Making Evidence-Based

Psychological Treatments
Work With Older Adults
 Making Evidence-Based
Psychological Treatments
Work With Older Adults
Edited by

Forrest Scogin and Avani Shah

American Psychological Association • Washington, DC

Copyright © 2012 by the American Psychological Association. All rights reserved. Except
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Making evidence-based psychological treatments work with older adults / edited by Forrest
Scogin and Avani Shah.
p. cm.
 Includes index.
 ISBN 978-1-4338-1157-9 — ISBN 1-4338-1157-X  1.  Psychotherapy for older people.
2.  Older people—Counseling of. 3.  Older people—Psychology.  I. Scogin, Forrest Ray.
II. Shah, Avani.

 RC480.54.M35 2012
 616.89'140846—dc23
2012002596

British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data

A CIP record is available from the British Library.

Printed in the United States of America

First Edition

DOI: 10.1037/13753-000
 Contents

Contributors�����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������   vii
List of Figures and Tables����������������������������������������������������������������������������   ix
List of Appendices��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������   xi
Chapter 1. Introduction to Evidence-Based Psychological
Treatments for Older Adults............................................. 3
Forrest Scogin and Avani Shah 
Chapter 2. Evidence-Based Psychological Treatments
for Geriatric Anxiety......................................................... 9
Shiva G. Ghaed, Catherine R. Ayers, 
and Julie Loebach Wetherell 
Chapter 3. Evidence-Based Treatments for Insomnia
in Older Adults............................................................... 47
Haley R. Dillon, Ryan G. Wetzler, 
and Kenneth L. Lichstein 

v
Chapter 4. Evidence-Based Psychological Treatments
for Geriatric Depression.................................................. 87
Avani Shah, Forrest Scogin, and Mark Floyd 
Chapter 5. Evidence-Based Psychological Treatments
for Improving Memory Function Among
Older Adults.................................................................. 131
George W. Rebok, Jeanine M. Parisi, Alden L. Gross, 
Adam P. Spira, Jean Ko, Quincy M. Samus, 
Jane S. Saczynski, Steve Koh, and Ronald E. Holtzman 
Chapter 6. Evidence-Based Treatments for Behavioral
Disturbances in Long-Term Care.................................. 167
Kim J. Curyto, Kelly M. Trevino, Suzann Ogland-Hand, 
and Peter Lichtenberg 
Chapter 7. Evidence-Based Psychological Treatments
for Distress in Family Caregivers of Older Adults......... 225
David W. Coon, Maureen Keaveny, 
Irene Rivera Valverde, Shukofeh Dadvar, 
and Dolores Gallagher-Thompson 
Index......................................................................................................... 285
About the Editors..................................................................................... 295

vi    contents
 Contributors

Catherine R. Ayers, PhD, Research Department, VA San Diego Healthcare

System, San Diego, CA
David W. Coon, PhD, Health Solutions and the College of Nursing &
Health Innovation, Arizona State University, Phoenix
Kim J. Curyto, PhD, VA Western New York Healthcare System, Batavia,
NY
Shukofeh Dadvar, PhD, Grace Adult Health Center, Santa Clara, CA
Haley R. Dillon, MA, Department of Psychology, University of Alabama,
Tuscaloosa
Mark Floyd, PhD, Sam Rayburn Memorial Veterans Affairs Medical Center,
Bonham, TX
Dolores Gallagher-Thompson, PhD, Department of Psychiatry and Behav-
ioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA
Shiva G. Ghaed, PhD, MPH, Department of the Navy/Branch Medical
Clinic, Marine Corps Recruit Depot, San Diego, CA
Alden L. Gross, PhD, Bloomberg School of Public Health, The Johns Hop-
kins University, Baltimore, MD
Ronald E. Holtzman, PhD, Bloomberg School of Public Health, The Johns
Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD

vii
Maureen Keaveny, MA, Graduate Program in Counseling Psychology,
School of Letters and Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe
Jean Ko, PhD, Bloomberg School of Public Health, The Johns Hopkins
University, Baltimore, MD
Steve Koh, MD, MPH, MBA, University of California at San Diego, La
Jolla, CA
Kenneth L. Lichstein, PhD, Department of Psychology, University of
Alabama, Tuscaloosa
Peter Lichtenberg, PhD, Institute of Gerontology, Wayne State University,
Detroit, MI
Suzann Ogland-Hand, PhD, Pine Rest Christian Mental Health Services,
Grand Rapids, MI
Jeanine M. Parisi, PhD, Bloomberg School of Public Health, The Johns
Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD
George W. Rebok, PhD, Bloomberg School of Public Health, The Johns
Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD
Jane S. Saczynski, PhD, University of Massachusetts Medical School,
Worcester, MA
Quincy M. Samus, PhD, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
Forrest Scogin, PhD, Department of Psychology, University of Alabama,
Tuscaloosa
Avani Shah, PhD, School of Social Work, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa
Adam P. Spira, PhD, Bloomberg School of Public Health, The Johns Hopkins
University, Baltimore, MD
Kelly M. Trevino, PhD, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA
Irene Rivera Valverde, BS, Project PERLAZ, Stanford University School of
Medicine, Stanford, CA
Julie Loebach Wetherell, PhD, Psychology Service, VA San Diego Healthcare
System, San Diego, CA
Ryan G. Wetzler, PsyD, ABPP, CBSM, Sleep Medicine Specialists, Louis-
ville, KY

viii    contributors
 List of Figures and Tables

FIGURES
Figure 6.1. Approaches to Management of Verbal Agitation.................. 183
Figure 6.2. Approaches to Management of Physically
Nonaggressive Behaviors............................................................ 184
Figure 6.3. Approaches to Management of Physically
Aggressive Behaviors.............................................................. 184

TABLES
Table 2.1. Cognitive Behavioral and Cognitive Therapy for
Late-Life Anxiety........................................................................  12
Table 2.2. Relaxation Training for Late-Life Anxiety............................... 17
Table 2.3. Supportive Therapy for Late-Life Anxiety................................ 19
Table 2.4. Bibliotherapy for Late-Life Anxiety.......................................... 20
Table 3.1. Studies That Contribute to the Evidence-Based Status
of Multicomponent Cognitive Behavioral Therapy
for Insomnia in Older Adults.................................................... 52

ix
Table 3.2. Ms. Insomnia’s Sleep Log Data.................................................. 72
Table 4.1. Research Contributing to the Evidence-Based
Psychological Treatment Status of Behavioral Therapy........... 91
Table 4.2. Research Contributing to the Evidence-Based
Psychological Treatment Status of Cognitive
Behavioral Therapy................................................................... 94
Table 4.3. Research Contributing to the Evidence-Based
Psychological Treatment Status
of Cognitive Bibliotherapy........................................................ 96
Table 4.4. Research Contributing to the Evidence-Based
Psychological Treatment Status of Problem-
Solving Therapy........................................................................ 98
Table 4.5. Research Contributing to the Evidence-Based
Psychological Treatment Status of Brief
Psychodynamic Therapy............................................................ 99
Table 4.6. Research Contributing to the Evidence-Based
Psychological Treatment Status of
Reminiscence Therapy............................................................ 102
Table 4.7. Interventions Needing Further Study..................................... 104
Table 5.1. Memory Training Strategies.................................................... 133
Table 5.2. Evidence-Based Strategies....................................................... 136
Table 6.1. Description of Evidence-Based Interventions
Based on the Learning Behavior Model.................................. 170
Table 6.2. Description of Evidence-Based Interventions Based
on the Progressively Lowered Stress Threshold Model........... 173
Table 6.3. Description of Evidence-Based Interventions Based
on the Need-Driven Behavior Model..................................... 177
Table 7.1. Psychoeducational Skill-Building Caregiver
Intervention Studies................................................................ 228
Table 7.2. Psychotherapy–Counseling Caregiver Intervention
Studies: Cognitive Behavioral Therapy Methods................... 245
Table 7.3. Multicomponent Caregiver Intervention Studies................... 249
Table 7.4. Coping With Caregiving: Intervention Phases,
Class Goals, and Home Practice.............................................. 254

x    list of figures and tables

 List of Appendices

These appendices may also be found on the supplemental website for

this book: http://pubs.apa.org/books/supp/scogin-shah

Appendix 2.1. Resources and Suggestions for Further Reading................. 31

Appendix 2.2. Sample Cognitive Behavioral Therapy
Session Outlines................................................................. 33
Appendix 2.3. Problem List Questionnaire................................................ 35
Appendix 2.4. Penn State Worry Questionnaire (Abbreviated)............... 36
Appendix 2.5. Relaxation Script................................................................ 37
Appendix 2.6. SOLVE Worksheet............................................................. 39
Appendix 3.1. Sleep Diary.......................................................................... 73
Appendix 3.2. Sleep Hygiene Instructions................................................. 75
Appendix 3.3. Stimulus Control Instructions............................................ 76
Appendix 3.4. Sleep History Questionnaire.............................................. 78
Appendix 4.1. Resources and Suggestions for Further Reading............... 113
Appendix 4.2. Sample Cognitive Behavioral Therapy
Session Outlines............................................................... 115

xi
Appendix 4.3. Unhelpful Thoughts Worksheet...................................... 117
Appendix 4.4. Daily Mood Rating Form.................................................. 118
Appendix 4.5. Mood Screen..................................................................... 119
Appendix 4.6. California Older Person’s Pleasant
Events Schedule................................................................ 120
Appendix 5.1. Resources and Suggestions for Further Reading............... 152
Appendix 6.1. Cohen-Mansfield Agitation Inventory
(Long Form)...................................................................... 201
Appendix 6.2. Cohen-Mansfield Agitation Inventory
Scoring Sheet.................................................................... 204
Appendix 6.3. Revised Memory and Behavior Problem Checklist.......... 206
Appendix 6.4. Behavioral Pathology in Alzheimer’s Disease
Rating Scale...................................................................... 211
Appendix 6.5. Resident Care Behavior Log............................................. 217
Appendix 7.1. Five-Column Thought Record......................................... 272
Appendix 7.2. Tracking Pleasant Activities and Monitoring
Your Mood........................................................................ 273
Appendix 7.3. Behavior Diary.................................................................. 274
Appendix 7.4. IDEAL Communication–Assertiveness
Practice Sheet................................................................... 275

xii    list of appendices

 Making Evidence-Based
Psychological Treatments
Work With Older Adults