1.

0 INTRODUCTION

Tacheometric survey (Tacheometric) is a branch of surveying in which horizontal and

vertical distances of points are obtained by optical measurements avoiding ordinary and
slower process of measurements tape. Tacheometric surveys are usually performed to
produce contour and detail plans for further work, or to produce coordinates for area and
volume calculations. Observations are usually performed from known survey stations, often
established by traversing. This method of survey consists of using either alevel, theodolite,
“total station”, or specially constructed tacheometers to make cross hair intercept reading on a
leveling staff. Thismethod is very rapid and convenient. It is best adapted in obstacles such as
steep and broken ground, deep ravines, stretches of water or swamp and so on, which make
chaining difficult or impossible. The word “tacheometry” is derived from the Greek Tancs,
meaning ‘swift’, and metrot meaning ‘a measure’.

2.0 OBJECTIVE

Produce the topographic and detail plan of the proposed area using surveying software.
The primary object of tacheometry is the preparation of contoured maps or plans requiring
both the horizontal as well as vertical control. Also, on surveys of higher accuracy, it
provides a check on distances measured with the tape. The tacheometric methods of
surveying are used with advantage over the direct methods of measurement of horizontal
distances and differences in elevations. Some of the uses are for preparation of topographic
maps which require both elevations and horizontal distances, survey work in difficult terrain
where direct methods are inconvenient, detail filling, Checking of already measured distances,
hydrographic surveys and establishing secondary control.
3.0 THEORY

These are the two shorted cross hair above and below the main cross.Very simply, the
distance between the two is multiplied by 100 to give the distance from the point are to where
the staff is. In this example (and here we will use the millimeters) the lower cross hair is at
2.163 and the upper is at 2.218 so difference is 0.055metres. This multiplied by 100 and the
final distance is: 5.50 metres.

Therefore, it is important to understand the basic principles of survey and even more
important if using sophisticated Total Stations and Electronic Distance Measurers (EDMs)
and only by understanding the underlying concept we will understand what to achieve with
the digital version.

An ordinary transit theodolite fitted with a stadia diaphragm is generally used for
tacheometric survey. The stadia diaphragm essentially consists of one stadia hair above and
the other an equal distance below the horizontal cross-hair, the stadia hairs being mounted in
the ring and on the same vertical plane as the horizontal and vertical cross-hairs. Stadia are a
tacheometric form of distance measurement that relies on fixed angle intercept. The stadia
method is based on the principle that the ratio of the perpendicular to the base is constant in
similar isosceles triangles.

Presents day methods of tacheometry can be classified in one of the following three
groups. In stadia method, a theodolite is set up at one station and staff is held at another
station. There are two types of stadia method which is fixed hair method and movable hair
method. The staff intercept (S) which is the difference between the upper stadia and the lower
stadia hair is measured. The vertical angle (𝜃) is also measured. There are three kinds of
telescope used in stadia surveying which is the simple external- focusing telescope, the
external-focusing anallactic telescope (Possor’s telescope) and the internal-focusing telescope.

By using the total station, the distance is able to read by reflecting off a
prism.Tacheometric surveys are generally conducted for contouring, plotting the details of
the area on undulating ground. Two main steps n tacheometric surveys is running a traversing
around the area to be surveyed, and locating the details and elevations of the features in the
area with reference to the traverse stations. Then, the process of tying the topographic details
to the control stations fixed by traversing is called detailing. A map is the final product of a
tacheometric survey.
4.0 INSTRUMENT

No. Items Quantity

1 Total station 1
2 Mini prism 2
3 Tape 1
4 Pole 2
5 Tripod 1
6 Umbrella 1

5.0 PROCEDURE

Fieldwork Procedures:

Tachymetry or detail survey is a continuation of traversing and leveling wherein all the
detail are observe from the traverse point with (1,2,3,4).

a) All the traverse point used had the reduced level from leveling.
b) By referring to the leveling data of the traverse point.
1. All the detail including topography and manmade features was is observed.
2. The instrument is setup over the traverse station (station 1). The pole with mini prism
is putted at the back sight (station 4) and foresight (station 2).
 The temporary adjustment (leveling, centering) over the point is performed.
 The height of instrument (IH) is measured and recorded.
 The bearing for line 1-4 is set as a datum. The distance of station 1- station 4 is
measured and recorded. A final bearing from traverse sheet is used.
 A pole is used as a target over the point. The pole height (HT) is set or
measured and the reading is recorded.
3. The horizontal bearing (HR), horizontal distance (HD) and vertical distance or height
different (VD) for each observations is recorded.
4. All the features surrounding the station 1 is observed. The height of target (HT) for
each observation is measured and recorded.
 5. The instrument is moved to the next station (station 2). A bearing for line 2-1 is set as
a datum. The process is repeated and all the features from station 2 observed. The
height of instrument (IH) at each station setup is measured.
6. When it found missing or disturbed an additional control point is setup; or obstruction
of the features from observed station.

Booking:

1) All the readings in a form at attachment 1 is recorded or automatically recorded by

Total Station devices.
2) The IH at all observation point is recorded.
3) The HT for every feature is recorded.
4) All the bearing was recorded to nearest minutes with face left only.
5) All the horizontal distance (HD) only is recorded.
6) Some explanations for each features is put at the remark column.
7) Some sketch of the observed area is draw. Its helps in plan processing and editing.
7.0 DATA ANALYSIS

In this experiment, in order to get bearing the instrument was setup over the station. The
instrument was set to the required datum after levelled and centred. From the prismatic compass,
the reading of bearing which is datum from station 1 to station 2 that we get is 179° 00’ 30”. The
instrument height is 1.26 m while the horizontal is 29.866 and the target height is 1.22 m. The
reduced level from station 1 to station 2 is 2.402 m and reduced level point from station 1 to station
2 is 2.300 m. The bearing from station 1 to point A is 146° 59’ 05”, the horizontal and the vertical
distance is 14.278 m and -0.166 m. while the bearing from point 1 to point B is 102° 47’ 45” and the
horizontal distance from station 1 to point B is 4.564 and the vertical distance is -0.143 m. the
bearing from station 1 to point C, D, and E is 90° 39’ 05”, 175° 53’ 10”, and 285° 55’ 10”. On the
other hand, the horizontal distance for these three points is 7.305, 9.347 m, 2.174 m while the
vertical distance -0.140 m, -0.118 m, and -0.078 m. the bearing for points F, G, H, and J is 255° 42’
33”, 297° 23’ 50”, 299° 10’ 05” and 322° 47’ 25” while the horizontal distance is 5.852 m, 8.197 m,
10.707 m, and for the last point is from station 1 to point J where the horizontal distance is 7.900 m.
the vertical distance is -0.072 m, 0.101 m, -0.050 m, and -0.037 m.

Next, the bearing and horizontal distance from station 2 to station 3 is 285° 29’ 00” and
30.284 m. the reduced level station is 2.300 m while the instrument height is 1.28 m. the bearing
and horizontal distance from station 2 to points A, B, C is 92° 31’ 45”, 236° 38’ 55”, 345° 49’ 55”, and
4.472 m, 5.477 m, 19.697 m. the vertical distance for these three points is -0.024 m, -0.040 m, and -
0.053 m. for points D, E, and F the vertical distance is -0.077 m, -0.058 m, and -0.166 m where the
reading of the bearing is 346° 38’ 10”, 297° 09’ 03”, and 25° 40’ 10”. The horizontal distance is
15.096 m, 21.549 m, and 20.498 m. the reduced level points from station 2 to station 3 is 2.046 m.

Besides that, the reading of the bearing from station 3 to station 4 is 02° 18’ 00”. Otherwise,
the reduced level station and the instrument height are 2.046 m and 1.25 m. the horizontal distance
and the reduced level points are 36.709 m and 2.427 m. the bearing and horizontal distance from
station 3 to points A, B, and C are 189° 58’ 30”, 137° 23’ 05”, 106° 51’ 35” and 3.900 m, 3.716 m, and
5.894 m. the reduced level points for these three points are -0.017 m, -0.098 m, and -0.081 m. for
points D, E, and F the bearing gives the reading about 331° 01’ 30”, 355° 34’ 15”, and 18° 15’ 30”.
The horizontal distance and reduce level points are 9.314 m, 7.109 m, 8.504 m and -0.165 m, -0.103
m, and -0.121 m.

For the last station which is from station 4 to station 1, the bearing reading is 118° 43’ 00”.
Where the reduced level station is 2.427 m while the instrument height is about 1.28 m. the reduced
level points for this station is 2.402 m. the bearing for points A, B, and C is 169° 36’ 20”, 175° 56’ 10”,
and 201° 32’ 30”. The horizontal and vertical distance 16.666 m, 13.228 m, 5.013 m and -0.224 m, -
0.100 m, and -0.044 m. for points D, E, and F the bearing reading is 285° 12’ 00”, 214° 42’ 05”, and
240° 17’ 35”. The horizontal distances are 4.259 m, 20.952 m, and 15.557 while the reduced level
points are -0.102 m, -0.039 m, and -0.113 m. then for points G, H and I the bearing is 61° 39’ 50”, 20°
29’ 55”, and 65°s 56’ 25”. The horizontal distances are 13.784 m, 9.510 m, 6.007 m while the
reduced level points are – 0.069 m, -0.152 m, and -0.131 m.
8.0 DISCUSSCION

From the Tachymetry experiment or detail survey that conducted by our group, the
reading for a series of measurements was taken. From the traverse and leveling experiment
before, all the detail are observed from the traverse point or traverse station with (1,2,3,4)
which this point was marked before as a station 1, station 2, station 3 and station 4. All the
traverse point that used had the reduced level from leveling and first referring to the leveling
data of the traverse point. First thing before setup the instruments, make sure that the total
station was set up at a marked point which is at station 1. Then, the instrument is level and
centered after it was setup over the station at the started point which is at station 1. The pole
with mini prism was putted at the back sight (station 4) and foresight (station 2). The
temporary adjustment (leveling and centering) over the point is performed.

Then, the height of instrument (IH) is measured and recorded which the instrument
height at station 1 is 1.26m. The bearing for line 1-4 is set as a datum and the distance of
station 1 to station 2 is measured and recorded. The final bearing from the traverse sheet is
used which is the bearing is 179°01’30’’. A pole is used as a target over the point. The pole
height (HT) was measured and set where the target of height is 1.22m and then the reading
was recorded. The reading that we got when observed from station 1 to station 2 is the
horizontal bearing is 179°00’30’’ and horizontal distance is 29. 866m.From that, the
horizontal bearing (HR), horizontal distance (HD), and vertical distance or height different
(VD) for each observations was recorded. The reducedlevel station from station 1 to station 2
is 2.402 m. Besides that, all the features surrounding the station 1 also was observed and the
height of target (HT) for each observation is measured and recorded.

Then, the instrument was moved to the next station which is station 2. For this station,
the bearing for line 2-1 was set as a datum. The process was repeated and all the features
from station 2 observed. Then, the instrument height (IH) at station setup was measured and
the same things goes when the instrument is moved to the station 3 and lastly at station 4.
Therefore, the reduce level (RL) of the features was obtained by using the formula:

RL = RL (Inst.) + IH (Inst. Height) – HT (Pole Height) ±HD (Height Diff)

While carried out this experiment, there are a several factors that affect the result of
our group work project. The first mistake in this tachymetry project is turning the wrong
screw which is it might occurred while setting the total station. During the project is carried
out, the mini prism with pole are not setting exactly vertically because the bubble are not
exactly inside the middle of the circle. Other than that, the weather at that day also affected
the reading. There are wind and rainy day at that time. Then, we also might misreading the
horizontal bearing, horizontal distance and vertical distance while recorded the reading which
then affected the result.

Therefore, there are some precautions to reduce the error while we do the tachymetry
project. First, it is important to ensure that the total station instrument and targets are centered
correctly over each survey station. Then, make sure the mini prism with the pole in vertical
position, that means the bubble in the mini prism are located inside the circle. Lastly, make
sure we protect all the instruments used in this tacheometric survey from rainy by using
umbrella or anything else.