Between 1990 and 2015, by how

Why is the increasing middle

much did the number of people
class sector important?
living in poverty decrease by?

Between 1990 and 2015, how

Why is the middle class sector
much did the % of those in LICs
increasing?
living in poverty decrease by?

Between 1990 and 205, how much

did those living in "middle class" What is the annual per capita
(more than $4 a day) increase expenditure for upper class?
by?

Why will the number of the What is the annual per capita
world's wealthy become bigger? expenditure for middle class?

Why will the number of those in What is the annual per capita
poverty decrease? expenditure for lower class?

1a
 Because it means more goods
From 1.9 billion to 840 million
and services can be sold

Hundred of millions of Chinese

and Indians coming out of From 50% to 14%
poverty

Over $36,500 18% to 50%

Less than $36,500 but more than Emerging markets create more
$3650 millionaires

People in China and India will

Less than $3650
begin to rise out of poverty

1b
 How many people do not have
Ecological footprint
access to safe water?

What is ecological footprint Why will demand for water

measured in? increase?

What would it mean if a country How much water does the

has a ecological footprint of average person consume in
3.2gha? North America?

Why do LICs have lower How much water does the

ecological footprints? average person consume in Asia?

How much water does the

Components of Ecological
average person consume in
Footprint
Africa?

2a
 The hypothetical area of land
required by a society, group or
780million individual to fulfil all their
resource needs and assimilate all
their wastes

As population increases and

standard of living also increases,
Global hectares (gha)
also growth of tourism, and
urbanisation and climate change

They are consuming resources

and assimilating waste on a scale
3 m3/day
that would require a land 3.2 x
larger than the country

They have a smaller resource

1.4 m3/day
consumption

1. Carbon
2. Cropland
3. Grazing Land
1.1 m3/day
4. Forest
5. Built-up Land
6. Fishing Grounds
2b
What is the majority of water
Land grab
used for in HICs?

What is the majority of water What happens to diet as a

used for in LICs? country develops?

Between 1964 and 1999 how

Virtual water much did meat and dairy product
consumption is LICs increase by?

Why have the growth rates of

Pros to virtual water?
food production been falling?

Why will the demand for food Three main ways of increasing
increase? crop production

3a
The buying of large tracts of land
in the developing world by
powerful corporations, individuals
Industry
or governments and usually has a
negative impact upon local
populations

It deviates away from cereals

towards a more varied diet
Agriculture
including meat, vegetables and
dairy

Water that is transferred from one

country to another through
150% and 60%
exports, such as food, flowers or
goods

Due to natural hazards (forest Allows countries with limited

fires, floods, drought), climate water to import or outsource
change and land being used to their water, or to reduce their
grow biofuels instead water usage

Due to increasing population

1. Extensification meaning there is less land
2. Multicropping available for agriculture, meaning
3. Intensification less food can be grown to keep
up with the rising demand
3b
 Extensification Non renewable energy

Mutlicropping Is nuclear energy renewable?

Intensification Renewable energy

Other alternative ways to

Examples of solar energy
increase food supply

Why has energy insecurity risen? Pros to nuclear energy

4a
 They cannot be renewed at the
same rate they are being used Expanding the area farmed
e.g. fossil fuels

No being the uranium used is not Having more than one harvest
renewable per year

A resource that has a

theoretically unlimited supply Using high yielding varieties or
and is not depleted when used genetically modified organisms
by humans

1. Reducing food losses

2. Improving food storage
Solar, HEP, wind and tidal scheme
3. Vertical farming
4. in vitro farming

1. Increased demand, especially from NICs

1. Fuel is cheap
2. Decreased reserves as supplies are used
2. Less waste up
3. Efficient 3. Geopolitical developments
4. Global warming and natural disasters have
4. Low carbon
increased awareness about misuse
5. Low emission 5. Terrorist activity, such as in Syria
4b
 Cons to nuclear waste Food security

Why is the world continuing to

use fossil fuels when biofuels are FAO
available?

Water-food-energy nexus Energy security

Water security Links between water and food

How much water does the food

SDGs
industry need?

5a
Availability and access to
sufficient, safe and nutritious food
to meet the dietary needs and
food preferences for an active
and healthy lifestyle
Food and Agriculture
Organization
Having access to clean, reliable
and affordable energy sources
for cooking, heating, lighting,
communications and productive
use
1. Water is needed in agriculture
to produce crops and livestock
2. Food production may impact
water supplies
70% of water usage goes towards
food production
1. Non renewable
2. Issue with disposing of waste
3. Cost of decommissioning
nuclear power stations
4. Potential risk of accident
1. Fossil fuels are still available
2. Infrastructure is already in place
3. Energy companies are important
source of revenue for some
governments
4. It is expensive to switch to fossil fuels
The close links between the three
sectors and the ways in which
changes in one sector have an
impact on one or both of th
eother sectors
Access to safe drinking water and
sanitation
Sustainable Development Goals
5b
 How could food production
Nexus
affect water supplies?

How will climate change affect

Links between water and energy
the food-water-energy nexus?

How could limiting climate

Links between energy and food
change also affect the nexus?

How much energy does

Water adaptations needed
agriculture require?

What has accelerated the risk of Effect of the water adaptations

resource scarcity? on the nexus

6a
 Eutrophication, water extraction,
A link, tie, or bond may deplete water sources,
pollution

1. Global warming will mean that water 1. Energy is needed to extract

supplies will dry up in some areas and water
increase in others
2. To build dams
2. More climate related freak weather events
- affecting food production and energy 3. To transport water
3. Lack of water means more energy will be 4. To distribute water
required to extract it
5. HEP

1. Growing biofuels instead of using

normal fossil fuels will require more 1. Farming requires energy
water and will in turn affect food supply 2. Manufacture of food also
2. Use of drip irrigation and requires energy
desalinisation to conserve water are 3. Transport
very energy intensive

1. Increasing water use efficiency

2. Switching from using freshwater to waste
water
3. Switching from wet to dry cooling in
power plants
30% of global energy usage
4. Desalinsation
5. New storage and conveyance of water
6. Watershed management

It will mean there is more water

The increasing usage of
available to grow crops and
resources by NICs
generate electricity

6b
 Reducing the amount of waste:
Land adaptations needed
how does it work?

Effect of the land adaptations on Reuse goods to extend their

the nexus lifespan: how does it work?

Energy adaptations needed Recover value: how does it work?

Effects of the energy adaptations Disposing of waste in landfill

on the nexus sites: how does it work?

Solid waste management options Methods of waste disposal

7a
 Producers think more about the
lifespan of goods and reduce
packaging, and consumers
consider packaging when buying
1. Bring back schemes where
containers are refilled
2. Refurbish goods to extend their
life e.g. tires
3. Used goods put to another use
4. Charity shops
Recycle goods such as glass
bottles and paper, compost,
incinerate waste and collect heat
energy from it
Putting the waste into a natural
hole, as a result of quarrying, or
create an artificial hill
Remove, reduce, re-source,
reuse, recycle, recover, return
1. Switching to drought tolerant
crops
2. Using waste or marginal lands
for biofuels
Reduced water demand and
reduced pressure on non-
renewable energy as some fossil
fuels are replaced
1. Increasing energy transmission
capacity
2. Increasing renewable energy
Potential for reduced emissions if
wind and solar energy is supplied
to the grid, reduced GHG
emissions, reduced water
demand for cooling
1. Reduce amount of waste
2. Reuse goods to extend their
lifespan
3. Recover value
4. Dispose of waste in landfill
sites
7b
 How many tonnes of electrical
Why is waste exported to China? goods are shipped out of the EU
every year?

How much waste is exported to Where do these electrical goods

China? get shipped to?

How many computer monitors

E-waste
were discarded in the US in 2010?

How much e-waste did China Where is the "e-waste" capital of

generate in 2012? the world?

How much e-waste did the US

Disadvantages to living in Guiyu
generate in 2012?

8a
 Because low wages and a large
250,000 - 1.3 million workforce means this waste can
be sorted much more cheaply

3 million tonnes of plastic and 15

West Africa and Asia
million tonnes of paper per year

Discarded electronic equipment

250million such as computers, cell phones,
television sets, etc.

11 millions tonnes, but only 5kg

Guiyu in China
per capita

The population has high rates of

10 million tonnes, but 30kg per
lead poisoning, cancer causing
capita
dioxins and miscarriages

8b
 Criticisms to the Limits of Growth
Malthus's Theory
Model

Consequences of this Malthusian New features of the revised Limits

theory of Growth Model

Which five factors determine and

Neo-Malthusians
limit growth on the planet?

What will happen by 2070? Paul Ehrlich

Limits of Growth Model What did Ester Boserup believe?

9a
1. Does not differentiate between parts
of the world
2. Ignores spacial distribution of
That population will grow and
population and resources, of agricultural
and industrial activity and pollution outstrip food supply
3. Does not take into consideration of
discovery of new resources

Takes into consideration:

1. Technologies to conserve
resources Lower standard of living, war,
2. reductions in pollution levels famine and disease
3. Pollution levels do not exceed the
tolerance level of the environment

Group who built on Malthus'

theory and suggested that
people wouldn't just starve for
lack of food, but would have wars
about food and other scarce
resources
Population, agricultural
production, natural resources,
industrial production and
pollution

He believes that population

control, an increase in food
supply and redistribution of
wealth is all that is needed to
address the world's population
problem
The limits to growth will be
reached, and there will be a
sudden decline in population and
industrial production

That we as a population have the

resources to increase food
production, and when a need
arises, someone will find a way
A graph produced by the club of rome that examines the long term
trends of population, agriculture, natural resources, industry, and
pollution

9b
 Optimum population Population ceiling

Overpopulation Model 1 of carrying capacity

Examples of overpopulation Model 2 of carrying capacity

Which kind of population

Underpopulation
conform to Model 2?

Examples of underpopulation Model 3 of carrying capacity

10a
The theoretical maximum number
of people who can be supported
by the available resources and
level of technology in a
geographical area
Population increases and
abruptly stops growing once
carrying capacity has been
reached
Population begins to taper off as
carrying capacity is reached
Large populations with long lives
and low fertility rates
There is a rapid rise in population,
overshooting the carrying
capacity, which then drops below
the CC, and then begins to
fluctuates as it levels out
The number of people who,
when working with all available
resources, will produce the
highest per-capita economic
return (highest GDP)
When there are too many people
relative to the resources to
maintain an adequate standard of
living
South Sudan and Somalia
When there are far more
resources in an area than are
being used
Canada - they can export their
goods
10b
 Model 4 of carry capacity Exclusive economic zone

Resource stewardship Circular economy

Global commons Aims of a circular economy

How could the mobile phone

Example of global commons
industry be made more circular?

Tragedy of the commons How many SDGs are there?

11a
Area in which resources found up
to 200 nautical miles offshore
When carrying capacity increases
belong exclusively to the
as population increases
geographically bordering
country

An economy that restores and

regenerates resources and keeps The idea that humans can use
products, materials and resources in a way that they will
components at their highest be available to future generations
utility and value always

1. Restorative to the environment

2. Uses renewable energy resources
3. Elimination or reduction of toxic Areas that no country is allowed
wastes to own or claim as its territory
4. Eradication of waste through
careful design

The parts could b standardised

High seas, Antarctica,
so they can be reused in new
atmosphere and outer space
phones

Situation in which people acting

individually and in their own
interest use up commonly
17
available but limited resources,
creating disaster for the entire
community
11b
When were the SDGs created? Goal 11

Goal 1 Goal 13

Goal 5

Goal 7

Goal 10

12a
Aims to make settlements more
2015 and set to last until 2030
sustainable

To take urgent action on climate

End extreme poverty
change

Empower girls and women

Increase use of renewable

energy sources

Reduce inequalities within and

between countries

12b