Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
net/publication/331728298
CITATIONS READS
0 24
5 authors, including:
Pieter Rutsaert
International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center
36 PUBLICATIONS 674 CITATIONS
SEE PROFILE
Some of the authors of this publication are also working on these related projects:
All content following this page was uploaded by Justin Mckinley on 14 March 2019.
Editors
Thelma Paris
Maria Fay Rola-Rubzen
Correct citation:
Paris T, Rola-Rubzen MF (Eds.). 2018. Gender dimension of climate change research in agriculture
(Case studies in Southeast Asia). Wageningen, the Netherlands: CGIAR Research Program on
Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security (CCAFS). Available online at: www.ccafs.cgiar.org
The CGIAR Research Program on Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security (CCAFS) is a
strategic partnership of CGIAR and Future Earth, led by the International Center for Tropical
Agriculture (CIAT). The Program is carried out with funding by CGIAR Fund Donors, Australia
(ACIAR), Ireland (Irish Aid), Netherlands (Ministry of Foreign Affairs), New Zealand Ministry of
Foreign Affairs & Trade; Switzerland (SDC); The UK Government (UK Aid); USA (USAID); The
European Union (EU); and with technical support from The International Fund for Agricultural
Development (IFAD). For more information, please visit https://ccafs.cgiar.org/donors.
Contact:
CCAFS Program Management Unit, Wageningen University & Research, Lumen building,
Droevendaalsesteeg 3a, 6708 PB Wageningen, the Netherlands. Email: ccafs@cgiar.org
Articles appearing in this publication may be freely quoted and reproduced provided the source is
acknowledged. No use of this publication may be made for resale or other commercial purposes.
© 2018 CGIAR Research Program on Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security (CCAFS).
Photos: Leocadio Sebastian and International Rice Research Institute Image Collection
Book design: Eisen Bernard V. Bernardo
All images remain the sole property of their source and may not be used for any purpose without
written permission of the source.
The integration of gender in research, planning, and implementation of agriculture and climate
change interventions is very crucial in achieving outcomes on agricultural productivity, climate
resiliency, and food and nutrition security in Southeast Asia. This ensures that the impacts
of climate-smart agriculture (CSA) research for development (R4D) interventions equitably
benefit men and women. Gender dimensions cut across all thematic areas in CCAFS SEA’s
R4D projects – from climate-smart agriculture, to climate risk management, low emissions
development, and policies and institutions.
In line with CCAFS‘s gender strategy, this book on “Gender dimension of climate change
research for agriculture in Southeast Asia” features case studies on climate change, gender
roles, and adaptation strategies in the region. A lot of studies have been done on gender
analysis but not so much in the context of climate change and agriculture. This publication
aims to find the links between socio-economic and gender issues in the context of a changing
climate.
All case studies featured in the book are driven by a common goal— to help develop and
implement gender-sensitive, sustainable CSA R4D interventions in improving climate resiliency
and food and nutrition security of vulnerable communities in Southeast Asia. Four of the case
studies were conducted in the Climate-Smart Village sites, such as: Sri Dasgupta’s study and
Tran Nhat Lam Duyen et al’s research in Tra Hat Village in Vietnam; Auni Haapala’s study in
Phailom Village in Laos; and Magnolia Rosimo’s study in Guinayangan, Quezon province in
the Philippines. Other case studies were conducted by Julie Basconsilio in Bulacan and Arma
Bertuso in eastern Visayas in the Philippines; and Justin McKinley et al in Mekong River Delta
in Vietnam.
As CCAFS is now on its second phase, the findings from these studies will help in the
outscaling of effective CSA interventions in other areas with similar conditions. We believe
that research results published in the book will be essential in guiding scientists and researchers
in developing and implementing R4D programs and activities that are effective, problem-
based, and culturally acceptable.
Lastly, I would like to congratulate Dr. Thelma Paris, CCAFS SEA gender advisor and retired
socio-economist-gender specialist of the International Rice Research Institute (IRRI), and Dr.
Maria Fay Rola-Rubzen, Associate Professor, School of Agriculture and Environment, Faculty
of Science, University of Western Australia (UWA), for spearheading the publication of this
book. I also thank the contributing authors for the different case studies featured in this book.
Leocadio Sebastian
Regional Program Leader
CCAFS Southeast Asia
Catharine Adaro is Supervising Research Specialist at the Philippine Institute for Development
Studies, Quezon City, Philippines. She was involved in the Policy Information and Response
Platform on Climate Change and Rice in the ASEAN and its member countries Project.
Arma Bertuso is Senior Research Associate at the International Potato Center, Los Baños,
Laguna, Philippines.
Srijipta Dasgupta is Climate Change Consultant at FAO Regional Office for Asia and
the Pacific, Bangkok, Thailand. She was an MS student of the University of Copenhagen,
Denmark.
Le Duy is Rural Development Specialist at the Cuu Long Delta Rice Research Institute, Can
Tho, Vietnam.
Valerien Pede is Senior Agricultural Economist at the International Rice Research Institute,
Los Baños, Philippines. He led the Policy Information and Response Platform on Climate
Change and Rice in the ASEAN and its member countries Project.
Pieter Rutsaert is Associate Scientist and Market and Value Chain Specialist at the International
Maize and Wheat Improvement Center, Texcoco de Mora, Mexico. He was a former Associate
Scientist at the International Rice Research Institute.
Bjoern Ole Sander is Senior Scientist and the Country Representative to Vietnam, International
Rice Research Institute.
Tran Thi Thuy Anh is Agricultural Economist at the Cuu Long Delta Rice Research Institute,
Can Tho, Vietnam.
Tran Nhat Lam Duyen is lecturer in Natural Resource and Environmental Economics
Department, Faculty of Economics, Nong Lam University, Ho Chi Minh, Vietnam. She was
a PhD student at the College of Economics and Management, University of the Philippines
Los Baños, Laguna, Philippines.
Truong Thi Ngoc Chi is the former Sociologist of the Cuu Long Delta Rice Research
Institute, Can Tho, Vietnam.
Rene Vidallo is Program Director for the Philippine Program of the International Institute
of Rural Reconstruction, Cavite, Philippines.
Donald Villanueva is Associate Scientist at the Social Sciences Division, International Rice
Research Institute, Los Baños, Laguna, Philippines.
Reiner Wassman is Senior Scientist and Climate Change Specialist at the International Rice
Research Institute, Los Baños, Laguna, Philippines.
Chapter 2 17
Gender-based Vulnerabilities and Adaptation to a Changing Climate:
A Case Study in Tra Hat Hamlet, Bac Lieu Province, Vietnam
by Srijita Dasgupta
Chapter 3 43
Gendered Perceptions, Impacts and Coping Strategies in Response to
Climate Change: Evidence from Mekong Delta, Vietnam
by Justin McKinley, Catharine Adaro, Pieter Rutsaert, Valerien O. Pede and
Bjoern Ole Sander
Chapter 4 63
Gender and Climate Change Adaptation: A Case Study of Flood-
prone Rice-farming Villages: A Case Study in Bulacan, Philippines
by Julie Ann Basconcillo
Chapter 5 81
Gender, Climate Change and Root and Tuber Crops:
A Case Study in Eastern Visayas, Philippines
by Arma Bertuso
Chapter 6 103
Gendered Vulnerabilities and Adaptation to Climate Change:
The Experience of Rice Farmers of Nueva Ecija, Philippines
by Gerlie Tatlonghari, Thelma Paris and Donald Villanueva
Chapter 7 119
Gender and Climate-Smart Agriculture: A Case Study in Tra Hat
Village, Bac Lieu Province, Vietnam
by Tran Nhat Lam Duyen, Bjoern Ole Sander and Reiner Wassmann
Chapter 10 173
Incorporating a Gender Dimension in a Participatory Community-
based Project: A case Study in Guinayangan, Quezon Province,
Philippines
by Magnolia Rosimo, Jowen Dalusag, Julian Gonzalves and Rene Vidallo
Methodology
Once the villages were selected, a list of The findings on the characteristics of
farmers with at least ten years of farming households and respondents and the
experience was prepared for each commune. perceptions of men and women are outlined
Survey participants were then selected in this section.
using stratified random sampling with equal
numbers of respondents from each village. A Characteristics of respondents
total of 214 farming households were selected
as respondents in this study. The number of The characteristics of respondents are
households interviewed in each province were presented in Table 3.1. On average, men
the following: An Giang (90), Bac Lieu (64), are older, have more farming experience
and Tra Vinh (60). Data collection during and more years in school than the women.
the interview was done using a structured These findings are similar to earlier studies
questionnaire with several sections. In the (Khai and Yabe 2012; Khai and Yabe 2011).
first section, individual characteristics, farm These findings reveal that boys had more
characteristics, and household income, were opportunities to go to school than girls in
gathered from both husband and wife. In the last 50 years or so. Nearly 80% of the
the second section, the husband and wife respondents are from the Kinh ethnic group.
were interviewed separately on climate
change perceptions, access to climate-change The majority of the farmers own their lands.
information, coping strategies in response to The average farm size is 2.02 hectares. On
climate change, and other climate change- average, 1.84 hectares are owned, and 0.18
related questions. The surveys were carried hectare are rented. Rice is the primary crop
out by IRRI’s local partner in Vietnam, the for the surveyed farmers as total paddy
Institute of Policy and Strategy for Agriculture production accounts for an average of 1.90
and Rural Development (IPSARD). hectares of land use or about 94% of the
Table 3.2. Sources of income in An Giang, Bac Lieu and Tra Vinh*
Figure 3.2 also shows respondents’ Change in rainfall. As shown in Figure 3.3,
perceptions of colder temperatures during slightly more women than men perceived that
the cold months and hotter temperatures the most significant change in precipitation
during the hot months, suggesting larger was low rainfall. The months of December
variations in perceived temperature for through March have the lowest levels of
some respondents. Furthermore, many rainfall in the MRD. Severe drought was
respondents reported irregular change, or most commonly reported as the most
more sporadic weather patterns. All of these significant change, albeit by less than half of
perceptions suggest that for at least some of the respondents (42.52% men and 30.84%
the samples, temperatures appear to be more women). The responses reveal that both men
variable. Almost no respondents perceive a and women perceive low rainfall and severe
decrease in temperature or no change at all. drought as the most important rainfall and
When asked what were the most significant drought changes that they have observed and
perceived changes in temperature trends, both experienced over the past ten years.
2
Sea level rise is an increase in global mean sea level as a result of an increase in the volume of water in the world’s oceans.
Sea level rise is usually attributed to global climate change by thermal expansion of the water in the oceans and by melting of
ice sheets and glaciers on land.
Climate change stress The structure of the survey used in this study,
questioning husband and wives separately,
The results of observed weather stresses allows for intra-household analysis. This
disaggregated at the provincial level are study employs this method similar to Ngigi
shown in Figure 3.4. It is evident from the et al. (2016), which used kappa statistics in
figure that climate stress varies across the rural Kenya to determine gender differences
provinces in the MRD. Specifically, the largest in climate change perceptions between
differences can be seen by comparing the spouses. This study finds more agreement
inland province of An Giang (Figure 3.4a) to between spouses regarding climate change
Bac Lieu (Figure 3.4b) and Tra Vinh (Figure than what was reported in Ngigi et al. (2016).
3.4c) provinces which are located in the While the interpretation level of the kappa
coastal areas. Flooding is highly reported as value varies by change noticed, all changes
a climate change stress in An Giang, followed are reported with a significant value with the
by Bac Lieu but not in Tra Vinh. Salinity is exception of the response ‘none’. However,
not mentioned as a climate change risk due to the insignificant result is a result of the kappa
sea level rise in An Giang as it is farther from statistic breaking down with unbalanced
the coast. Conversely, salinity is reported as distribution. In this case, less than one percent
climate stress in the coastal provinces of Bac of respondents reported ‘none’ for changed
Lieu and Tra Vinh. Extreme hot weather or noticed resulting in a very unbalanced sample
heat, and to a lesser extent drought, were both for this particular question. The highest levels
reported as more common climate stresses of agreement are found for floods with a
across all provinces.
kappa3 value of 0.90 and salinity with a kappa1 perfect agreement, we also see moderate
value of 0.78. These higher values are also a agreement between spouses for heat and fair
result of more equal distribution in responses agreement for drought. Generally speaking,
(i.e., nearly 50/50 yes/no split) in concert Table 3.3 shows evidence for substantial
with a higher percentage of agreement. agreement in perceptions of climate change
While these two responses yielded the highest stresses present in their area between spouses.
agreement, substantial agreement to almost
3
As the kappa estimate increases, the agreement between groups (e.g., husbands and wives) also increases. Viera and Garrett
(2005) offer the interpretation of kappa statistics as: less than 0, less than agreement; 0.01 – 0.20, slight agreement; 0.21 –
0.40, fair agreement; 0.41 – 0.60, moderate agreement; 0.61 – 0.80, substantial agreement; and 0.81 – 0.99, almost perfect
agreement. A more thorough description of kappa statistics can be found in Viera and Garrett (2005).
Note: ‘***’, ‘**’, and ‘*’ are significant at the 1%, 5%, and 10% percent levels, respectively.
Table 3.6. Reported acceptable technologies and practices for adoption to cope with climate
change (percent of responses)
Technologies and practices Husbands Wives Difference
Stress-tolerant varieties 90.57 85.71 4.85
Improved cropping system 20.28 19.52 0.76
Changes in varieties 70.14 61.43 8.71**
New land management techniques 23.11 15.71 7.40**
Efficient water management 15.57 6.67 8.90***
Pest and disease management 67.92 42.38 25.54***
Disease and pest resistant varieties 14.22 3.33 10.88***
New livestock breeds 2.37 0.48 1.89*
Animal health management 11.79 3.35 8.44***
Change in cropping calendar 45.28 36.19 9.09**
Change in input use 63.98 34.76 29.22***
Crop rotation 15.79 5.71 10.08***