CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION

INFORMATION SYSTEMS Tabulating, sorting, calculating, summarizing,

classifying, create visual form

Process Useful to its Operate

Information Systems in an organization provide members & more
Information clients effectively
Hospital, university, Customers, suppliers,
library, bank, products, equipment,
church procedure, operations

Formalized IS – provide information on a regular basic

Time
In a pre-defined manner
(already decided) Format (report, graphic, picture)

Computer-based IS
Speedily
 Process by computer
 Benefits Accurately

When & where required

Complete

Correct level of detail

Useful for some purpose

Able to deal with big volume of data

Capability of a IS (Unique to particular types of organization)

 Help to analyze the business:
o Along with its environment
o Formulate and check that it achieves its goals
 Improve efficiency of its operations
o Effectiveness through better managerial decisions
Profitability, long term survival, service
provision, expansion, greater market share,
employee & customers satisfaction

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 CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION

ENVIRONMENT

 IS are developed and operate within an environment context that has a significant effect on them
Complex
 This environment is increasingly
Dynamic (moving, trend, development)

 Factors driving the environment and context in which IS exist & developed.

1. Global Economy
- Competition not only local companies
o As reduction in barriers to trade and competition
o Improve of physical transport capabilities
o Markets more open & accessible

2. Digital Economy
- Result from convergence of computing and telecommunication technology
o Internet & www
- “From place to space”
o Create more digital content in product / services and deliver over digital network

3. Electronic Commerce
- Conduct commercial transactions electronically
- Benefits of e-commerce
o Ease access to global market
o Extends business hour (24/7)
o Reduce cost of transaction business
o Reduce cost of marketing
o Facilitates customized one-to-one communication with customers
o Shorten the transaction cycle
o Provides a more perfect market (customer easy to find and compare price)

4. Non-Commercial Impacts
- Especially the public sections -> transportation, education, health, regulation, employment,
customs, environment
- Example: Government service to citizen
o Promoting the public transport
o Conduct business with government
o Conduct transaction -> pay tax, pay fine
o Portal

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5. Change
- Change happen and norm
- Organization
o Capable of dealing with change
o Take the opportunity
- Modern organization seeks to be
o Responsive In their operations and strategy
o Adaptive Eg. Year 2000 & GST
o Flexible

HUMAN DIMENSION
1. Stakeholder – System Development

i. Programmers – Code and develop a system in a computer programming language

ii. System Analysts
 Specify the requirements for a system
 Outline designs and solution that will meet requirement
 Interface / liaison between -> business users / analysts
-> programmers
iii. Business Analysts
 Understand the complexities of business and needs.
 Liaise with system analysts
 From business side (adopt this role in the context of a particular development
project for a specific period)
iv. Project Manager – manage the project with particular emphasis on schedules and resources
v. Senior IT Management – responsible for IT and managing it overall within the organization.
vi. Chief Information Officer (CIO)
 Responsible for IT, IS and Information Strategy and aligning them to the needs of
the business as a whole.
 Sometime known as Chief Knowledge Officer.

2. Stakeholder – Users (for whom the system is required)

i. End users
 Use the system in an operational sense.
 May be intermediaries between the system and business users.
ii. Business users

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 People in the particular business function that have a need for the system.
 Might / might not physically interact with the system itself.
 Interested in its functions and output
o Support for achieving their business objective.
iii. Business management
 Responsibility for the business function that the system addresses.
 May have responsible for commissioning the system
 Financing it from their budget
 Strategic use of IT in their business unit.
iv. Business Strategy Management
 Responsible for the overall strategy of the organization and the way that IS can both
support and enable the strategy.

 Role can be combined / separated.

 Different categories (regular, occasional, casual user) – to determine what kind of training.

3. Stakeholder – External User (outside the boundaries of the company)

i. Customers / potential customers

 Use the system -> to buy products and service
-> to search for information
ii. Information users
 People external to organization who may use the system, but are not customers (to
buying).
 Eg.: users of government website -> look for the regulation.
 Often ignored when system is designed.
iii. Trusted external users
 Have a particular relation with the organization.
 Special privileges.
 Eg.: Supplier
 Specific design requirements and security implications.
iv. Shareholders, other owners / sponsors
 People invested in the organization
 Want to ensure that they are contributing to the financial development and success
of the organization.
v. Society
 People who may be affected by the system
 Eg.: Credit Card system only for card holder

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ORGANIZATIONAL ASPECTS

IS development need to be managed.

i. IS Strategy Group
 To develop a plan
 Ensure plan is carried out and turned as a circumstances change.
 High level group

ii. Steering Committee

 Oversee each project within the overall plan
 Ensuring that the wishes of the IS strategy are met
 Setting its own standards
o Performance requirement
o Approving the personnel working on the project
o Approve the final system

iii. System development Team – day to day development.

iv. Project team leader – ensuring continuity throughout.

PROFESSINAL ASPECTS
 Professional codes of conducts relates to
o Ethical
o Technical
o Professional issues
 Computer Society
o Australian Computer Society (ACS, 2005)
o US Association of Computer Machinery (ACM, 2005)
o British Computer Society (BCS, 2005)
 8 points code in BCS
o Professional responsibility – exercise reasonable professional -> SKILL & CARE
o Law – know about and comply with the law
o Conduct – Act in accordance with the society’s code of conduct
o Approach – maintain a balanced, disciplined and comprehensive approach
o Management – contribute effectively to best practice consultancy with organization
o Independence and statement interest – disclose any circumstances which may
compromise professional objectivity / independence
o Professional development – keep up to date by seeking continuing education and
training
o Public awareness – encourage public understanding of IT issues

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CONCLUSION

 IS in an organization provides process & information that users to its members & clients. The
main purpose is to operate more effectively.

 IS are developed and operation with an environment context:

o Global Economy
o Digital Economy
o E-Commerce
o Change

 Stakeholders
o IS Development
o Users
o External Users

 Professional Codes of ethics and conducts

o Guide programmers, analyst and other IT & IS specialist in their work choices.

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