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\shading0 \plain \f0 \b \fs48 \lang9 THEORIES OF
SOCIALIZATION\plain \f0 \b \fs48 \lang9 \line \plain \f0 \b \fs48 \lang9 \line
\plain \f0 \b \fs48 \lang9 \plain \f0 \b \fs40 \lang9 SIGMUND
FREUD'S THEORY:-\plain \f0 \b \fs40 \lang9 \line \plain \f0 \b \fs40 \lang9
"PERSONALITY"\plain \f0 \b \fs40 \lang9 \line \plain \f0 \b \fs36 \lang9
Introduction:-\plain \f0 \b \fs36 \lang9 \line \plain \f0 \b \fs36 \lang9
\plain \f1 \b0 \fs28 \lang9 Austrian physician Sigmund Freud, the founder of
psychoanalysis, believed that basic biological instincts combine with societal
factors to shape personalities. Freud posited that the mind consists of three parts
that must interact properly for a person to function well in society. If any one of
the three parts becomes dominant, personal and social problems may result. The
three parts are the id, the superego, and the ego. \plain \f1 \b0 \fs28 \lang9
\line \plain \f1 \b0 \fs28 \lang9 \plain \f1 \b0 \fs28 \lang9 \line \plain
\f0 \b0 \fs28 \lang9 DEFINITION:-\plain \f1 \b0 \fs28 \lang9 \line \plain \f1
\b0 \fs28 \lang9 Human Personality: The adult personality
emerges as a composite of early childhood experiences, based on how these
experiences are consciously and unconsciously processed within human developmental
stages, and how these experiences shape the personality.\plain \f1 \b0 \fs28 \lang9
\line \plain \f1 \b0 \fs28 \lang9 \line \plain \f1 \b0 \fs28 \lang9 \plain \f0 \b
\fs36 \lang9 FREUD'S THEORY: A Glimpse\plain \f0 \b \fs36 \lang9 \line \plain
\f1 \b0 \fs28 \lang9 According to Sigmund Freud, human personality is complex and
has more than a single component. In his famous psychoanalytic theory of
personality, personality is composed of three elements. These three elements of
personality\plain \f1 \b0 \fs28 \lang9 \u8212 ?\plain \f1 \b0 \fs28 \lang9 known as
the id, the ego, and the superego\plain \f1 \b0 \fs28 \lang9 \u8212 ?\plain \f1 \b0
\fs28 \lang9 work together to create complex human behaviors.\plain \f1 \b0
\fs28 \lang9 \line \plain \f1 \b0 \fs28 \lang9 Each component not only adds its own
unique contribution to personality, but all three elements interact in ways that
have a powerful influence on each individual. Each of these three elements of
personality emerges at different points in life.\plain \f1 \b0 \fs28 \lang9
\line \plain \f1 \b0 \fs28 \lang9 \line \plain \f0 \b \fs28 \lang9 The Id\plain \f1
\b0 \fs28 \lang9 \par \pard \brdrt \brdrnone \brdrw10 \brsp0 \brdrb \brdrnone
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\fs28 \lang9 1:The id is the only component of personality that is present from
birth.\par \pard \brdrt \brdrnone \brdrw10 \brsp0 \brdrb \brdrnone \brdrw10
\brsp0 \brdrl \brdrnone \brdrw10 \brsp0 \brdrr \brdrnone \brdrw10 \brsp0
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2:This aspect of personality is entirely unconscious and includes the instinctive
and primitive behaviors.\par \pard \brdrt \brdrnone \brdrw10 \brsp0 \brdrb
\brdrnone \brdrw10 \brsp0 \brdrl \brdrnone \brdrw10 \brsp0 \brdrr \brdrnone
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\brsp0 \li0 \lin0 \ri0 \rin0 \fi0 \sb0 \sa200 \sl276 \slmult1 \shading0 \plain
\f1 \b0 \fs28 \lang9 3:According to Freud, the id is the source of all psychic
energy, making it the primary component of personality.\par \pard \brdrt
\brdrnone \brdrw10 \brsp0 \brdrb \brdrnone \brdrw10 \brsp0 \brdrl \brdrnone
\brdrw10 \brsp0 \brdrr \brdrnone \brdrw10 \brsp0 \brdrbtw \brdrnone \brdrw10 \brsp0
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\slmult1 \shading0 \plain \f1 \b0 \fs28 \lang9 The id is driven by the pleasure
principle, which strives for immediate gratification of all desires, wants, and
needs. If these needs are not satisfied immediately, the result is a state anxiety
or tension. For example, an increase in hunger or thirst should produce an
immediate attempt to eat or drink.\plain \f1 \b0 \fs28 \lang9 \line \plain \f1
\b0 \fs28 \lang9 This sort of behavior would be both disruptive and socially
unacceptable. According to Freud, the id tries to resolve the tension created by
the pleasure principle through the primary process, which involves forming a mental
image of the desired object as a way of satisfying the need\plain \f1 \b0 \fs28
\lang9 \line \plain \f0 \b \fs28 \lang9 \line \plain \f0 \b \fs28 \lang9 The
Ego\plain \f1 \b0 \fs28 \lang9 \par \pard \brdrt \brdrnone \brdrw10 \brsp0
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\plain \f1 \b0 \fs28 \lang9 1:The ego is the component of personality that is
responsible for dealing with reality.\par \pard \brdrt \brdrnone \brdrw10 \brsp0
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\plain \f1 \b0 \fs28 \lang9 2: According to Freud, the ego develops from the id and
ensures that the impulses of the id can be expressed in a manner acceptable in the
real world.\par \pard \brdrt \brdrnone \brdrw10 \brsp0 \brdrb \brdrnone \brdrw10
\brsp0 \brdrl \brdrnone \brdrw10 \brsp0 \brdrr \brdrnone \brdrw10 \brsp0
\brdrbtw \brdrnone \brdrw10 \brsp0 \brdrbar \brdrnone \brdrw10 \brsp0 \li0 \lin0
\ri0 \rin0 \fi0 \sb0 \sa200 \sl276 \slmult1 \shading0 \plain \f1 \b0 \fs28 \lang9
3: The ego functions in both the conscious, preconscious, and unconscious mind.\par
\pard \brdrt \brdrnone \brdrw10 \brsp0 \brdrb \brdrnone \brdrw10 \brsp0 \brdrl
\brdrnone \brdrw10 \brsp0 \brdrr \brdrnone \brdrw10 \brsp0 \brdrbtw \brdrnone
\brdrw10 \brsp0 \brdrbar \brdrnone \brdrw10 \brsp0 \li0 \lin0 \ri0 \rin0 \fi0
\sb0 \sa200 \sl276 \slmult1 \shading0 \plain \f1 \b0 \fs28 \lang9 The ego operates
based on the reality principle, which strives to satisfy the id's desires in
realistic and socially appropriate ways. The reality principle weighs the costs and
benefits of an action before deciding to act upon or abandon impulses. In many
cases, the id's impulses can be satisfied through a process of delayed
gratification\plain \f1 \b0 \fs28 \lang9 \u8212 ?the ego will eventually allow the
behavior, but only in the appropriate time and place.\plain \f1 \b0 \fs28 \lang9
\line \plain \f1 \b0 \fs28 \lang9 The ego also discharges tension created by unmet
impulses through the secondary process, in which the ego tries to find an object in
the real world that matches the mental image created by the id's primary
process.\plain \f1 \b0 \fs28 \lang9 \line \plain \f1 \b0 \fs28 \lang9 \line
\plain \f0 \b \fs28 \lang9 The Superego\par \pard \brdrt \brdrnone \brdrw10
\brsp0 \brdrb \brdrnone \brdrw10 \brsp0 \brdrl \brdrnone \brdrw10 \brsp0 \brdrr
\brdrnone \brdrw10 \brsp0 \brdrbtw \brdrnone \brdrw10 \brsp0 \brdrbar \brdrnone
\brdrw10 \brsp0 \li0 \lin0 \ri0 \rin0 \fi0 \sb0 \sa200 \sl276 \slmult1 \shading0
\plain \f1 \b0 \fs28 \lang9 The last component of personality to develop is the
superego.\par \pard \brdrt \brdrnone \brdrw10 \brsp0 \brdrb \brdrnone \brdrw10
\brsp0 \brdrl \brdrnone \brdrw10 \brsp0 \brdrr \brdrnone \brdrw10 \brsp0
\brdrbtw \brdrnone \brdrw10 \brsp0 \brdrbar \brdrnone \brdrw10 \brsp0 \li0 \lin0
\ri0 \rin0 \fi0 \sb0 \sa200 \sl276 \slmult1 \shading0 \plain \f1 \b0 \fs28
\lang1033 1:\plain \f1 \b0 \fs28 \lang9 The superego is the aspect of personality
that holds all of our internalized moral standards and ideals that we acquire from
both parents and society\u8212 ?our sense of right and wrong.\par \pard \brdrt
\brdrnone \brdrw10 \brsp0 \brdrb \brdrnone \brdrw10
\brsp0 \brdrl \brdrnone \brdrw10 \brsp0 \brdrr \brdrnone \brdrw10 \brsp0
\brdrbtw \brdrnone \brdrw10 \brsp0 \brdrbar \brdrnone \brdrw10 \brsp0 \li0 \lin0
\ri0 \rin0 \fi0 \sb0 \sa200 \sl276 \slmult1 \shading0 \plain \f1 \b0 \fs28
\lang1033 2:\plain \f1 \b0 \fs28 \lang9 The superego provides guidelines for making
judgments.\par \pard \brdrt \brdrnone \brdrw10 \brsp0 \brdrb \brdrnone \brdrw10
\brsp0 \brdrl \brdrnone \brdrw10 \brsp0 \brdrr \brdrnone \brdrw10 \brsp0
\brdrbtw \brdrnone \brdrw10 \brsp0 \brdrbar \brdrnone \brdrw10 \brsp0 \li0 \lin0
\ri0 \rin0 \fi0 \sb0 \sa200 \sl276 \slmult1 \shading0 \plain \f1 \b0 \fs28
\lang1033 3:\plain \f1 \b0 \fs28 \lang9 According to Freud, the superego begins to
emerge at around age five.\par \pard \brdrt \brdrnone \brdrw10 \brsp0 \brdrb
\brdrnone \brdrw10 \brsp0 \brdrl \brdrnone \brdrw10 \brsp0 \brdrr \brdrnone
\brdrw10 \brsp0 \brdrbtw \brdrnone \brdrw10 \brsp0 \brdrbar \brdrnone \brdrw10
\brsp0 \li0 \lin0 \ri0 \rin0 \fi0 \sb0 \sa200 \sl276 \slmult1 \shading0 \plain
\f1 \b0 \fs28 \lang9 There are two parts of the superego:\par \pard \brdrt
\brdrnone \brdrw10 \brsp0 \brdrb \brdrnone \brdrw10 \brsp0 \brdrl \brdrnone
\brdrw10 \brsp0 \brdrr \brdrnone \brdrw10 \brsp0 \brdrbtw \brdrnone \brdrw10 \brsp0
\brdrbar \brdrnone \brdrw10 \brsp0 \li0 \lin0 \ri0 \rin0 \fi0 \sb0 \sa200 \sl276
\slmult1 \shading0 \plain \f1 \b0 \fs28 \lang1033 1:\plain \f1 \b0 \fs28 \lang9 The
ego ideal includes the rules and standards for good behaviors. These behaviors
include those which are approved of by parental and other authority figures.
Obeying these rules leads to feelings of pride, value, and accomplishment.\par
\pard \brdrt \brdrnone \brdrw10 \brsp0 \brdrb \brdrnone \brdrw10 \brsp0 \brdrl
\brdrnone \brdrw10 \brsp0 \brdrr \brdrnone \brdrw10 \brsp0 \brdrbtw \brdrnone
\brdrw10 \brsp0 \brdrbar \brdrnone \brdrw10 \brsp0 \li0 \lin0 \ri0 \rin0 \fi0
\sb0 \sa200 \sl276 \slmult1 \shading0 \plain \f1 \b0 \fs28 \lang1033 2:\plain
\f1 \b0 \fs28 \lang9 The conscience includes information about things that are
viewed as bad by parents and society. These behaviors are often forbidden and lead
to bad consequences, punishments, or feelings of guilt and remorse.\par \pard
\brdrt \brdrnone \brdrw10 \brsp0 \brdrb \brdrnone \brdrw10 \brsp0 \brdrl
\brdrnone \brdrw10 \brsp0 \brdrr \brdrnone \brdrw10 \brsp0 \brdrbtw \brdrnone
\brdrw10 \brsp0 \brdrbar \brdrnone \brdrw10 \brsp0 \li0 \lin0 \ri0 \rin0 \fi0
\sb0 \sa200 \sl276 \slmult1 \shading0 \plain \f1 \b0 \fs28 \lang9 The superego acts
to perfect and civilize our behavior. It works to suppress all unacceptable urges
of the id and struggles to make the ego act upon idealistic standards rather that
upon realistic principles. The superego is present in the conscious, preconscious,
and unconscious.\plain \f1 \b0 \fs28 \lang9 \line \plain \f1 \b0 \fs28 \lang9 \line
\plain \f0 \b \fs28 \lang9 The Interaction of the Id, Ego, and Superego\par
\pard \brdrt \brdrnone \brdrw10 \brsp0 \brdrb \brdrnone \brdrw10 \brsp0 \brdrl
\brdrnone \brdrw10 \brsp0 \brdrr \brdrnone \brdrw10 \brsp0 \brdrbtw \brdrnone
\brdrw10 \brsp0 \brdrbar \brdrnone \brdrw10 \brsp0 \li0 \lin0 \ri0 \rin0 \fi0
\sb0 \sa200 \sl276 \slmult1 \shading0 \plain \f1 \b0 \fs28 \lang9 When talking
about the id, the ego, and the superego, it is important to remember that these are
not three totally separate entities with clearly defined boundaries. These aspects
of personality are dynamic and always interacting within a person to influence an
individual's overall personality and behavior.\par \pard \brdrt \brdrnone
\brdrw10 \brsp0 \brdrb \brdrnone \brdrw10 \brsp0 \brdrl \brdrnone \brdrw10
\brsp0 \brdrr \brdrnone \brdrw10 \brsp0 \brdrbtw \brdrnone \brdrw10 \brsp0 \brdrbar
\brdrnone \brdrw10 \brsp0 \li0 \lin0 \ri0 \rin0 \fi0 \sb0 \sa200 \sl276 \slmult1
\shading0 \plain \f1 \b0 \fs28 \lang9 With so many competing forces, it is easy to
see how conflict might arise between the id, ego, and superego. Freud used the term
ego strength to refer to the ego's ability to function despite these dueling
forces. A person with good ego strength is able to effectively manage these
pressures, while those with too much or too little ego strength can become too
unyielding or too disrupting.\plain \f1 \b0 \fs28 \lang9 \line \plain \f0 \b
\fs28 \lang9 Conclusion:-\par \pard \brdrt \brdrnone \brdrw10 \brsp0 \brdrb
\brdrnone \brdrw10 \brsp0 \brdrl \brdrnone \brdrw10 \brsp0 \brdrr \brdrnone
\brdrw10 \brsp0 \brdrbtw \brdrnone \brdrw10 \brsp0 \brdrbar \brdrnone \brdrw10
\brsp0 \li0 \lin0 \ri0 \rin0 \fi0 \sb0 \sa200 \sl276 \slmult1 \shading0 \plain
\f1 \b0 \fs28 \lang9 Freud's theory provides one conceptualization of how
personality is structured and how these different elements of personality function.
In Freud's view, a healthy personality results from a balance in the dynamic
interaction of the id, ego, and superego.\par \pard \brdrt \brdrnone \brdrw10
\brsp0 \brdrb \brdrnone \brdrw10 \brsp0 \brdrl \brdrnone \brdrw10 \brsp0 \brdrr
\brdrnone \brdrw10 \brsp0 \brdrbtw \brdrnone \brdrw10 \brsp0 \brdrbar \brdrnone
\brdrw10 \brsp0 \li0 \lin0 \ri0 \rin0 \fi0 \sb0 \sa200 \sl276 \slmult1 \shading0
\plain \f1 \b0 \fs28 \lang9 While the ego has a tough job to do, it does not have
to act alone. Anxiety also plays a role in helping the ego mediate between the
demands of the basic urges, moral values, and the real world. When you experience
different types of anxiety, defense mechanisms may kick in to help defend the ego
and reduce the anxiety you are feeling.\plain \f1 \b0 \fs28 \lang9 \line \plain \f1
\b0 \fs28 \lang9 \par }