Thermodynamics Lecture 2 (Jun 29) At the exit, 3 = 350 fps

v3 = 7 ft3/lb
Temperature Find (a) the speed 2 at section 2; and
Problem. (1) the boiling point and freezing point of water (b) the flow and area at the exit section
in English units is 212F and 32F respectively. In SI, they
are 100C and 0C respectively. Derive relation between
Farenheit and Degrees.

Absolute Temperature – temperature measured from

absolute zero.
(a) degree Rankine, R = tF + 460
(b) degree Kelvin, K = tC + 273.15
(ans) a. 400 fps b. m3=42.71 lb/s, c. 0.8542 ft2
Conservation of Mass
The law of conservation of mass states that mass is 3. A 10-ft diameter by 15-ft height vertical tank is
indestructible. receiving water (=62.1 lb/ft3) at the rate of 300 gpm
and is discharging through a 6-in I.D. line with a
(Derivation start) The quantity of fluid passing through a constant speed of 5 fps. At a given instant, the tank is
given section is given by the formula: half full. Find the water level and the mass change in
V  A the tank 15 minutes later. (Note 1 ft3 =7.48 US gal)
(ans) 3.91 ft, 17,511 lb (decrease)
Where V = volume flow rate, m3
4. A weatherman carried an aneroid barometer from
A = cross-sectional area, m2
the ground floor to his office atop Sears Tower in
 = average speed, m/s
Chicago. On the ground level, the barometer read 30.15
v = specific volume, m3/kg
in.Hg absolute; at the top it read 28.607 in.Hg absolute.
 = density, kg/m3
Assume that the average atmospheric air density was
m = mass flow rate, kg/s 0.075 lb/ft3 and estimate the height of the building.
(Deriving the conservation of mass formula from the (ans) 1455 ft
basic formula using the above variables) 5. A vacuum gage mounted on a condenser read 0.66 m
V A Hg. What is the absolute pressure in the condenser in
m   A
v v Kpa when the atmospheric pressure is 101.3 kPa.
Consider a tube with varying cross-sectional area (ans) 13.28 kPa
shown in the figure: 6. A fluid moves in a steady flow manner between two
sections in a flow line.
At section 1: A1=10 ft2, 1= 100 fpm, v1=4ft3/lb.
At section 2: A2=2 ft2, 2 = 0.20 lb/ft3.
For mass to be conserved, mass flow rate in (1) must Calculate (a) the mass flow rate and (b) the speed at
be equal to the mass flow rate in (2); thus: section 2.
m1  m2 (ans) a. 15,000 lb/hr, b. 10.42 fps
7. If a pump discharges 75 gpm of water whose specific
A11 A22
A111  A22 2 or  weight is 61.5 lb/ft3 (g=31.95 fps2), find (a) the mass
v1 v2 flow rate in lb/min, and (b) total time required to fill a
vertical tank 10ft diameter and 12ft high.
Problems: (ans) a. 621.2 lb/min, b. 93.97 min
2. Two gaseous streams enter a combining tube and
leave as a single mixture. The following data apply at Zeroth law of Thermodynamics
the entrance section: The zeroth law of thermodynamics states that when 2
A1 = 75 in2 A2 = 50 in2 bodies have equality of temperature with a third body,
1 = 500 fps m2 = 16.67 lb/s they in turn have equality of temperature with each
v1 = 10 ft /lb
3 2 = 0.12 lb/ft3 other.