𝒐 𝐴𝑐 Ω𝑃𝑚0 Ω𝑃𝑚0
𝑍𝑏 𝑓𝑐𝑐,0 𝑍𝑏 𝑀0 𝒁𝒃 𝒇𝒄𝒕,𝒕 𝒁𝒃 𝑴𝑻
𝑒≤ − + + − −(2.21) 𝒆≥ − + + − −(𝟐. 𝟐𝟑)
𝐴𝑐 𝑃𝑚0 𝑃𝑚0 𝑨 𝛀𝑷𝒎𝟎 𝛀𝑷𝒎𝟎

• Eqs. 2.20 to 2.23 can be evaluated at any section to determine the range of
eccentricities within which the resultant force Pm0 must lie.
• The moments MT and M0 are those relating to the section being considered.
• As we wish to limit possible tensile stresses, we only examine Eqs. 2.20 and
2.23 corresponding to tension on the top at transfer and on the bottom in
service.
 Upper part

Lower part
 M0,x MT,x elower eupper
x (m)
(kNm) (kNm) (mm) (mm)
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To introduce the losses in PSC and how to 1. Able to explain and differentiate between
determine the losses immediate losses and time-dependent
losses;
2. Able to determine losses due to elastic
shortening, friction, slip, creep, shrinkage
and relaxation.
• Cannot be avoided in PSC design • The immediate losses of prestress occur
• The losses of prestress that occur in a during the stressing (and anchoring)
tendon are categorised as either operation and include elastic shortening of
immediate losses or time-dependent concrete, the short-term relaxation of the
losses (as illustrated in Fig. 2.13) tendon, friction along a post-tensioned
cable and the slip at the anchorages.
• The time-dependent losses of prestress
are caused by creep and shrinkage of the
concrete, and relaxation of steel
 Losses

Time-
Immediate
dependent

Elastic Anchorage
Friction Creep Shrinkage Relaxation
shortening slip
 1. Elastic deformation losses
Pretensioned member
• When the tendons are cut and the
prestressing force is transferred to the
member, the concrete undergoes immediate
shortening due to the prestress.
• The tendon also shortens by the same
amount, which leads to the loss of prestress.
• The elastic shortening loss is quantified by the
drop in prestress (ΔPel) in a tendon due to the
change in strain in the tendon (Δεp,0).
• It is assumed that the change in strain in the
tendon, Δεp,0 is equal to the strain in concrete
(εcp,0) at the level of the tendon due to the
prestressing force.
• The elastic shortening loss = the loss in
prestress force, ∆σp,0
∆σp,0 = ∆εp,0 𝐸p −−−−− −2.26
• The change in strain in a tendon (∆εp,0 ) = the
strain in concrete (εcp,0 ) at the level of the
tendon:
∆εp,0 = εcp,0 −−−−−−− −2.27
σcp,0
εcp,0 = −−−−−− −2.28
𝐸cm,0
 σcp,0
∆εp,0 = −−−−−− −2.29 The simplified formula
𝐸cm,0
• Substitute into 2.26: ′
𝑷𝒎𝟎
σcp,0 𝑷 = − −𝟐. 𝟑𝟔
𝑨𝒑 𝒆𝟐 𝑨𝒄
∆σp,0 = 𝐸 = 𝑚σcp,0 − −2.30 𝟏+𝒎 𝟏+
𝐸cm,0 p 𝑨𝒄 𝑰
• The elastic shortening loss = The drop in • Eq. 2.36 can only be applied for pretensioned
prestress (ΔPel) = [the change in stress of the member
tendon] x [cross sectional area of prestressing
steel]. • For post-tensioned member, it is normally
∆𝑃el = ∆σp,0 𝐴p −−−−−−−− −2.31 adequate to assume 50% of the above (Eq.
𝑬𝒑 2.36) losses.
∆𝑷𝒆𝒍 = 𝒎𝝈𝐜𝐩,𝟎 𝑨𝒑 𝒎 = − −𝟐. 𝟑𝟐 ′
𝑷𝒎𝟎
𝑬𝐜𝐦,𝟎 𝑷 = − −𝟐. 𝟑𝟕
𝑨𝒑 𝒆𝟐 𝑨𝒄
𝟏 + 𝟎. 𝟓𝒎 𝟏+
𝑨𝒄 𝑰
Example 2.8
A prestressed concrete sleeper produced by
pretensioning method has a rectangular
cross section of 300 mm wide and 250 mm
deep. It is prestressed with 9 nos. of straight
7 mm diameter wires at 80% of the ultimate
strength of 1570 N/mm2 as shown in Fig.
E.g. 2.8. Estimate the percentage loss of
stress due to elastic shortening of concrete.
Given Ep = 195,000 MPa and Ecm,0 = 30
GPa.
Solution using Eq. 2.32: Beam’s properties:
𝐸p 𝐴𝑐 = 250 × 300 = 75,000mm2
∆𝑃el = 𝑚σcp,0 𝐴p 𝑚=
𝐸cm,0 𝑏ℎ3 300 × 2503
𝐼= = = 390 × 106 mm4
• The calculation of losses will be performed 12 12
separately for top and bottom wires.
Parameters due to prestresing force:
𝐸p 195,000 MPa
𝑚= = = 6.5 5 × 40 + 4 × 210
𝐸cm,0 30 GPa 𝑦= = 115.6mm
9
𝑃𝑚0 𝑃𝑚0 𝑒𝑦top,cp
σcp,0,top = − 𝑒 = 125 − 115.6 = 9.4mm
𝐴𝑐 𝐼
𝑦top,cp = 125 − 40 = 85mm
𝑃𝑚0 𝑃𝑚0 𝑒𝑦btm,cp
σcp,0,btm = + 𝑦btm,cp = 125 − 40 = 85mm
𝐴𝑐 𝐼
Pretressing force: Elastic shortening (the drop in prestress):
𝑃m0 = 0.8 × σult,p × 𝐴p ∆𝑃el,top = 6.5 × 4.91 × 4 × π 4 × 72
𝐴p = 9 × π 4 × 72 = 346.36 mm2 = 4.91kN

𝑃m0 = 0.8 × 1570 × 346.36 = 435 kN ∆𝑃el,btm = 6.5 × 5.8 × 5 × π 4 × 72

= 7.254kN
Stresses due to prestressing force: ∆𝑃el = 4.91 + 7.254 = 12.164kN
435 435 × 9.4 × 85
σcp,0,top = −
75,000 390 × 106 Loss in percentage:
= 4.91 N mm2 12.164
435 435 × 9.4 × 85 × 100 = 2.8%
σcp,0,btm = + 435
75,000 390 × 106
= 5.8 N mm2
Solution using Eq. 2.36: Losses in prestressing (%):
𝑃𝑚0 𝑃𝑚0 − 𝑃′ 435 − 422.114
𝑃′ = × 100 = × 100
𝐴p 𝑒 2 𝐴𝑐 𝑃𝑚0 435
1+𝑚 1+
𝐴𝑐 𝐼 = 2.96%
435
=
346.36 9.42 × 75000 Conclusion:
1 + 6.5 1+
75,000 390 × 106
= 422.114kN The results are not too much different.
 2. Friction in ducts
Post-tensioned member
• The friction generated at the interface of
concrete and steel during the stretching of a
curved tendon in a post-tensioned member,
leads to a drop in the prestress along the
member from the stretching end.
• The loss due to friction does not occur in
pretensioned members because there is no
concrete during the stretching of the tendons.
• The friction is generated due to the curvature
of the tendon and the vertical component of
the prestressing force.
• In addition to friction, the stretching has to
overcome the wobble of the tendon.
• The wobble refers to the change in position of
the tendon along the duct.
• The losses due to friction and wobble are
grouped together under friction.
• The magnitude of the friction loss depends on
the tendon length, x, and the total angular
change of the tendon over that length, as well
as the size and type of the duct containing the
tendon.
 2. Friction in ducts
Post-tensioned member
• An estimation of the loss of force in the 𝜃 : The sum in rad. of the absolute values of successive
tendon due to friction at any distance x from angular deviations of the tendon over the length x.
the jacking end may be made using:
𝜇 : The coefficient of friction
∆𝑃𝜇 𝑥 = 𝑃max 1 − 𝑒 ;𝜇 𝜃:𝓀𝑥
−− −2.38 Table 5.1 Cl. 5.10.5.2 EN1992-1-1 (0.19 for strand;
0.17 for cold drawn wire)
𝓀 : The estimate of the unintentional angular deviation
(in rad./m) due to wobble effects
Typical value is between 0.005 to 0.01 rad./m
Example 2.9
A post-tensioned beam shown in Fig. E.g. 2.9 is stressed by two tendons with a parabolic profile and
having a total cross-sectional area 𝐴𝑝 = 7500mm2 . The total initial prestressing force, Pm0 = 10,500 kN
and the total characteristics strength is 14,000 kN. Given the parabolic curve is y = 2.844x10-6x2.
Evaluate the prestress loss at mid-span due to elastic shortening of the concrete and friction. Use the
following data: 𝜇 = 0.19, 𝓀 = 0.01 𝑟𝑎𝑑./m, Ecm(transfer) = 32 kN/mm2, Es = 205 kN/mm2. Take the
average eccentricity for the parabolic tendon as 2/3ec.
Solution: 𝑃′
10500
Loss due to elastic shortening: =
7500 4272 × 1.05 × 106
1 + 0.5 6.4 1+
From Eq. 2.37: 1.05 × 106 0.36 × 1012
= 10,145kN
𝑃𝑚0
𝑃′=
𝐴p 𝑒 2 𝐴𝑐
1 + 0.5𝑚 1+
𝐴𝑐 𝐼 % Loss due to elastic shortening
205kN/mm2 𝑃𝑚0 − 𝑃′ 10500 − 10145
𝑚= = 6.4 = × 100 = × 100
32kN/mm2 𝑃𝑚0 10500
𝑒 = 2 3 𝑒𝑐 = 2 3 640 = 427mm = 3.38%
Loss due to friction:
From Eq. 2.38:
∆𝑃𝜇 𝑥 = 𝑃max 1 − 𝑒 ;𝜇 𝜃:𝓀𝑥
𝑑𝑦
𝜃= = 5.688 × 10;6 𝑥 = 0.08532 rad.
𝑑𝑥
∆𝑃𝜇 𝑥 = 10500 1 − 𝑒 ;0.19 0.08532:0.01×15
= 459kN
∆𝑃𝜇 𝑥
Loss due to friction = × 100
𝑃𝑚0
459
= × 100 = 4.71%
10500
 1. Creep of concrete • Therefore,
• The sustained compressive stress on the Loss of prestress force
𝑃′ 𝑒 2 𝐴𝑐
concrete will cause a long-term shortening = 𝐸𝑠 1+ × 𝐴𝑝
due to creep, which will similarly reduce the 𝐴𝑐 𝐼
prestress force. × specific creep strain −− −2.40
𝜑 ∞, 𝑡0 N
• As in the previous elastic shortening, the Specific creep strain =
stress in the concrete at the level of the steel 1.05𝐸cm mm2
is important. Hence; 𝐋𝐨𝐬𝐬 𝐨𝐟 𝐩𝐫𝐞𝐬𝐭𝐫𝐞𝐬𝐬 𝐟𝐨𝐫𝐜𝐞
𝑃′ 𝑒 2 𝐴𝑐
𝑨𝒑 𝒆𝟐 𝑨𝒄 𝝋 ∞, 𝒕𝟎
σcp,t = 1+ −−−−−−−− −2.39 = 𝑬𝒔 𝑷′ 𝟏+
𝐴𝑐 𝐼 𝑨𝒄 𝑰 𝟏. 𝟎𝟓𝑬𝒄𝒎

• And, Eq. 2.41

Loss of steel stress • Note that P’ is the prestressing force after
= 𝐸𝑠 σcp,t × specific creep strain considering all short-term losses
 2. Shrinkage of concrete
• This is based on empirical figures for
shrinkage/unit length of concrete (εcs) for
particular curing conditions and transfer
maturity.
• Typical values range from 230 × 10;6
(outdoor exposure) to 550 × 10;6 (indoor
exposure).
• The loss in steel stress = εcs 𝐸𝑠 , hence,
• 𝐓𝐡𝐞 𝐥𝐨𝐬𝐬 𝐢𝐧 𝐩𝐫𝐞𝐬𝐭𝐫𝐞𝐬𝐬 𝐟𝐨𝐫𝐜𝐞 =
𝜺𝒄𝒔 𝑬𝒔 𝑨𝒑 (𝐄𝐪. 𝟐. 𝟒𝟐)
Example 2.10 P’ is the prestressing force after considering all
Use info. in Example 2.9, estimate the losses short-term losses:
due to creep and shrinkage. Given: creep Short-term loss due to elastic shortening
coefficient 𝜑 ∞, 𝑡0 = 1.6 and shrinkage strain, =10500 − 10145 = 355kN
𝜀𝑐𝑠 = 330 × 10;6 . Short-term loss due to friction = 459 kN
Total short-term loss = 814 kN
Solution:
Loss due to creep:
Substitute into Eq. 2.41:
From Eq. 2.41: Loss of prestress force = 1035kN
Loss of prestress force 1035
𝐴𝑝 𝑒 2 𝐴𝑐 𝜑 ∞, 𝑡0 % Loss of prestress force = 100
= 𝐸𝑠 𝑃′ 1+ 10500
𝐴𝑐 𝐼 1.05𝐸cm = 9.9%
Example 2.10 The loss in prestress force
Use info. in Example 2.9, estimate the losses = 330 × 10;6 × 205 × 7500
= 507kN
due to creep and shrinkage. Given: creep
coefficient 𝜑 ∞, 𝑡0 = 1.6 and shrinkage strain,
𝜀𝑐𝑠 = 330 × 10;6 . % The loss in prestress force
507
= 100 = 4.8%
10500
Solution:
Loss due to shrinkage:
From Eq. 2.42:
The loss in prestress force = εcs 𝐸𝑠 𝐴𝑝