The Development of Personality Disorders Adolescents Endure In Poverty Navarro 1

Senior Capstone ℅ 2019

5-24-2019

The Development of Personality Disorders Adolescents Endure in

Poverty: An Autoethnography

Marvin Navarro Aramburo

Los Angeles Leadership Academy HS, marvinn334@gmail.com
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Senior Capstone ℅ 2019

This autoethnography focuses on the potential personality disorders adolescents risk

after experiencing poverty. The information displayed on this paper is to validate the idea that

as an outcome of poverty, adolescents are more likely to be prone to mental disorders due to

having stress, low self-esteem and feeling unattended. The information unwraps the question of

responsibility. Are all impoverished adolescents bound to be subject to mental health issues? Is

there a way to avoid it? To understand the development of personality disorders, this paper

focuses on the systematic constructs that most may not link to the average adolescent growing

up in poverty. These systematic constructs consist of scarcity, classism, and internalized

oppression. Scarcity involves the constant stress and struggle to survive, provide, and invest.

Internalized oppression deals with difficulty in coping with self-hatred and how it leads lack of

work ethic. Classism refers to the lack of counseling, treatment, and education. In conclusion,

these arguments create a reality for my experience as a teenage minority in which each outcome

of my growth can be seen as destined by the limitations of U.S. society.

Keywords: ​Poverty, Classism, Internalized Oppression, Mental Health, Adolescent, Stress

Acknowledgements
To my parent’s who did their best to raise me and to the friends who now make me.
The Development of Personality Disorders Adolescents Endure In Poverty Navarro 3

The Development of Personality Disorders Adolescents

Endure in Poverty: An Autoethnography

Marvin Navarro Aramburo

Los Angeles Leadership Academy HS, Los Angeles, California, USA

This autoethnography focuses on the potential personality disorders adolescents risk

after experiencing poverty. The information displayed on this paper is to validate the idea that

as an outcome of poverty, adolescents are more likely to be prone to mental disorders due to

having stress, low self-esteem and feeling unattended. The information unwraps the question of

responsibility. Are all impoverished adolescents bound to be subject to mental health issues? Is

there a way to avoid it? To understand the development of personality disorders, this paper

focuses on the systematic constructs that most may not link to the average adolescent growing

up in poverty. These systematic constructs consist of scarcity, classism, and internalized

oppression. Scarcity involves the constant stress and struggle to survive, provide, and invest.

Internalized oppression deals with difficulty in coping with self-hatred and how it leads lack of

work ethic. Classism refers to the lack of counseling, treatment, and education. In conclusion,

these arguments create a reality for my experience as a teenage minority in which each

outcome of my growth can be seen as destined by the limitations of U.S. society.

The Development of Personality Disorders Adolescents Endure In Poverty Navarro 4

The Incident

The only thing I fear is my growth and being able to see myself before I was old enough

to fear is something I must live with. People say that your life is not written for you but rather

your actions drive the pen. When I was younger, nothing in the mirror indicated my future. The

only thing I remember seeing was myself getting ready for the next day. When I was in

elementary, my mother helped my sister and I get ready for school the night before. Nothing felt

better than those moments. Every second we had together on those nights were used to make up

for her absence throughout the day.

It’s August 21, 2008, my mom surprises me with the Jansport backpack I always

wanted. The smooth black and white fabric gives me a sense of comfort; however, the straps

feel a bit rough for my arms so I walk around the house with it on. As I roam around, I imagine

walking through the school halls and making my way into my second grade class, my first day

back. The alarming bells could be heard in the back as I take my seat on the couch. Entertained,

my mother calls me over to get ready for bed. Walking towards my room, my ears catch the

sound of my dog barking. Glancing out a nearby window I see a gloomy, overcast sky and a

light rain falling onto the leafless yard. Suddenly, there’s knocking at the front door.

I make my way towards the security door, confused about who could be knocking at this

hour. Right before I am able to reach the handle, the door slams against the house. The sound of

pounding against the door resonates all throughout the house. It grows louder and louder,

calling out for entry until the cadence matches the same tempo as my heart. The lights go out,

the room is silent. Before I can ask any questions, my mother rushes us to my room and locks

the door. Our bodies fall against the floor as my mother calls the police. Instead of hiding, she
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looks everywhere for any possible entry points. My sister panics but all I can do is stare out the

back window of my room. The moon shined bright through the stormy clouds, hovering over

my life.

Along with that view came an arm, breaking the window, with shattered glass impaled

over it dripping with blood that stained the walls. I follow my mothers lead out the front door

with my arm gripping on my sisters hand over the thoughts that overflow my brain. But these

thoughts are interrupted by something familiar, my dog. She barks at the unknown from the

window. My hands grip on my dogs stomach as I lift her up, but my eyes are beguiled to the

threat. Shivering limbs slowly turn my head towards the figure. Aware, he turns his eyes

towards me with a tense stare. I stare right back. It’s me.

​ picture of Marvin Navarro Aramburo and his dad during Christmas. (2002).
Figure 1. A

Analysis

Introduction
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When I was about seven years old, my father spent his last days in my life trying to

kidnap me between August and September of 2008. On that night, he failed to even talk to me

but on the second attempt, I was held against my will. Fortunately, I convinced him to let me go

and the police arrested him prior to our court session. My father was then diagnosed with

schizophrenia and later deported to Michoacan, Mexico, returning to the same poverty he once

tried to escape. While in jail, he was allowed to express his mind through arts and crafts. I kept

the pendant he made, a lizard which now hangs next to a picture of us during christmas, his

arms raising my body to be at his level. I was so happy. A smile so unfamiliar.

The next few years felt unfamiliar. With a family of four and a one-bedroom apartment,

there was never a moment in which I didn’t feel observed. Daunting eyes followed my every

move. Mumbling became a common sound to my ears. I called for apologies and admonishes

from the most dependable. The creased mind of a young child was dissected from the moment

he spoke to answer two questions … is he normal … should I be afraid? It was clear that my

family feared I would be like my father. As the spitting image of my father, it was hard moving

on. It’s hard to ignore something seen everyday. I have my father's hands. I start to cry when I

see them because they remind me of seeing him. Reminded me of the days I felt the world

revolved around me to make me forever happy in this seemingly giving life. No stress, no

anxiety, no worries about my next step.

Took me a while before I grew out of ignorance. The real world collapsed my

childhood at an early age, with constant worries about how my family will survive through the

next day. My mother would work twelve hours a day as a garment worker to support our

growth, leaving me with hardly enough time to talk to her about the fear of my sanity.
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One way or another, I am haunted. Since then, the decisions I’ve made pile up on my

back leaving me hunched over, unable to visualize anything beyond and making me feel

comfortable feeling as low as the poverty I was raised in. Whether it is through any interaction

or simply walking, the stress over the consciousness of my development slowly deteriorates my

mental health. I’ve usually felt numb to the pain, but when a window of happiness appears it’s

usually shattered by my past emotions. These are the times in which I contemplate my life.

Even now I am, as I analyze the basis in which I, an adolescent growing up in poverty, grew and

had in order to develop. In order to understand the position I am in as of this moment, there

must be an analysis of the dependent variables that nurtured me.

Could this have been prevented, would it be any different if I didn’t grow up in poverty?

I needed to understand why my story, regardless if unique, can be placed on the spectrum of my

country’s social problems. The United States is home to many enduring issues coming together

to form the perfect society in which imperfection flourishes. Aside the issue of race and sex, the

interchangeable issue of social class, poverty specifically, has yet to be dealt with since it was

referred to in ranks. The poverty in which I was birthed from need’s to be involved in the

conversation of adolescent development and outcomes which in short, is my life.

Study of Focus

The focus of this paper is to validate the idea that as an outcome of poverty, adolescents

are more likely to be prone to personality disorders due to feelings of being stressed,

unattended, and having low self-esteem. To understand the development of personality

disorders in adolescents who experience poverty, there must be a focus on the roles played by
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systematic constructs such as: scarcity, classism, and internalized oppression. Through the

works of researchers from sites such as WebMD and the Huffington Post, the paper will dissect

the means in which an adolescent becomes subject to personality disorders.

Scarcity

Paying attention to your mental development becomes nearly impossible when each day

is lived without the next secured. The constant stress resulting from living in unsuitable housing

conditions - struggling to pay bills, clothing, and food - drain cognitive capacity that could

otherwise be used for productive purposes (UNESCO, 2014, par. 2). According to the United

Nations Development Program (UNDP), poverty is all about “the denial of opportunities and

choices [that are essential] to lead a long, healthy, creative life and to enjoy a decent standard of

living, freedom, dignity, self-esteem and the respect of others” (UNESCO, 2014, par. 2). When

it comes to poverty, there is a constant struggle for people to survive, provide, and invest for

what’s to come, resulting in an overwhelming amount of pressure (Stallone, 2017, par. 4). How

much money you’re letting go of in one moment and how much is left in the end is the only

thing that matters, ceasing any possibility to save up money for the future. Not only does

poverty slow down the process of improvement but also the ability to properly develop a

healthy mindset towards the future (Stallone, 2017, par. 1).

As an adolescent, there isn’t much that can be done to sustain your family, being left to

either observe or give up your childhood to provide (Ratcliffe ​C., 2015​).​ Something as simple as

taking care of younger siblings or eating at home is a start to limiting the use of money, but

what about earning? Due to ​federal child labor laws, the minimum age to work is 14, falling
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right in the middle of the adolescence age gap (​Dupiax, 2019, par. 1). It is likely, especially in

my take in an impoverished hispanic culture, for adolescents to be insisted on finding a job,

mostly to help pay things their family wish they could worry less about. As the labor force

continues to vary between younger ages, the likeliness of being hired is higher. According to the

Bureau of Labor Statistics in ​Employment and Unemployment Among Youth Summary,​

in July 2018, there were 20.9 million employed 16- to 24-year-olds, about the same

number as the summer before. Between April and July 2018, the number of employed

youth rose by 2.0 million, in line with the change between April and July 2017.

As the numbers gradually increase by the year, it is expected for youth to experience the same

responsibilities as an adult (Johnson M.K., 2011). This would mean learning to manage money

at a young age and feeling self-reliant, absorbing the stress of making sure all money is

proportioned for bills and other expenses.

On top of these responsibilities, adolescents are expected to keep up with the demands

of school. For students, there is a constant struggle to prioritize time due to the many important

commitments they make such as school work and sports (Ratcliffe, 2015). Not only are the

responsibilities a problem, but also students habit of procrastinating (Novotney, 2010, par. 2).

Too many things to worry about can make an adolescent give into poverty. ​The weight of

having to provide can cause an adolescent to give up his or her studies in order to continue

providing.
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Figure 2. Statistics about reasons for dropouts. Gould, C. W. (2015)

Data from ​Figure 2​ depicts a list of ​the most popular reasons for student dropouts by

percentage. According to the chart, 19% of students felt the need to drop out to support their

family while a 27.6% dropped out due to lack of grades (​Gould, C. W., 2015)​. As said before,

the accumulation of liabilities placed on a student can be too stressful to continue to balance. If

a student does attempt to juggle between work and school, the damage will reflect on their

report card. This will cause the lack of grades, affecting the larger percentage of dropouts.

Trying to accomplish an overwhelming amount of responsibilities will affect an adolescents

brain with stress, begging the person to unload some baggage.

The shaping of children’s biology and behavior by experience starts early and happens

rapidly; therefore, giving a child the best conditions of life is important (Allen LR, 2015).
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With the stresses of poverty accumulating over the years, damage is sure to be reflected

on an adolescent's brain. Through further study, research indicates that the effects of poverty on

physiologic and neurobiologic development are likely central to the lifelong effects of poverty,

attached to physical and mental health. In a research article titled ​Poverty, Stress, and Brain

Development: New Directions for Prevention and Intervention b​ y ​Clancy Blair, from the NBC

(National Center for Biotechnology), the author states​,“ One study examined a cross-sectional

sample of 389 children aged 4 to 22 years and found that children in families in poverty had

reduced gray matter volumes in the frontal and temporal cortex and the hippocampus.”

Figure 3. ​Brainscape.​ Image giving facts about loss of gray matter. (2017).
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Gray matter functions as the brain parts where information is processed. To understand

this, think about it as a computer system. The gray matter of our brain acts as the computer

while white matter acts as cables that connect everything and transmit signals (Heerema, 2019).

So why does this matter? Well, ​the lower the gray matter is the harder it is to process

information, causing such things as short term memory and language impairment.​ Even worse,

new research shows that t​he lack of gray matter in the brain is linked to schizophrenia and

bipolar disorder. According to ​Lack Of Grey Matter In Brain Is Linked To Schizophrenia And

Bipolar Disorder​ by ​ScienceDaily, ​it is said that,​ “​A new study shows that adolescents

experiencing a first outbreak of psychosis have lower levels of gray matter in their brains than

healthy teenagers.​” ​With the accumulation of stressors an adolescent endures in poverty, there is

a higher likeliness of a psychotic episode ​(Tanap, 2019). Stress damages mental health, leading

sometimes to substance abuse, which all cause psychotic breakdowns (Tanap, 2019). Slowly,

the mind of an adolescent enduring poverty is deteriorating as stress runs through the mind,

increasing the probability or a mental defect.

As an adolescent, there are struggles to how mental health is dealt with because of the

culture within poverty (Miller, 2001). There is no time to think about your sanity when there are

commitments and problems taking up most of your time. It’s not a question of morality to

protect an adolescents brain, it’s about the long-lasting effects on their growth. In the end, the

only ​important thing is to preserve and support our society’s most important legacy, the

developing brain.

Internalized Oppression
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Being born, there is no sense of placement within the world around you. The only thing

you learn as you grow older is how to fit in with what was given to you. The lesson you learn

with the life given builds your nurture as well as an evident nature for following generations.

There’s not always a positive perspective of life, leaving questions about the possibilities you

could have had in better situations.

The struggle is the ability to accept. Accepting the fact that you grew up a certain way is

the beginning to a healthy lifestyle. Not many people bring up the idea of a culture within

poverty that has managed to oppress itself through decades. And so because we don't talk about,

we don't see the severity of it.

But why are we struggling? The idea that people themselves accept stereotypes and lies

normalized for them by society create what researchers call “internalized oppression” (GCORR,

2016). Internalized oppression is when individuals or groups of people are discriminated against

through unjust means and the oppressed victimize themselves. I am poor because I deserve it.

This “victim mentality” causes the person, in this case an adolescent, to believe that what they is

what they deserve (Lefkoe, 2010, par. 1).

Internalized oppression among adolescents in poverty starts with the psychology concept

known as the “fundamental attribution error”. According to Maia Szalavitz in her 2017 article,

Why do we think poor people are poor because of their own bad choices?, she states that, “This

is a natural tendency to see the behavior of others as being determined by their character – while

excusing our own behavior based on circumstances (Szalavitz, 2017, par. 4). With this

mentality in mind, it is hard to look forward to any progress or achievement that seems out of

reach. People turn to the most convenient routes, reducing work ethic. Not about the job
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themselves but the ability to study hard for them. With already having insufficient school

support, an adolescent in poverty might find no reason to put in extra work into studying if a

prominent future is not guaranteed (Lynch, 2016).

If you’re feeling like a victim from your own mentality, there is a struggle with low

self-confidence (Lefkoe, par. 5). The anxiety felt from the constant abuse of your own thoughts

make it ​hard for someone in poverty to feel the means to improve both mentally and socially.

Low self-esteem encourages the student to give up because they might not succeed, affecting

their mental health and ability to form a healthy lifestyle. As this self-hatred increases, the more

likely it is to suffer from a mental defect. ​When it comes to low self-esteem, it tends to work in

a vicious cycle with other mental health conditions like depression, anxiety, and psychosis

(Gold, 2016, par. 6)​. ​According to Anne Gold, the Director of CIRES Education & Outreach at

the University of Colorado in Boulder,

it's hard to say which comes first, only that the combination is both common and

troublesome. Someone who already lives with a mental illness may find that low self-esteem

develops due to the social stigma surrounding mental illness. Stigma can perpetuate the feeling

that they have somehow failed. (Gold, 2016, par. 6).

With that being said, no one is born with a victim mentality, just as no one is born with stress or

anxiety. It is acquired through the experiences, in this case poverty, that a person grows up with.

There is hardly any motivation to seek treatment, mostly because it’s thought to be

normal to experience this. We accept the​ ​limitations put upon us by society; we perpetuate the

dehumanizing messages being drilled into us because we have taken them to heart and made

them our truth (Lynn, 2016, par. 5). We become new slaves of the modern world, finding a
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means to survive and not improving due to the idea that “this is what I deserve”. Our faith in the

stereotypes make up part of it, driving the life of our mental health.

Classism

Although there might be a sense of comfort within poor adolescents’ self-esteem, there

be a means in which to turn to. The development of any mental health issue should be able to be

preventable or reduced at the least. However, that’s not the case. When it comes to having

accessibility, social class divides the opportunity to receive certain aid towards stress or even

schizophrenia. This creates the intent to find help harder, leaving the adolescent unattended.

Figure 4.​ Classism. Sign left on a corner during a protest. (n.d.)

This is all a matter of classism. Classism refers to the "attitudes and discriminatory

actions towards others based on their low socioeconomic status" (NCCJ, 2007). Classism is

associated with lower levels of school belonging, negative psychosocial outcomes, and greater
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intentions of leaving school (​Regina Day, 2009)​. For a student, classism balances out through

school and society as a whole, being limited to the amount of resources in both.

In a school environment, low-income adolescents are less likely to turn to guidance from

a counselor. In ​Not Enough Students Have Mentors, And We Must Change That ​by Andre Perry,

it is claimed that, “​ [The fact that students don't rely on counselors] is especially true for

low-income students and underrepresented populations who are less likely to have a connection

with someone in a managerial position.” The effects of an adolescent not having any way to

clear out their thoughts can be dangerous and lead to lifelong effects. Unattended stress has

permanent effects on our emotional well-being and responses. Without the release of emotions

such as stress, anxiety, and guilty that come from poverty, the higher is the likeliness of mental

breakdowns and personality disorders. According to “Causes of Depression” by WebMD, stress

causes hyperarousal, which impairs concentration, attention, learning and memory, all of which

can consequently cause depression and other health conditions. Student’s aren’t aware of this

because it’s not something that is brought to their attention. With other commitments and

problems in mind, the awareness of weather your mind is mentally stable is limited and often

ignored.

Not only is there a lack of attention in school grounds but also outside. Economic

inequality is increasingly linked to disparities in life expectancy across the income distribution

(D., Khullar., 2018). The accessibility of medical treatment for adolescents in poverty is hard to

receive with or without financial aid. The support around where your family lives is based on

the income needed to support it. Poor patients, regardless if they have insurance or not, often
The Development of Personality Disorders Adolescents Endure In Poverty Navarro 17

skip care because of cost. Low income families often struggle with​,“... ​the high cost of care,

finding a convenient time to go to the doctor, poor experiences with care, and a lack of trust in

the health care system” (​C. Lewis, 2017​). Cost isn’t the most impactful reason for limited

attention as it’s reported “​indeed, nearly half of all people in poor or fair health — or 46.4

percent — are either uninsured or have affordability problems despite having health insurance”

(A. Gomez, ​2018).

The most important reason is time. With the struggle to survive and keep up with

commitments, there is no time for a parent to focus on the mental well-being of their child.

Seeking outside professional attention for an adolescent is not in their best interest when it

comes to family management, usually leaving their mental health to deteriorate over the span of

their lifetime. To someone who’s priorities differ from those economically enfrancised, this is

the least of their problems.

Opinion

This research is an exact explanation of my circumstances, the basis in which I grew up

in and the development of my character. From the moment that I was born, I was limited to the

needs my family craved. As an adolescent, nothing else was on my mind but surviving.

My father came to the United States at a young age, around the same age I am now. At

18, he tried his best escaping the unforgiving poverty that Mexico endures in Michoacan, with

him often having to live in the street with a dozen other siblings. Coming into the United States,

things didn’t change for him. He worked hard for most of the years to support his brother who

was mentally challenged, not having time for his own mental health.
The Development of Personality Disorders Adolescents Endure In Poverty Navarro 18

My family, as well as I, were subject to the scarcity that poverty enforces. I am forced

find a means in which to survive and provide, that’s why I have a job now to support my family.

I do not have time to invest for my future, which is why I chose to go to CSULA instead of UC

Davis. I am internally oppressed by the belief that this is what I deserve and this is why I don’t

have the ethic to improve. I am subject to classism, limiting my options even if I try to seek

help. I am a slave to poverty, with the inability to heal.

The mixture of all these ideas are the causes of the stress, anxiety, and loneliness I feel

on a day-to-day basis. This causes the long-term feeling of sadness, and can probably explain

why my father developed schizophrenia. I am a product of my nurture and the only thing I can

do now is

Conclusion

In conclusion, it is inevitable for an adolescent to endure personality disorders. Stress,

anxiety, and the feeling of being unattended all are factors when it comes to developing

Adolescents need to survive one way or another, so they either contribute or give up. If

they choose to give up, they will drown in their feeling of helplessness. If they try to help, they

will most likely find a job, risking grades and mental health due to the amount of

responsibilities.

An adolescent subject to poverty will question if they deserve the state they’re in.

Victim mentality will take over the adolescents intent to try and look for a better opportunities.

This creates a new form of slavery in which poverty seems right and the effects of it feel right.
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Classism makes the ability to receive treatment difficult. The limits that school provides

as well as the fear of consulting, leaving all the accumulated stress and emotions untreated. This

results in the inevitable likeliness for an adolescent experiencing poverty to suffer from a

personality disorder.
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