1

Chapter 1

THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

Introduction

Water is the most basic needs for human health and survival. Water is one of the

elements on Physiological needs in Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs which if one these

requirements are not met, the human body cannot function properly and will ultimately

fail. Physiological needs are thought to be the most important; they should be met first.

(Worstell, 2016)

Sanitation and hygiene practices are heavily influenced by people’s knowledge and

attitudes towards it. Baseline data to reflect current sanitation, hygiene behavior and

practices in Bangalore is very scarce. The lack of appropriate information on knowledge

and practices of sanitation and hygiene is an impediment to identify priority needs.

Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices (KAP) study is seen as the most viable way of

obtaining updated information on hygiene behavior and practices in the community. Thus,

present study was conducted to obtain baseline information on the existing knowledge,

attitude and practices in relation to sanitation and hygiene in target population. An obvious

conclusion that can be drawn from the data produced by the current study is that existing

knowledge of respondents regarding sanitation and hygiene was satisfactory but there was

a clear gap between knowledge and actual practice. Hence, there is a need for

implementation of behavioral changes communication among community dwellers to

translate the knowledge of people regarding sanitation and hygiene into actual practice. So,

that they can learn to derive health benefits from these practices. (Malik M. , 2017) in
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relation to our study the respondents have moderate knowledge proportional to sanitation

and hygiene practices.

Studies revealed that, three key hygiene practices i.e. safe disposal of feces, hand

washing with soap at critical times along with safe treatment and storage of drinking water

are the most effective ways in reducing water borne disease prevalence. Safe storage and

treatment of water at point of use brings about approximately 30 to 50% reduction, hand

washing with soap over 40% reduction and safe disposal of feces approximately 30%

reduction in prevalence of water borne diseases. (UNICEF, 2017). It was also evident that

most of the people don’t have clear conception regarding preventive measure of diarrhea.

One of the major survey findings was that people undermine the importance of hand-

washing practices before taking food than after defecation. Therefore, for the program,

there is a need to raise awareness of target people in the program regarding the fecal-oral

disease transmission route so that they can adopt safe hygienic behavior. (Ahmed, 2001)

Improving the access to safe drinking water and adequate sanitation, as well as

promoting good hygiene, are key components in the prevention of diarrhea. A recent report

by the World Health Organization in collaboration with UNICEF indicated that in 2006

(the latest year for which data is available), an estimated 2.5 billion people were lacking

improved sanitation facilities. Moreover, nearly 1 in 4 people in developing countries were

practicing open defecation. In addition to the provision of safe community water supply

and sanitation services, there is a need for education on hygiene. This is important as it will

ensure the correct and proper use of the services long after the technical consultants have

left. That is where behavior and attitude become important in the subject of water supply
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and sanitation. The Millennium Development Goal (MDG) number 7, for the year 2015, is

aimed at reducing the proportion of people without sustainable access to safe drinking

water and basic sanitation facilities by half, focusing mostly on the provision of

infrastructure to meet the demands of communities in developing countries. This focus has

resulted in an evaluation of existing methods to identify those suitable for these activities.

However, this shift in focus failed to address the manner in which people’s knowledge,

attitudes and practices may contribute towards the sustainability of water supply and

sanitation facilities. UNICEF has published extensive material on school sanitation and

hygiene intended at facilitating that learners be agents for change as they live within the

community. This is achieved by evaluation of the hardware aspects, such as the physical

infrastructure, sanitation facilities at schools and the availability of safe water. The softer

side includes the provision of knowledge on hygienic methods followed by their continued

use (practices) at the schools. The ultimate goal is the reduction in water and sanitation

related diseases otherwise if the facilities are rundown they might be the source of

infections. (Sibilya, 2013)

Safe and readily available water is important for public health, whether it is used

for drinking, domestic use, food production or recreational purposes. Improved water

supply and sanitation, and better management of water resources. We need to drink at least

48 ounces of water per day to replace the water that is lost through urination, sweat, and

breathing. If we don't, we are likely to become dehydrated (Murray, 2010). It’s not enough

just to drink water as daily routine, but we need to make sure that the water we consume is

safe to our body. “Over 30 million people in the Philippines do not have access to improved
 4

sanitation facilities," says Katrina Arianne Ebora, who works on UNICEF's Water,

Sanitation and Hygiene program in the Philippines (Jones, 2015).

Statement of the Problem

This study aimed to determine the knowledge, attitude and practice in water

sanitation among household in barangay Bunuanan, in Catbalogan City. Especially this

study brought to answer by the following questions:

1. What is the demographic profile of the respondents as to:

1.1 Age;

1.2 Educational Attainment;

1.3 Number of Family Members; and

1.4 Occupation?

2. What is the status in water sanitation and hygiene of households in terms of:

2.1 knowledge

2.2 Attitude

2.3 Practice

3. What are the practices commonly applied among household in water sanitation?

4. Is there a significant relationship between the water sanitation and hygiene in terms

of the foregoing areas?

5. What is the perceived actual knowledge or understanding in water sanitation and

hygiene?
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Null Hypothesis

Ho 1: There is no significant relationship between the water sanitation and hygiene

in terms of the foregoing areas.

Theoretical Framework

Household is the basic unit of the community. This is where everything starts. This

is the most vital part of the country; good health should start from the household. Family

with good water sanitation and hygiene has the most opportunity to have good life than

family that in sickness. Water play a big role in everyday life of each Filipino household

for many uses from hygiene, food preparation and for consumption. There no life if there

is no water. That is how important water. Any alteration of the human’s environment has

a great affect to change in his or her health “Environmental Theory” by Nightingale. In this

study observation to the respondent’s surrounding is also a factor that must be observed.

As in the Environmental Theory of Florence Nightingale, a person’s health can be affected

by the environment. Such water supply, water containers or the location of the household

that may affect the purity of their water.

This study will determine how the household react to their environment for their

well-being especially in water sanitation and hygiene. Another theory that support the

present study is the “theory of reasoned action” by Hibbard, which asserts that beliefs

towards the personal practice of preventive behaviors, and perceptions of personal control

or ability to successfully enact these behaviors, are critical determinants of water-borne

disease prevention.
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According to this theory, an individual who has positive belief about human health

and who perceives water purity is one way in human good health. Has the perception that

prevention of water borne disease can be achieved through water decontamination such

boiling, filtration, others and who has the conviction that he or she can carry out these

behaviors effectively. This study will help us to gain the result in reality how every Filipino

household live with water. How family do treat water for consumption and for other uses.

What the attitude of the family in relation to water sanitation and hygiene.

Another theory that supports the present study the “Self Care Theory” by Dorothea

Orem. In which the theory’s assumption that in order to stay alive and remain functional,

human engage in constant communication and connect among themselves and their

environment. Group of human beings with structured relationships cluster tasks and

allocate responsibilities for providing care to group members. (Gonzalo, 2015)

According to this theory, a person has the responsibility for the health of his or her

family member. In relation to every household, family member must be responsible for the

health of each member. This study had determined how household member do practice

water sanitation and hygiene to protect themselves and the member of the family from

water borne diseases that may affect them, how they make it possible to avoid water borne

diseases in their family.

Stages of Psychosocial Development by Erick Ericson, which entails the

developmental stages of a person and its crisis in every stage. In this study, we had related

the ages in accordance to the outcome in age aspect of the study.

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Conceptual Framework

The succeeding conceptual framework illustrates the conduct of this research.

Below, the base frame illustrates the research respondents and environment of the study.

This indicated the respondent on the study are the households connected to a bigger frame

enclosing two boxes representing the research variables-respondents’ profile such as age,

educational attainment, source of income, number of children and connected with double-

headed arrows to the box at the right representing perceived knowledge, attitude and

practice. The double headed arrow implies that correlational analysis will be performed.

The upper frame indicates the findings and recommendation in relation to study and the

top frame is the expected outcome of the study as the result of the input and the action done

in the study.
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Improved Water Sanitation & Hygiene among Household

1. Dynamic and frequent conference about water sanitation for every household by
the health unit of the community for additional learning.

2. Circular Memorandum informing the public about the health risk in consumption
of impure water.
F F
3. Active workshop for household members towards water sanitation.
E E

E E

D D

B B

A A

Practices exhibit towards C

C Profile water sanitation.
K
K 1.1 Age;
1.2 Educational Attitude towards water
Attainment; sanitation.
1.3 No. of family
member Knowledge towards Water
1.4 Occupation Sanitation

Household

Figure 1.The Conceptual Framework of Knowledge, Attitude and Practice in Water Sanitation among
households
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Significance of Study

This study would be a great help to the family, community, and future researcher.

Adequate drinking water sanitation, and hygiene are all essential ingredients to

ensure human health. That this study will have the chance to evaluate the knowledge,

attitude and practices in water sanitation among household that will have a great effect on

health in every individual in a family.

This study will serve as a guide for every household how to improve action in

relation to water management for the safety of the family. The results of this study will

serve as basis on the need to perform intermediary and intervention measures needed by

family members.

The findings of this study would be useful to the respondents, for a healthy living

and avoidance of water-borne diseases.

To the individual. This study will have a great importance to every person.

Where everything starts for any changes or modification of health care of themselves.

To the Family. This study will enhance their knowledge about water, sanitation,

and hygiene. They will understand more on safety and practices.

To the Community. This study will give emphasis on how to acquire more

knowledge in terms of water sanitation and prevention of infection, it will provide also

additional knowledge about the importance of behavior and attitude towards protection

from water-borne diseases.

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To Health Care Providers. This study will provide preventive, curative,

promotional, and rehabilitative measures in particular to water sanitation and its status.

To LGU. This study will serve as the guild for the local officials on

implementation of government health program for the wellness and safe water

consumption in the community.

To the future researcher. This study will guide the future researcher with

similar purpose of this study. To have more developed research.

Scope and Limitation of the Study

To determine the relation between age, occupation, number of the family the in

term of knowledge, attitude and practice in water sanitation and hygiene of every family.

Household of Baragay Bunu-anan, Catbalogan City were the respondents of the study.

Households of 30, only resides at Brgy. Bunu-anan is the respondents of this study.

The study utilized the descriptive-correlation study design with correlational

analysis.

Definition of Terms

Knowledge. Information, or skill that you get from experience or education. (Meriam

Webster) Information that the target population has about the sanitation and hygiene-

related issues.
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Attitude. Attitude is the way a person views something or tends to behave towards it. In

context of the present study, attitude refers to what the target population feels or believes

about the sanitation and hygiene-related issues.

Health. Health is a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely

the absence of disease or infirmity. (WHO 1948). In this study, this the level wellness of

the respondent in his/her household.

Household. The people in a family or other group that are living together in one house;

those who dwell under the same roof and compose a family. (Merriam-Webster

Dictionary).The main respondent of the study. Which all result will be dependent from

what the household status in knowledge attitude and practice in water sanitation and

hygiene.

Hygiene. "Hygiene refers to conditions and practices that help to maintain health and

prevent the spread of diseases." (WHO). The study monitored and observe the hygienic

aspect of the household.

Practice. Refers to the ways in which people demonstrate their knowledge and attitudes

through their actions. The actual application or use of an idea, belief or method as opposed

to theories relating to it (Oxford University Press, 2018). In this study, it is living in

accordance to good water sanitation for the health of her family members.

Sanitation. The process of keeping places free from dirt and infection (Meriam Webster

Dic.) Method to be practice by the respondent and her family member for the avoidance of

any water-borne diseases.

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Chapter 2

REVIEW OF LITERATURE AND RELATED STUDIES

This chapter consists of relevant information gathered from the different studies,

journals and articles about the knowledge, attitude and practice that is essential to the study.

This will help in acquiring better insight about the study that will help to achieve the goal

that is aimed.

Related Literature

Every person has the right for wellness. Has the right to health and good living. In

low-income countries, an estimated 15% of patients develop one or more infections during

a hospital stay (Allegranzi et al... 2011). Inadequate environmental conditions in health

care facilities including poor WASH, lack of ventilation and inadequate management of

health care waste cause infections through contaminated water, food, hands, fomites,

medical equipment, and unsafe blood transfusions (WHO 2008).

Poor hygiene practices and inadequate sanitary conditions play major roles in the

increased burden of communicable diseases within developing countries. Handwashing

with soap prevents the two clinical syndromes that cause the largest number of childhood

deaths globally - namely, diarrhoea and acute lower respiratory infections. Handwashing

with daily bathing also prevents impetigo. (Luby, 2005) Hand Washing and Bathing is the
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main way to get rid of all the germ and other harmful microorganism to a human body.

Using germicidal soap is also recommended to kill and eliminate germs from human body.

This study gained the information that most of the respondents has low income in

the society, which appeared from the information in occupation. In addition, governments

need to establish national policies and standards, invest in building of human resource

quality (modifying health care provider behaviors) and improve coordination of related

health initiatives, such as universal health coverage, infection prevention, and maternal and

child programming (Bartram et al., 2015). Investments to improve national monitoring

systems, such as health management information systems, will improve quality of data on

WASH in health care facilities, which in turn will enable decision makers to understand

trends and target resources for improvement (Cronk et al., 2015). The World Health

Organization is leading the development of a global action plan to address WASH in health

care facilities over the coming years, aimed at supporting best practice. The plan is outlined

in the report reviewed in the first part of this Digest.

Dietz stressed the reciprocal relationship of humans and the environment, giving

rise to studies focusing on the effects of human activities on the environment and vice

versa. Such studies which are largely located in the human ecology literature tend to

demonstrate that human impact on the environment is not merely driven by ignorance or

carelessness but by the advantages derived from exploiting the environment (Dietz, 2017).

Almost 39 per cent of the world’s population or over 2.6 billion people living without

improved sanitation facilities, the report also points out that much more needs to be done

to come close to the sanitation MDG target. If the current trend continues unchanged, the
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international community will miss the 2015 sanitation MDG by almost one billion

people. (UNICEF, 2010)

There have been considerable studies that have been examined the effect of water

treatment, hygiene, and sanitary practices on reducing absenteeism, diarrheal prevalence,

and acute respiratory infection in school-age children. However, limited research has been

done to evaluate the effectiveness of water, sanitation and hygiene practices (Joshi &

Chioma, 2013). The effect on diarrheal can vary according to different water interventions.

Wolf and colleagues found a significantly higher effect from household level interventions

versus community-level interventions. These conclusions are consistent with the findings

of previous systematic reviews (Fewtrell et al.., 2005; Clasen et al ..., 2007; Waddington

et al ..., 2009; Cairncross et al.., 2010). Furthermore, specific improvements such as the

use of water filters and provision and high quality piped water where associated with

greater reductions in diarrhea compared with other interventions (Jennyfer Wolf, august

2014). According to E.M. Akpabio, et al.. we were equally interested in the effect of

environmental contexts such as physical location of settlements in influencing sanitation

behaviours. Findings informed us that local knowledge held about water (expressed in

meanings, beliefs, values etc.) influence sanitation behaviors which consequently lead to

water and sanitation related health outcomes. (Akpabio & V., May 2012).

Adults with higher levels of education are less likely to engage in risky behaviors,

such as smoking and drinking, and are more likely to have healthy behaviors related to diet

and exercise (Zimmerman, H., & Amber, 2015). In this study, educational attainment is

one indicator obtained from the respondent. As part of the biographical data of the
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respondent. This was included because it is one factor that affect human behavior, attitude

and practice in terms of health. While, younger or school-based hygiene education is vital

in order to decrease the rates of transmissible diseases. Children are more receptive to

learning and are very likely to adopt healthy behaviors at a younger age. They can also be

agents of change by spreading what they have learned in school to their family and

community members. (Swati, Sanghamitra, & Abhimanyu, 2014). Estimates of mortality

revealed that 4.9 children per 1000 per year in these areas and countries died as a result of

diarrhoeal illness in the first 5 years of life. (LiKosek, C, & Guerrant, 2003)

Economic stability is also a factor in persistent poverty and low socioeconomic

status, both linked to poor health outcomes (Franz, 2015). In this study, the result also had

correlation to the financial aspect of the respondent in terms of occupational aspect.

Occupation was included in the biographical data of the respondent to obtain the financial

status of the respondent in relation to water sanitation and hygiene.

Related Studies

REACH an international humanitarian organization conducted a large-scale study

to contribute to the development of best practices for sustainable change in sanitation and

hygiene behaviour in the Philippines. This assessment was undertaken between September

and November 2014 as a baseline for the UNICEF funded Philippine Approach to Total

Sanitation (PhATS) program, which aims to achieving universal access to safe and

adequate sanitation facilities in the country by 2028. The assessment examined knowledge,
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attitudes and practices related to Water, Hygiene and Sanitation, and included a survey of

3,025 households in project areas across six provinces: Eastern Samar, Samar, Leyte, Cebu,

Capiz and Iloilo. The assessment found significant variation between the six provinces,

but revealed a high overall level of hygiene awareness and knowledge. It also demonstrated

a significant gap between the reported importance of hand-washing and its

practice, therefore careful selection and targeting of relevant hygiene messages will be

particularly important. At the household level, it was found that an estimated 93% of the

population in Philippine Approach Total Sanitation Program (PhATS) project areas were

using an improved source of drinking water. However, key gaps included the need to raise

awareness on adequate/inadequate methods of water treatment and on the link between

unsafe water and health risks other than diarrhea

In this study we also committed with the Knowledge, Attitude and Practice in Water

Sanitation and Hygiene Among Household in a specific area which is Brgy. Bunuanan

Catbalogan City. We came up with the result that the respondents are just in moderate in

relation to KAP in water sanitation and hygiene. The study of PhATS came up that in

provinces level, the population has high level of hygiene awareness and knowledge. But

barangays in the said provinces may vary the results to other barangay under the provinces

mentioned.

Mozambique (2009) a survey done by WE consult LDA for UNICEF Mozambique

in 18 districts had found only 15% of the households practices some form of household

water treatment. The water quality at the household is significantly lower than at the source,

indicating unhygienic practices during collection, transport and storage. 54% of all
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households still practices open defecation. The coverage of improved sanitation facilities

is on average only 2% for the whole survey area. The majority of the household bury the

stools of the children or disposes of them in the latrine. Although almost everyone washes

the hands, only 1% uses the proper practice, which is washing with running water and using

soap or rashes. The vast majority washes the hands in a basin or bucket.9

A study conducted by the Global Public-Private Partnership for Hand Washing

(PPPWH) which included several sub-Saharan African countries (i.e Kenya, Senegal,

Tanzania, and Uganda) reported that 17% of participants washed their hands with soap

after using toilet, while 45% used only water traction (i.e cleaner people are more

attractive) comfort (i.e hands feel and smell fresh) and fear (i.e. avoid the risk of disease

(Research Proposal to Water Sanitation and Hygiene)

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Chapter 3

METHODOLOGY

This chapter presents the research design, locale of the study, respondents of the

study, the instruments used, the validation of the instruments used, the sampling procedure,

the data gathering procedure and the statistical treatment for the gathered data.

Research Design

This study utilized the descriptive-correlation study design with correlational

analysis. In fact, to properly answer the posted specific questions, the researchers use the

descriptive design in order to reflect profile of the respondents in terms of age, educational

attainment, number of family members, and occupation. This design was also used to

describe the overall status in water sanitation and hygiene of households in the City of

Catbalogan.

The correlational analysis was applied also in order to depict the relationship

between paired variables, to wit: profile of the respondents in terms of age, educational

attainment, number of family members, and occupation in relation to their water sanitation

and hygiene of households in terms of the foregoing areas.

The sole instrument of this study is a survey questionnaire. As part of it, the

researcher were using statistical tools that suits the study like frequency counts and

percentage, mean, grand weighted mean, mode, pearson product moment of correlation,
 19

and fisher t-test. The results of the study were tallied and were treated with the used of the

Special Program for Social Science researches.

Locale of the Study

Figure 2 presents the locale of the study, which was the Bunuanan, Catbalogan City.

Bunuanan is a community near the sea and uplands. Some households are in the seaside

and other are in the highlands. In this study, every household in Bunuanan, Catbalogan

City will be the respondent. It had be the research locale because of its geographical

location that some household are in upper area of the said barangay. The water has

difficulty in reaching high grounds for its distribution to every household in that area.

https://www.google.com/maps/@
11.7534626,124.8892189,19z

Figure 2. Map of the Bunuanan, Catbalogan City showing the locale of the study
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Instrumentation

The sole instrument of this study is a survey questionnaire written in English

translation.

Questionnaire. The questionnaire has two parts, Part I intend to consolidate

personal information of the respondents in terms of age; educational attainment and

number of family members and occupation; Part II is for the knowledge, attitude and

practice in water sanitation and hygiene of the households in Baragay Bunu-anan,

Catbalogan City.

Part I is a supplemental type in which demographic profile of the respondent will

be given, these include the occupation of the head of the family. Part II are checklist type

for knowledge, attitude and practice in terms of water sanitation and hygiene of the

respondents. In which the respondents will rate their water sanitation and hygiene

households using the five-Likert scale, where 5- Extremely knowledgeable, 4- Highly

Knowledgeable, 3- Moderately Knowledgeable, 2- Slightly Knowledgeable, 1- Not for

knowledge. 5 – Strongly Agree , 4 – Agree, 3– Uncertain, 2 – Disagree, 1 – Strongly

Disagree for the attitude. 5 – always, 4 – very often, 3 – often, 2 – sometimes, 1 – not for

practice. The value 5 indicates the highest and the lowest is 1.

Validation of Instrument

The survey questionnaire was validated using test-retest where it was validated in

Nursery, Guindaponan, a place near the City of Catbalogan. The researchers asked permit
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to the barangay captain, Hon. Robert “Obet” Caligo of the said barangay to try-out the

questionnaires where ten respondents were asked to answer. If index of difficulty is high

on the items, then a little revision will be done. The first wave of test scored 8 out of 10

questionnaires had been answered clearly and correctly. After some modification in

grammar and adjustment in font size had been made to the questionnaire, researchers got

10 out of 10 questionnaires had been answered clearly and correctly. After 15 days they

were answer the same questionnaire and 10 out of 10 which 100% of the questionnaires

had been answered in accordance to instruction. The responses were tallied and validated.

Moreover, it was validated using expert validation, where experts’ suggestions

were be considered. After the suggestions are incorporated, it was rechecked again by the

experts until such time that the questionnaire is non-erotic.

Data Gathering Procedure

First, the researchers wrote letter to the authorities, specially the office of the

Barangay involved with an attached survey questionnaire of the study.

Secondly, the respondents were asked the list of Barangay chairmen of the different

barangays for the fielding of instrument. In the fielding of instrument, the researchers asked

the help of the barangay chairmen carrying the letter of the mayor on the conduct of the

study, and then a briefing were given to the research participants before the actual fielding

and then it was directly collected by the researchers for a hundred percent retrieval.
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Then the data gathered were tallied and undergone statistical treatment for the

results of the study.

Statistical Treatment of the Data

As a first step in data cleaning, frequency tables were produced for all variables,

showing the minimum and maximum values entered as well as some basic statistics such

as average and median values. To understand the demographic profile of the respondents,

age structure considered as a vital indicator.

Frequency Counts and percentage. This statistical tools was used for profiling of

the age, educational attainment, number of member of the family and occupation, using the

following formula (Bernales, 1996:44):

P = [f/N] x 100

Where: P refers to the percentage;

f refers to the frequency; and

N refers to the total number of Sample- respondents

Mean. This was utilized to reflect the average age of respondents, will be

using the following range:

4.51 – 5.00 Extremely knowledge (EK)

3.51 – 4.50 Highly knowledge (HK)

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2.51 – 3.50 Moderately knowledge (MK)

1.51 – 2.50 Slightly knowledge (SK)

1.00 – 1.50 Not knowledge (NK)

Standard Deviation. This tool was used to calculate the disparity of each

categorical variable with respect to the mean, which signified it homogeneity or

heterogeneity, using the following formula (Freud and Simon, 1992:52):

𝑁
1
𝜎 = √ ∑(𝑥𝑖 − 𝜇)2
𝑁
𝑖=1

Where: 𝜎 refers to the standard deviation;

(𝑥𝑖 − 𝜇)2 refers to the square deviation between the score of the

categorical value and the mean; and,

N refers to the total number of samples.

Weighted Mean. This statistical measure was used to determine the water

sanitation and hygiene practices resident-respondents with the five-point Likers, using the

following formula (Pagoso, 1997:111):

∑ 𝑓𝑤𝑖
𝜇𝑤 =
𝑁

Where: 𝜇𝑤 refers to the weighted mean;

f refers to the frequency of each categorical weight;

𝑤𝑖 refers to the weighted Thurstone scale of 5, 4, 3, 2, 1; and,

 24

N refers to the total number of samples.

Pearson product moment of correlation (r-value). This statistical tools

was used to find relationship between profile of the respondents and their attitude toward

child labor in the city of Catbalogan; profile of the respondents and their perception toward

status of residents-respondents on the implementation of the water sanitation and hygiene

practice and their variates, using the following formula (Walpole, 1997:375):

𝑁(∑ 𝑥𝑦) − (∑ 𝑥)(∑ 𝑦)

𝑟=
√[(𝑁)(∑ 𝑥 2 ) − (∑ 𝑥)2 ][(𝑁)(∑ 𝑦 2 )(∑ 𝑦)2 ]

Where: r refers to the coefficient of correlation;

∑ 𝑥𝑦 refers to the sum of the product of paired scores;

∑𝑥 refers to the sum of x scores;

∑𝑦 refers to the sum of y scores;

∑ 𝑥2 refers to the sum of squared x scores;

∑ 𝑦2 refers to the sum of squared y scores; and,

N refers to the total number of paired samples.

Fisher’s t-test. This tool was used to test the significance of the coefficient of

correlation that signaled the acceptance and rejection of the null hypothesis, using the

following formula (Best and Khan, 1998:402-403):

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𝑁−2
𝑡 = 𝑟𝑥𝑦 √
1 − 𝑟𝑥𝑦

Where: t refers to the Fisher’s t;

rxy refers to the calculated coefficient of correlation; and,

N refers to the paired samples.

In deciding whether the null hypothesis was accepted or rejected, the following

decision rule served as guide: if and when the computed value turned lesser than the critical

or tabular value and the p-value turned greater than the 𝛼, the null hypothesis was accepted;

on the other hand, if and when the computed value turned equal or greater than the critical

or tabular value and the p-value turned equal or lesser than the 𝛼, the null hypothesis was

rejected.

Finally, the 𝛼 or the level of significance was set at .05 in all cases of testing the

null hypothesis. For precision and accuracy in the data processing, the researchers utilized

the computer as an aid in the machine processing using available statistical software.
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Chapter 4

PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA

This chapter involves the detailed presentation, analysis and interpretation of data

as specified in this study. This includes the profile of the resident-respondents and the tests

of hypothesis.

Profile of the Resident-Respondents

This section presents the profile of the resident-respondents as to age, educational

attainment, number of family and occupation.

Age. Table 1 shows the age of the resident respondents.

Table 1

Age of the Resident-Respondents

Total
Age
f Percent (%)
57-63 3 10.00
50-56 4 13.33
43-49 10 33.33

36-42 4 13.33
29-35 1 3.33
22-28 8 26.67
Total 30 100.00
Mean 41 yrs. old -
SD 12.86 yrs. old -
 27

It is revealed from the result that oldest respondent has a range of age of 56-63 with

three (3) respondents or 10.00 percent whereas the youngest was range of 22-28 years old

with eight (8) respondents or 26.67 but mostly of the respondent has a range of age 43-49

with ten respondents or 33.33 percent. Hence, grand mean age resident-respondents were

posted at 41 years old with standard deviation 12.86. The age group failed to make way to

contribute good thing to the community and fellow men. This was in stagnation crisis as

supported by the theory on Psychosocial Stages by Erik Ericson. The age group was in

Generativity VS Stagnation. Which generativity refers to "making your mark" on the world

through creating or nurturing things that will outlast an individual While by failing to find

a way to contribute, people become stagnant and feel unproductive. These individuals may

feel disconnected or uninvolved with their community and with society as a whole. Success

in this stage will lead to the virtue of care (McLeod, 2017).These shows that average age

level was in midlife or adulthood that in relation to the result of the study the age said age

group has the most role from the outcome of this study. The result shows if which among

the two crisis does the average age respondent is in. The data signified that the respondents

were relatively old at the initial stage. However, this show that they are at age of

accountability already, and therefore they are eligible as respondents of the study and no

other consent had been taken aside to the respondent’s permission.

 28

Educational Attainment. Table 2 shows the educational attainment of the

resident-respondents.

Table 2

Educational Attainment of the Resident-Respondents

Educational Attainment
f Percent (%)

Doctoral Graduate 0 0.0

Doctoral Level 0 0.0
Masteral Graduate 2 6.7
College Graduate 4 13.3
College Level 6 20.0
HS Graduate 5 16.7
HS Level 11 36.7
Elem. Graduate 2 6.7
Elem. Level 0 0.0
Total 30 100.00

It is noted that the highest degree earned, likewise, the most number of respondents

were high school graduate with eleven respondents 36.7 percent. On the other hand, two

(2) respondents or 6.7 percent obtained the lowest respondents degree for elementary

graduate.

Since there are little percentage of parent-respondents who attained college degree,

most of them are in blue-collar jobs who typically work with their own hands. Usually this

type of job hired unskilled and low-skilled workers to perform simple tasks such as

cleaning, maintenance and assembly line works; it even hired children who do easy chores
 29

(Scott, 2017). In relation the study, educational level has a big role in water sanitation and

hygiene. this shown that the respondents who has the highest number are those who did

not finished their high school studies. In relation to the result, respondent is in average level

of educational attainment. Therefore, in order to have a good result in terms of water

sanitation and hygiene. People should have a higher level of educational attainment so they

have the initiative and knowledge about health risk from untreated water for consumption.

This is supported by the study “Understanding The Relationship Between Education and

Health” by (Zimmerman, H., & Amber, 2015). People with higher educational attainment

has the higher perception about health aspects.

Number of Family Member. Table 3 presents the number of family member as Bunu-

anan resident of the respondents. As gleaned from the result, the most member of the

family rendered by the respondent is between 4 to 5 members with 12 respondents or 40.00

percent, followed by 10 respondents or 33.33 percent whose family member between 6 to

7 members.

Table 3

Number of Family Member of the Resident -Respondents

Number of Family Member f Percent (%)

more than 10 1 3.33
8–9 7 23.33
6–7 10 33.33
4–5 12 40.00
Total 30 100.00
 30

And the last is one (1) respondent or 3.33 percent whose member of the family between 10

members and above. The lowest percentage was the family with more than 10 members.

Lowest number of family member got the highest percentage which got the 40%.

According to the data, this means that almost majority of the respondent has low number

of family member. Contraindicated to Franz Economic Stability which state the lower the

number of the family has the higher in family progress in financial, educational and health

aspect. (Franz, 2015) In this study it contraindicates. As we found out the largest number

of family member more than 10 members, only has the 3.33% which indicate that lesser

family number is in majority. In this study, even though largest percentage has only 4 to 5

members, they did not meet the highest percentage of Knowledge Attitude and Practice in

water sanitation and hygiene.

Occupation. Table 4 presents the occupations of the resident-respondents. It can

be gleaned from the table that most of the resident respondents are Housewife with a

frequency of 10 or 33.33 percent, followed by others occupation not stated in the

questionnaire with a frequency of 7or 23.33 percent.

And Vendor with a lowest frequency of 2 or 6.67 percent. It implies that most of

the respondents don’t have permanent occupation.

 31

Table 4

Occupation of the Resident-Respondents

Occupation f Percent (%)

others 7 23.33
housewife 10 33.33
driver 5 16.67
vendor 2 6.67
Fishermen 6 20.00
Total 30 100.00

The data further implies that the most of the respondents don’t have permanent

occupation. The relationship of educational attainment is proportional to occupation. As

indicated that high school level has the highest percentage. This indicates that the level of

education had less opportunity to have a good occupation. According to Zimmerman and

Amber, aside from avoiding things that can harm themselves and others also, people with

higher education tend to have a good occupation. The study was supported by this, as we

can see the results the is a correlation in educational attainment and occupation. Low

educational attainment also results in unemployment or low wage occupation.

Status about Water Sanitation and Hygiene Practices in the Bunu-anan-

Respondents

This resident-respondent’s status in preventing water sanitation and hygiene among

households with the following of: knowledge; attitude; and practices.

 32

Knowledge. Table 5 shows the status of the resident-respondents towards

preventing water sanitation and hygiene among households. It is reflected in the result that

the respondents have extremely knowledgeable towards preventing water sanitation and

hygiene among households on knowledge with three of the statements rated within the

range 3.51 to 4.50 interpreted as “extremely knowledgeable”. While the remaining two

statements falls within the range of 2.51 – 3.50 interpreted as “moderately knowledgeable”.

Table 5

Status in Preventing Water Sanitation and Hygiene among Households in

terms of Knowledge of the Resident-Respondents

Knowledge 5 4 3 2 1 Total WM Interpretation

1. Source of potable drinking water 13 4 8 3 2 30 3.77 HE
2. Boiling of water for drinking 10 9 9 1 1 30 3.87 HE
3. Segregation of drinking from
domestic use water 6 12 9 2 1 30 3.67 HE
4. Drinking water from open
container is unsafe 7 2 9 8 4 30 3.00 MK
5. Chlorination of water for safe
consumption 3 2 9 12 4 30 2.60 MK
Grand Mean 3.38 MK

Legend:

4.51-5.00 Extremely Knowledgeable (EK)

3.51-4.50 Highly Knowledgeable (HE)

2.51-3.50 Moderately Knowledgeable(MK)

1.51-2.50 Slightly Knowledgeable (SK)

1.00-1.50 Not (N)

 33

As a resulted above the grand mean were posted at 3.38 interpreted as “moderately

knowledgeable”. Which meant that the resident-respondents have moderately

knowledgeable towards the status in preventing water sanitation and hygiene among

household in terms of knowledge of the resident-respondents. According to the data above,

there were three factor that respondents considered highly knowledgeable the source of

potable water, boiling water and segregation of drinking water to domestic use water. The

three seems to require less knowledge to do. Chlorination of water got the lowest

percentage because it need a clear instruction and demonstration specially the amount and

kind of substance for chlorination of the water. Hence, there is a need for implementation

of behavioral changes communication among community dwellers to translate the

knowledge of people regarding sanitation and hygiene into actual practice. So, that they

can learn to derive health benefits from these practices (Malik I. , 2017).

Attitude. Table 6 shows the status of the resident-respondents towards preventing

water sanitation and hygiene among households. As we gleaned from the table 6, the fifth

indicator were rated by attitude by resident-respondents interpreted as “disagree” with a

weighted mean of 2.10 with the ideas implied by the indicators about water from deep well

is safe for drinking, they have no knowledge about it.

 34

Table 6

Status in Preventing Water Sanitation and Hygiene among Households in

terms of Attitude of the Resident-Respondents

Attitude 5 4 3 2 1 Total WM Interpretation

1. Boiled water is safe for
drinking 16 11 1 1 1 30 4.33 A
2. Water for drinking should be
closed in a container 12 11 5 2 0 30 4.10 A
3. Domestic use water can be
used for drinking 1 5 16 6 2 30 2.90 U
4. domestic water used for
cooking 3 7 15 3 2 30 3.20 U
5. water from deep well is safe
for drinking 4 1 5 4 16 30 2.10 D
Grand Mean 3.33 U

Legend:

4.51-5.00 Strongly Agree (SA)

3.51-4.50 Agree (A)

2.51-3.50 Uncertain (U)

1.51-2.50 Disagree (D)

1.00-1.50 Strongly Disagree (SD)

The overall perception of the preventing water sanitation and hygiene among

households encounter by resident-respondents is “uncertain” with a mean of 3.33. This

 35

implies that the resident respondent has occasionally has an idea about boiled water is safe

for drinking and domestic use water can be used for drinking.

Which meant that the respondents they are uncertain towards the domestic use

water can be used in drinking water and the water from deep well is safe for drinking. This

indicates that there is relationship between the human willingness to wellbeing to his

current health status. A person without interest for better health will not do things to

contribute to a good health. It was determined that there was a percentage of population in

the community that might or willing to consume water from deep well, which has a big

chance for contamination and can be dangerous to health. A person with determination to

good health will do things that he/she thinks good to health. In accordance to Theory of

Reasoned Action of Hibbard, which says” an individual who has positive belief about

human health and who perceives water purity is one way in human good health. Has the

perception that prevention of water borne disease can be achieved through water

decontamination such boiling, filtration, others and who has the conviction that he or she

can carry out these behaviors effectively”.

Practice. Table 7 shows the status of the resident-respondents towards preventing

water sanitation and hygiene among households among practices. It is reflected in the result

that the two statements rated within the range 3.51 to 4.50 interpreted as “Very Often”.

While one statement from resident-respondent rated within the range 4.51 to 5.00

interpreted as “always” in number 1 statement.

 36

Table 7

Status in Preventing Water Sanitation and Hygiene Among Households in

terms of Practice

of the Resident-Respondents

Practice 5 4 3 2 1 Total WM Interpretation

1. washing hands with soap after
using the toilet 22 6 0 2 0 30 4.60 A
2. Washing hands with soap
before and after eating 20 4 3 3 0 30 4.37 VO
3. family members bath/shower 12 4 5 6 3 30 3.53 VO
s4. treated the water to make it
safer to drink 10 4 6 6 4 30 3.33 S
5. drink unsafe water when
drinking water is not available 3 3 5 6 13 30 2.23 R
Grand Mean 3.61 S

Legend:

4.51-5.00 Always (A)

3.51-4.50 Very Often (VO)

2.51-3.50 Sometimes (S)

1.51-2.50 Rarely (R)

1.00-1.50 Never (N)

 37

As a resulted above the grand mean were posted at 3.61 interpreted as “Sometimes”.

This implies that the resident-respondents they are occasionally response about the water

sanitation and hygiene among household.

Relationship between the status of resident-respondents on the Water

Sanitation and Hygiene Practice and their variates. Presented in Table 8 is the

relationship between the status of residents-respondents on the implementation of the water

sanitation and hygiene practice and their variates. It is gleaned from the result that the

correlation coefficient was posted at -0.12, 0.12, 0.15, and -0.27. Testing the significance

of the r values at α of 0.05 and df of 28, Fisher`s t computed values of 0.08, 0.08, 0.13 and

0.48 were posted numerically lower than t tab of 2.05, thus, hypothesis which states “there

is no significant relationship between the status of residents-respondents on the

implementation of the water sanitation and hygiene practice and their variates” was

accepted.

Table 8

Relationship between the perceptions of resident-respondents on the

implementation of the Water Sanitation and Hygiene Practices and their
variates

Fisher`s t-value
Statements r-value Evaluation Decision
computed critical
Age -0.12 0.08 2.05 Not Significant Accept Ho
Highest Attainment 0.12 0.08 2.05 Not Significant Accept Ho
Number of Family
0.15 0.13 2.05 Not Significant Accept Ho
Member
Occupation -0.27 0.48 2.05 Not Significant Accept Ho
df=28;α=0.05; two-
tailed
 38

It could then be concluded that the perceptions of residents-respondents on the

implementation of the water sanitation and hygiene practice and their variates is

significantly related to the specified profile variates. This implies that the perception of the

respondents towards the implementation of the water sanitation and hygiene practices, in

terms of the foregoing areas and their personal variates is not significantly related to the

specified profile variates. The data claimed that when the resident-respondents showed

unfavorable perception towards the implementation of the water sanitation and hygiene

practices the more they perceived its causes and consequences.

The coefficient being negative, suggested an inverse linear association which

indicated that resident respondents manifested higher perception towards the

implementation of the water sanitation and hygiene practices.

 39

Chapter 5

SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

This chapter presents the summary of findings of the study, with the corresponding

conclusions drawn from findings and recommendations based on the conclusions from the

findings of the study of the study.

Summary of Findings

The following are the salient findings of the study:

 40

1. Majority of the resident respondents has a range of age of 56-63 with three (3)

respondents or 10.00 percent. The mean age of this group of respondents was pegged at 41

years old with a standard deviation of 12.86 years old.

2. The resident-respondents were under high school level and smaller portion

finished their baccalaureate degree.

3. Majority member of the family rendered by the respondent is between 4 to

5 members with 12 respondents or 40.00 percent.

4. Majority of the resident- respondents were housewife and other occupation.

This is only their source of living.

5. As a perception towards the preventing water sanitation and hygiene among

households on knowledge the grand weighted mean was posted at 3.38 which means

“moderately knowledgeable”

6. The resident-respondents posted an attitude of “uncertain” with respect to

the perception of the preventing water sanitation and hygiene among household’s member

which posted the grand weighted of 3.33.

7. The resident-respondents highly considered on the referenced-related

perception of the preventing water sanitation and hygiene among households as

“sometimes” as backed by the grand mean 3.61.

8. In associating relationship between the status of residents-respondents on the

implementation of the water sanitation and hygiene practice and their variates, the result

that the correlation coefficient were posted at -0.12, 0.12, 0.15, and -0.27. Testing the

significance of the r values at α of 0.05 and df of 28, Fisher`s t computed values of 0.08,
 41

0.08, 0.13 and 0.48 were posted numerically lower than t tab of 2.05 it is significantly

related to the specified profile variates.

Conclusions

From the findings of the following conclusions were drawn:

1. Majority of the resident-respondent was in the adulthood.

2. Majority of the respondents were low earners and their occupation were

housewife and others related source of income most of them were under high school level.

3. The resident respondents have similar observation on the perception

towards the preventing water sanitation and hygiene among household’s member with a

knowledge of “moderately knowledgeable”.

4. The resident-respondents have similar observations on the perception

towards the preventing water sanitation and hygiene among household’s member with an

attitude of “uncertain”.

5. The resident-respondents considered on the perception towards the

preventing water sanitation and hygiene among household’s member with a practice of

“sometimes”.

6. Of the factors influence of the between the status of residents-respondents

on the implementation of the water sanitation and hygiene practice and their variates.

Testing the significance of the r values at α and df, Fisher`s t computed values lower than

t tab it is significantly related to the specified profile variates.

 42

Recommendations

From the summary of findings and conclusions drawn herein:

1. Recommended that the resident should attend programs in water sanitation

and hygiene, so that they can renew their learning and correctly impart to the resident with

update topics related to our water sanitation and hygiene practices.

2. For every household give guidance how to improve their action in relation

to water management for the safety of their family.

3. Another research will be conducted with increased variables.

WATER SAFETY AND SANITATION INTERVENTION PLAN PROGRAM

Segments of the populations are continuously at risk to water-borne disease (through drinking,

coastal as well as surface waters) this is compounded by lack of perception needed for water

resources development and protection as well as lack of awareness of problems associated with

contaminated water.

RATIONALE: This plan focus on the perception as well the information that are needed to be

disseminated in order to combat the prevailing problem in Bunu-anan area regarding water-borne

diseases and to encourage the reluctance of every household member to ensure their health status.

GOAL: To reduce the risk water related diseases

OBJECTIVE: To promote a comprehensive risk assessment and risk management approach

To prevent morbidity rate related to water-borne disease

 43

Time Objectives Topics/Module Responsible Person

1. 1-2 months Assessment of underlying Gathering of health Brgy officials and

risk members RHU health workers

2. 1-2 a months Provide information that Health education activities Health workers
are necessary for
preventive, rehabilitative,
restorative measures.

3. 2-3 a months Activity that can be used Health workers

to prevent or eliminate
asanitation related hazard
or reduces to an
acceptable level

4. 1-2 times a Preventative measures Disease vector/vector- Health workers

month provide information to borne disease
control diseases that may
be transmitted from
human to human via
insect vectors (e.g.
mosquitoes, flies)

5. This aims to provide Water practice method

adequate information to
ensure potable water
usage (e.g drinking
consumption)