A REVIEW OF FLUID FLOW EQUATION SOLUTION USING ANALYTICAL

METHOD ON NATURAL GAS PIPELINE

BY

AUWALU IBRAHIM AHMAD

FSC/MTH/14/0018

A PROJECT SUBMITTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS, FEDERAL

UNIVERSITY DUTSE IN A REVIEW OF FLUID FLOW EQUATION SOLUTION
USING ANALYTICAL METHOD ON NATURAL GAS PIPELINE REQUIREMENTS
FOR THE AWARD OF THE DEGREE OF BACHELOR OF SCIENCE (B.Sc.Hons.) IN
MATHEMATICS

JUNE, 2018

i
 CERTIFICATION
This project entitled “a review solution of fluid flow equation using analytical method on
natural gas pipelines at the pipe inlet by Auwalu Ibrahim Ahmad meets the requirement
governing the award of the degree of Bachelor of Science in Mathematics and is approved
for it is contribution to knowledge and literary representation.

……………………….. ………………………

Dr Babagaladima Agaie Date

Supervisor

…………………………. ………………………

Dr. Ali M. Shuaibu Date

Head of Department

…………………………. ………………………

External Examiner Date

ii
 DEDICATION
I dedicate this project research work to my lovely, wonderful and caring Father Mal,Ibrahim
Ahmad Baffa My Unique Mother, Hajiya, Marakisiyya Ahmad My Brothers Abubakar,Umar
Murtala and Mujaheed My sisters Amina(sayyada),Maryam(Momi),Aysha, Hauwa(Shaheedat)
and Bea Maryam Saminu Lawan My Supervisored Dr Babagaladima Agaie, My friends
Abubakar(Gwamnaty) Shuaibu Kailula, My Oga Willo, Khaleefah Jibril, Abdullahi Tarbutu,
Mubarak Ustaz and My Colleagues

iii
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
All praise be to almighty Allah (S.W.T) lord of the world, the beneficent, the merciful, who
created man and give him ability to differentiates between good and bad, who in his infinite
mercy has given me the strength and the courage to successful accomplish this academy task.

This project could not have been successful without the support received from many people
which time may not permit me to mention all.

My profound gratitude and appreciation goes to my supervisor Dr Babagaladima Agaie for

whose useful and valuable contributions, correction and suggestion has greatly helps to
successful completion of this project.

I wish to express my sincere appreciation to the staff of mathematics department and student of
mathematics for their support.

I also wish to acknowledge with thanks to my colleagues, friends and my parents for their love,
caring and support throughout my stayed in Federal University Dutse.

My profound gratitude and appreciation to my lovely parents for their support, caring and
infinite love throughout my life.

iv
 TABLE OF CONTENTS
CERTIFICATION .................................................................................................................................... ii
DEDICATION ......................................................................................................................................... iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ..................................................................................................................... iv
ABSTRACT............................................................................................................................................. vi
CHAPTER ONE
GENERAL INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................. 1
BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY ......................................................................................................... 1
1.2 STATEMENT OF THE REASEARCH PROBLEM ......................................................................... 3
1.3 AIMS AND OBJECTIVES ................................................................................................................ 3
1.4 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY.................................................................................................... 3
1.5 SCOPE AND LIMITATIONS ............................................................................................................ 4
DEFINATION OF TERMS ...................................................................................................................... 4
CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW

CHAPTER THRE
METHODOLOGY
3.1 DERIVIATION OF THE FLUID FLOW METHOD......................................................................... 8
CHAPTER FOUR
4.1 ANALYSIS ....................................................................................................................................... 14
4.2 DIAGRAM OF VERTICAL SEGMENTED PIPELINES ............................................................... 16
CHAPTER FIVE
5.1 SUMMARY ...................................................................................................................................... 17
5.2 CONCLUSION ................................................................................................................................. 17
5.3 RECOMMENDATIONS .................................................................................................................. 17
REFERENCE.......................................................................................................................................... 18

v
 ABSTRACT
In this work a discussion on the particularities of the pressure drop equations being used in the
design of natural gas pipelines will be carried out. Several versions are presented according to
the different flow regimes under consideration and through the presentation of these equations
the basic physical support for each one is discussed as well as their feasibility.

vi
 CHAPTER ONE

GENERAL INTRODUCTION

BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

The design of Natural gas pipelines and networks is commonly presented through a series of
numerical procedures and recommendations, and usually fluid flow equations are recommended
by the several authors according to common design and calculation practice, without a deep
analysis of the basic physical reasoning that is behind each one of such equations. In this work a
discussion on the particularities of the pressure drop equations being used in the design of gas
pipelines will be carried out and several versions presented. The development of the fluid flow
equation is commonly found in several books and publications in Fluid Mechanics. The reader
can consult the work of Mohitpour et al. (2000) where such analysis is presented for steady and
unsteady state compressible fluid flow. Basically, the Weymouth and Panhandle equations are
derived for gas fluid flow in horizontal and slightly inclined pipelines. For slightly inclined
pipes, the elevation change is accounted for by simply adding the static head of the gas column
to the pressure difference calculation. While this may be adequate for small elevation changes, as
obtained in gas pipelines, it is inadequate in gas wells where the pipe is either vertical or nearly
vertical. The reason is that, in this case, the gravity term is sufficiently significant to affect fluid
velocity and hence the friction term.

Developed numerical procedures for integrating the energy equation to calculate BHP in flowing
gas wells. Aziz presented a numerical algorithm for computing flowing BHP for gas wells. His
method improves the convergence rate in the iterative procedure usually involved. The common
denominator in all these investigations is that kinetic energy was neglected. By assuming that
temperature and compressibility are constant throughout the pipeline and by neglecting the
kinetic energy term, an analytical expression can be derived from the fundamental energy
equation. The resulting expression is well known.4-6 However, no such expression is published
for the case where the kinetic energy term is included.
Young introduced into the gas-well flow calculations as a result of the various assumptions
usually made. He concluded that, although the kinetic energy term is negligible in many cases,
the error introduced is more significant than that arising from setting temperature and
compressibility factor to some constant average values. He concluded that a numerical algorithm

1
must be used when the kinetic energy term is significant enough that it cannot be neglected. His
study further shows that, for gas wells, this condition will arise when the well is less than 4,000
ft deep and wellhead pressure is below 100 psia. This would seem to apply to shallow-well, low-
pressure systems common, for example, in the Appalachian basin of the U.S. Young also
concluded that including the kinetic energy term is important when the pressure traverse in the
gas well is desired, even for wellhead flowing pressure as high as 500. This paper presents an
development of fluid flow equation for Natural gas pipelines derived from the fundamental
differential equation describing compressible fluid flow in pipes without neglecting the kinetic
energy term. Example calculations are presented to demonstrate the versatility of the gas
pipelines. And which include calculations for gas wells and long-distance gas pipeline
transportation
For slightly inclines pipes, the elevation change is accounted by simply adding the static head of
the gas column to the pressure difference calculation. While this may be adequate for small
elevation changes, as obtained in gas pipelines, it is inadequate in gas wells where the pipe is
either horizontal or nearly vertical. The reason is that in this case, the gravity term is sufficiently
significant to affect fluid flow velocity and hence the fraction term. For the past 150 years,
natural gas pipelines have been playing a vital role in all aspects of development especially the
use of natural gas to replace coal and oil. Due to its distinct property which differs from other
types of petroleum fuel, the natural gas pipelines have been well accepted as the energy of choice
for today and future. Because the world needs not only the energy that drives the economy but
the energy that also protects the environment. The natural gas provides heat and light; it is used
as a fuel for power generation, transportation, industry, agriculture and starting raw material for
petrochemical industry and also in the cooling system.

Pipelines are an integral part of the oil & gas industry, fund in the constructions of refinery
building, oil and gas exploration. It is relatively a simple process since the engineering involve
are fairly repetitive; therefore, the design a standardization is easily achievable. Dixon, Pound &
Korgan (1987) talk about the design and standardization of pipelines using Geographical
Information Systems (GIS) software, due to the different types of solids and liquids that pass
through the pipelines, they are subject to significant corrosion and present a high risk in the
pipeline construction and operations. There is a need to study the pipeline pressure change at

2
every point in the pipe for effective industrial development. How can fluid flows Equation be
used in determining pressure drop.
The problem of pipeline fluid flow is to reduce the risk of damage due to third party interference
as a result of digging or working too close to pipelines, and to improve utility of underground
plant in order to avoid accidental damage

1.2 STATEMENT OF THE REASEARCH PROBLEM

A pipeline is a means of transporting valuable fluids such as oil and gas from one point to
another. Its value is intimately tied up with the value of what is being transported. In addition,
pipeline control can have serious implications on both ends of the line. It is not uncommon for a
vertically integrated pipeline owner to try to restrict access to the line by potential third party
users to limit competition among producers and consumers. The information on pipeline pressure
and other perimeter is necessary in the study of the transportation behavior and good delivering
for both consumers and producers. To achieve we must be able to calculate the perimeters such
as pressure, how do we develop a model equation that best compete the pressure.

1.3 AIMS AND OBJECTIVES

This work is aim at developing the analytical pipeline fluid flow equation.
The pipeline fluid flow equation will help in calculation natural gas flow in a pipeline inlet
pressure.
To Study the fluid flow equation
To calculate the inlet pressure using developed analytical pipeline fluid flow equation.
To identify the constrain/problems of Natural gas pipelines transportation
To ensure natural gas efficient product in the country
The approval of Natural gas pipelines work construction
Natural gas pipelines is a euphemism for fracked methane gas.

1.4 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

The study help to develop pressure in pipeline fluid flow equation, and
Improve utility of underground plant in order to avoid accidental damage
Gas Improve methods for accurate, capturing and transferring easily, through pipelines the
methods of pipeline fracture detection and alerting are required to provide more accurate results.

3
Pipelines methods are to protect domestic, industrial and commercial properties from a potential
fire or explosion hazard.
Pipeline transported large quantities of oil and natural gas in the petroleum industries, Pipelines
are collected from Federal Energy Regulatory Commission filing by gas Transmission Company,
Although burning coal or oil produce more carbon dioxide than burning methane, methane is
much worse than carbon dioxide a global greenhouse gas. Methane leaks into the atmosphere
and natural gas pipelines are a significant source of leaks.
Many environmentalists view natural gas as a natural fuel between the dominant fossil fuels of
today and the renewable fuels of tomorrow. For a given amount of heat energy, burning natural
gas produces about half as much carbon dioxide, the main cause of global warming, as burning
coal. Since one of the consumption of natural gas is as a source for electrical generation.
In nature Natural gas pipelines is much more in abundance than Oil. Most oil economists put the
Natural gas reserves at least 50% higher than Oil reserves at the current consumption rates. At
present Natural gas reserves are estimated to last in excess of 60 yrs whereas Oil reserves are
estimated at 40 odd years. In the US, over the last few years approximately 1800Tcf of Natural
gas reserves have been discovered, bringing the total reserves to approximately 3000Tcf. Even
for the US, which is the world’s biggest Natural gas?(PennWell Corporation, 1992, 2009) The
pipeline was completed between 1992 and 2008.

1.5 SCOPE AND LIMITATIONS

The work is limited on fluid flow of pipeline where the inlet-pressure is known.
The scope of the study determines the pipeline fluid flow equation.

DEFINATION OF TERMS
1 NATURAL GAS

Natural gas is a mixture of gases which are rich in hydrocarbons. All these gases (methane,
nitrogen, carbon dioxide) are naturally found in atmosphere. Natural gas reserves are deep inside
the earth near other solid and liquid hydrocarbons beds like coal and crude oil.

2 PIPELINE

A line of connected pipes with pumps and control device for carrying liquids or gases a long
distance.

4
 CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW
In this chapter we study literature for the Natural gas pipeline tariff calculation methodologies
for different problems and public private partnership of gas transportation through pipelines.
With an objective to generate inputs for construction for methodology required to determine flow
pressure and analysis gas behavior during flow. Pipelining is an important and economical
method to transport large quantities of oil and natural gas in the petroleum industry. The first
pipeline in the USA, two-inch in diameter and over 8 km long, was built in 1865 (Scheduble,
2002). By 2008, US had a total of 793,285 km of pipelines, among which 244,620 km was for
petroleum product and 548,685 km was for natural gas, pipeline and forecasts trends for the next
year (Penn Well Corporation, 1992,2009). Various studies on pipeline have been conducted by
different researchers in different perspectives.
Rios-Mercado et al.(2001) presented a reduction technique for natural gas pipelines transmission
network optimization problems. These results are presented for steady-state compressible flow
through a network pipeline. The decision variables are the mass flow rate through each arc
(pipeline segment), and the gas pressure level at each pipeline node.
Sun et al.(1999) discussed the software support system, called the Gas Pipeline Operation
Advisor (GPOA). The GPOA aids the dispatcher in optimizing natural gas pipeline operations in
order to satisfy customer demand with minimal operating costs. The GPOA has been used both
as an expert system and in operations research. The objective of the model is to minimize the
overall operating costs, subject to a set of constraints such as the horsepower requirement,
availability of individual compressors, types of compressor and the cycling of each compressor.

Martinez-Romero et al.(2002) described steady-state compressible fluid flow through a Natural

gas pipeline. They presented a sensibility analysis for the most important fluid flow equations
defining the key parameters in the optimization process. They used the software package “Gas
Net,” which is based in Stoner’s method with improvements for solving the system of equations.
The basic mathematical model assumed a gas pipelines network with two elements: nodes and
nodes connectors. The connectors represent elements with a different pressure at the inlet and
outlet, such as the pipeline, compressors, valves and regulators.
Doonan et al.(1998) used Simulink TM to simulate a gas pipeline system. The simulation was
used to investigate the safety parameters of an alternative control a considerable distance

5
downstream from the main pressure regulating station. The elements used in this model were
very limited. SimulinkTM is very limited in the knowledge provided about pipeline operation
and reliability. The main limitation for SimulinkTM is steady-state analysis of gas pipelines.
Santose (1997) discussed the importance of a transient simulation and the advantages of using
transient simulation. He also emphasizes its use in the design phase of a gas pipeline. This paper
focuses on a single line Natural gas pipelines without storage facilities and with a flow demand
that varies with respect to time in an hourly basis so as to show a behavior that could not be
considered as a steady-state fluid flow of gas pipelines.

Mohitpour et al.(1996) presented the importance of a dynamic simulation on the design and
optimization of gas pipelines transmission systems. In this paper, the authors explain that steady-
state simulations are sufficient for optimizing a pipeline when supply/demand scenarios are
relatively stable. And in general, steady-state simulations will provide the designer with a
reasonable level of confidence when the system is not subject to radical changes in mass fluid
flow rates on operating conditions. In reality, the mass fluid flow rate changes, hence the most
useful and generic simulation must allow transient behavior of gas pipelines.

Glenn et al.(1996) presented a method to determine the effective friction factor and overall heat
transfer fluid flow conditions in the gas pipelines. This transient fluid flow model was based on a
numerical solution of the one–dimensional; unsteady fluid flow equations (continuity,
momentum and energy).

Glenn et al. (1996) simulated the Natural gas pipeline in transient mode without considering the
effects of turbulent fluid flow.

Osiadacz (1994) described the dynamic optimization of high-pressure of gas pipelines networks
using hierarchical system theory. The authors explain that the transient optimization is more
difficult mathematically than the steady state simulation, but the reward of using a dynamic
simulation is that the operator can achieve higher savings.

Osiadacz (1996) compared a variety of transient Natural gas pipeline models. Numerical solution
of the partial differential equations, which characterize a dynamic model of the gas pipeline
networks, requires significant computational resources. The problem is to find, for a given
mathematical model of a gas pipelines, a numerical method that meets the criteria of accuracy

6
and relatively small computation time. The main goal of this paper is to characterize different
transient models and existing numerical techniques to solve the fluid flow equations.

Osiadacz (1998) compared isothermal and non-isothermal transient models for Natural gas
pipelines. Adiabatic fluid flow relates to fast dynamic changes in the gas pipelines. In this case,
heat conduction effects cannot be neglected. Isothermal fluid flow relates to slow dynamic
changes. Changes of temperature within the gas due to heat conduction between the pipes and
the soil are sufficiently slow to be neglected.

Lewandowski (1994) presented an application of an object-oriented methodology for modeling a

natural gas pipelines transmission networks. This methodology has been implemented using a
library of C++ classes for structured modeling and sensitivity analysis of dynamical systems.
The model of a gas pipeline networks can be formulated as a directed graph. Each arc of this
graph represents agas pipeline segment and has associated with it a partial differential equation
describing the gas fluid flow through this segment. Nodes of the graph corresponding to the
nodes of the gas pipeline networks can be classified as: source nodes, sink nodes, passive nodes
and active nodes.

Zhou and Adewumi (1995) presented a “new” method for solving one dimensional transient
natural gas fluid flow in a horizontal pipeline without neglecting any terms in the conservation of
momentum equation. In simulating transient fluid flow of single-phase natural gas pipelines,
most of the previous investigators neglected the inertia term in the momentum equation. This
renders the resulting set of partial differential equations linear. Numerical methods previously
used to solve this system of partial differential equations include the method of characteristics
and a variety of explicit and implicit finite difference schemes.

7
 CHAPTER THREE

METHODOLOGY

3.1 DERIVIATION OF THE FLUID FLOW METHOD

A. To understand the pressure drop behavior in natural gas pipeline.
B. To calculate natural gas pipeline pressure and estimate inlet pressure for effective delivery.
C. To perform profitability, sensitivity analysis, and analyze the impact for the same on the
producer, of Natural gas pipelines consumer.
D. Use fluid flow model equations to define our problem.
These are the Nomenclature

  cross sec tional area of pipelines

d  pipeline diameter
f  Friction faction
M g  gas molecular weight
p1  inlet pressure
p 2  outlet pressure
  gasdensity
l  pipeline length
g  gravitation alccelerat ion
  pipeline angle
v  gas velocity
w  mass flow rate of gas
z  gas compressib ility factor
R  universal gas const
T  temperature

The continuity equation of moving fluid has used by

DERIVATION FOR HORIZONTAL PIPELINE

w dv dp fwv mg gp sin 
   1.0
A dx dx 2da zrt

Where

8
pv 
w
, p
mg p , v mg p  w  v  wzrt
A zrt zrt A mg pA
Substituting in 1.0 we have

w d  wzrt  dp fw  wzrt  mg gp sin 

  
A dx  mg pA  dx 2dA  mg pA  zrt
   

Simplifying

fw  wzrt  mg gp sin 
2
w zrt d  1 
p 
dp
 
m A
2
dx   dx 2dA  mg pA  zrt
g  

 w
zrt
2
dp

dp

f w zrt

mg gp sin 
2

2 2 dx dx 2d A2 m p zrt
m pA g g

w zrt
2
dp dp
 
f w zrt

mg gp sin  2

2 2
2 dx dx 2d A m p zrt
m pA g g

 

 w
2
zrt
 1
 dp
 
2
f w zrt

mg gp sin  1.1
 2  2
 m p A2  dx 2d A m g p zrt
 g 

Integrating 1.1 with respect x and limit as p1  p2

1 w
zrt
2
p 2
1
m pA l

 f zrt m gp sin  dp  dx
g
2
1.2
p 
2
w  2
g 0

2d A m p zrt g

 w
zrt
2
p p 2
2
1 m pA 2 l

 f zrt m gp sin  dp   f zrt m gp sin  dp   dx

g
2 2
p 
1
w  p  w 
g
1
g 0
2 2
2d A m p zrt 2d A m p zrt
g g

9
 m g
p

Taking the first integral and Multiplying by zrt ,we get

m g
p
zrt

p2 m g
p
p2 m g
p
1
 2
m ggp sin 
 zrt dp 
mg p  zrt
2
dp
m gg p sin 
2
p1  f w zrt fw
2

2
 p1
 
2d A mg p zrt zrt 2d A
2 2 2 2
zrt
2 mg gp sin 
2

p
p2  2 2
  2
2
zrt
2 2

2
mg g p sin 
ln  w 2 
zrt zrt f

2 mg g sin   2 2


2 mg g sin   2d A 2 2 2 

p1 f w
2
mg g p sin
 z r t p
2
 2 2 2 1
2d A zrt

  2 2
g p sin  
2
 2 2
g p sin  
2
zrt   fw m  fw m 
   ln  
g 2 g 1
ln   

2 mg g sin  z r t 
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
 2d A z r t   2d A
 

 2 2 2
g p sin  
 w 
f m g 2 
 2d A
2 2 2 2


zrt
ln  z r 2t  1.3
2m g g sin   f 2 
m g p sin 
2

 w 2  g 2 12 2 
 2d 
 A zrt 

Taking the second integral and Simplify, we get

 2
 2

 w  w zrt
zrt 2d m g sin   g
p p 2 2  2 2
2
m pA m p A 2

 f zrt m gp sin  dp    f zrt  f zrt m gp sin  dp


g fzrt g
2 2 2
p1
w  2
p w  g w   1
2 2
g

2d A m p zrt  2d A m p 2d A m p zrt 
g
  g g

10
 2
w zrt 2d m g sin 
2 g
p p 2
2
m pA fzrt 2

 f zrt dp  
g
dp 1.4
w f w zrt
2
m gp sin  2
p1
p   1
g
2 2
2d A m p 2d A m p zrt
g g

Simplifying the first integral of 1.4 we get

2
w zrt
2
p
m p A dp  p w zrt
2 2 2
2 2
w zrt dp
f
  
g
2 2 2 2
p f w zrt p m p A 2d A m p g
1 1 g
2
2d A m p g

p2  2

2d 2d 1 2d d
 ln p  ln p   ln 
d d p 
  p dp  f ln p  f ln
2 2 2
dp  p 2
1.5
fp f f  2 1
 f 
p
2

p1  1 

Simplifying the second integral of 1.4, we have

2d mg g sin  g sin 
p2 p2 m g
fzrt 2d
 2
mg gp sin 
dp 
f  2
zrt
mg gp sin 
dp
p1  w f
2
zrt
 p1  w f
2
zrt

2d A m g
p zrt 2d A m g
p zrt

m gp sin 
2

p m p mg g sin  g
p g
2 2 2
2d 2
2d zrt 2

f  
zrt  zrt dp   dp
w m gp sin  m p f 2

2 2
p  f zrt
1  2
p fw

m p g sin g g
1
2
g
2d A m p zrt zrt 2d A
2 2 2 2
zrtg

2m gp sin 
2
g
p
p    2 2 2

zrt  m g p sin 2

2 2 2

dp   ln  w 
d 2
d f
 
g

f  2d A  2 2 2

2 2
f g p sin 
2
p fw m 2
 z r t p

1 g
1
2 2 2 2
2d A zrt
11
   2 2
g p sin  
2
 2 2
g p sin  
2
d  fw m  f w  m 
    ln 
g 2 g 1

f   2d A2 
ln 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
  z r t   2d A z r t 
 2 2
sin  
2
 w  g
f m g p 2 
d  2d A 
2 2 2 2

 ln  z r 2t  1.6
f  f 2 
m g p sin 
2

 w 2  g 2 12 2 
 2d 
 A zrt 

adding 1.3 , 1.5 and 1.6 , we have

 2 2 2
g p sin    2 2 2
g p sin  
 fw m   fw m 
 
g 2 g 2
   2
   l
2d A
2 2 2 2
zrt   d ln  p 2  d  2d A 2 2 2 2
zrt
ln    dx
zrt
 
  ln
2 mg g sin   2  f  2  2
g p sin  p1  f g p sin 
2 2 2 2
 fw

m g 1    fw

m g 1  0
 2 2 2 2   2 2 2 2 
 2d A zrt   2d A zrt 

 2 2 2
g p sin  
 fw m 

g 2
      2
2d A
2 2 2 2
zrt   d ln  p 
   ln 
zrt d
l  0
2
 2 m g sin  f   2  f  
2
g p sin 
2
 g   fw
2
m   p
1 

g 1
 2 2 2 2 
 2d A zrt 

 2 2 2
g p sin  
 w 
f m g 2 
 d  
2
   2d A
2 2 2 2
p

zrt d
  ln  z r 2t   ln  l  0
2
1.7
 2m g sin  f    f  
2
m g p sin 
2
 g  f
2

 w 2  g 2 12 2   p 1 
 2d 
 A zrt 

Equation (1.7) can be used for any pipeline except horizontal cases where α=0 the reason is that equation
(1.7) is singular at this point. However this singularity is removable by applying l'hospital rule on the
above equation. Alternatively the expression for horizontal pipe can be obtained by setting α=0 equation
(1.2).

for horizontal pipeline we set α=0 in equation (1.2) and simplify

12
 2 2

1 w
zrt m A p  w zrt
2
g
2

2 2 2
p
m A p  dx  p m A p m A p
2 2 2
2 l 2 l

     dx
g g g
2 2
p  f w zrt
1
p 
f w zrt 0
1
0
2 2
2d m A p 2d m A p
g g

2 2
m Ap g w zrt
2

2 2
p
m A p dp  p m A p dp  dx
2 2
2 2 l

  
g g
2 2
p  f w zrt
1
p  f w zrt 1
0
2 2
2d m A p 2d m A p
g g

2
p2 2 2 p2 2
mAp 2d m g A p
dp   w
zrt
2
2d m g A p l

   dp   dx
g
2 2 2 2 2 2
p m A p
1 g
f w zrt p m A p 1 g
f w zrt 0

p 2 2d p 2

 
m A p
dp  
2dg
dp   dx
2 l

2
f w zrt fp
p 1
p 1
0

2 d mg A p 2 p
2
l
2d 2 1
 2  pd p  f  pdp  0 dx
f w zrt p
1
p1

2
d mg A l
 2
p1   f ln p2  ln p1    dx
2 d 2 2
p
f w zrt  2
2
0

 2
2
     p2   l  0
d mg A d 2 2
 p p1  f  2 
f w zrt  2
2
 p1 

2  2

d mg A
  d 2 2 p l  0
p  p1   f 
f w zrt  2
2
2
2

1.8
 p 1

Equation 1.8 is the required equation for horizontal pipeline

13
 CHAPTER FOUR

4.1 ANALYSIS
ARRANGING AND BALANCING THE FLUID FLOW EQUATION FOR
HORIZONTAL PIPELINE ARE TESTED BELOW.

A  m2

A2  m 4

A  p  p   d ln  p   l  0
2 2
d mg 2 2
2

f w zrt   f  
2 2 1 2
 p 
1

THE GIVEN UNIT OF THE PARAMETERS

kg
d=m, w  ,
s

m 3 pa
L=m, R  ,
kmole

kg
p  pa  ,
s2m

kg
mg  2
,T=k.
m mole

while f=frictional factor ,z=compressibility factor, has no unit measurement.

14
Hence the horizontal pipeline equation is given by.

Substituting the measurement in the above equation we get,

kg m 5 kg
mm  4
m 5 kg s 2 mole m2 s 2 m2 s 2 m 2 s 2 kg
mole  mole     p 2
 p   2 m
2
 kg  m p a
3
kg2 m 3 pa mole kg2 m 3 pa kgpa a kg
a
kg s m
  k
 s  kmole
2
s mole

now, since all the equation is in meter therefore the analytical equation is balance, we can then
proceed further, i.e. the equation is accepted.

ANALYSIS OF FLUID FLOW EQUATION.

2
d mg A d
let M= 2
and Z= ,
f w zrt f

 2
p
f=M  p  p  - Z ln  22   l
2 2

 2 1
  
 p1 

using newton-raphson method we analyze the analytical equation.

f PN 
PN 1  PN 
f ' PN 

f PN 
PN 1  PN 
f ' PN 
where the values of the parameters are given and computed in the equation using matlab.

d=0.762, l  1.609e 6 m , R=8.314, T=283.15k, z=1, 𝐴 = 2𝜋rl, p0  1.7237e 7 , m g

=22.2583

mg p
w  q ,   , q  196.6448 ,   1.6298e 5 , w  3.2049e 7 A  3.8518e 6 ,  f  15.0580
zrt

15
 4.2 DIAGRAM OF VERTICAL SEGMENTED PIPELINES

𝑞→

𝑞→

𝑞→

AS COMPOSITION

𝐶𝐻4 = 75.57 𝑛 − 𝐶4 = 1.71 𝐻𝑦𝑝2 = 0.33

𝐶2 𝐻6 = 11.22 𝑖 − 𝐶5 = 0.28 𝐻𝑦𝑝3 = 0.28
𝐶3 𝐻8 = 7.78 𝑛 − 𝐶5 = 0.31 𝐶𝑂2 = 0.32
𝑖 - 𝐶4 = 0.78 𝐻𝑦𝑝1 = 0.41 𝑁2 = 1.01

Number of segment 100 50 20 10 5 2 1

Calculated inlet pressure, pa 1,543.5 1,543.5 1,543.4 1,543.6 1,543.7 1,543.2 1,543.1

The given gas composition are added together and obtain gas molecular weight (𝑀𝑔 = 22.2583)

i 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
PRESSURE 173240 173250 173260 173270 173280 173230 173330 172320
,Pa P1 i  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00
ITERATIO 1.3238 1.4338 1.5237 1.6426 1.7325 1.7234 1.7345 1.7446
N

16
 CHAPTER FIVE

5.1 SUMMARY
The fluid flow equation method is commonly found in several books and publications in fluid
mechanics. Pipelines networks are commonly presented through a series of numerical procedures
and recommendations, and usually fluid flow equations are recommended and formulated. This
was obtained through calculations and practice.

5.2 CONCLUSION
The primary conclusion from the literature review is that there has been and continue to be
significant effort focused on the compressible fluid flow of natural gas pipelines. Historically,
this effort has been focused on steady-state of fluid flow conditions and only recently have
researchers identified the need for transient fluid flow simulations. At least two references were
found that state the need for the development of robust dynamic simulations.

5.3 RECOMMENDATIONS
This project research is recommended for use when the outlet pressure of a natural gas pipeline is
known. The analytical method allows free and accurate computation of the inlet pressure in the
entire system.

17
REFERENCE
Abou-Kassem,J.H.,Martinez-Romero.(1975)."Determination of Bottom-Hole Pressure in
Flowing Gas Wells," MS thesis, U. of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada

Adewumi, M.A.,Mucharam,L.(1990) "Compositional Multiphase Hydrodynamic Modeling of

Gas/Gas-Condensate Dispersed Flow in Gas Pipelines,"

Aziz, K.and Young, K.L. (1967) "Calculation of Bottom-Hole Pressure in Gas Wells,"

Chen, N.H.,Sukkar .Y.K. (1979). "An Explicit Equation for Friction Factor in Pipe," Ind. &
Eng. Chern. Fundarn. 296. 6.

Takacs,G, Simulink,T.M.(1976)."Comparisons Made for Computer Z-Factor Calculations," Oil

& Gas J.

Doonan, Simulink ,T.M. (1998). used to simulate a gas pipeline system. The simulation was used
to investigate the safety parameters of an alternative control a considerable distance
downstream from the main pressure regulating station. The elements used in this model
were very limited. SimulinkTM is very limited in the knowledge provided about pipeline
operation and reliability. The main limitation for SimulinkTM is steady-state analysis of
gas pipelines.

AbouKassem, Dranchuk,P.M.(1975)."Calculation of factors for Natural Gases Using Equations

of State," J. Cdn. Pet. Tech. 34.

Tian,S., Adewumi,M.A.(1965). "A Simple Algorithm for Analyzing Gas Pipeline Networks,"
paper SPE 25475 presented at the 1993 SPE Production Operations Symposium,
Oklahoma City, March 21-23.

Smith,R.Y.and Chen, N.H. (1965). "Steady Flow in Gas Pipelines," IGT Report No. 10,
American Gas Assn., New York City

Young, K.L.(1967). "Effect of Assumptions Used to Calculate Bottom-Hole Pressures in Gas

Wells," JPT 547: Trans., AIME, 240.

Sukkar, Y.K., Cornell, D.(1955). "Direct Calculation of Bottom-Hole Pressures in Natural Gas
Wells," Pet. Trans., AIME 204, 43. 2.

Cullender, M.H.,Smith, R.Y.(1956)."Practical Solution of Gas-Flow Equations for Wells and

Pipelines with Large Temperature Gradients," Pet. Trans., AIME 207, 281.

18
19