MANTHAN-15 ISSN: 2321-8134

IJFEAT
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR ENGINEERING APPLICATIONS AND

TECHNOLOGY

Comparative Analysis of Cold Form Steel and Hot Rolled steel Structure for
Static Shed Type Steel Structure

Mr. Ashish Timande1, Prof. P. N. Awachat2,

1
M. Tech. (CAD CAM), Name of the Department, G. H.Raisoni Academy of Engineering & Technology, Maharashtra,
India, ashish-timande@hotmail.com
2
Professor, Name of the Department, G. H.Raisoni Academy of Engineering & Technology, Maharashtra, India,
pnawachat@gmail.com

Abstract
The use of cold-formed steel members in building construction began in the 1850’s in both the United States and Great Britain. In the
1920’s and 1930’s, acceptance of cold formed steel as a construction material was still limited because there was no adequate design
standard and limited information on the use of metre-al in building codes.

One of the first documented uses of cold formed steel as building material is the Virginia Baptist Hospital, constructed around 1925 in
Lynchburg, Virginia.

Cold-formed steel (CFS) members have been used in buildings, bridges, storage racks, grain bins, car bodies, railway coaches,
highway products, transmission towers, transmission poles, drainage facilities, various types of equipment and others. These types of
sections are cold-formed from steel sheet, strip, plate, or flat bar in roll forming machines or by press brake (machine press) or
bending operations. The material thicknesses for such thin-walled steel members usually range from 0.0147 in. (0.373 mm) to about ¼
in. (6.35 mm).

The thin steel sections are cold-formed, i.e. their manufacturing process involves forming steel sections in a cold state (i.e. without
application of heat) from steel sheets of uniform thickness. These are given the generic title Cold Formed Steel Sections. Sometimes
they are also called Light Gauge Steel Sections or Cold Rolled Steel Sections.

Index Terms: IS Code.

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1. INTRODUCTION: always be dictated by the particular operational activities

involved, but the structural designer’s input on optimum spans
The design of industrial building is governed mainly by and the selection of suitable cross sections profile can have an
functional requirements and the need for economy of important bearing on achieving overall economy. An aspect
construction. In cross sections these buildings will range from where the structural designer can make a more direct
single or multi bay structures of larger span when intended for contribution is in lengthwise dimensions i.e. the bay lengths of
use as warehouses or aircraft hangers to smaller span buildings the building. Here a balance must be struck between larger
as required for factories, assembly plants, maintenance bays involving fewer, heavier main components such as
facilities, packing plants etc. The main dimensions will nearly columns, trusses, purlins, crane beams, etc. and smaller bays
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 MANTHAN-15 ISSN: 2321-8134

with a large number of these items at lower unit mass. An
important consideration in this regard is the cost of
foundations, since a reduction in number of columns will
always result in lower foundation costs.
2. CLASSIFICATION:
I. Hot Rolled Steel Structure.
II. Cold Form Steel Structure.
 Pre-galvanised or pre-coated metals can be formed,
so that high resistance to corrosion, besides an
attractive surface finish, can be achieved.
 All conventional jointing methods, (i.e. riveting,
bolting, welding and adhesives) can be employed.
 High strength to weight ratio is achieved in cold-
rolled products.
 They are usually light making it easy to transport and
erect.

Origin of Cold Form Steel Concept:

Cold Form Steel buildings are a predetermined

assembly of structural members that has proven over time to
Disadvantage of Cold Form Steel:
meet a wide range of structural and aesthetic requirements.
Cold Form Steel building concept originated during World  Only light sections are available.
War II in 1960’s in the United States and made available in  Only selected sections are available in market, any
India in late 90’s. change in section from design point of view need to
order as a special requirement.
During World War II, best known Prefabricated
 Unable to use these sections where heavy loads are
building i.e. Which became a household word was mass
running i.e. for Crane, Hoist etc. as there are some
produced by hundreds of thousands to meet a need for
limitations in manufacturing of cold form steel
inexpensive and standardized shelter. Requiring no special
sections.
skills, these structures are assembled with only hand tools and
with no greater effort could be readily dismantled and moved
and reerected somewhere else. The scientific term Cold Form
Steel buildings came into being in the 1960’s. The buildings 3. PROPOSED USE OF COLD FORM STEEL
were “Cold Form Steel” because like their ancestors, they INSTEAD OF HOT ROLLED STEEL:
relief upon standard engineering designs for a limited number
COMPARISON OF HOT ROLLED AND COLD
of off the shelf configurations. As long as the purchaser
ROLLED SECTIONS
standard designs the buildings could be properly called Cold
Form Steel.

Advantages of Cold Form Steel:

Cold forming has the effect of increasing the yield strength of

steel, the increase being the consequence of cold working well
into the strain-hardening range. These increases are
predominant in zones where the metal is bent by folding. The
effect of cold working is thus to enhance the mean yield stress
by 15% - 30%. For purposes of design, the yield stress may be
regarded as having been enhanced by a minimum of 15%.

Some of the main advantages of cold rolled sections, as

compared with their hot-rolled counterparts are as
follows: In above table hot rolled and cold formed channel section
properties having the same area of cross section it is obvious
 Cross sectional shapes are formed to close tolerances that thinner the section walls, the larger will be the
and these can be consistently repeated for as long as corresponding moment of inertia values (Ixx and Iyy) and
required. hence capable of resisting greater bending moments. The
 Cold rolling can be employed to produce almost any consequent reduction in the weight of steel in general
desired shape to any desired length. applications produces economies both in steel costs as well as
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 MANTHAN-15
in the costs of handling transportation and erection. This,
indeed, is one of the main reasons to use these cold rolled steel
sections. Also cold form steel is protected against corrosion by
proper galvanising or powder coating in the factory itself.
TYPICAL COLD FORM STEEL PROFILES
4. OBJECTIVES:
 Provides overview of Cold formed steel Application
in the Construction of Building.
 To study Provisions of IS 801 1975.
 To study of cold formed & hot rolled steel section.
 Comparison of Hot Rolled Steel and Cold Formed
Steel Section.
 Identifying best material for construction by Weight,
Strength, Life and costing point of view.
 Prove the results of best suited selected material and
section by designing small structural plant by means
of hand calculation and software tool for verification.
5. SCOPE OF PROBLEM:
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ISSN: 2321-8134
As we have seen many advantages of Cold Form
Steel over Hot Rolled Steel in the preceding section. Though
there is some limitation of thickness of Cold Form Steel
Structure (Max. 12.5 mm as per IS 801-The Indian Standard
Code for Cold Form Light Gauge Steel Structure), we have
seen much more advantages of Cold Form Steel Structure over
Hot Rolled Steel.
As of now we know very well the use of Hot Rolled
Steel in industries. Now we intend to use Cold Form Steel in
modern structural buildings instead of Hot Rolled Steel
Structure. The main focus of our project is Compare several
parameters of CFS and Hot rolled steel and replace Hot Rolled
Steel members with Cold Rolled Steel where it is applicable.
For this we can consider a small unit or shed type steel
structure where Columns, Beams, Frames etc are used. The
typical dimension we can consider for our structure can be 30
meter length X up to 10 meter span X App. 10 meter height.
Here we check the effect of same loading conditions
and environmental factors which are applicable to both Hot
Rolled Steel and Cold Rolled Steel model. On the basis of
results we can conclude and suggest the best possible use of
Cold Form Steel over the Hot Rolled Steel Structure.
6. CODE PROVISION:
6.1 General: The following codes have been used for the
design of members Basic codes:
IS: 800-1984: Code of practice for general construction in
steel.
IS: 801-1975: Code of practice for use of Cold-formed
light gauge steel structural.
Other codes:
IS: 875(Part2)-1987: Imposed loads
IS: 875(Part3)-1987: Wind loads
BS: 5950(part5)-1998: Code of practice for design of Cold-
formed thin gauge sections.
“Metal building systems Manual-1996” Metal buildings
manufacturers association.
IS: 875(Part2)-1987: Imposed loads
 MANTHAN-15 ISSN: 2321-8134

Clause (5.3.1) Design Wind Speed (Vz) = Vb*

k1*k2*k3
Where,
Vz = design wind speed at any height
k1 = probability factor (risk coefficient)
k3 = terrain, height and structural height
factor
Note: design wind speed up to 10m height from
mean ground level shall be consider constant

A and B are coefficients having the following values

for different basic wind speed zones:

The following table shall be used for External

coefficient for wall

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 MANTHAN-15 ISSN: 2321-8134

The following table is used for External coefficient

for Pitched Roof The following table is used for External coefficient
for Monoslope Roof for rectangular clad building

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 MANTHAN-15 ISSN: 2321-8134

BS: 5950(part5)-1998: Code of practice for overall depth dmin of such lip may be determined as
design of Cold-formed thin gauge sections. follows:

The properties of Z section are as follows

IMin = 2.8 t6 but not
Design rules (9.3.2)
less than 4.8 t
100t ≥ overall depth ≥ L/45
A simple lip shall not be used as an edge stiffener
Total width over both flanges ≥ L/60
for any element having a flat-width ratio greater
Overall width of compression flange/thickness than 60.
B/t ≤ 35 7. PROPOSED TYPICAL STRUCTURE AND ITS
NOMENCLATURE
Width of lip ≥ B/5
(THIS DRAWING IS PREPARED ON AUTOCAD)

IS: 801-1975: Code of practice for use of

Cold-formed light gauge steel structural
member’s in general building construction:

6.2 Stiffeners of Compression Flange

Edge Stiffeners- In Order that a flat compression

element may be considered a stiffenered
compression element, it shall be stiffened along
each longitudinal edge parallel to the direction of
stress by a web, lip, or other stiffening means,
having the following minimum moment of inertia:

IMin = 1.83 t4 but not

less than 9.2 t4

Where,
IMin = minimum allowable moment of inertia of
stiffener (of any shape) about its own
centroidal axis parallel to the stiffened element
in cm4, and
w/t = fhat-width ratio of stiffened element.
Where the stiffener consists of a simple lip bent at
right angle to the stiffened element, the required
8. CONCLUSION:

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 MANTHAN-15 ISSN: 2321-8134

In Industrial building the material & cost of the 7. NEW DESIGN TOOLS FOR STRUCTURAL
building is minimized in case of cold formed steel while in HOLLOW SECTIONS OF STAINLESS STEEL by
case of conventional building it was be higher both in two P. Yrjölä1, J. Säynäjäkangas2
cases. The saving in material and cost is about 25% to 30 %. 8. Building applications of cold-formed steel shapes by
Dr K F Chung
REFERENCES: Department of Civil and Structural Engineering,

1. Proceedings of the 6th Asia-Pacific Structural
Engineering and Construction Conference (APSEC
2006), 5 – 6 September 2006, Kuala Lumpur,
Malaysia TYPICAL TESTS ON COLD-FORMED
STEEL STRUCTURES By Mahmood Md Tahir, Tan
Cher Siang, Shek Poi Ngian
2. Zamil Design Manual.
3. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF APPLIED
ENGINEERING RESEARCH Volume 1, No1, 2010
Investigation on Cold formed C section Long Column
with Intermediate Stiffener & Corner Lips – Under
Axial Compression By M. Meiyalagan 1 M.Anbarasu
2 and Dr.S.Sukumar.
4. COLD-FORMED STEEL STRUCTURES:
ADVANCES IN RESEARCH AND DESIGN
By R. Landolfo1, F. M. Mazzolani2 and L. Fiorino3
The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong
SAR, China
9. Ultimate Capacity of Innovative Cold-formed Steel
Columns by Narayanan, S. and Mahendran, Mahen
(2003) Ultimate Capacity of Innovative Cold formed
Steel Columns. Journal of Constructional Steel
Research 59(4):pp. 489-508.
10. Investigation on Cold formed C section Long
Column with Intermediate Stiffener & Corner Lips –
Under Axial Compression by M. Meiyalagan 1
M.Anbarasu 2 and Dr.S.Sukumar 3
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF APPLIED
ENGINEERING RESEARCH Volume 1, No1, 2010

5. Full Length Research Paper on Linear buckling

optimization and post-buckling behavior of optimized
cold formed steel members by F. Kolcu*, T.
Ekmekyapar and M. Özakça Department of Civil
Engineering, University of Gaziantep, Gaziantep,
Turkey.Accepted 23
June, 2010

6. TESTS OF COLD-FORMED STAINLESS STEEL

TUBULAR COLUMNS by Ben Young Department
of Civil Engineering, Hong Kong University of
Science and Technology, Hong Kong

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