Retaining wall with Horizontal Back Fill

Name of work:- pkn

Design Data
1 Hieght of Earth Emankment h= 3.00 m 3000 mm

2 Unit Weight of Earth gg = 18 kN / m3 18000 N/m3

3 Angle of Repose f= 30 Degree

4 Bearing capacity of Soil qqo = 100 kN / m2 100000 N / m2

5 Cofficent of friction m= 0.50

6 Concrete Grade M 20 coincrete wt.

scbc 7 m 13.33

7 Reinforcement Type Fe 415 sst 230 kN / m2

0 mm f @
0 0
12 mm f @
180 mmc/c

12 mm f @
90 mmc/c
0 mm f @
0 0

12 mm f @
180 mmc/c

0 mm f @ 12 mm f @
0 0 180 mmc/c
 Retaining wall with Horizontal Back Fill

DATA

1 Height of Earth Embankment h = 3.00 m

2 Unit Weight of Earth g = 18 kN / m3
3 Angle of Repose F = 30 Degree
4 Bearing capacity of Soil qo = 100 kN / m3
5 Cofficent of friction m = 0.5
6 Concrete Grade = M 20
7 Reinforcement Type = Fe 415

1 Design Constants:-
For HYSD Bars Concrete = M - 20
sst = = 230 N / mm 2
wt. of concrete = 250 N / mm2
scbc = = 7 N / mm2 wt of Earth = 180 N / mm2
m = 13.33
m*c 13.33 x 7
k= = = 0.289
m*c+sst 13.33 x 7 + 230
j=1-k/3 = 1.00 - 0.289 / 3 = 0.904
R=1/2xc x j x k= 0.5 x 7 x 0.90 x 0.289 = 0.913

2 Depth of Foundation
g = 18 kN / m3 = 18000 N / m3
minimum depth of foundation is
q0 1-sinF 2 100 x 1-sin 30 0 2 sin 30 = 0.50
Ymin.'= =
g 1+sin F 18 1+sin 30 0
100 1 - 0.50 2
Ymin.'= = x = 0.62
18 1 + 0.50
However, keep depth = 1.00 mto accommodate thicness of base wall below ground surface .
Hence height of wall above the base = 1.00 + 3.00 = 4.00 m

3 Diamensions of base:-
The ratio of the length of toe slab (DE) to the base width b is given by eq.
q0 100
a = 1- = 1 - = 0.37 (1)
2.2 g H 2.2 x 18 x 4.00

Ka
width of base is given by b = 0.95H
( 1 - a )x( 1 + 3 a )
1 - sin F 1 - sin 30 1
Ka = = = = 0.33
1 +sin F 1 +sin 30 3

0.33 1.90
b = 0.95 x 4.00 =
( 1 - 0.37 )x( 1 + 3 x 0.37 ) m

0.7H Ka
The base width from the considerations of sliding is given by b =
 The base width from the considerations of sliding is given by b =
(1-a)m
0.7 X 4.00 1
b = x = 2.96 m
1 - 0.37 3 x 0.5
This width is excessive. Normal practice is to provide b between 0.5 to 0.6 H
Taking maximum value b = 0.6 x 4.00 = 2.40 m
Hence provided b = 2.40 m
The wall will be unsafe against sliding. This will be safe by providing shear key at base
Width of toe slab =axb = 0.37 x 2.40 = 0.88 m Provide Toe slab = 0.90 m
Let the thickness of the base be = 1 1
x H = x 4.00 = 0.30 m for preliminary
12 12 calculation
4 Thicness of stem:-
Height AB H1 = 4.00 - 0.3 = 3.70 m consider one meter length of retaning wall
H13 18
Maximum B.M.At B =Ka g = 0.33 x x( 3.70 )3 = 50.65 kN-m
6 6
50.65 x( 10 )6
Hence the effective depth is d = = 236 mm
1000 x 0.913
Keep d = ### mm and an effective cover of = 60 mm so total thickness= 300 mm is available
and normal cover = 60 - 8 = 52 mm using 16 mmF bars.
Reduce the total thickness to 200 mm at top so that effective depth of 140 mm is at top

5 Stability of wall.:-
Full diamensioned of wall is shown in drawing
Let W1 = weight of rectangular portionof stem
W2 = weight of triangular portionof stem
W3 = weight of base of slab
W4 = weight of soil on heel slab
calculation
Sno. desi Detail Force L.A Mr Mo
1 W 1 1 x 0.2 x 3.70 x 25 = 18.50 x 1.1 = 20.35 --
2 W2 0.5 x 0.10 x 3.70 x 25 = 4.63 x 0.967 = 4.471 --
3 W3 1 x 2.40 x 0.30 x 25 = 18.00 x 1.2 = 21.60 --
4 W4 1 x 1.2 x 3.70 x 18 = 79.92 x 1.8 = 143.9 --
Total 121.05 Total 190.3 64.00
5 Ep 1/3 x 1/2 x 4.00 x 4.00 x 18 = 48.00 x 1.333 = -- 64.00

Factor of sefty againest over turning = 190.3 / 64.00 = 2.973 > 2 Hence safe

Sliding:-
Factor of sefty againest Sliding = mXW 0.5 x 121.05
= 1.261 < 1.5 Un safe
p 48.00
To make it safe againest sliding, we will have to provide a shear key.
Pressure ditribution :- Net moment Xm = 190.28 - 64.00 = 126.28 kN-m
XM 126.28
\ Distance x of the point of application of resultant,from toe is= = = 1 m
XW 121.05
b 2.40
Eccentricity e = b/2 - x = 1.20 - 1.043 = 0.16 m < = = 0.40 m
6 6
 XW 6e 121.05 6 x 0.16
Pressure at toe = 1+ = 1+ = 70.20 kN-m2
b b 2.40 2.40
70.2 < 100 = Hence safe
XW 6e 121.05 6 x 0.16
Pressure at toe = 1- = 1- = 30.67 kN-m2
b b 2.40 2.40
- 70.2 - 30.67
Pressure at the junction of stem with toe slab is = 70.203 x 0.9 = 55.38
2.40
70.2 - 30.67
Pressure at the junction of stem with Heel slab is = 70.203 - x 1.2 = 50.44
2.40
6 Design of toe slab:-
The upward pressure distribution on the Toe slab is shown. The Weight of soil above the toe
of slab is negleted.The force are acting on it. (1) Upward soil pressure. (2). Down ward weight of slab
Down ward weight of slab per unit area = 0.30 x 1 x 1 x 25 = 7.50
Hence net pressure intensities will be = 70.20 - 7.50 = 62.7 kN-m under D 2

And = 55.38 - 7.50 = 47.88 kN-m2 under E

Total force = S.F. at E = 0.5 x( 62.703 + 47.88 )x 0.90 = 49.76 kN
47.88 + 2 x 62.70 0.9
x from E = x = 0.47 m
47.88 + 62.70 3
B.M.at E = 49.76 x 0.47 = 23.39 kN-m = 23.39 x 10'6 N-mm
23.39 x 10 '6
d = = 160 mm
1000 x 0.913
Let us keep total depth = 260 mm and effective depth of = 200 mm so that.
60 mm effective cover is available. Thickness can be reduce to = 200 mm at edge.
23.39 x 1000000
Ast = = 563 mm2
230 x 0.904 x 200
This reinforcement has to be provided at bottom face. If alternate bars of stem reinforcement are bent
and continued in slab the toe slab.area available = 0.5 x 1256 = 628 mm2 (see step 8 )
Using 12 mm dia bars, Area of bar =( 3.14 x 12 x 12 )/ 4 = 113 mm2
Spacing =( 1000 x 113 ) / 628 = 160 mm
Let us check the reinforcement for development length Ld = 45 F = 45 x 12 = 540 mm
Providing 50 mm clear side cover, actual length available = 900 - 50 = 850 mm
If Ld < 850 Than safe = 850 > 540 Hence safe
0.12 260 + 200
Distribution reinforcement @0.12% = x 1000 x = 276 mm2
100 2
Using 8 mm dia bars, Area of bar =( 3.14 x 8 x 8 )/ 4 = 50 mm2
Spacing =( 1000 x 50.24 ) / 276 = 170 mm

7 Design of Heel slab:- Three force act on It :

(1) Down ward weight of soil (2) total weight of Heel slab (3) Upward soil pressure
Total weight of soil = 1.2 x 3.70 x 1 x 18 = 79.92 kN acting 0.6 form B
Total weight of Heel slab = 1.2 x 0.26 x 1 x 25 = 7.80 kN acting 0.6 form B
Total Upward soil pressure = 0.5 x( 50.44 + 30.67 )x 1.2 = 48.66 kN
50.44 + 2 x 30.67 1.2
acting at = 0.5 x x = 0.55 m from B
50.44 + 30.67 3
\ Total force = S. F. at B = 79.92 + 7.80 - 48.66 = 39.06 Kn
\ B.M. at B =( 79.92 x 0.6 )+( 7.80 x 0.6 )'-( 48.66 x 0.55 = 25.81
 = 25.81 Kn-m = 25.81 x 10'6 N - mm
25.81 x 10'6
d = = 168 mm
1000 x 0.913
However keep the same total depth = 260 mm as that of toe slab,
so that avialable effective depth = 200 mm available Thickness can be reduce to = 200
mm at edge
25.81 x 1000000
Ast = = 621 mm2
230 x 0.904 x 200
Using 12 mm dia bars, Area of bar =( 3.14 x 12 x 12 )/ 4 = 113 mm2
Spacing =( 1000 x 113 ) / 621 = 180 mm
Hence provide these @ 180 mm c/c at top of keep slab
Take the reinforcement into the toe from a distance of 45 F = 45 x 12 = 540 mm to left of B,
0.12 260 + 200
Distribution reinforcement @0.12% = x 1000 x = 276 mm2
100 2
Using 8 mm dia bars, Area of bar =( 3.14 x 8 x 8 )/ 4 = 50 mm2
Spacing =( 1000 x 50.24 ) / 276 = 180 mm
39.06 x 1000 than the permissible shea stress even at
Sear stress tv = "= 0.20 N-mm2 < minimum percentage of steel
1000 x 200
8 Reinforcement in stem :-
We have earlier assumed the thickness of Heel slab = 0.30 m
While it now fixed as 0.26 m Hence revised H1 = 4.00 - 0.26 = 3.74 m
1 18
\ M = KagxH1/ 6 = x x( 3.74 )3= 52.31 kN - m = 52.31 x 10'6 N -mm2
3 6
52.31 x 10'6
\ d = = 239 mm
1000 x 0.913
Keep d = 250 mm so that D = 310 mm.Reduce the total thickness= 200 at the top
52.31 x 1000000
Ast = = 1007 mm2
230 x 0.904 x 250
Using 12 mm dia bars, Area of bar =( 3.14 x 12 x 12 )/ 4 = 113 mm2
Spacing =( 1000 x 113 ) / 1007 = 110 mm
Hence provide these @ 90 mm c/c at top of keep slab
113
Actual Ast provided = 1000 x = 1256 mm2
90
continue alternate bars in the toe slab to serve tensile reinfocement there. Discontinue the remaning
bars half bars after a distance of 45 F = 45 x 12 = 540 mm beyond B. in the toe slab.
Between A and B, some of bars can be curtailed. Considered a section at
depth h below the top of stem . The effective depth d' at section is
250 - 140 wher h
d' = 140 + x h = 140 + 29.41 h mm in meter
3.74
H3 h Ast' x d' 1/3
Now Ast a =( Astd )3 Hence = Eq
d' H1 Ast x d
where Ast' = Reinforcement in depth h
d' = Effective depth at depth h
Ast = Reinforcement in depth H1
d = Effective deoth at depth H1
1 Ast' 1 1 d' 1/3
If Ast' = x Ast, so = \ = x
2 Ast 2 2 d
 Subsituting d= 250mm and d'= 140 + 29.41 h mm we get
140 + 29.41 h 1/3
140 + 29.41 h 1/3
h = H1 x = 3.74 x
2 x 250 500
h = 0.471 x( 140
+ 29.41 h ) '1/3

h3 = 0.105 x( 140 + 29.41 h ) or( 0.105 x 140 )+( 0.105 x 29.4 h)

or h =
3
14.66
+ 3.079 h
or h3 - 3.08h - 14.66 = 0 -- eq'(3) Put value of h = 2.863
than = 23.47 - 8.816 - 14.66 = -0.01 If result negative than increase value of h in cell
(solve by trial and error,) T195 till zero or minimum in cell J196.
Note if the stem thickness were constante, h H1 3.74
h = = = 3 m
would have been equal to 21/3 21/3
Solving Eq.(3) we get h= 2.863 m. Thus, half bars can be curtailed at this point. However
the bars should extended by a distance of 12F = 12 x 12 = 144 mm or
d = 240 mm witch ever is more, beyond the point.
\ h = 2.86 - 0.24 = 2.62 m
Hence curtailed half bars at the height of = 2.60 m below the top.If we wish to
curtailed half of the remaining reinforcement is one forth of that provided at B, we have
Ast' 1 h 1 d' 1/3
= Hence from (2) = x
Ast 4 H1 4 d
140 + 29.41 h 1/3 140 + 29.41 h 1/3
or h = H1 = 3.74 x
4 x 250 1000
h = 0.374 x( 140 + 29.41 h )'1/3
h3 = 0.052 x( 140 + 29.41 h ) or( 0.052 x 140 )+( 0.052 x 29.4 h)
or h3 = 7.33 + 1.54 h
or h3 - 1.54 h - 7.33 = 0 -- eq (4) Put value of h = 2.205
than = 10.72 - 3.395 - 7.33 = 0.00 If result negative than increase value of h in cell
(solve by trial and error,) T213 till zero or minimum in cell J214.
Note if the stem thickness were constante, h H1 3.74
h = = = 2.36 m
would have been equal to 4' 1/3
41/3
Solving Eq.(4) we get h= 2.205 m. Thus, However the bars should be extended by a
Distance of 240 mm beyond this \ h = 2.21 - 0.24 = 1.97 m
below the top of stem
Check for Shear :-
H12 1 18
Shear force = p = Kag x = x x( 3.74 )2= 41.96
2 3 2
41.96 x 1000 less than permissiable
\ tv = = 0.17 N / mm2 < tc
1000 x 250 shear force tc
Distribution and tempreture reinforcement.
Avrage thickness of stem 1
= x( 300 + 200 )= 250 mm
Avrage thickness of stem 2
\ Distribution reinforcement = 0.12
x 1000 x 250 = 300 mm2
100
Using 8 mm dia bars, Area of bar =( 3.14 x 8 x 8 )/ 4 = 50 mm2
Spacing =( 1000 x 50.24 ) / 300 = 160 mm
Hence provide these @ 150 mm c/c at the inner face of wall along it length.
For tempreture reinforcement, provide 8 mm F @ 300 mm c/c both ways in outer face.
9 Design of Shear Key :-
The wall is unsafe in sliding, and hence shear key will have to providebelow th stem.
Let the depth of key = a Intencity of passive pressure pp developed in front of the key
depends upon soil pressure p in front of key.
\ pp = kpp = 3.00 x 55.38 = 166.1 kN-m2
\ total passive pressure pp = pp a = 166.1 a
1 18
Sliding force at level D1C1 = x x( 4.00 + a )2
3 2
or pH = 3 x( 4 + a )2
Weight of soil between bootm of base D1C1 = 2.40 a 18 = 43.2 a
\ X W =( 121.05 + 43.2 a ) ( Refer Table )
Hence for equilibrium of wall, permitting (friction of sliding) F.S. = 1.5 Againest sliding
mX W + pp 0.5 x( 121.05 + 43.2 a)+ 166.1 a
We have 1.5 = =
pH 3 x( 4 + a )2
60.52 + 21.6 a+ 166.1 a
1.5 =
3 x( 16 + 8 a + a2 )
1 13.45 + 41.718 a
=
16 + 8 a+ a2
16 + 8 a+ a 2
= 13.45 + 41.7 a
or a 2
-33.7 a+ 2.55 = 0
33.7 +Ö 1137 -4x 1 x 2.55
or a =
2
33.7 + 33.57
or a =
2
or a = 0.1516 / 2 or 0.076 m = 76 mm
However provide a minimum value of a = 0.3 m 300 mm it should be noted that passive
pressure taken into account will be developed only when a length a 1 given below is available in front of key.
45 + F 45+F Shearing passive
a1 = a tan F = a tan "= Ö ka where =
2 2 resistance
\ a = 0.3 Ö 3.00 = 0.52 m
Actual length of slab is available= DE = 0.9 m hence satisfactory
Now size of shear key = 300 x 300 mm
pH = 3 x( 4 + 0.3 )2 \
= 55.47 kN
Hence X w = 121.05 + 43.2 x 0.3
= 134.0 kN
Acutal force to be resisted by the key at F.S.'=1.5 is
= 1.5pH - m Xw
= 1.5 x 55.47 - 0.5 x 134.0
= 16.2 kN
16.20 x 1000
\ shear stress =
300 x 1000
= 0.054 N/mm2
1.90
m
 long

of retaning wall

mm is available

mm is at top
 kN-m2

kN-m2

bove the toe

kN-m2

mm at edge.

mm2

mm

mm2

ard soil pressure

form B
form B

m from B

Kn-m
 mm2

mm to left of B,

mm2

le shea stress even at

ge of steel

N -mm2

at the top

mm2

he remaning

wher h
in meter

(2)

1/3
 h)

2.863
e value of h in cell
ell J196.

point. However

h)

2.205
e value of h in cell
ell J214.

m
w the top of stem

kN-m

han permissiable
hear force tc

mm2

ll along it length.
n outer face.
 mm
oted that passive
in front of key.
hearing passive
resistance
 0.20 Earth Fill

3.00 3.74

W2 W1 W4

0.74

1.00

axb 0.31
E B C
D W3
0.26
0.20 0.20

Toe Heel
0.30

0.90 0.30 1.20

2.40
 0.20 Earth Fill

8 mm F 8 mm F
@ 300 mmc/c @ 150 mmc/c

###
###
12 mm F
@ 360 mmc/c
8 mm F
###
###

@ 150 mmc/c

12 mm F
@ 180 mmc/c

8 mm F
@ 300 mmc/c 12 mm F
@ 90 mmc/c

8 mm F 0.31 12 mm F
@ 170 mmc/c m @ 180 mmc/c
D E B C
0.54
0.26
0.20

Toe 12 mm F 8 mm F Heel
0.30
@ 160 mmc/c @ 180 mmc/c
0.90 0.30 1.20
m m

Section of wing wall

 VALUES OF DESIGN CONSTANTS
Grade of concrete M-15 M-20 M-25 M-30 M-35 M-40
Modular Ratio 18.67 13.33 10.98 9.33 8.11 7.18
scbc N/mm 2 5 7 8.5 10 11.5 13
m scbc 93.33 93.33 93.33 93.33 93.33 93.33
kc 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4
(a) sst = 140 jc 0.867 0.867 0.867 0.867 0.867 0.867
N/mm2 (Fe
Rc 0.867 1.214 1.474 1.734 1.994 2.254
250)
Pc (%) 0.714 1 1.214 1.429 1.643 1.857
kc 0.329 0.329 0.329 0.329 0.329 0.329
(b) sst = 190 jc 0.89 0.89 0.89 0.89 0.89 0.89
N/mm2 Rc 0.732 1.025 1.244 1.464 1.684 1.903
Pc (%) 0.433 0.606 0.736 0.866 0.997 1.127
kc 0.289 0.289 0.289 0.289 0.289 0.289
(c ) sst = 230 jc 0.904 0.904 0.904 0.904 0.904 0.904
N/mm2 (Fe
Rc 0.653 0.914 1.11 1.306 1.502 1.698
415)
Pc (%) 0.314 0.44 0.534 0.628 0.722 0.816
kc 0.253 0.253 0.253 0.253 0.253 0.253
(d) sst = 275 jc 0.916 0.916 0.916 0.914 0.916 0.916
N/mm2 (Fe
Rc 0.579 0.811 0.985 1.159 1.332 1.506
500)
Pc (%) 0.23 0.322 0.391 0.46 0.53 0.599

Permissible shear stress Table t v in concrete (IS : 456-2000)

100As Permissible shear stress in concrete tv N/mm2
bd M-15 M-20 M-25 M-30 M-35 M-40
< 0.15 0.18 0.18 0.19 0.2 0.2 0.2
0.25 0.22 0.22 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23
0.50 0.29 0.30 0.31 0.31 0.31 0.32
0.75 0.34 0.35 0.36 0.37 0.37 0.38
1.00 0.37 0.39 0.40 0.41 0.42 0.42
1.25 0.40 0.42 0.44 0.45 0.45 0.46
1.50 0.42 0.45 0.46 0.48 0.49 0.49
1.75 0.44 0.47 0.49 0.50 0.52 0.52
2.00 0.44 0.49 0.51 0.53 0.54 0.55
2.25 0.44 0.51 0.53 0.55 0.56 0.57
2.50 0.44 0.51 0.55 0.57 0.58 0.60
2.75 0.44 0.51 0.56 0.58 0.60 0.62
3.00 and above 0.44 0.51 0.57 0.6 0.62 0.63

Maximum shear stress tc.max in concrete (IS : 456-2000)

Grade of concrete M-15 M-20 M-25 M-30 M-35 M-40

tc.max 1.6 1.8 1.9 2.2 2.3 2.5
 Permissible Bond stress Table t bd in concrete (IS : 456-2000)
Grade of concrete M-10 M-15 M-20 M-25 M-30 M-35 M-40 M-45 M-50
tbd (N / mm )
2
-- 0.6 0.8 0.9 1 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4

Development Length in tension

Plain M.S. Bars H.Y.S.D. Bars

Grade of concrete
tbd (N / mm2) kd = Ld F tbd (N / mm2) kd = Ld F
M 15 0.6 58 0.96 60
M 20 0.8 44 1.28 45
M 25 0.9 39 1.44 40
M 30 1 35 1.6 36
M 35 1.1 32 1.76 33
M 40 1.2 29 1.92 30
M 45 1.3 27 2.08 28
M 50 1.4 25 2.24 26