CRITHNK

What does it mean to think critically?

Quiz #1
PPT: - Etymology: ​κριτικός
- What is to philosophize? - (/kri.tiˈkos/)
- Critical and Creative Thinking - “discernment,” “the ability to judge” or
“decision making”

- What is to philosophize? Critical Thinking

- To speculate - A collection of skills we use every day that are
- To theorize necessary for our full intellectual or personal
- To make sense of a statement development.
- “Critical thinking is reasonable, reflective
- What is the reason why philosophy can’t help thinking that is focused on deciding what is to
but exist? believe or do.” - Robert Ennis (Critical
- The lifeblood of philosophy -- Questions Thinking, 1987)
(?) - “Critical thinking involves thinking precisely
and systematically, and following rules of logic
- Ask questions and scientific reasoning.” - Joe Lau (An
- The first sign is ignorance Introduction to Critical Thinking and Creativity,
- The essential nature of man 2011)
- To ​wonder - “Active, persistent, and careful consideration of
- But precisely because man doesn’t a belief or supposed form of knowledge in the
know, means that he is possible of light of the grounds which support it and the
learning. further conclusion to which it tends.” - John
- The initial state of being ​rational Dewey (How We Think, 1909)
- The realization of one’s ignorance
assumes the natural ability of man to What does it mean to think creatively?
know - “Creativity is the faculty of the mind and spirit
that enables us to bring into existence, ostensibly
- Philosophy out of nothing, something of use, order, beauty
- Ability to have a reflection regarding an or significance.” - John Adair (The Art of
idea, event or phenomenon afterward Creative Thinking, 2007)
process that consciousness to an idea in - “It is a matter of coming up with new and useful
a matter of discourse. ideas, generating alternative possibilities.” - Joe
Lau (An Introduction to Critical Thinking and
- Ancient Greeks Creativity, 2011)
- Where am I? - “With creativity, we start with what already
- Fundamental elements exists.” - John Adair (The Art of Creative
- Cosmos Thinking, 2007)
- Ancient Indians
- Who am I?
- Soul/psyche/mind - Both are equally important and complement
- Ancient Chinese each other.
- Relation - We need critical thinking to solve problems and
- Harmony evaluate solutions, but we also need creative
thinking to improve and generate new ideas.
--- - Which is more important?
CRITHNK
Judgment Propositions
Quiz #2
PPT​: Proposition
- Simple Apprehension - A proposition is a statement that can be either
- Judgement Propositions true or false.
- Analyzing Arguments - It is a statement which either denies or affirms
something.
Logic
- Science and art of valid inferential reasoning. Characteristics of Propositions
1. All propositions are statements, but not all
Presuppositions of Logic statements are propositions.
- Intellect and the essence of a thing 2. A proposition expresses either truth or falsity

Categorical Propositions
- Nature of Categorical Propositions
3 Mental Acts Mental External
Product Product - A categorical proposition is a kind of
proposition that expresses an
Simple Concept / Term unconditional judgment.
Apprehension Phantasm - Unconditional -- is or is not
structure
Judgement Enunciation Proposition
- Ex.
Reasoning Argument Syllogism - It rained therefore, the
ground will be slippery.
- If it rain, therefore the
Three Operations of the intellect
ground will be slippery.
1. Simple Apprehension
- It is a proposition in which the subject
- The mind grasps without affirming or
term is either affirmed or denied by the
denying anything about it.
predicate.
2. Formations of a Concept

Structure of Propositions
- S​ Subject
- C​ Copula
- P​ Predicate

Elements of Categorical Propositions

- Subject and Predicate are called ​matters ​of the
proposition.
- Matter​ ​ ​(thought-content) -- because the two are
the ​external​ manifestation that composed a
proposition.
3. Judgment
- The mind joins two understood terms - Copula​ or bonding Verb (“​is​”, “​are​”, “​is not”
obtained in simple apprehension by and “​are not​”) is called the ​form​ of the
affirmation or negation. proposition.
--- - It works as the unifying principle that maintains
the structure or determines the nature of the
proposition (either ​affirmative​ or ​negative​).
(​S​) ​Subject Term
- The subject is the term in the proposition which
is either affirmed or denied.
- Quantifiers
- Determines the extension of the subject
- term.
- REVIEW: ​Universal​, ​Particular​, Singular*
- Propositions: U or P only

Examples:
1. All​ men are not treated equally.
- ALL → Universal
2. Some, Few, Many, Several → Particular (a
portion of a group)
3. DLS-CSB​ is a private institution.
- DLS-CSB →​ ​S, U
4. This eraser​ is not brand new.
- This​ eraser → U
---
What is an issue?
- An ill-defined complex problems involving a
(​C​) ​Copula
controversy or uncertainty.
- The copula is the qualifier of the proposition
because it is either AFFIRMATIVE (+)or
Example
NEGATIVE (–).
- Muslim writers of many intellectual persuasions
- Is/ Are (+)
have long argued that Westerners hold an
- Is not/ Are not (–)
inaccurate, even deliberatively distorted,
conception of jihad.
Examples:
- In fact, however, the idea of jihad has been the
1. All men are ​not​ …
subject of an intense and multifaceted debate
- NOT → C -
among Muslims themselves.
2. This boy is abusive.
- What is the issue?
- C+
- What is the best and most accurate
3. No man is an island.
interpretation of the Islamic concept of
- No → C-
jihad?
4. An​ un​examined life is ​not​ worth living
- Un & not = C+
2 types:
1. Deductive Argument -- ​necessarily follows the
(​P​) ​Predicate Term
premises.
- The predicate term is a property of the subject
2. Inductive Argument -- ​the premises supports
being affirmed or denied.
(strengthen/ weaken) the conclusion.

Rules Governing the Quantity of the Predicate

What is an argument?
1. All affirmative (+) = particular (P)terms.
- It is made up of two or more propositions, one of
2. All negative (–) = universal (U) terms.
which, the conclusion, is supported by the
premises.
Symbols of Categorical Syllogism
A-E-I-O
How to breakdown an argument?
- Bracket the propositions (also premises)
- Ex.:
- Muslim writers of many intellectual
persuasions have long ​argued that
{Westerners hold an inaccurate,}​ even
{deliberatively distorted, conception of
jihad.}
- In fact, however, the idea of jihad has
been the subject of an intense and
multifaceted debate among Muslims
themselves.
- Identify the conclusion
- Muslim writers of many intellectual
persuasions have long argued that
{Westerners hold an inaccurate,} even
{deliberatively distorted, conception of
jihad.}
- In fact, however,​ the idea of jihad has
been the subject of an intense and
multifaceted debate among Muslims
themselves.