EMS Lab Manual Ver 1.0 (Fall 2016)

Lab Manual
Electrical Machines
Department of Electrical Engineering
BAHRIA UNIVERSITY ISALMABAD

LIST OF EXPERIMENTS
Exp No. Title Page No.
1 Introduction to Machine lab and trainer and safety rules 1
2 To become familiar with real and apparent power in an AC circuit 14
Three phase power measurement using two-wattmeter and three-wattmeter

3 19
method
4 Voltage regulation of a single phase transformer 25
5 To connect the transformer in delta-delta and wye-wye connections 29
6 To study the torque speed characteristics of DC shunt motor and DC series motor 32
7 To study the torque speed characteristics of DC compound motor 37
8 To learn how to connect a three phase synchronous motor 41
9 DC compound generator 45
10 Wound rotor induction motor 48
11 Squirrel cage induction motor 51
12 The universal motor 58
13 DC shunt generator 61
14 Generator synchronization 63
EXPERIMENT 01
Introduction to Machine lab trainer and Safety Rules
Objective:
An introduction to Labvolt trainer and EMS-LVDAC software. To become familiar with safety
rules
Equipment / Tool:
 LabVolt Trainer with modules

 Connection Leads
Background:
Experiments related to electric machines (motors/generators) and transformers are the

basics of electric power engineering. These lab experiments provide gradual understanding of
electric devices in a fairly comprehensive manner. Some of the important experiments include
speed vs torque characteristics of motors, open circuit and short circuit characteristics of
generators, 1-φ/3-φ transformer connections and voltage regulation of transformer.
Motors:
An electric motor uses electrical energy to produce mechanical energy. The reverse
process that of using mechanical energy to produce electrical energy, is accomplished by a
generator or dynamo. Traction motors used on locomotives and some electric and hybrid
automobiles often performs both tasks if the vehicle is equipped with dynamic brakes. Electric
motors are found in household appliances such as fans, refrigerators, washing machines, pool
pumps, floor vacuums, clothes dryers, hair dryers, forced air home furnaces, computers requiring
cooling, many DVR recorders, attic fans, range hoods, bathroom fans, boot dryers, pellet stoves,
many electric heaters, heat guns, and fan-forced ovens. They are also found in many other
devices such as computer equipment, in its disk drives, printers, and fans; and in some sound and
video playing and recording equipment as DVD/CD players and recorders, tape players and
recorders, and record players. Electric motors are also found in several kinds of toys such as
some kinds of vehicles, fans, cool water mist fans, blow torches, pencil sharpeners, fan-forced
ovens, and robotic toys. We will study two main types of Motors.
 AC Motors
 DC Motors
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AC Motors:
An AC motor is an electric motor that is driven by an alternating current. It consists of two

basic parts, an outside stationary stator having coils supplied with AC current to produce a
rotating magnetic field, and an inside rotor attached to the output shaft that is given a torque by
the rotating field. There are two types of AC motors, depending on the type of rotor used. The
first is the synchronous motor, which rotates exactly at the supply frequency or a submultiple of
the supply frequency. The magnetic field on the rotor is either generated by current delivered
through slip rings or by a permanent magnet. The second type is the induction motor, which
turns slightly slower than the supply frequency. The magnetic field on the rotor of this motor is
created by an induced current.
A typical AC motor consists of two parts:
 An outside stationary stator having coils supplied with AC current to produce a rotating
magnetic field, and;
 An inside rotor attached to the output shaft that is given a torque by the rotating field.
DC Motors:
A DC motor works by converting electric power into mechanical work. This is

accomplished by forcing current through a coil and producing a magnetic field that spins the
motor. DC Motor has following two main types.
 Separately Excited Motors
 Self-Excited Motors
In Separately Excited Motors field and armature are excited by separate power supplies, while in
self excited motors both armature and field windings are excited by single power supply. We will
do experiments related to Self-Excited Motors which has following three further types.
 DC Series Motor
 DC Shunt Motor
 DC Compound Motor
In Series Motor both field and armature windings are in series. In Shunt Motors armature and
field winding are in parallel. The DC compound motor is a combination of the series motor and
the shunt motor. It has a series field winding that is connected in series with the armature and a
shunt field that is in parallel with the armature.
Tachometer:
A tachometer (also called a revolution-counter, rev-counter, or RPM gauge) is an instrument

that measures the rotation speed of a shaft or disk, as in a motor or other machine. A tachometer
consists of electromechanical generator, which is a device capable of producing electrical power
from mechanical energy, usually the turning of a shaft. When not connected to a load resistance,
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generators will generate voltage roughly proportional to shaft speed. With precise construction
and design, generators can be built to produce very precise voltages for certain ranges of shaft
speeds, thus making them well-suited as measurement devices for shaft speed in mechanical
equipment. Tachometers are frequently used to measure the speeds of electric motors, engines,
and the equipment they power: conveyor belts, machine tools, mixers, fans, etc.
Electrodynamometer:
The electrodynamometer is a device used to accurately measure the torque developed

by motors of all kinds. It is actually an electrical brake in which the braking force can be varied
electrically rather than by mechanical friction. The electrodynamometer is a more stable, easier
to adjust, device than the mechanical friction brakes. The electrodynamometer consists of a stator
and a squirrel-cage rotor. The stator, unlike other electromechanical devices, is free to turn, but
its motion is restricted by a helical spring.
Wattmeter:
The wattmeter is an instrument to measure real power in a circuit. The wattmeter

contains a current coil and a voltage or potential coil, one of which is movable and is attached to
an indicator. The interaction of the magnetic fields resulting from current flow through the two
coils is additive and causes the indicator to move up the gale. When voltage and current are in
phase, the deflecting force is always in the same direction. When a phase differential exists,
current through one coil will reverse before current reverses in the other, resulting in a reverse
torque while the two currents are flowing in opposite directions. The inertia of the indicating
element prevents it from following the torque reversals, however, and the resulting indication is
the resultant of the two torques. If the torques are equal, and opposite, as when the phase angle is
90°, the wattmeter will indicate zero power.
Transformer:
A transformer is a device that transfers electrical energy from one circuit to another
through inductively coupled electrical conductors. A changing current in the first circuit (the
primary) creates a changing magnetic field. This changing magnetic field induces a changing
voltage in the second circuit (the secondary). This effect is called mutual induction. If a load is
connected to the secondary circuit, electric charge will flow in the secondary winding of the
transformer and transfer energy from the primary circuit to the load. In an ideal transformer, the
induced voltage in the secondary winding (VS) is a fraction of the primary voltage (VP) and is
given by the ratio of the number of secondary turns to the number of primary turns:
Vs/Vp = Ns/Np
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Data Acquisition Block:
The Data Acquisition and Control Interface (DACI) is a versatile USB peripheral enclosed in a
half-size EMS module. The DACI is intended to be used with the LVDAC-EMS software.
Together, the DACI and LVDAC-EMS provide a complete set of modern computer-based
instruments to measure, observe, analyze, and control electrical and mechanical parameters. The
provided instruments include voltmeters, ammeters, power meters, frequency meters, efficiency
meters, impedance meters, power factor meters, energy meters, torque and speed meters, an
oscilloscope, a phasor analyzer, a harmonic analyzer, and a spectrum analyzer. The DACI and
LVDACEMS also allow manual and timed data recording. The recorded data can be saved to
files in any specified location, graphically represented with the provided graph plotting tool, and
exported into a spreadsheet application.
The DACI and LVDAC-EMS can also be used with the Four-Quadrant Dynamometer/Power
Supply, Model 8960, to implement a variety of control functions for advanced training in various
fields of electricity and new energy, including electric power technology, ac/dc rotating
machines, renewable energy, transmission lines, and power electronics.
The Data Acquisition and Control Interface (DACI) performs two main functions: data
acquisition feeding raw signal data to the computer-based instruments, and data acquisition for
implementing a control function. Each DACI can perform these two functions at the same time.
However, when a complex control function is implemented, the DACI stops data acquisition for
the computer-based instruments and performs only data acquisition for the control function.
The DACI has four isolated, high-level voltage inputs and four isolated, high-level current
inputs. All these inputs are fitted with 4 mm banana safety jacks to make connections to electric
power circuits quick, safe, and easy. The DACI also has eight low-level, analog inputs which
allow measurement of other circuit parameters. Two of these inputs can be used to measure
torque and speed using a dynamometer
Finally, the DACI is provided with three digital inputs which can be monitored through the
LVDAC-EMS software. Two of these digital inputs are used as an incremental encoder input (A-
B) for speed measurement and the third input is used for synchronization. The eight low-level
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analog inputs and the three digital inputs are all fitted with miniature (2 mm) safety banana jacks
to avoid accidental connection to high-level outputs.
The DACI has a parallel digital output which can be used to control power electronics modules
like the IGBT Chopper/Inverter, Model 8837, and the Power Thyristors, Model 8841. This output
can also be used to control other types of modules. The parallel digital output provides TTL-level
signals on a 9-pin, D-type connector. The DACI includes two additional digital outputs that also
provide TTL-level signals. The DACI also includes two software-programmable analog outputs
which can be used to control a dynamometer or a power electronics module. The two additional
digital outputs and the two analog outputs are all fitted with miniature (2 mm) safety banana
jacks. All inputs and outputs of the DACI are protected against improper connections and
overvoltage/ overcurrent conditions. DACI is shown in Figure 1.1.
Figure 1.1: Data Acquisition Block
Safety and Precautions:
Safety is a vital factor in every activity. It cannot be scheduled for an hour or two of
discussion and then abandoned in favor of another subject. Whether or not an accident occurs is
usually dependent upon the degree to which basic, common sense safety rules are followed and
the extent to which application of these rules overcomes the accident potential. The modules
used in this course are designed and constructed for maximum safety commensurate with
effective instruction. However, the students will be working near potentially dangerous voltages
and. if accidents are to be avoided some safety rules on must be implemented and enforced
constantly.
5
Electric Shocks and rules to avoid them:
Currents above 100 milli-amperes or only one tenth of an ampere are fatal. A workman
who has contacted currents above 200 milli-amperes may live to see another day if given rapid
treatment. Currents above 100 milli-amperes can be serious and painful. Therefore, one should
not place oneself in a position to get any kind of a shock.
Nine rules for safe practice and to avoid electric shocks are.
 Knowledge of Equipment:
Be sure of the conditions of the equipment and the dangers present BEFORE working on
a piece of equipment. Many sportsmen are killed by supposedly unloaded guns; many
technicians are killed by supposedly “dead” circuits.
 Never Rely on Safety Devices:
NEVER rely on safety devices such as fuses, relays and interlock systems to protect you.
They may not be working and may fail to protect when most needed.
 Never Remove the Ground:
NEVER remove the grounding prong of a three wire input plug. This eliminates the
grounding feature of the equipment making it a potential shock hazard.
 Do not work on cluttered bench:
A disorganized mess of connecting leads, components and tools only leads to careless
thinking, short circuits, shocks and accidents. Develop habits of systemized and
organized procedures of work.
 Do not work on wet Floors:
Your contact resistance to ground is substantially reduced. Work on a rubber mat or an

insulated floor.
 Do not work alone:
It’s just good sense to have someone around to shut off the power, to give artificial
respiration and to call a doctor.
 Work with one hand behind you or in your pocket:
A current between two members crosses your heart and can be lethal. A wise technician
always works with one hand. Watch your TV serviceman.
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 Never talk to anyone while working:
Don’t let yourself be distracted. Also, don’t talk to anyone, if he is working on dangerous
equipment. Don’t be the cause of an accident.
 Always move slowly:
When working around electrical circuits. Violent and rapid movements lead to accidental
shocks and short circuits.
 Burns and rules to avoid them:
Accidents caused by burns, although usually not fatal, can be painfully serious. The
dissipation of electrical energy produces heat.
Four rules for safe practice and to avoid burns are
 Remain away from hot resistors:
Resistors get very hot, especially those that carry high currents. Watch those five and ten
watt resistors. They will burn the skin off your fingers. Stay away from them until they
cool off.
 Remain away from charged capacitors:
Be on guard for all capacitors which may still retain a charge. Not only can you get a
dangerous and sometimes fatal shock, you may also get a burn from an electrical
discharge. If the rated voltage of electrolytic capacitors is exceeded or their polarities
reversed they may get very hot and may actually burst.
 Watch the soldering iron or gun:
Watch that hot soldering iron or gun. Don’t place it on the bench where your arm might
accidentally hit it. Never store it away while still hot. Some innocent unsuspecting
student may pick it up.
 Wait for soldered joint to cool:
HOT SOLDER can be particularly uncomfortable in contact with your skin. Wait for
soldered joints to cool. When de-soldering joints, don’t shake hot solder off so that you or
your neighbor might get hit in the eyes or on his clothes or body.
Mechanical injuries and rules to avoid them:
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This third class of safety rules applies to all students who work with tools and machinery.
It is a major concern of the technician and the safety lessons are found in the correct use of tools.
Five rules for safe practice and to avoid mechanical injuries are
 Smooth the metal corners
Metal corners and sharp edges on chassis and panels can cut and scratch. File them
smooth.
 Proper selection of the tool:
Improper selection of the tool for the job can result in equipment damage and personal
injury.
 Proper eye protection:
Use proper eye protection when grinding, chipping or working with hot metals which
might splatter.
 Protect your body from dangerous chemicals:
Protect your hands and clothes when working with battery acids, etchants, and finishing
fluids. They are destructive!
 Ask your instructor:
If you don’t know-ASK YOUR INSTRUCTOR.
The Power Supply:
The Power Supply Module EMS 8829 provides all of the necessary ac/dc power, both fixed and
variable, single phase and three-phase, form all of the Laboratory Experiments presented in this
manual. The module must be connected to a three phase, 220/380 volt, four wire (with fifth
ground) system. Power is brought in through a five prong, twist-lock connector located at rear of
the module. An input power cable mating connector is provided for this purpose. A Power supply
module is shown in Figure 1.1. The power supply furnishes the following outputs:
 Fixed 220/380 volts, 3Ф power is brought out to four terminals, labeled 1, 2, 3 and N.
Fixed 380 volts 3Ф may be obtained from terminals 1, 2 and 3. Fixed 380 Vac may be
obtained between terminals 1 and 2, 2 and 3, and 1 and 3. Fixed 220 Vac may be obtained
between any one of the 1, 2 or 3 terminals and N terminal. The current rating of this
supply is 10A per phase.
 Variable 220/380 volts, 3Ф power is brought out to four terminals, labeled 4, 5, 6 and
N. Variable 3Ф 0-380 volts may be obtained from terminals 4, 5, 6 and N. Variable 0-380
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Vac may be obtained between terminals 4 and 5, 5 and 6, and 6 and 4. Variable 220 Vac
may be obtained between any one of the 4, 5 or 6 terminals and N terminal. The current
rating of this supply is 3A per phase.
 Fixed 220 Vdc is brought out to terminals labeled 8 and N. The current rating of this
supply is l A.
 Variable 0-220 Vdc is brought out to terminals labeled 7 and N. The current rating of
supply is 5A.
Figure 1.2: Power Supply Module
The full current rating of the various outputs cannot be used simultaneously. If more than one
output is used at a time, reduced current must be drawn. The neutral N terminals are all
connected together and joined to the neutral wire of ac power line. All power is removed from
the outputs when the on-off breaker is in the off position (breaker handle down).
The variable ac and dc outputs are controlled by the single control knob on the front of the
module. The built-in voltmeter will indicate all the variable ac and the variable and fixed dc
output voltages according to the position of the voltmeter selector switch. The power supply is
fully protected against overload or short circuit. Besides the main 10A 3Ф on off circuit breakers
on the front panel, all of the outputs have their own circuit breakers. They can be reset by a
common button located on the front panel.
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The rated current output may be exceeded considerably for short periods of time without
harming the supply or tripping the breakers. This feature is particularly useful in the study of dc
motors under overload or starting conditions where currents of up to 15A may be drawn.
All of the power sources may be used simultaneously providing that the total current drawn does
not exceed the 10A per phase input breaker rating. Your power supply, if handled properly, will
provide years of reliable operation and will present no danger to you.
Procedure:
 Examine the construction of the Power Supply Module EMS 8829. On the front panel
of module identify the following:
o The three-pole circuit breaker on-off switch.
o The three lamps indicating the operation of each phase.
o The ac/dc voltmeter.
o The ac/dc voltmeter selector switch.
o The variable output control knob.
o The fixed 220/380-volt output terminals (labeled 1, 2, 3 and N).
o The variable 0-220/380-volt output terminals (labeled 4, 5, 6 and N).
o The fixed dc output terminals (labeled 8 and N).
o The variable dc output terminals (labeled 7 and N)
o The common reset button.
o The ground terminal (green).
 State the ac or dc voltage and the rated current available from each of the following
terminals:
o Terminals 1 and N= ______V ______A____.
o Terminals 3 and N= ______V ______A____
o Terminals 1, 2 & 3= ______V ______A____.
o Terminals 4, 5 & 6= ______V ______A____.
 Examine the interior construction of the module. Identify the following items:
o The 3Ф variable autotransformer.
o The filter capacitors.
o The thermal-magnetic circuit breakers.
o The solid state rectifier diodes.
o The diode heat sinks.
o The five prong twist lock connector.
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 Insert the Power Supply Module into the console. Make sure that the on-off switch is in
the off position and that the output control knob is turned fully counterclockwise for
minimum output. Insert the power cable, through the clearance hole in the rear of the
console, into the twist-lock module connector. Connect the other end of the power cable
into a source of 3Ф 220/380 volts.
 Minimum and Maximum voltage
o Set the voltmeter selector switch to its 7-N position and turn the power supply on
by placing the on-off breaker switch in its up position.
o Turn the control knob of the 3Ф autotransformer and note that the dc voltage
increases. Measure and record the minimum and maximum dc output voltage as
indicated by the built-in volt meter
Vdc minimum= ______V Vdc maximum= ______V
o Return the voltage to zero by turning the control knob to its full ccw position.
 Minimum and maximum ac voltage
o Place the voltmeter selector switch into its 4-N position.
o Turn the control knob and note that the ac voltage increases. Measure and record
the minimum and maximum ac output voltage as indicated by the built-in
voltmeter.
Vac minimum= ______V Vac maximum= ______V
o Return the voltage to zero and turn off the power supply by placing the on-off
breaker switch in its down position.
 What other ac voltages are affected by turning the control knob?
Terminal _____and _____ = ______ Vac
Terminal _____and _____ = ______ Vac
Terminal _____and _____ = ______ Vac
 For each of the following conditions:
o Connect the 500 Vac meter across the terminals specified.
o Turn on the power supply.
o Measure and record the voltage.
o Turn off the power supply.
Terminals 1 and 2 = _____ Vac
Terminals 1 and N = _____ Vac
o Are any of these voltages affected by turning of the control knob?
 DC Voltage
o Set the voltmeter selector switch to its 8-N position.
o Turn on the power supply.
11
Terminals 8 and N = _____ Vdc
o Is this voltage affected by turning of the control knob?
o Turn off the power supply.
 For each of the following positions of the voltmeter selector switch:
o Turn on the power supply and rotate the control knob to its full cw position.
o Return the voltage to zero and turnoff the power supply.
Terminals 4 and 5 = ______ Vac
Terminals 4 and N = ______ Vac
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EXPERIMENT 02
To become familiar with real and apparent power in an AC circuit
Objective:
To measure the real, apparent and reactive power using LVDAC-EMS.
Equipment / Tool:

 PC with LVDAC-EMS installed
Background:
In direct current circuits the power (in watts) supplied to a resistive load is always equal to the
product of the voltage and the current. In alternating current circuits, the product of the voltage
and the current does not always give an answer which can be stated in watts. For this reason,
wattmeters are essential in ac circuits, so that the real power (in watts) may be measured.
Apparent power (in volt-amperes) is defined as the product of the ac voltage and the ac current.
Apparent power is only equal to real power when the load circuit is entirely resistive. This was
the case in the previous Laboratory Experiment. When the load circuit is not entirely resistive,
the apparent power (VA) can be quite different from the real power (W). It is a little early to
explain why this is so, but we will shortly explain the phenomenon. At present we will perform
some experiments to show what we mean by real and apparent power, and how these powers can
be measured. The portion of power flow that, averaged over a complete cycle of the AC
waveform, results in net transfer of energy in one direction is known as real power. On the other
hand, the portion of power flow due to stored energy, which returns to the source in each cycle, is
known as reactive power.
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Consider a simple alternating current (AC) circuit consisting of a source and a load, where both
the current and voltage are sinusoidal. If the load is purely resistive, the two quantities reverse
their polarity at the same time, the direction of energy flow does not reverse, and only real power
flows. If the load is purely reactive, then the voltage and current are 90 degrees out of phase and
there is no net power flow. This energy flowing backwards and forwards is known as reactive
power. A practical load will have resistive, inductive, and capacitive parts, and so both real and
reactive power will flow to the load.
If a capacitor and an inductor are placed in parallel, then the currents flowing through the
inductor and the capacitor tend to cancel out rather than adding. Conventionally, capacitors are
considered to generate reactive power and inductors to consume it. This is the fundamental
mechanism for controlling the power factor in electric power transmission; capacitors (or
inductors) are inserted in a circuit to partially cancel reactive power of the load.
Power Factor:
The ratio between real power and apparent power in a circuit is called the power factor. Where
the waveforms are purely sinusoidal, the power factor is the cosine of the phase angle (φ)
between the current and voltage sinusoid waveforms. Equipment data sheets and nameplates
often will abbreviate power factor as "cosφ" for this reason.
Power factor equals 1 when the voltage and current are in phase, and is zero when the current
leads or lags the voltage by 90 degrees. Power factors are usually stated as "leading" or "lagging"
to show the sign of the phase angle, where leading indicates a negative sign. For two systems
transmitting the same amount of real power, the system with the lower power factor will have
higher circulating currents due to energy that returns to the source from energy storage in the
load. These higher currents in a practical system will produce higher losses and reduce overall
transmission efficiency. A lower power factor circuit will have a higher apparent power and
higher losses for the same amount of real power transfer.
Purely capacitive circuits cause reactive power with the current waveform leading the voltage
wave by 90 degrees, while purely inductive circuits cause reactive power with the current
waveform lagging the voltage waveform by 90 degrees. The result of this is that capacitive and
inductive circuit elements tend to cancel each other out.
Procedure:
Measure a Resistive Load:
 Using your EMS Resistance, Data Acquisition, and Power Supply Modules, connect the
circuit shown in Fig 2.1. Set the load resistance to 210 Ώ (all switches closed, all sections in
parallel).
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Fig.2.1: Resistive Load
 In Fig 2.1, a block of Wattmeter is shown. As we have the data acquisition module so for
this wattmeter is not required. We just have to connect load with power supply. Voltmeter
and Ammeter will be replaced by E1 and I1 points of data acquisition module.
 Turn on the EMS-LVDAC software and metering module in it. Set E1, I1, power (real
power in Watts) on three different blocks.
o Turn on the power supply and adjust for 220 Vac as indicated on PC screen.
Measure and record the load current IL.
IL = _______ A ac
o Measure and record the input power as indicated LVDAC metering module.
Pin = ______ W
o Calculate the input power by using the equation P= E * I.
Pin = ______ W
Are the two powers equal? ____________
Measure a Capacitive Load:
 Using your EMS capacitance, Data Acquisition, and Power Supply Modules, connect
the circuit shown in Fig 2.2. Set the load capacitance to maximum possible value
available (all switches closed, all sections in parallel).
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Fig.2.2: Capacitive Load
 Also in Fig 2.2, a block of Wattmeter will not be used. The same data acquisition module
will be used with E1 and I1 points.
 This time we don’t have to set the metering module. Power block can be used to select
real (P), apparent (S) and reactive (Q) power.
IL = _______ A ac
Pin (P) = ______ W
Pin (S) = ______ SA
Pin (Q) = ______ VAR
Pin = ______ W
 Are the two powers equal? ____________
Measure an Inductive Load:
 Using your EMS inductance, Data Acquisition, and Power Supply Modules, connect
the circuit shown in Fig 2.3. Set the load inductance to maximum possible value
available (all switches closed, all sections in parallel).
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Fig.2.3: Inductive Load
 Also in Fig 2.3, a block of Wattmeter will not be used. The same data acquisition module
will be used with E1 and I1 points.
 Also this time we don’t have to set the metering module. Power block can be used to
select real (P), apparent (S) and reactive (Q) power.
IL = _______ A ac
Pin (P) = ______ W
Pin (S) = ______ SA
Pin (Q) = ______ VAR
Pin = ______ W
Are the two powers equal? ____________
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EXPERIMENT 03
Three Phase Power measurement using two-wattmeter and three-wattmeter methods
Objective:
To determine active power in balanced three-phase circuits using the two-wattmeter and three-
wattmeter methods of power measurement. Reactive and apparent power will also be determined
using measurements of circuit voltages and currents.
Equipment / Tool:

 PC with LVDAC- EMS installed
Background:
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Active power is measured with a wattmeter, which is an electrodynamometer type instrument
that has two coils. One coil is fixed (current coil) and the second (voltage coil) is capable of
turning in the magnetic field produced by the first. The fixed coil is connected in series with the
load so as to carry the load current. The movable coil, which has a high resistance, is connected
across the load like a voltmeter and the small current in this coil is proportional to the load
voltage. The voltage coil turns against a helical spring and its torque is proportional to the
product of the currents in both coils. The torque is therefore proportional to the product of the
current and voltage being measured, and the measurement scale of the instrument is calibrated
to indicate watts of active power. Figure 3.1 shows a wattmeter connected to measure the power
delivered to a load, and the equivalent circuit connections of the data acquisition module to
obtain the same result with the Metering system.
To measure the power delivered by a three-phase, 4-wire system, three single-phase wattmeters
could be connected to measure the power in each of the phases and the readings added to obtain
the total power. This method is called the Three-Wattmeter method for power measurement.
However, two single-phase wattmeters connected as shown in Figure 3.2 will provide the same
result.
Figure 3.1: Wattmeter and Data Acquisition connections
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Figure 3.2: The Two-Wattmeter Method of Measuring Three-Phase Power
Mathematical analysis shows that connecting the current coils to measure the current in two of
the three lines, while connecting the two voltage coils between these lines and the remaining
line, allows the total power delivered by a three-phase system to be measured. The total power
is the algebraic sum of the two wattmeter readings, and this method of power measurement is
known as the two-wattmeter method.
For balanced loads at unity power factor, the wattmeter readings are identical. When the load
power factor equals 0.5, one meter indicates zero and the other indicates the total power. When
the power factor is between 0.5 and 1, one meter reads higher than the other. At power factors
below 0.5, the indication of one meter is negative, and the total power is reduced by this negative
value. At zero power factor, the two meters give identical readings, but of opposite sign, and the
result is naturally zero watts. In all cases, the total power is the algebraic sum of the two
wattmeter readings.
Procedure:
 Install the Power Supply, data acquisition module, Resistive Load, and Capacitive Load
modules in the EMS Workstation
 Make sure that the main switch of the Power Supply is set to the O (OFF) position, and
the voltage control knob is turned fully ccw. Set the voltmeter select switch to the 4-5
position, and then ensure the Power Supply is connected to a three-phase wall receptacle.
20
 Set up the three-phase, wye-connected, resistive circuit shown in Figure 3.3. Connect
inputs I1, I2, I3, E1, E2, and E3 as shown to measure the currents and voltages.
Figure 3.3: Three-Phase Wye-Connected Resistive Load
 Here Es represents the terminals 1, 2 and 3 of three phase fixed AC power supply.
 Ensure that the POWER INPUT of the data acquisition module is connected to the main
Power Supply, and that the USB port cable from the computer is connected to the data
acquisition module.
 Turn on the LVDAC-EMS software on PC and open the metering module. Select the
boxes for voltages and currents.
 Turn on the main Power Supply and set the 24 V-AC power switch to the I (ON) position.
Adjust the voltage control to obtain the line-to-line voltage Es given in Figure 3.3.
 Measure the circuit voltages and currents and turn off the power.
 Calculate the active power consumed in each phase of the circuit, and the total power
consumed by the load
PR1 = ER1 x IR1 = _________W
PR2 = ER2 x IR2 = _________W
PR3 = ER3 x IR3 = _________W
PTotal = PR1 + PR2 + PR3 = _________W
21
 Determine the average load voltage and current
 Is the average load voltage approximately 1/3 times smaller than the line voltage set in
step 6?
□ Yes □ No
 Calculate the total power using the line voltage and current. Note that I LOAD = ILINE in this
circuit, and ELINE is the value set in step 6.
PTOTAL = 1.73(ELINE x ILINE) = __________ W
 Compare the total power found in step 8 with the power calculated using the line voltage
and current. Are they approximately equal?
□ Yes □ No
Two Wattmeter Method
 Using your EMS Three Phase Power Supply, Resistance and AC Metering Modules,
Wattmeter module connect the circuit shown in Fig 3.4.
Figure 3.4: Two Wattmeter Method

 Equivalent circuit of Fig 3.4 is shown in Fig 3.5.
22
Figure 3.4: Total Power Measurement using Two-Wattmeter Method
 Set the resistance of each section to 1100Ώ
 Turn on the power supply and adjust the line voltage to 380 V ac as indicated by
voltmeter
 Measure and record the line current I1 and power indicated by W1 and W2.
I1 = ______ Aac
P1 = ______ W
P2 = ______ W
 Return the voltage to zero and turn off the power supply.
 From the results of step 5, calculate the 3φ:

Apparent Power (E1 *I1*1.73) = ______ VA
Real Power = P1 +P2 =_______ W
Power Factor= Preal / Papparent = _______
Is the power factor close to unity? _______
 Replace the resistance module with the capacitance module. Set the reactance of each
section to 1100Ώ and repeat the procedure.
I1= ______ Aac
P1= ______ W
P2= ______ W
P1 +P2= ______ W
 From above results, calculate the following
Reactive Power = ________________
 Replace the resistance module with the inductance module. Set the reactance of each
section to 1100Ώ and repeat the procedure.
23
I1= ______ Aac
P1= ______ W
P2= ______ W
P1 +P2= ______ W
 From above results, calculate the following
Reactive Power = ________________
EXPERIMENT 04
Voltage Regulation of a Single Phase Transformer
Objective:
To study the effects of changing load on the output of a single phase transformer.
Equipment / Tool:

Background:
A transformer is a device that transfers electrical energy from one circuit to another through
inductively coupled electrical conductors. A changing current in the first circuit (the primary)
creates a changing magnetic field. This changing magnetic field induces a changing voltage in
the second circuit (the secondary). This effect is called mutual induction.
If a load is connected to the secondary circuit, electric charge will flow in the secondary winding
of the transformer and transfer energy from the primary circuit to the load. In an ideal
transformer, the induced voltage in the secondary winding (VS) is a fraction of the primary
voltage (VP) and is given by the ratio of the number of secondary turns to the number of primary
turns:
Vs/Vp = Ns/Np
24
By appropriate selection of the numbers of turns, a transformer thus allows an alternating voltage
to be stepped up — by making NS more than NP — or stepped down, by making it less. If a
transformer were perfect its windings would have no resistance. Furthermore, it would require no
reactive power to set up the magnetic field within it. Such a transformer would have a perfect
regulation under all load conditions. But practical transformers do have winding resistance and
they do require reactive power to produce their magnetic fields.
Procedure:
 Using your EMS Transformer, Power Supply, Resistance and Data Acquisition Modules,
connect the circuit shown in Fig 4.1.
Fig 4.1: Transformer Connections
 Open EMS-LVDAC and turn on the metering blocks
o Place all of the Resistance Module Switches in their open position for zero load current.
o Turn on the power supply and adjust for exactly 220Vac as indicated by E1
o Measure and record in Table, the input current I1, the output current I2 and the output
voltage E2.
o Adjust the load resistance ZL to 4400Ω. Make sure that the input voltage remains at
exactly 220Vac. Measure and record I1, I2, E2.
o Repeat (d) for each of the listed values in the Table 4.1.
o Return the voltage to zero and turn off the power supply.
ZL(ohms) I2 (mAac) E2 (Vac) I1 (mAac)
25
No Load
4400
2200
1467
1100
880
Table 4.1
 Calculate the transformer regulation using the no load and full load output voltages
from the formula.
% regulation = (no load voltage) - (full load voltage) x 100
(full load voltage)
o Does the primary winding VA equal the secondary winding VA for every value
of load resistance in Table 4.1?
 Repeat Procedure 2 using the Inductance Module in place of the resistance load.
o Record your measurements in Table 4.2
No Load
4400
2200
1467
1100
880
Table 4.2
 Repeat Procedure 2 using the Capacitance Module in place of the resistance load.
o Record your measurements in Table 4.3
No load
26
4400
2200
1467
1100
880
Table 4.3
 Calculate voltage regulation for inductive and capacitive loads as well.
 You will now construct an output voltage E2 vs output current I2 regulation curve for each
type of transformer load.
27
EXPERIMENT 05
To connect the transformer in delta wye and Wye delta connections
Objective:
To become familiar with the voltage and current ratios of three-phase transformers connected in
delta-wye and wye-delta configurations. Measurements of primary and secondary voltages will
demonstrate that these configurations create a phase shift between the incoming and outgoing
voltages.
Equipment / Tool:

Background:
primary and secondary voltages in delta-delta and wye-wye connections are in phase and the
voltage at the secondary is equal to the voltage at the primary times the inverse of the turns ratio.
In delta-wye and wye-delta connections however, there will be a 30° phase difference between
the primary and secondary voltages. Also, in the delta-wye configuration, the line voltage at the
secondary is equal to the line voltage at the primary times the inverse of the turn ratio times (3) ^
(1/2). On the other hand, in the wye-delta configuration, the line voltage at the secondary is equal
to the line voltage at the primary times the inverse of the turn ratio times 1/ (3) ^ (1/2).
The 30° phase shift between the primary and secondary does not create any problems for isolated
groups of loads connected to the outgoing lines from the secondary. However, if the outgoing
lines from the secondary of a three-phase transformer have to be connected in parallel with
another source, the phase shift might make such a parallel connection impossible, even if the line
voltages are the same. Recall that in order for three-phase circuits and sources to be connected in
parallel, line voltages must be equal, have the same phase sequence, and be in phase when the
parallel connection is made.
28
Procedure:
 The circuit shown in Fig. 5.1 has three transformers connected in a delta wye
configuration.
 Calculate the expected voltages labeled in Fig. 5.1 and record them.
 Connect the circuit as shown.
 Turn on the power supply and slowly increase the output for a line-to-line voltage of
220 Vac.
 Measure the indicated voltages and record their values.
 Return the voltage to zero and turn off the power supply. Repeat (d), (e) and (f) until all
of the listed voltages have been measured.
Fig. 5.1
 The circuit shown in Fig. 5.2 has three transformers connected in a wye delta
configuration.
 Calculate the expected voltages labeled in Fig. 5.2 and record them.
 Connect the circuit as shown. Open the delta connected secondary at point “A” and
places a voltmeter across the opened loop.
 Turn on the power supply and slowly increase the output voltage. The voltmeter across
the open delta, at point “A “should not indicate any appreciable voltage if your delta
connections are phased properly. Some small voltage will be present because the normal
3φ supply does not have all 3φ voltages equal and the three transformers also have small
differences.
29
 Remove the voltmeter and close the delta loop at point “A”.
 Turn on the power supply and slowly increase the output for a line to line voltage of
220Vac.
 Measure the indicated voltages and record their values.
 Return the voltage to zero and turn off the power supply. Repeat (g), (h) and (i) until all
of the listed voltages have been measured.
Fig. 5.2
30
EXPERIMENT 06
To study the torque speed characteristics of DC shunt motor and DC series motor
Objectives:
To demonstrate the main operating characteristics of series and shunt motors. To study the torque
speed characteristics of both motors. To observe the speed regulation.
Equipment / Tool:

Part 1: DC Shunt Motor

Background:
The speed of any dc motor depends mainly upon its armature voltage and the strength of
the magnetic field. In a shunt motor, the field winding, as well as the armature winding, is
connected in parallel (shunt) directly to the dc supply lines. If the dc line voltage is constant, then
the armature voltage and the field strength will be constant. It is, therefore, apparent that the
shunt motor should run at a reasonably constant speed.
The speed does tend to drop with an increasing load on the motor. This drop in speed is
mainly due to the resistance of the armature winding. Shunt motors with low armature winding
resistance run at nearly constant speeds.
Just like most energy conversion devices, the dc shunt motor is not 100% efficient. In
other words, all of the electric power which is supplied to the motor is not converted into
mechanical power. The power difference between the input and output is dissipated in the form
of heat, and constitutes what are known as the “losses” of the machine. These losses increase
with load, with the result that the motor gets hot as it delivers mechanical power.
When the shunt motor reaches full rpm, its speed will remain fairly constant. The reason
the speed remains constant is due to the load characteristics of the armature and shunt coil. The
armature's torque increases as the motor gains speed due to the fact that the shunt motor's torque
31
is directly proportional to the armature current. When the motor is starting and speed is very low,
the motor has very little torque. After the motor reaches full rpm, its torque is at its fullest
potential. In fact, if the shunt field current is reduced slightly when the motor is at full rpm, the
rpm will increase slightly and the motor's torque will also in-crease slightly. This type of
automatic control makes the shunt motor a good choice for applications where constant speed is
required, even though the torque will vary slightly due to changes in the load.
Procedure:
 Using your EMS Power Supply, DC Motor/Generator, DC Meter and

Electrodynamometer Modules, connect the circuit shown in Fig. 6.1.
Fig. 6.1
 Notice that the motor is wired for shunt field operation and is connected to the variable dc
output of the power supply (terminals 7andN). The electrodynamometer is connected to
the fixed 220V ac output of the power supply (terminals 1 and N).
 Couple the dynamometer to the dc motor/generator with the timing belt as shown in the
figure.
 Set the shunt field rheostat control knob at its full cw position (for maximum shunt field
excitation). Make sure the brushes are in their neutral position.
 Set the dynamometer control knob at its full ccw position (to provide a minimum starting
load for the dc motor)
 Turn on the power supply. Adjust the variable output voltage to 220 Vdc as indicated by
the meter. Note the direction of rotation; if it is not clockwise, turn off the power supply
and interchange the shunt field connections.
32
 Adjust the shunt field rheostat for a no-load motor speed of 1500 r/min as indicated on
your tachometer. (Make sure that the voltmeter, connected across the input of your
circuit, indicates exactly 220 Vdc).
 Measure the line current, as indicated by the ammeter, for a motor speed of 1500 r/min.
Record this in table.
 Apply a load to your dc motor by varying the dynamometer control knob until the scale
marked on the stator housing indicates 0.3 N.m. (Readjust the power supply, if necessary
to maintain exactly 220 Vdc)
 Measure the line current and motor speed.
 Repeat for each of the torque values listed in the Table, while maintaining a constant 220
Vdc input.
E(volts) I(amps) Speed(r/min) Torque (N.m)
220 0
220 0.3
220 0.6
220 0.9
220 1.2
 Plot the recorded motor speed values from Table on a graph paper to obtain a graph
between Torque and Speed.
 Calculate the speed vs torque regulation (full load = 1.2 N.m.) using the equation:
% regulation = (no load speed) - (full load speed) x 100

(full load speed)
 Set the dynamometer control knob at its full cw position (to provide the maximum
starting load for the shunt-wound motor).
 Turn on the power supply and gradually increase the dc voltage until the motor is
drawing 1.5 amperes of line current. The motor should turn very slowly or not at all.
 Measure and record the dc voltage and the torque developed.

E= _______ V Torque= ________ N.m.
33
Part 2: DC Series Motor

Background:
The shunt wound dc motor was seen to have almost constant speed because its armature
voltage and magnetic field remained substantially unchanged from no-load to full-load. The
series motor behaves quite differently.
In this motor, the magnetic field is produced by the current which flows through the
armature winding, with the result that the magnetic field is weak when the motor load is light
(the armature winding draws minimum current). The magnetic field is strong when the load is
heavy (the armature winding draws maximum current). The armature voltage is nearly equal to
the supply line voltage (just as in the shunt wound motor if we neglect the small drop in the
series field). Consequently, the speed of the series wound motor is entirely determined by the
load current. The speed is low at heavy loads, and very high at no load. In fact, many series
motors will, if operated at no load, run so fast that they destroy themselves. The high forces,
associated with high speeds, cause the rotor to fly apart, often with disastrous results to people
and property nearby.
The torque of any dc motor depends upon product of the armature current and the field.
For the series wound motor this relationship implies that the torque will be very large armature
currents, such as occur during start up. The series wound motor is, therefore, well to start large
heavy-inertia loads, and is particularly useful as a drive motor in electric buses, trains and heavy
duty traction applications.
Procedure:
 Using your EMS Power Supply, DC Generator, DC Metering and Electrodynamometer

Modules, connect the circuit shown in Fig. 6.2. Couple the dynamometer to the dc
motor/generator with the timing belt. Notice that the motor is wired for series operation
(the shunt field winding and the rheostat are not used) and is connected to the variable dc
output of the power supply (terminals 7 and N). The electrodynamometer is connected to
the fixed 220 Vac output of the power supply (terminals I and N).
34
Fig. 6.2
 Set the dynamometer control knob at its mid-range position (to provide a starting load for
the dc motor).
 Turn on the power supply. Gradually increase the dc voltage until the motor starts to turn.
Note the direction of rotation. If it is not cw, turn off the power and interchange the series
field connections
 Adjust the variable voltage for exactly 220 Vdc indicated by the meter.
 Adjust the loading of your dc series wound motor by varying the dynamometer control
knob until the scale marked on the stator housing indicates 1.2 N.m. (Readjust the power
supply, if necessary, to maintain exactly 220 Vdc).
 Measure the line current and motor speed (use your hand tachometer). Record these
values in Table.
Vdc input. Return the voltage to zero and turn off the power supply.
E(volts) I(amps) Speed(r/min) Torque (N.m)
220 0
220 0.3
220 0.6
220 0.9
220 1.2
35
(full load speed)
starting load for the series-wound motor).

E= _______ V Torque= ________ N.m.
EXPERIMENT 07
To study the torque speed characteristics of DC Compound Motor
Objective:
To demonstrate the main operating characteristics of compound motor. To study the torque speed
characteristics of compound motor. To observe the speed regulation.
Equipment / Tool:

Background:
The high torque capability of the series wound dc motor is somewhat compromised by its
tendency to over speed at light loads. This disadvantage can be overcome by adding a shunt
field, connected in such a way as to aid the series field. The motor then becomes a cumulative
compound machine. Again, in special applications where dc motors are used in conjunction with
flywheels, the constant speed characteristic of the shunt wound motor is not entirely satisfactory,
because it does not permit the flywheel to give up its kinetic energy by an appropriate drop in
motor speed. This kind of application (which is found in punch-press work), requires a motor
with a “drooping” speed characteristic, that is, the motor speed should drop significantly with an
increase in load. The cumulative compound wound dc motor is well adapted for this type of
work.
36
The series field can also be connected so that it produces a magnetic field opposing that
of the shunt field. This produces a differential compound motor, which has very limited
application, principally because it tends to be unstable. Thus, as the load increases, the armature
current increases, which increases the strength of the series field. Since it acts in opposition to
the shunt winding, the total flux is reduced, with that the speed increases. An increase in speed
with generally further increase the load which raises the speed still more and could cause the
motor to run away.
Differential compound motors are s made with weak series fields which compensate
somewhat for the normal slowing of a shunt motor under load and, hence, have more constant
speed. Differential compound motors are not used very often.
Procedure:
 Using your EMS Power Supply, DC Generator, DC Metering and Electrodynamometer

Modules, connect the circuit shown in Fig. 7.1. Couple the dynamometer to the dc
motor/generator with the timing belt. Notice that the motor is wired for series operation
(the shunt field winding and the rheostat are not used yet) and is connected to the variable
dc output of the power supply (terminals 7 and N). The electrodynamometer is connected
to the fixed 220 Vac output of the power supply (terminals I and N).
Fig. 7.1
 Set the dynamometer control knob at its full ccw position (to provide a starting load for
the dc motor).
37
 Turn on the power supply. Gradually increase the dc voltage until the motor starts to turn.
Note the direction of rotation. If it is not cw, turn off the power and interchange the series
field connections
 Adjust the variable voltage for exactly 220 Vdc indicated by the meter.
 Connect the shunt field in series with the rheostat, to terminals 1 and 4 as shown in Fig.
7.2.
Fig. 7.2
 Turn on the power supply. Adjust the voltage for 220 Vdc as indicated by the meter. If the
motor is running at an excessively high speed, then it is in the differential-compound
mode. If this is the case, return the voltage to zero and turn off the power supply.
Interchange the shunt field connections to terminals 1 and 4 to obtain the cumulative-
compound mode of operation.
 With the input at exactly 220 Vdc adjust the shunt field rheostat for a no-load motor
speed of 1500 r/min as indicated by your hand tachometer.
 Apply a load to your dc motor by varying the dynamometer control knob until the scale
marked on the stator housing indicates 0.3 N.m. (Readjust the power supply, if necessary,
to maintain exactly 220 Vdc).
 Measure the line current and motor speed. Record these values in Table.
Vdc input.
38
E(volts) I(amps) Speed(r/min) Torque (N.m.)
220 0
220 0.3
220 0.6
220 0.9
220 1.2

(full load speed)
starting load for the compound motor).
E= _______ V Torque= ________ N.m.
39
EXPERIMENT 08
To learn how to connect a three phase synchronous motor

Objective:
To demonstrate how to start a synchronous motor as well as some characteristics of a
synchronous motor using the Synchronous Motor/Generator module.
Equipment / Tool:

Background:
The synchronous motor has the special property of maintaining a constant running speed
under all conditions of load up to full load. This constant running speed can be maintained even
under variable line voltage conditions. It is, therefore, a useful motor in applications where the
running speed must be accurately known and unvarying.
In this Laboratory Experiment, you will learn how to use this motor as a stable driver for
generators. The complete study of its characteristics will be taken up in later Laboratory
Experiments. It should be noted that, if a synchronous motor is severely overloaded, its operation
(speed) will suddenly lose its synchronous properties and the motor will come to a halt. The
synchronous speed of your motor is 1500 r/min.
Procedure:
 Examine the front face of the Motor/Generator Module. Note the three separate windings
to terminals I and 4, 2 and 5, 3 and 6. These windings are identical and are actually
located in the stator or stationary part of the motor. The three windings carry ac current
and will connect to a three-phase power source.
 Identify these three windings and their corresponding connection terminals.
 The winding on the rotor or rotating part of the motor, is connected to connection
terminals 7 and 8, through a 500Ω rheostat and a toggle switch. This winding will carry
dc current, whose value can be controlled by means of the rheostat.
40
 Identify the winding, the rheostat corresponding connection terminals.
 Using your EMS Power Supply, Synchronous Motor and AC Metering Modules, connect
the circuit shown in Fig. 8.1.
 Terminals 1, 2 and 3 on the power supply provide fixed three-phase power which is
required for the three stator windings.
 Terminals 8 and N on the power supply provide fixed dc power which is required for the
rotor winding Note that the rotor winding is supplied with DC current only when the
switch S is closed. Keep it open (down position).
Fig. 8.1
 Turn on the power supply. The motor should start running immediately.
 Note the indications on the three current meters.
 Close the switch S and vary the rheostat control knob for minimum stator current as
indicated by the three current meters. (The control nib should be close to its full ccw
position).
 Measure the three stator winding currents, (at minimum stator current).
I1= _____ A I2= ______ A I3= _______ A
 Increase the rotor dc excitation by adjusting the rheostat for minimum resistance
(control knob turned fully clockwise cw).
 Measure the three stator winding currents (at maximum rotor dc excitation).
I1= _____ A I2= ______ A I3= _______ A
41
 Reduce the dc excitation until the stator currents are at their minimum values. Note and
record the position of the rheostat control knob. (In all future Procedures using the
synchronous motor, the control knob should be set to this position for normal excitation).
 Control Knob Scale Position = _________
 Using your hand tachometer measure the running speed of the motor as you vary the dc
excitation.
Speed-minimum excitation = ________ r/min
Speed-midpoint excitation = ________ r/min
Speed-maximum excitation = ________ r/min
 Does the speed remain constant? _______
 Note whether the direction of rotation is clockwise or counterclockwise.

Rotation =________
 Turn off the power supply and interchange any two of the ac connection leads at the
power supply terminals.
 Turn on the power supply and note the direction of rotation.

Rotation = ________
 Turn off the power supply.
 Couple the synchronous motor and the electrodynamometer with the timing belt.
 Connect the motor as shown in Fig. 8.1
 Connect the electrodynamometer to terminals I and N of the power supply. (There should
be now be two connection leads at terminal 1 of the power supply - one to the
synchronous motor and one to the electrodynamometer.
 Set the dynamometer control knob at the full ccw position (to provide a min starting load
for the motor) and close the switch S.
 Set the synchronous motor rheostat control knob to its normal minimum stator current
position.
 Apply power and note if the motor revolves in a cw direction. If not, reverse its rotation
(the dynamometer torque can only be measured for cw rotation).
 Increase the load on the motor (the dynamometer braking action) by varying the control
knob on the dynamometer until the scale marked on the stator housing indicates 1.0 Nm.
(The numeral 1.0 should be directly beneath the red vertical line on the window beneath
the pulley).
42
 Measure the three ac stator currents with a 1.0 N.m. load on the motor.
I1= _____ A I2= ______ A I3= _______ A
 Measure and record the motor with 1.0 N.m. load.

Speed-with load = _______
 Vary the dc excitation to the motor by turning the rheostat control knob, while under the
1.0 N.m. load. What effect does varying the dc excitation have on the three stator
currents?
 Measure the motor running speed at minimum and maximum dc excitation while under
the 1.0 N.m. load.
Speed-minimum excitation = ________ r/min
Speed-maximum excitation = ________ r/min
 Does the motor fall out of synchronism when the dc excitation is too low?
 Increase the dc excitation to its maximum value. Gradually increase the load on the
motor, by advancing the variable autotransformer control knob on the
electrodynamometer, until the motor falls out of synchronization. Immediately turn off
the power supply. Record the value of this “break-down” torque.
Break down torque = __________ N.m.
43
EXPERIMENT 09
DC Compound Generator
Objective:
To learn how to connect the compound generator. To obtain the armature voltage vs armature
current load curve of the generator.
Equipment / Tool:

Background:
The compound generator has a field winding in parallel with the generator armature (the
same as a shunt-wound generator) and a field winding in series with the generator armature (the
same as a series-wound generator). The two windings of the compounded generator are made
such that their magnetic fields will either aid or oppose one another.
If the two fields are wound so that their flux fields oppose one another, the generator is
said to be differentially-compounded. Due to the nature of this type of generator, it is used only
in special cases and will not be discussed further in this text. If the two fields of a compound
generator are wound so that their magnetic fields aid one another, the generator is said to
be cumulatively-compounded. As the load current increases, the current through the series
field winding increases, increasing the overall magnetic field strength and causing an increase in
the output voltage of the generator. With proper design, the increase in the magnetic field
strength of the series winding will compensate for the decrease in shunt field strength. Therefore,
the overall strength of the combined magnetic fields remains almost unchanged, so the output
voltage will remain constant. In reality, the two fields cannot be made so that their magnetic field
strengths compensate for each other completely. There will be some change in output voltage
from the no-load to full-load conditions.
In practical compounded generators, the change in output voltage from no-load to full-
load is less than 5 percent. A generator with this characteristic is said to be flat-compounded.
Procedure:
44
 Because of its constant speed the synchronous motor will be used to mechanically drive
the dc generator.
 Terminal 1,2,3 on the power supply provide fix three phase power for the three-stator
winding.
 Terminal 8 and N on the power supply provide fix dc power for the rotor winding. Set the
rheostat control knob to its proper position for normal excitation.
 Using your EMS dc motor /generator, DC metering and resistance modules connect the
circuit shown in Fig. 9.1
Fig 9.1
 Couple the synchronous motor and the dc generator with the timing belt.
 Turn the dc generator field rheostat control knob full CW for minimum resistance.
 Make sure the brushes are in their neutral position.
 Place the resistance switches for no load (all switches open).
 Turn on the power supply. The synchronous motor should start running. Close the switch
S.
 Note if voltage EA builds up ___________. If not, turn off the power supply and
interchange any two of the stator connection leads on the synchronous motor.
 Measure the open circuit armature voltage.
EA =___________.
45
 Vary the field rheostat and notice the armature voltage EA changes ______________.
 Adjust the field rheostat for a no load current (Ia =0A) output voltage EA of 220 Vdc.
 Adjust the loads resistance to obtain each of the values listed in the table.
 Measure and record EA and IA for each of the resistance values listed in the table.
RL (ohms) IA EA (volts) Power (watts)
No Load
2200
1100
880
550
440
367
314
275
 Draw the graph between EA and IA
46
EXPERIMENT 10
Wound Rotor Induction Motor
Objective:
To observe the characteristics of wound rotor induction motor at no load and at full load. To
observe the speed control using an external variable resistor.
Equipment / Tool:

Background:
The three ends of the three-phase rotor windings are brought out to three slip rings mounted on
the rotor shaft. The brushes bearing on the slip rings play an important role in realizing
maximum advantage from the wound rotor motor. By connecting the brushes through rheostat, it
becomes higher starting torque than is possible with squirrel cage motor. On starting, the full
resistance of the rheostats is maintained in the rotor circuit, thus providing the very maximum
starting torque.
As the motor approaches normal operating speed, the rheostat resistance is gradually reduced
until it is out of the circuit entirely at full speed. Although the starting torque of the wound rotor
motor is higher, it is not as efficient as the squirrel cage motor at full speed, because the
resistance of the rotor winding is always more than that of a squirrel cage motor.
A special feature of the wound rotor motor is its variable speed capability. By varying the
rheostat resistance, it is possible to vary the percentage of slip and thus, vary the motor speed. In
such cases, below full speed operation means the motor is running at reduced efficiency and
horsepower. In addition, because of the high rotor resistance, the motor is made more susceptible
to variation in speed as the load changes.
Procedure:
 Examine the construction of the speed control rheostat module, paying particular
attention to the circuit schematic diagramed on the face of the module.
o Note that the arms of the three rheostats are separately brought out to terminal 1,2
and 3. The remaining ends of the rheostat are wired together internally and
brought out to the end terminal.
47
o Note that the three rheostats are gang together and that their individual resistances
can be varied simultaneously by turning the single control knob.
o When the control knob is fully ccw the resistance of each rheostat is zero ohms.
When the control knob is fully cw the resistance of each rheostat is 75 ohms.
 Using your wound rotor motor, electrodynamometer, speed control rheostat, data
acquisition block and power supply connect the circuit shown in Figure 10.1. Wattmeter
will not be used here and power will be measured directly using points E 1, I1, I2 and I3. Do
not couple the motor to the electrodynamometer at this time.
 Set the speed control rheostat knob at its full ccw position for zero resistance.
o Turn on the power supply and adjust E1 to 380 VAC. The motor should be running.
o Turn on the LVDAC-EMS software on the PC, and set I1, I2, I3, P1, P2 and P3 on
metering module.
o Measure and record in Table 10.1, the three line currents, three powers (remember
to observe the polarities) and the motor speed.
 Couple the motor to electrodynamometer with the timing belt.

o Set the dynamometer control knob at its full ccw position.
o Repeat procedure 3, for each of the torques listed in Table 10.1, maintaining the
input voltage at 380 VAC
 Set the speed control rheostat knob at its full cw position for maximum resistance.
o Uncouple the motor from the electrodynamometer.
 Turn on the power supply and adjust E1 to 380 VAC. The motor should be running.
o Measure and record in Table 10.2, the three line currents, three powers and the
motor speed.
 Couple the motor to electrodynamometer with the timing belt.

o Set the dynamometer control knob at its full ccw position.
o Repeat procedure 6, for each of the torques listed in Table 10.2, maintaining the
input voltage at 380 VAC
48
Figure 10.1: Circuit Connections
Torque I1 (Aac) I2 (Aac) I3 (Aac) P1 (W) P2 (W) P3 (W) Speed

(N.m.) (RPM)
0.3
0.6
0.9
1.2
Table 10.1: For minimum value of Rheostat
Torque (N.m) I1 (Aac) I2 (Aac) I3 (Aac) P1 (W) P2 (W) P3 (W) Speed

(RPM)
0.3
0.6
0.9
1.2
Table 10.2: For maximum value of Rheostat
49
EXPERIMENT 11
Squirrel Cage Induction Motor
Objective:
To examine the construction of three phase squirrel cage induction motor. To determine it’s
starting, no load and full load characteristics.
Equipment / Tool:

Background:
One of the ways of creating a rotating electromagnet is to connect a three-phase

power source to a stator made of three electromagnets A, B, and C, that are
placed at 120° to one another. When sine-wave currents that are phase shifted of 120° to each
other, like those shown in Figure 11.1, are flowing in stator electromagnets A, B, and C, a
magnetic field that rotates very regularly is obtained.
Figure 11.1: Three-phase sine-wave currents flowing in the stator windings
50
The use of sine-wave currents produces a magnetic field that rotates regularly and whose
strength does not vary over time. The speed of the rotating magnetic field is known as the
synchronous speed (ns) and is proportional to the frequency of the ac power source. A rotating
magnetic field can also be obtained using other combinations of sine-wave currents that are
phase-shifted with respect to each other, but three-phase sine-wave currents are used more
frequently.
When a squirrel-cage rotor is placed inside a rotating magnetic field, it is pulled around in the
same direction as the rotating field. Interchanging the power connections to two of the stator
windings (interchanging A with B for example) interchanges two of the three currents and
reverses the phase sequence. This causes the rotating field to reverse direction. As a result, the
direction of rotation of the motor is also reversed.
So the torque produced by a squirrel-cage induction motor increases as the difference in speed
between the rotating magnetic field and the rotor increases. The difference in speed between the
two is called slip. A plot of the speed versus torque characteristic for a squirrel-cage induction
motor gives a curve similar to that shown in Figure 11.2. As can be seen, the motor speed (rotor
speed) is always lower than the synchronous speed ns because slip is necessary for the motor to
develop torque. The synchronous speed for the motors is 1800 r/min for 60 Hz power, and 1500
r/min for 50-Hz power.
Figure 11.2: Speed versus torque characteristic of a squirrel-cage induction motor

The speed versus torque characteristic of the squirrel-cage induction motor is very similar to that
obtained previously for a separately-excited dc motor. However, the currents induced in the
squirrel-cage rotor must change direction more and more rapidly as the slip increases. In other
words, the frequency of the currents induced in the rotor increases as the slip increases. Since the
rotor is made up of iron and coils of wire, it has an inductance that opposes rapid changes in
current. As a result, the currents induced in the rotor are no longer directly proportional to the
slip of the motor. This affects the speed versus torque characteristic as shown in Figure 11.3.
As the curve shows, the no-load speed is slightly less than the synchronous speed n s but as the
load torque increases, motor speed decreases. For the nominal value of motor torque (full-load
torque) corresponds a nominal operating speed (full-load speed).
51
Figure 11.3: The motor inductance affects the speed versus torque characteristic.
Further increases in load torque lead to a point of instability, called breakdown torque, after
which both motor speed and output torque decrease. The torque value at zero speed, called
locked-rotor torque, is often less than the breakdown torque. At start-up, and at low speed, motor
current is very high and the amount of power that is consumed is higher than during normal
operation.
Another characteristic of three-phase squirrel-cage induction motors is the fact that they always
draw reactive power from the ac power source. The reactive power even exceeds the active
power when the squirrel-cage induction motor rotates without load. The reactive power is
necessary to create the magnetic field in the machine in the same way that an inductor needs
reactive power to create the magnetic field surrounding the inductor.
Procedure:
 Install the equipment required in the EMS workstation

o Mechanically couple the prime mover/dynamometer module to the Four-Pole
Squirrel-Cage Induction Motor
 On the Power Supply, make sure the main power switch is set to the O (off) position, and
the voltage control knob is turned fully counterclockwise. Ensure the Power Supply is
connected to a three-phase power source
 Ensure that the data acquisition module is connected to a USB port of the computer
o Connect the POWER INPUT of the data acquisition module to the 24 V – AC
output of the Power Supply
o On the Power Supply, set the 24 V - AC power switch to the I (on) position
 Start the Data Acquisition software (LVDAC).
52
o In the Metering window, select layout 2. Make sure that the continuous refresh
mode is selected
 Connect the equipment as shown in Figure 11.4
Figure 11.4: Squirrel-cage induction motor coupled to a brake.
 Set the Four-Quadrant Dynamometer/Power Supply or the Prime Mover/Dynamometer to

operate as a brake, then set the brake torque control to minimum (fully counterclockwise
position)
 Turn the Power Supply on and set the voltage control knob so that the line voltage
indicated by meter E line 1 is equal to the nominal line voltage of the squirrel-cage
induction motor
o What is the direction of rotation of the squirrel-cage induction motor?
_______________
o Record in the following blank space the motor speed indicated by the Speed
meter in the Metering window.
n = ____________r/min
o Is the no-load speed almost equal to the speed of the rotating magnetic field
(synchronous speed) given in the Discussion?
□ Yes □ No
 In the Metering window, make sure that the torque correction function of the Torque
meter is enabled. The Torque meter indicates the output torque of the squirrel-cage
induction motor
o On the brake, adjust the torque control so that the mechanical power
developed by the squirrel-cage induction motor (indicated by meter Mech.
53
Power in the Metering window) is equal to 175 W (nominal motor output
power).
o Record the nominal speed nNOM, torque TNOM, and line current INOM of the
squirrel-cage induction motor in the following blank spaces. These parameters
are indicated by meters Speed, Torque, and I line 1, respectively
nNOM = ____________r/min
TNOM = ____________N.m.
INOM = ____________A
o On the brake, set the torque control to minimum (fully counterclockwise
position). The torque indicated by the brake’s display should be 0 N.m.
 Record the motor line voltage ELINE line current ILINE, active power, reactive power P,
output torque Q, and speed T in the Data Table 11.1. These parameters are indicated by
meters E line 1, I line 1, Active Power, Reactive Power, Speed, and Torque, respectively.
o On the brake, carefully adjust the torque control so that the torque indicated
by the Torque meter increases by 0.3 N.m. increments up to about 2.1 N.m.
For each torque setting, record the data in the Data Table 11.1.
o On the brake, continue to adjust the torque control so that the torque indicated
by the Torque meter increases by 0.1 N.m. increments, until the motor speed
starts to decrease fairly rapidly (breakdown torque region). For each torque
setting, record the data in the Data Table 11.1.
o Once the motor speed has stabilized, record the data in the Data Table.
 When all data has been recorded, set the torque control knob on the brake to minimum
(fully counterclockwise), turn the voltage control knob fully counterclockwise, and turn
the Power Supply off.
o Does the motor line current indicated in column I line 1 increase as the
mechanical load applied to the squirrel-cage induction motor increases?
□ Yes □ No
 In the Graph window, make the appropriate settings to obtain a graph of the motor speed
(obtained from the Speed meter) as a function of the motor torque (obtained from the
Torque meter). Entitle the graph as G411, name the x-axis as Squirrel-cage induction-
motor torque, name the y-axis as Squirrel-cage induction-motor speed, and print the
graph.
o Briefly describe how the speed varies as the mechanical load applied to the
squirrel-cage induction motor increases, i.e., as the motor torque increases
54
Line Voltage (E Line Current Active Reactive Torque Speed
line 1) (I line 1) Power Power (N.m.) (n)
(W) (rpm)
(V) (I) (W)
Table 11.1
 Indicate on graph G411 the nominal speed and torque of the squirrel-cage induction
motor measured previously.
o Determine the breakdown torque of the squirrel-cage induction motor using graph
G411
TBreakdown = __________________ N.m.
o Determine the minimum-speed torque using graph G411. This torque is a good
approximation of the locked-rotor torque of the squirrel-cage induction motor
TLocked Rotor = __________________ N.m.
o Compare the breakdown torque and locked-rotor torque with the nominal torque
of the squirrel-cage induction motor.
 In the Graph window, make the appropriate settings to obtain a graph of the motor active
(P) and reactive (Q) power (obtained from meters Act. Power and React. Power,
respectively) as a function of the motor speed (obtained from the Speed meter) using the
data recorded previously in the Data Table (DT411). Entitle the graph as G411-1, name
the x-axis as Squirrel cage induction-motor speed, and name the y-axis as Squirrel-cage
induction motor active power and reactive power.
o Does graph G411-1 confirm that the squirrel-cage induction motor always draws
reactive power from the ac power source
□ Yes □ No
o Does graph G411-1 confirm that the squirrel-cage induction motor draws more
electrical power from the ac power source as it drives a heavier load?
□ Yes □ No
55
o Observe that when the squirrel-cage induction motor rotates without load, the
reactive power exceeds the active power. What does this reveal?
 In the Graph window, make the appropriate settings to obtain a graph of the motor line
current ILINE (obtained from meter I line 1) as a function of the motor speed (obtained
from the Speed meter) using the data recorded previously in the Data Table (DT411).
Entitle the graph as G411-2, name the x-axis as Squirrel-cage induction-motor speed,
name the y-axis as Squirrel-cage induction-motor line current, and print the graph
o How does the line current vary as the motor speed decreases?
o Indicate on graph G411-2 the nominal line current of the squirrel-cage induction
motor measured previously
o By how many times is the starting line current greater than the nominal line
current? (Use the line current measured at minimum speed as the starting current.)
 On the Four-Pole Squirrel-Cage Induction Motor, interchange any two of the three leads
connected to the stator windings.
o Turn the Power Supply on and set the voltage control knob so that the line voltage
indicated by meter E line 1 is approximately equal to the nominal line voltage of
the squirrel-cage induction motor.
o What is the direction of rotation of the squirrel-cage induction motor?
o Does the squirrel-cage induction motor rotate opposite to the direction noted
previously in this exercise?
□ Yes □ No
 On the Power Supply, set the 24 V - AC power switch to the O (off) position. Remove all
the leads and cables.
EXPERIMENT 12
The Universal Motor
Objective:
56
To Examine the construction of the universal motor. To determine its no-load and full-load
characteristics while operating on alternating current. To determine its no-load and full-load
characteristics while operating on direct current.
Equipment / Tool:

Background:
The universal motor is so named because it is a type of electric motor that can operate
on AC or DC power. It is a commutated series-wound motor where the stator's field coils are
connected in series with the rotor windings through a commutator. It is often referred to as an AC
series motor. The universal motor is very similar to a DC series motor in construction, but is
modified slightly to allow the motor to operate properly on AC power. This type of electric motor
can operate well on AC because the current in both the field coils and the armature (and the
resultant magnetic fields) will alternate (reverse polarity) synchronously with the supply. Hence
the resulting mechanical force will occur in a consistent direction of rotation, independent of the
direction of applied voltage, but determined by the commutator and polarity of the field coils.
Universal motors have high starting torque, can run at high speed, and are lightweight and
compact. They are commonly used in portable power tools and equipment, as well as many
household appliances. They're also relatively easy to control, electromechanically using tapped
coils, or electronically. However, the commutator has brushes that wear, so they are much less
often used for equipment that is in continuous use. In addition, partly because of the commutator,
universal motors are typically very noisy, both acoustically and electromagnetically.
Procedure:
 Examine the construction of universal motor module EMS module 8284.

 Viewing the motor from the rear of the module.
 Identify the armature winding.
 Identify the stature.
 Identify the main series winding.
 Identify the compensating winding.
 Viewing he motor from the front of the module identify the commutator.
 Identify the brushes the neutral position of the brushes is indicated by a red line marked
on the motor housing identify it.
 The brushes can be positioned on the commutator by moving the lever to the right or left
of the red line. Move the lever both ways and then returned it to its neutral position.
 Viewing the front face of the module. The main series winding is connected to terminal -
___________ and ____________
 The compensating winding is connected to terminal _______________and ___________
57
 The brushes (commutator and armature winding) are connected to
terminal____________and _____________.
 Connect the armature and compensating winding in series across the 0-220 V ac output of
the power supply as shown in figure.
 Using the EMS wattmeter and electro dynamometer modules connect the circuit as
shown in Fig 12.1.
Fig 12.1
 Couple the electrodynamometer to the universal motor with the trimming belt.
 Connect the input terminal of the electrodynamometer to the fix 220V ac output of the
power supply terminal 1 and N.
 Set the dynamometer control knob and its full CCW position turn on the power supply
and adjust for 220V ac.
 Measure and record in table the line current the power and motor speed.
 Note: there is very little sparking at the carbon brushes.
 Repeat (a) for each of the torque listed in the table, maintaining the input voltage at 220
Vac.
Torque I(amps) VA Pin (watts) Speed (rpm) Pout(Watts)

0
0.3
58
0.6
0.9
1.2
 Replace the AC ammeter and voltmeter with dc Meter, remove the single phase wattmeter
and connect the input to the variable dc output, terminal 7 and N of the power supply as
shown in figure.
 Repeat procedure using dc power and instead of ac power and complete table to obtain
Pin Multiply V by I.
Torque I(amps) Pin (watts) Speed (rpm) Pout(Watts)
0.3
0.6
0.9
1.2
EXPERIMENT 13
DC Shunt Generator
Objective:
59
To learn how to connect the self-excited generator. To obtain the armature voltage vs armature
current load curve of the generator
Equipment / Tool:

Background:
A shunt generator is a type of direct current electric generator in which field winding and
armature winding are connected in parallel, and in which the armature supplies both the load
current and the field current. A direct current (DC) generator, not using a permanent magnet,
requires a DC field current for excitation. The field may be separately excited by a source of DC,
such as a battery, or self-excited by being connected to the armature of the generator so that the
generator also provides the energy required for the field current.
Procedure:
 Because of its constant speed the synchronous motor will be used to mechanically drive
the dc generator
 Terminal 1,2,3 on the power supply provide fix three phase power for the three-stator
winding. Terminal 8 and N on the power supply provide fix dc power for the rotor
winding. Set the rheostat control knob to its proper position for normal excitation.
 Using your EMS dc motor /generator, DC metering and resistance modules connect the
circuit shown in Fig 13.1.
Fig 13.1.
 Couple the synchronous motor and the dc generator with the timing belt.
 Turn the dc generator field rheostat control knob full CW for minimum resistance.
 Make sure the brushes are in their neutral position.
 Place the resistance switches for no load (all switches open).
60
 Turn on the power supply. The synchronous motor should start running. Close the switch
S.
 Note if voltage EA builds up __________.
 If not, turn off the power supply and interchange any two of the stator connection leads
on the synchronous motor.
 Measure the open circuit armature voltage.
EA =___________.
 Vary the field rheostat and notice the armature voltage EA changes _________________.
 Place resistance switch so that the total load resistance 440 ohms adjust the field rheostat
until the generators is delivering and output voltage of 220 V dc. The ammeter IA should
indicate 0.5Adc.
 Adjust the loads resistance to obtain each of the values listed in the table.
 Measure and record EA and IA for each of the resistance values listed in the table.
RL (ohms) IA EA (volts) Power (watts)
Infinity
2200
1100
880
550
440
367
314
275
 Draw the graph between EA and IA.
EXPERIMENT 14
Generator Synchronization
Objective:
61
To be able to synchronize a three phase synchronous generator with the ac power network using
the Synchronous Motor/Generator and the Synchronizing Module.
Equipment / Tool:

Background:
Most of the electricity consumed today is produced by three-phase synchronous generators.
Since a huge amount of electricity is consumed every day, ac power networks are generally made
up of a large number of synchronous generators all operating at the same frequency. When the
power demand increases, additional generators are connected to the ac power network. Before
connecting a three phase synchronous generator to an AC power network, the following
conditions are to be observed:
o The frequency of the voltages produced by the generator must be equal to the ac
power network frequency.
o The value of the voltages produced by the generator must be equal to the ac
power network voltage.
o The phase sequence of the voltages produced by the generator must be the same
as that of the ac power network.
o The voltages produced by the generator must be in phase with the ac power
network voltages
A generator is said to be synchronized when all these conditions are met. A synchronous
generator must never be connected to an AC power network before verifying synchronization.
Connecting a non-synchronized generator to an AC power network could cause severe damage to
the generator, because of the high torque that would be applied to the generator's shaft and the
huge currents that would flow in the generator windings at connection.
Once a synchronous generator is connected to an AC power network, no current flows between
the generator and the ac power network because they produce voltages having the same
amplitude and phase. As a result, the generator supplies neither active nor reactive power to the
ac power network. In this case, the generator is said to be "floating" on the ac power network.
Furthermore, its frequency can no longer be changed by adjusting the torque applied to the
generator's shaft. This is because the ac power network is so powerful that it imposes its own
frequency. However, adjusting the torque applied to the generator's shaft allows changing the
amount of active power that is exchanged between the generator and the ac power network.
Increasing the torque increases the amount of active power that is delivered to the ac power
network. Conversely, decreasing the torque decreases the amount of active power that is
delivered to the ac power network. The generator could even receive active power from the ac
62
power network, and thus operate as a synchronous motor, if the torque applied to the generator's
shaft were decreased to zero.
As in three-phase synchronous motors, the amount of reactive power that is exchanged between
a synchronous generator and the ac power network can be changed by adjusting the field current.
The field current is usually adjusted so that no reactive power is exchanged between the
generator and the ac power network, i.e., so that the power factor of the generator is unity. This
minimizes the line currents and allows the size of the conductors connecting the generator to the
ac power network to be reduced to minimum.
Figure 14.1 shows a simple circuit used to synchronize and connect a generator and an AC power
network. In this circuit, a three-phase synchronous generator is connected to a three-phase power
network (three-phase power source) through three lamps and a three-pole switch set to the open
position. A voltmeter and a frequency meter are connected to the generator output to measure its
voltage and frequency.
Figure 6-10. Circuit used to synchronize and connect a generator and an ac power network.
The speed and field current of the synchronous generator are first adjusted so that the generator
frequency and voltage are approximately equal to the nominal voltage and frequency of the ac
power network. The brightness of the lamps will change in synchronism when the phase
sequence of the generator is the same as that of the ac power network. On the other hand, the
lamp brightness will change out of synchronism if the phase sequence of the generator differs
from that of the ac power network. In this case, the connections of two of the three line wires of
the synchronous generator must be interchanged to reverse its phase sequence.
Once the phase sequence of the synchronous generator is correct, the speed of the generator is
adjusted so that the rate at which the lamp brightness changes is as low as possible. This adjusts
the frequency of the generator to that of the ac power network. The field current of the generator
is then adjusted so that the lamps become completely dimmed as their brightness decreases. This
adjusts the generator voltage to that of the ac power network. The switch can then be closed at
any instant the lamps are dimmed completely (the voltages are in phase at this instant only) to
safely connect the synchronous generator to the ac power network.
63
Procedure:
 Install the equipment required in the EMS workstation

o Mechanically couple the prime mover/dynamometer module to the Synchronous
Motor/Generator
 On the Power Supply, make sure the main power switch is set to the O (off) position, and
the voltage control knob is turned fully counterclockwise. Ensure the Power Supply is
connected to a three-phase power source.
 Ensure that the data acquisition module is connected to a USB of the computer
o Connect the POWER INPUT of the data acquisition module to the 24 V – AC
output of the Power Supply.
o On the Power Supply, set the 24 V - AC power switch to the I (on) position
 Start the Data Acquisition software (LVDAC).

o In the Metering window, select layout 2. Make sure that the continuous refresh
mode is selected
 Connect the equipment as shown in Figure 14.2
Figure 6-11. Circuit used to synchronize and connect a generator and an ac power network.
o On the Synchronous Motor/Generator, set the EXCITER switch to the I (close)
position and the EXCITER knob to the mid position
o On the Synchronizing Module, set the switch to the O (open) position
 Set the Four-Quadrant Dynamometer/Power Supply or the Prime Mover/Dynamometer to

operate as a clockwise prime mover
64
 On the Synchronous Motor/Generator, interchange the connections of the leads at
terminals 1 and 2
o Set the prime mover speed at the nominal speed of the Synchronous
Motor/Generator minus approximately 75 r/min.
 On the Synchronous Motor/Generator, set the EXCITER knob so that the line-to-line
output voltage E0 of the synchronous generator (indicated by meter E line 1 in the
Metering window) is equal to the nominal value
o Observe the lamps on the Synchronizing Module.
o Does the phase sequence of the synchronous generator correspond to that of the
three-phase power network? Why?
 Leave the prime mover speed set as it is. Turn the Power Supply off.
o On the Synchronous Motor/Generator, interchange the connections of the leads at
terminals 1 and 2.
 Turn the Power Supply ON.

o Observe the lamps on the Synchronizing Module.
o Does the phase sequence of the synchronous generator correspond to that of the
three-phase power network? Why?
 Set the prime mover speed so that the brightness of the lamps on the Synchronizing
Module changes very slowly (if necessary).
o Is the generator synchronized with the three-phase power network at the instants
the lamps are dimmed completely?
 On the Synchronizing Module, set the switch to the I (closed) position at an instant the
lamps are dimmed completely. This connects the synchronous generator to the three-
phase power network.
o In the Metering window, observe the active power indicated by meter React.
Power. Is a significant amount of active power exchanged between the
synchronous generator and the ac power network?
 In the Metering window, make sure that the torque correction function of the Torque
meter is enabled
o Slowly increase the prime-mover speed setting to increase the generator input
torque until the Torque meter reads -1.0 N.m. While doing this, observe the active
power and the generator speed indicated by meters Act. Power and Speed.
o Describe what happens.
65
o Does the synchronous generator supply active power to the ac power network?
□ Yes □ No
 Slowly set the prime-mover speed setting so that the active power indicated by meter Act.
Power decreases to approximately zero. While doing this, observe the generator input
torque indicated by the Torque meter.
o The synchronous generator is now "floating" on the ac power network. Where
does the power to overcome friction come from?
 Slowly decrease the prime-mover speed setting to 0. While doing this, observe the active
power, the generator input torque, and the generator speed indicated by meters Act.
Power, Torque, and Speed.
o What does this mean?
 Increase the prime-mover speed setting until the torque indicated by the Torque meter
(generator input torque) is equal to −1.0 N.m. The synchronous generator is now
delivering the nominal active power (approximately) to the ac power network
o On the Synchronous Motor/Generator, slowly set the EXCITER knob to the
MAX. Position to increase the field current. While doing this, observe the active
power, the reactive power, the generator input torque, and the generator speed
indicated by the meters
o Does the synchronous generator supply reactive power to the ac power network?
□ Yes □ No
 On the Synchronous Motor/Generator, slowly set the EXCITER knob to the MIN.
position to decrease the field current. While doing this, observe the reactive power
indicated by meter React. Power in the Metering window.
o Is it possible to adjust the field current so that the power factor of the synchronous
generator is unity?
□ Yes □ No
 On the Power Supply, set the 24 V - AC power switch to the O (off) position. Remove all
leads and cables.
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67

EMS Lab Manual Ver 1.0 (Fall 2016)

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EMS Lab Manual Ver 1.0 (Fall 2016)

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Lab Manual

Department of Electrical Engineering

BAHRIA UNIVERSITY ISALMABAD

Exp No. Title Page No.

1 Introduction to Machine lab and trainer and safety rules 1

2 To become familiar with real and apparent power in an AC circuit 14

Three phase power measurement using two-wattmeter and three-wattmeter

4 Voltage regulation of a single phase transformer 25

5 To connect the transformer in delta-delta and wye-wye connections 29

7 To study the torque speed characteristics of DC compound motor 37

8 To learn how to connect a three phase synchronous motor 41

10 Wound rotor induction motor 48

11 Squirrel cage induction motor 51

12 The universal motor 58

Introduction to Machine lab trainer and Safety Rules

 LabVolt Trainer with modules

Experiments related to electric machines (motors/generators) and transformers are the

An AC motor is an electric motor that is driven by an alternating current. It consists of two

A typical AC motor consists of two parts:

A DC motor works by converting electric power into mechanical work. This is

 Separately Excited Motors

A tachometer (also called a revolution-counter, rev-counter, or RPM gauge) is an instrument

The electrodynamometer is a device used to accurately measure the torque developed

The wattmeter is an instrument to measure real power in a circuit. The wattmeter

Figure 1.1: Data Acquisition Block

Safety and Precautions:

 Never Rely on Safety Devices:

 Never Remove the Ground:

 Do not work on cluttered bench:

 Do not work on wet Floors:

Your contact resistance to ground is substantially reduced. Work on a rubber mat or an

 Do not work alone:

 Work with one hand behind you or in your pocket:

 Always move slowly:

 Burns and rules to avoid them:

Four rules for safe practice and to avoid burns are

 Remain away from hot resistors:

 Remain away from charged capacitors:

 Watch the soldering iron or gun:

 Wait for soldered joint to cool:

Mechanical injuries and rules to avoid them:

 Smooth the metal corners

 Proper selection of the tool:

 Proper eye protection:

 Protect your body from dangerous chemicals:

 Ask your instructor:

If you don’t know-ASK YOUR INSTRUCTOR.

The Power Supply:

Figure 1.2: Power Supply Module

To become familiar with real and apparent power in an AC circuit

To measure the real, apparent and reactive power using LVDAC-EMS.

 LabVolt Trainer with modules

Measure a Resistive Load:

o Calculate the input power by using the equation P= E * I.

Are the two powers equal? ____________

Measure a Capacitive Load:

Pin (P) = ______ W

Pin (S) = ______ SA

Pin (Q) = ______ VAR

o Calculate the input power by using the equation P= E * I.

 Are the two powers equal? ____________

Measure an Inductive Load:

Pin (P) = ______ W

Apparent Power (E1 I11.73) = ______ VA

Apparent Power (E1 I11.73) = ______ VA

E= _ V Torque= __ N.m.