Investigatory project

The validity of Bernoulli's Theorem as applied to the

flow of water in a tapering circular duct.

SUBMITTED BY;

k.kajaa lakshmie

Roll no.11ao7

CLASS – XI

Physics

KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA DHARMAPURi

 Certificate of originality

This is to certify that k.kajaa lakshmie

Of class-xi has done the project to
investigate the validity of Bernoulli's
Theorem as applied to the flow of water in
a tapering circular duct in physics for the
partial fulfillment of aissce 2018-19.

Internal examiner external examiner

Principal
 Acknowledgement
I would like to express my special thanks
of gratitude to my physics teacher
MS.s.SUNITA as well as our principal shri.
k.raghavendra rao who gave me the golden
opportunity to do this wonderful project on
this topic, which also helped me in doing a
lot of research and I came to know about
so many new things. I am really thankful to
them. I would also like to thank my parents
and friends who helped me a lot in finishing
this project within the limited time.
 CONTENT
 Aim of the experiment
 Introduction
 Principle
 Requirements
 Procedure
 Observations
 Calculations
 Results
 Precautions
 Conclusion
 Bibliography
 Aim of the experiment

To investigate the validity of Bernoulli's

Theorem as applied to the flow of water
in a tapering circular duct.
 INTRODUCTION
Bernoulli’s theorem, in fluid dynamics, relation among the
pressure, velocity, and elevation in a moving fluid (liquid or
gas), the compressibility and viscosity (internal friction) of which
are negligible and the flow of which is steady, or laminar.
First derived (1738) by the Swiss mathematician Daniel Bernoulli,
the theorem states, in effect, that the total mechanical energy of
the flowing fluid, comprising the energy associated with fluid
pressure, the gravitational potential energy of elevation, and the
kinetic energy of fluid motion, remains constant.
Bernoulli’s theorem is the principle of energy conservation for
ideal fluids in steady, or streamline, flow and is the basis for
many engineering applications.
Bernoulli’s theorem implies, therefore, that if the fluid flows
horizontally so that no change in gravitational potential energy
occurs, then a decrease in fluid pressure is associated with an
increase in fluid velocity.
If the fluid is flowing through a horizontal pipe of varying
Cross-sectional area, for example, the fluid speeds up in
constricted areas so that the pressure the fluid exerts is least
where the cross section is smallest.
This phenomenon is
Sometimes it is called the Venturi effect, after the Italian
scientist G.B. Venturi (1746–1822), who first noted the effects of
constricted channels on fluid flow.
PRINCIPLE
Bernoulli’s theorem states that in fluid flow, an
increase in velocity occurs simultaneously with
decrease in pressure. This principle is
simplification of Bernoulli’s equation which
states that the sum of all forms of energy in a
fluid flowing along an enclose path (a
streamline) is the same at any two points in
that path. it is names after the Daniel Bernoulli
a mathematician and scientist
REQUIREMENTS
 Bernoulli’s test rig
 Pump
 Stop watch
 Beaker
 Measuring cylinder
PROCEDURE
 All necessary measuring devices are well connected with
equipment
 The fluid pump is switched on and the tank level is maintained
constant
 Check if the drain valve is open keep it wide open and check the
outlet pipe goes to the drain
 Check that all the tubing are properly connected to the
corresponding pressure taps and are free from air bubble if
needed flush the air bubbles by slowly closing the exit valve and
draining the water(and the air bubbles) through the manometer
tubing
 Measure the time to collect desired volume in a measuring
cylinder to obtain volumetric flow rate
 Note the height of liquid level from the base of the apparatus
(base datum) in different tubing for different pressure heads
 The total head (pressure kinetic and potential) of diverging cone
and covering cone were compared to verify the Bernoulli‘s
theorem

 OBSERVATIONS
TIME PIEZOMETRIC PIEZOMETRIC PIEZOMETRIC VELOCITY VELOCITY TOTAL
S.no (sec) HEAD HEAD HEAD HEAD ENERGY
(CM) (CM) (CM)
( v)
(cm) HEAD
INLET THROAT OUTLET (cm)
SECTION SECTION SECTION

90.4 19.8 17.5 19.3 26.2 0.35 20.1

1
92.90 19.9 17.3 19.2 25.5 0.33 20.1
2
3 101.26 19.4 17.4 18.8 23.2 0.27 20.1

PIEZOMETRIC HEAD IS THE SUM OF DATUM HEAD AND PRESSURE HEAD

CALCULATIONS

Bernoulli Theorem Equations:

Fluid Mechanics Hydraulic Design Formula

Solving For Head Loss

RESULTS

FINALLY,

ON ANALYSING THE BERNOULLI’S THEOREM STATEMENT

“THE SUM OF PRESSURE ENERGY, KINETIC ENERGY , POTENTIAL

ENERGY PER UNIT VOLUME OF AN IN COMPRESSIBLE NON VISCOUS
FLUID IN A STREAMLINED IRROTATIONAL FLOW REMAINS CONSTANT
AT EVERY CROSS SECTION THROUGHOUT THE LIQUID FLOW “

INCOMPARISION TO APPLICATION ON TAPERING CIRCULAR DUCT IN

THIS EXPERIMENT

THE TOTAL ENERGY IS CONTANT THAT IS 20.1 J

THEREFORE;

BERNOULLI’S THEOREM IS VALIDATED IN A TAPERING CIRCULAR DUCT

BY LAW OF CONSERVATION OF ENERGY
PRECAUTIONS
• All measuring devices should be well connected with the
equipment
• All the tubing are properly connected to the corresponding
pressure taps and are free from air-bubble
• The height of liquid level from the base of the apparatus
(base datum) in different tubing for different pressure heads
should be noted properly
CONCLUSION
After the experiment, we can now say that at the
respective position where area is less; there velocity is
more; pressure is less which verifies Bernoulli’s theorem
BIBLIOGRAPHY
 WIKIPEDIA.ORG
 https://www.britannica.com/science/Bernoullis-
theorem
 FLUID MECHANICS
 SCIENCE FOR ALL
 PHYSICS HANDBOOK
 SOFTWARE FOR EDUATION
 ENGINEERING HAND BOOK