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O R I G I N A L CO N T R I B U T I O N / C L I N I C A L I N V E S T I G AT I O N

Prevalence and Risk Factors of Violence among


Preparatory and Secondary School Students in Dubai
Alshareef N (1)
Hussein H (1)
Al Faisal W (1)
El Sawaf E (2)
Wasfy A (2)
AlBehandy NS (1)
Altheeb AAS (1)

(1) School and Educational Institutions Health Unit, Health Affairs Department,
Primary Health Care Services Sector, Dubai Health Authority.
(2) Staff Development, Health Centers Department.
Primary Health Care Services Sector, Dubai Health Authority

Correspondence:
Dr Hamid Yahay Hussain
School and Educational Institutions Health Unit,
Health Affairs Department,
Primary Health Care Services Sector,
Dubai Health Authority
Dubai
Email: hussainh569@hotmail.com

Abstract Results: The prevalence of Conclusion: Age, gender,


violence either in the form of family condition, school
Introduction: Youth violence is beating against study students, environment and some habits
becoming a major unresolved witnessed or committed by the may contribute as risk factors for
public health problem. Risk study students were 27.8%, violence among preparatory and
factor of violence is anything 49.3% and 39.4% respectively. secondary school students.
that increases the probability Clothes pulling, boxing,
that a young person will become slapping or kicking constituted Recommendations: There is
violent; but no individual or the common forms of beating. a need to seriously address
group risk factors can be used to Among the non-physical forms violence as an important health
predict violence with any degree of aggressive actions; stealing, issue in our schools given its
of certainty. insulting, spitting and circulating magnitude. Application of a
rumours were reported either comprehensive anti-violence
Aim of the study: To determine committed or witnessed by program is a must. For violence
the prevalence and investigate the study students. Boys are interventions to be effective they
the predictors of violence among highly likely more prone to must focus beyond the violent
students of preparatory and indulge in rough and vulgar child and the victim to include
secondary schools in Dubai. violence. Family condition, peers, school staff, parents and
school environments and some the community. This program can
Methodology: A cross sectional habits like watching TV, playing be integrated in the school health
study was designed with a computer games, practicing program.
sample size of 1054 students violent contact sports and
who were randomly selected smokers were found to be at Key words: Violence,
from preparatory and secondary more risk of being included in preparatory schools, Dubai
governmental and private violent acts.
schools in Dubai.

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based programs that intend to prevent violent behavior
Introduction
should be used at all grade levels from pre kindergarten
through high school.(10)Youth violence is becoming
Violence is defined as “the intentional use of physical force
a major unresolved public health problem and media
or power, threatened or actual, against oneself, another
exposure to violence is a synergistic source of this problem.
person or against a group or community, that either results
in or has a high likelihood of resulting in injury, death,
psychological harm, mal-development, or deprivation”. Objectives
The use of physical force or power should be understood
to include neglect and all types of physical, sexual and 1. To determine the prevalence of violence among
psychological abuse, as well as suicide and other self- students of preparatory and secondary schools in
abusive acts.(1) Dubai.
2. To determine the epidemiological profile of violence
Interpersonal physical violence is an important public among preparatory and secondary school students in
health concern that has received limited attention in the Dubai.
developing world.(2) Physical aggression in children is 3. To investigate the predictors of violent acts among
a major public health problem. It is not only a precursor school students in preparatory and secondary school
of physical and mental health problems, but aggressive students in Dubai.
children themselves are at higher risk of alcohol and drug
abuse, violent crimes, depression, suicide attempts, spouse Methodology
abuse, neglectful and abusive parenting.(3) Children and
adolescents can experience violence as the perpetrator, This is a cross sectional study. The study was conducted
the victim or the perpetrator/victim.(4) among students in preparatory and secondary schools
“Governmental and Private” in Dubai city in U.A.E. The total
Violence is affecting every community and every country in number of schools in Dubai is 183, in Deira and Bur Dubai.
the world. It has become a global problem that threatens In Diera there are 72 private schools and 21 governmental
the lives and security of people everywhere. Because of its schools (preparatory and secondary) which cover both
widespread nature, violence is considered now a human the males and females. In Bur Dubai there are 69 private
fact that cannot be avoided.(5) No country or community schools and 21 governmental schools (preparatory and
is untouched by violence. Because it is so pervasive, secondary) which cover both the males and females.
violence is often seen as an inevitable part of the human
condition, a fact of life to respond to, rather than to In 2010-2011 the total number of students in governmental
prevent. Furthermore a substantial proportion of the costs preparatory and secondary schools is 8,211 for males
of violence results from its impact on victims’ health and and 12,078 for females with a total of 20,289. While in
the burden it places on health institutions. This gives the private schools the total number for both male and female
health sector both a special interest in prevention and a students in all grades (preparatory and secondary) was
key role to play. (6) 56,829 students, (numbers of male and female students
for the private schools were not available). The total
Every year, more than 1.6 million people die because of number of preparatory and secondary school students in
violence. Of these deaths, 90% occur in low- and middle governmental and private schools is 77,118. Computer
income countries. Self-directed and interpersonal violence, program EPI-Info version “6.04” and medical statistics
account for 54% and 35% of the global death toll due to book(11) were used for calculation of the minimum
violence respectively. A review of development agency web sample size required. According to a recent study (12), the
sites and documents suggests that, while interpersonal prevalence of physical violence was found to be 57%, so
violence is clearly on their agenda, it is given a lower priority using 3% degree of precision and 95% confident interval,
than collective violence and self-directed violence. Recent the minimum sample size required was 1046. A sample of
WHO projections show the trend of interpersonal violence, 1,046 students was randomly selected from preparatory
that deaths due to it will rank among the 20 leading causes and secondary schools in Dubai.
of death, going from the 22nd leading cause of death in
2004 to the 16th in 2030. During the same time period, A stratified random sample was used. The strata were
self-inflicted injuries will rise from the 16th to the 12th based upon geographical districts (Bur Dubai and Diera),
leading cause of death. (7) Research on youth violence type of schools (governmental and private), educational
has increased our understanding of factors that make grade (7th, 8th, 9th, 10th, 11th and 12th) and sex (males
some populations more vulnerable to victimization and and females). The number of governmental schools was
perpetration. These include individual risk factors, family less than that of private schools (42 and 141 respectively).
risk factors, peer and school risk factors and community According to the numbers of schools, a proportional
risk factors.(8) allocation technique was used to determine the required
number. A total of 16 private schools (8 from Bur Dubai
Special programs are needed to help to identify violent and 8 from Diera), with 4 schools of boys and 4 schools
behaviors at schools, to educate school personnel about of girls for each district were randomly selected. Also, 4
these behaviors, and educate adolescents about risks governmental schools (2 from Bur Dubai and 2 from Diera),
they face when they engage in these behaviors.(9) School with one school for each gender from each district, were

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randomly selected. From each school one class was selected As shown in Table 2, (next page) students who reported
randomly from each educational grade. All the students in school absenteeism due to feeling unsafe were more
the selected classes were invited to participate in the study. likely to commit violence than those who didn’t, with risk
difference of 1.5-6 times. Students who usually carry
Results sharp tools at school had significantly higher prevalence of
committing violence compared to those who didn’t (77.5%
The likelihood of physical violence being committed by versus 33.3% respectively). Students reporting that their
study students as presented in Table 1 was significantly colleagues carry sharp tools at school have higher risk
highest among students less than 13 years (OR = 1.94) of committing violence whether this behavior was done
which decreased gradually as age gets older. Males sometimes (OR = 3.22) or always (OR = 3.87).
have significantly 1.64 times the likelihood of committing
violence and students from Bur Dubai had also about 3
times the risk of committing violence compared to those
from Deira. Also local students had double the likelihood
of committing violence in contrast to non locals.

Table 1: Prevalence of physical violence committed by study students in relation to socio-demographic data
(Dubai, 2010)

Number of students = 1054


* P < 0.05

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Table 2: Prevalence of physical violence committed by study students in relation to school environment
(Dubai, 2010)

Number of students = 1054


* P < 0.05

Table 3 shows that all habits and physical activity variables than 13 years, circulates rumours against colleagues, his/
are significantly associated with committing violence her colleagues carry sharp tools at school, being a boy or
against others. Those at higher risk of committing violence committing insult against colleagues.
are those watching TV for 4 hours or more per day (OR =
1.69), prefer boxing on TV (OR = 1.71), or wrestling (OR Table 5 shows the results of stepwise logistic regression
= 1.83) in contrast to cartoon preference. Students who analysis of factors affecting the risk of committing violence
play computer games for one hour or more had about two by study students. Variables entered in the model include
times the risk compared to those who don’t. Also, students age, sex, area of residence, nationality, birth order, live with
who practice exercise for three hours or more per week whom, feelings toward father, days of school absenteeism
had 1.63 times the risk especially among those who prefer due to feeling unsafe, carrying sharp tool at school by
basketball (OR = 1.93) or karate (OR = 2.61). Higher student or colleagues, hours/day watching TV, favorite
percentage of committing violence was observed among TV programs and smoking. Out of these variables, six
smokers (52.0%) relative to non smokers (38.1%) with an were the most significant predictors for the occurrence of
estimated risk ratio of 1.76. violence committed by students namely; area of residence,
sex, school absenteeism due to feeling unsafe, carrying
Table 4 shows the results of stepwise logistic regression sharp tools in school by student or colleagues and feelings
analysis of factors affecting the occurrence of violence toward father. The risk of committing violence by student
against study students. Out of 16 variables entered in was almost doubled if the student was living in Bur Dubai,
the model six were the most significant predictors for being male, feeling unsafe at school, carrying sharp tools
the occurrence of violence namely; type of school, age, in school, his/her colleagues carry sharp tools at school or
circulating rumours against colleagues, having friend being afraid of father.
carrying sharp tools at school, student sex, and committing
insult against colleagues. The risk of beating was almost
doubled if the student is in governmental school, aged less

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Table 3: Prevalence of physical violence committed by study students in relation to habits and activities
(Dubai, 2010)

Number of students = 1054; * P < 0.05


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Table 4: Results of stepwise logistic regression analysis of factors affecting physical violence occurrence
against study students

Total No. of students = 1054


® = reference category * P < 0.05

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Table 5: Results of stepwise logistic regression analysis of factors affecting violence committed by study
students

Total No. of students included in the model = 872


® = reference category * P < 0.05

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aggressive affects, physiological arousal, aggressive


Discussion
cognitions, and aggressive behaviors.
From a different perspective, children involved in bullying
These results are also consistent with Boxer et al., (2009)(22)
were found to be more likely to have poor scholastic
who conducted a study upon 820 adolescents to examine
performance in terms of attitudes toward school, grades,
the relation of violent media use to involvement in violence
and absenteeism (Nishina et al., 2005).(13) Victims
and general aggression. They observed that adolescent
more commonly reported to dislike and avoid school,
violent media preferences contributed significantly to the
whereas bullies are more likely to drop out of school.(14)
prediction of violence and general aggression. This effect
They may have problems with attention, behavior, and
of media on violence may be due to desensitization which
emotional control that interfere with their abilities to learn
is a well-documented effect of viewing violence that leads
at school.(13)
to emotional disturbance and less sympathy for the victims
of violence .(23) Also there was consistent evidence that
A considerable percent of the study students were found to
violence in television, film and video, and computer games
carry sharp tools in school settings (13.3% of students and
has substantial short-term effects on arousal, thoughts,
by colleagues in 32.9%); this might be due to feeling unsafe
increasing the likelihood of imitation that is interpreted
and the need to defend themselves against violent acts of
into aggressive or fearful behavior in younger children,
others. It was found to be a risk factor of committing violence
especially in boys . (24) There is continuing debate on
and consequently of being a victim of violence. Explicitly,
the extent of the effects of media violence on children and
carrying sharp tools at school settings is tantamount to
young people, and how to investigate these effects. (24)
violence. A study done in southern California to detect
Also, students who practice violent contact sports such as
variables associated with weapon - carrying among
karate, football or basketball were found to be at more risk
young adolescents (15) found a consistent relationship
of being included in violent acts either as a victim or as a
between bullying and violent behavior. Victimized students
perpetrator. The risk increases among those who practice
were more likely to be perpetrators; boys who had been
these exercises three times or more per week.
victimized were more likely to carry weapons than those
not previously victimized. This is explained by the cycles
Smoking was among the risk factors that contributed
of violence i.e. exposure to violence leads to inducing
significantly to violence among study students. About 7%
violence; also pain leads to aggression for revenge.
of the students were smokers who were found to be at
almost double the risk of being violated or committing
Samms-Vaughan et al., (2005) (16) conducted a study to
violation against others. Rudatsikira et al., (2007) (25)
detect exposure of Jamaican school children to violence,
found in Namibia that both male and female smokers were
and stated that the carrying of weapons was reported by
more likely to engage in physical fighting than those who
8.1% of children. In their study, Mahmud et al., (2005)
are not smokers.
(17) reported that 43% of the studied students witnessed
other pupils bringing weapons to school. Also Muula et al.,
In no doubt, the stepwise logistic regression analysis of
(2008)(18) investigated the variables associated with self-
risk factors of violence ultimately revealed that boys are
reported history of weapon carrying on school property
usually candidates of violence acts either as perpetrators
among high school students in the United States; they
or as victims with almost three times the risk of being
found that 10.2% of males reported carrying a weapon on
victims among students younger than 13 years old.
school property.
Carrying sharp tools at school setting either by students or
by a friend was also encountered among the risk factors
Among habits, whiling away the hours in front of the TV or
contributing to violent acts. Because of revenge, insulting
playing computer games as well as the favorite programs
friends and circulating rumours against them, were risk
were investigated. Students who spend a long time watching
factors for being violated by those friends, while fear of
TV programs or playing computer games, especially those
father seemed to be a motivating factor behind committing
who favor violent programs such as boxing or wrestling,
violence against colleagues. Students at governmental
were found to be at high risk of being a candidate of a
schools had higher risk of being victims of violence
violence either as a victim or as a perpetrator. The theory
compared with their counterparts in private schools, also,
saying “aggression is a learned behavior” explains these
the more the days of absenteeism the higher the risk of
findings. Youssef et al., 1999(19) in Alexandria , found that
committing violence among the study students. Students
students who preferred violent TV programs were more
at schools of Bur Dubai had higher risk of violating others
likely to induce violence and are nearly 5 times more likely
in comparison with their counterparts in schools of Diera.
to initiate a physical assault compared with those who did
not have a preference for such programmes. An Egyptian
study on preparatory and secondary school students Conclusions
revealed that the prevalence of aggressive behavior was
13.9% among students regularly watching TV; the majority • Although feelings on being violated were alike among
of them prefer high anxiety type TV programs.(20) Gentile both genders, but on their reaction towards violence,
and Stone (2005)(21) determined the multiple effects of girls were more peaceful. They usually have a negative
video games. They reported that the evidence supports response or most likely they resort to their teachers with
hypotheses that violent video game play is related to complaints while boys tend to insult the perpetrator.

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