Materials and Design 51 (2013) 12–18

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Materials and Design

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Effects of different curing regimes on the compressive strength

properties of self compacting concrete incorporating fly ash
and silica fume
A. Ferhat Bingöl ⇑, Ilhan
_ Tohumcu
Department of Civil Engineering, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t

Article history: This paper presents the effect of air curing, water curing and steam curing on the compressive strength of
Received 15 February 2013 Self Compacting Concrete (SCC). For experimental study, SCC is produced with using silica fume (SF)
Accepted 30 March 2013 instead of cement by weight, by the ratios of 5%, 10% and 15%, and fly ash (FA) with the ratios of 25%,
Available online 9 April 2013
40% and 55%. It is observed that mineral admixtures have positive effects on the self settlement proper-
ties. The highest compressive strength was observed in the concrete specimens with using 15% SF and for
Keywords: 28 days water curing. Air curing caused compressive strength losses in all groups. Relative strengths of
Self compacting concrete
concretes with mineral admixtures were determined higher than concretes without admixtures at steam
Fly ash
Silica fume
curing conditions.
Compressive strength Ó 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Steam curing
Air curing

1. Introduction
Self Compacting Concrete (SCC), is one of the recent develop-
ments in concrete technology, which introduces benefits in work-
ability, reductions of labor costs and higher strength properties
compared to those of traditional concrete [1–3]. High-range water
reducing superplasticizer chemical additives, powder material
and/or viscosity regulators are utilized in SCC production [4,5]. Fill-
ing ability, passing ability and segregation resistance may be men-
tioned as the essential fresh concrete properties of SCC [6,7]. Since
its development in the middle of 1980s in Japan, various investiga-
tions have been carried out on SCC and it has been used in con-
struction of several structures worldwide [8–10].
One of the differences in between SCC and traditional concrete
is the incorporation of a mineral admixture. In order to avoid sep-
aration of large particles in SCC, viscosity increasing additives or
fillers are utilized. An additive to increase the viscosity is often
used when concrete is cast under water and for SCC in tunnels.
Mineral admixtures like fly ash, glass filler, limestone powder, sil-
ica fume or quartzite fillers may be used in the mixture to increase
the viscosity of SCC [11]. Researchers [12–15] have investigated
the behavior of SCC with several types of pozzolanic materials to
replace as a part of the cement. Siddique [16] reported that, the
use of mineral admixtures increase the slump of the concrete
⇑ Corresponding author. Tel.: +90 442 231 4770; fax: +90 442 236 09 57.
E-mail address: afbingol@atauni.edu.tr (A.F. Bingöl).
mix without increasing its cost, while reducing the dosage of
superplasticizer. Previous studies have shown that the mixes con-
taining fly ash show lower compressive strength values at early
ages. This situation was caused by the slow pozzolanic reaction
between the cement and fly ash [17]. Craeye et al. [18] studied
the effect of mineral filler type on autogenous shrinkage of self-
compacting concrete and concluded that no significant differences
have been found in final autogenous shrinkage values using the
different filler types. Rizwan and Bier [19] used limestone powder
and fly ash in self compacting mortars. According to Barbhuiya [20]
It is possible to manufacture self-compacting concrete using fly ash
and dolomite powder with acceptable fresh and hardened proper-
ties. Another previous study on fly ash was made by Dinakar et al.
[21]. It was observed that fly ash replacements of around 30–50%
would be ideal for developing SCCs when Portland pozzolana ce-
ment was used. As they reported, high percentage of fly ash (more
than 50%) could not be used to produce SCC when PPC was used,
and 30% replacement of fly ash exhibited the highest compressive
strength, splitting tensile strength and elastic modulus. It can be
concluded from the literature that, the use of mineral admixtures
reduces the material cost of the SCCs and also improves fresh
and hardened properties of the concrete mix [22,23].
The change of curing condition has also the effect on the com-
pressive strength of SCC [24]. The binding property of the cement
in concrete is a result of the hydration reaction products of cement
and water. The water evaporation of the fresh concrete in mold due
to high temperatures, low humidity of air, high wind velocity and

0261-3069/$ - see front matter Ó 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2013.03.106
 _ Tohumcu / Materials and Design 51 (2013) 12–18
A.F. Bingöl, I. 13

etc. may prevent the hydration and strength gain [25]. Therefore,
proper curing of the concrete plays very important role for both
strength and durability properties of the hardened concrete. By
the definition of the strength grade of concrete, a standard 28-
day period of water curing is required. Normally, strength gaining
continues beyond 28 days when there exist adequate moisture and
temperature conditions [26]. For the concrete mixes with low
water/binder ratio and high mineral admixture replacement;
strength gaining changes are more complex in nature due to the
combined physiochemical effects of pozzolans in concrete [27].
Atmospheric steam curing is a heat treatment which has been
used for many years to accelerate the strength development of
concrete products. The hydration rate of cement increases with
the increase in temperature, so the gain of strength can be speeded
up by curing concrete in steam [28]. Maximum curing tempera-
tures may be anywhere in the range of 40–100 °C. However, the
optimum temperature has been reported to be in the range of
65–85 °C [29].
In this study, compressive strength of concrete mixes incorpo-
rating 5%, 10%, 15% SF and 25%, 40%, 55% FA as replacement of ce-
ment and concrete specimens without mineral admixtures have
been investigated under different curing conditions like curing in
water for different curing times, air curing in laboratory conditions
and steam curing for different curing temperatures and durations.
2. Experimental programme
2.1. Mix variables
The main mix variables of this research are the replacement of
fly ash (25%, 40%, 55% of cement by weight) and silica fume (5%,
10%, 15% of cement by weight) and the dosage of superplasticizer
(1.5–2% of cement by weight).
The following parameters were kept constant in the mixes as
the total amount of powder content (cement + fly ash or silica
fume) of 500 kg/m3, the water/powder ratio of 0.35, the ratio of
coarse aggregate and fine aggregate content (40–60% of total
aggregate by volume).
2.2. Curing regime variables
Different curing regimes that all concrete mixes are exposed to
are; air curing (under laboratory conditions; 20 ± 2 °C and 55% rel-
ative humidity, water curing (three different curing durations;
3 days, 7 days and 28 days) and steam curing (of three different
curing temperatures; 60 °C, 70 °C, 80 °C and for four different cur-
ing periods; 4 h, 8 h, 12 h and 16 h)
Among these, steam curing procedure is summarized in Table 1,
and a sample illustration for curing cycle is presented in Fig. 1 for
60 °C.
2.3. Materials
CEM I 42.5R type of Portland cement (PC) complied with EN
197-1 was utilized as the main binder in this research. It was pur-
chased from Asßkale Cement Factory in Erzurum, Turkey. The chem-
ical composition of PC is summarized in Table 2; while physical
and mechanical properties of PC are given in Table 3.
Natural river sand and siliceous gravel with a maximum size of
16 mm were used as fine and coarse aggregates of the investigated
concrete mixes. The fine and coarse aggregates were of a specific
gravity of 2.49, 2,68 and with the water absorptions of 3.45% and
1.84%, respectively. Class F FA in accordance with ASTM C 618
obtained from Orhaneli (Bursa) power plant and SF purchased from
Antalya silica ferrochrome facility were used as mineral admix-
tures. The chemical compositions of FA and SF are summarized
in Table 4. The superplasticizer utilized in this study was Glenium
C303 produced by BASF and its properties are given in Table 5.
2.4. Mix proportions
Seven concrete mixes having the same water binder ratio of
0.35; of which one control and three mixtures with different pro-
portions of FA and three mixtures with different proportions of
SF were investigated in this research. The self-compatibility of
the mixes was maintained by adjusting the superplasticizer dos-
age. The mix proportions of the produced mixtures (for 1 m3 by
weight) are presented in Table 6.
2.5. Casting, curing and testing procedure
The concrete mixes were prepared in a laboratory mixer with
the capacity of 60 dm3. For each group, total of 48 samples of cube
specimens with the dimension of 150 mm were prepared. The
workability tests were conducted before casting according to the
EFNARC Committee’s [30] suggestions. Slump flow diameter, T500 -
times, V-funnel time, L-box ratio and U-box ratio of the SCC mix-
tures were measured. Specimens were then cast in moulds and
were not subjected to any compaction other than their own self-
weights. The specimens were kept in laboratory conditions for
24 h until demoulding. These were then demoulded and subjected
to different curing conditions as summarized above.
Many different test methods have been developed to character-
ize the properties of SCC. However, any single method or combina-
tion of methods has not been achieved as universal approval [20].

Table 1
Steam curing cycle procedure.

Curing temp. Delay period Controlled heating period Treatment period Controlled cooling period Total cycle
Temp. (°C) Time (h) Temp. (°C) Time (h) Temp. (°C) Time (h) Temp. (°C) Time (h) Time (h)
60 °C 20 4 20–60 2 60 4 60–20 2 12
20 4 20–60 2 60 8 60–20 2 16
20 4 20–60 2 60 12 60–20 2 20
20 4 20–60 2 60 16 60–20 2 24
70 °C 20 4 20–70 2.5 70 4 70–20 2.5 13
20 4 20–70 2.5 70 8 70–20 2.5 17
20 4 20–70 2.5 70 12 70–20 2.5 21
20 4 20–70 2.5 70 16 70–20 2.5 25
80 °C 20 4 20–80 3 80 4 80–20 3 14
20 4 20–80 3 80 8 80–20 3 18
20 4 20–80 3 80 12 80–20 3 22
20 4 20–80 3 80 16 80–20 3 26
14 _ Tohumcu / Materials and Design 51 (2013) 12–18
A.F. Bingöl, I.

Fig. 1. Sample illustration for steam curing cycle.

Table 2
Chemical composition of portland cement. Table 4
Chemical compositions of fly ash and silica fume.
Chemical components %
Material Fly ash Silica fume
SiO2 18.73
Al2O3 4.56 SiO2 48.93 93.4
Fe2O3 3.07 Al2O3 24.63 0.30
CaO 63.91 Fe2O3 7.59 0.35
MgO 2.08 S+A+F 81.15 –
SO3 2.90 CaO 9.06 0.38
(Na2O); Na2O + 0.658 K2O 0.70 MgO 2.28 0.85
K2O 0.62 SO3 2.48 –
Na2O 0.29 K2O 2.51 –
LOI 3.36 Na2O 0.35 –
Cl 0.0185 LOI 1.69 4.45
Undetermined 0.46 CI 0.005 –
Free CaO 0.56
Insoluble residue 0.85

Table 5
Product properties of superplasticizer.
Table 3
Physical and mechanical properties of portland cement. Material structure Polycarboxylic ether based
Color Light green
Property amount
Density 1.023–1.063 kg/lt
Fineness (retained on 45 lm sieve) 8.98 Clor content% (EN 480-10) <0.1
Specific gravity (g/cm3) 3.14 Alcali content% (EN 480-12) <3
Specific surface area (cm2/g) 3807
Initial setting time (min) 141
Final setting time (min) 175
Volume expansion (Le Chatelier, mm) 1 Slump-flow value describes the flow ability of a fresh mix in
Compressive strength 2 days (MPa) 27.7 unconfined conditions. It is a sensitive test that will normally be
Compressive strength 28 days (MPa) 57.2
specified for all SCC. Three typical slump-flow classes, SF1 (550–
Water requirement (%) 28.6
650 mm), SF2 (660–750 mm) and SF3 (760–850 mm) are specified
for a range of applications [31]. The flow spread for all groups of
concrete mixes that displayed high workability was measured to
be in between 630 and 700 mm. The test results indicated that
So, many researchers recommend using more than one test meth-
control group falls in SF1 class which is appropriate for unrein-
od for the different workability parameters of SCC. In this experi-
forced or slightly reinforced concrete structures, casting by a pump
mental research, slump flow test, L-box test, U-box test, V-funnel
injection system or sections that are small enough to prevent long
and V-funnel at T5min tests were applied to determine the filling
horizontal flow. Utilization of FA increased workability of the fresh
ability, passing ability and segregation resistance of SCC.
concrete and all groups with FA content determined to be in SF2
class which is suitable for many normal applications (e.g. walls,
3. Results and discussion columns). It is found out that the use of FA in concrete reduces
the water demand for a given workability [15]. Therefore, concrete
3.1. Workability properties containing FA causes an increase in workability at constant water
to binder ratio. SF causes workability loss [32], due to its smaller
The workability test results of fresh concrete, tested by slump particle size compared to that of cement. The specific surface area
flow test (slump flow diameter and T500), L-box test (H2/H1); V-fun- of SF is rather larger with respect to cement and hence a great
nel test, V-funnel after 5 min T5min, U-box test (H2 H1) for various amount of water is needed to feed up hydration reactions [33].
SCC compositions are presented in Table 7. For that reason, the amount of superplasticizer was increased to
 _ Tohumcu / Materials and Design 51 (2013) 12–18
A.F. Bingöl, I. 15

achieve the desired workability in all SF concrete mixtures. Slump-
flow test results showed that 5% SF group relies in SF1 class and
while other SF groups rely in SF2 class. During the slump-flow test,
T500 time is measured to determine the viscosity, and according to
the test results all of the SCC groups are in VS2 class.
Based on the V-funnel test results, all the SCC groups have pro-
vided successive performance in terms of stability. All mixes dis-
played a V-funnel flow time less than 8 s and according to the
EFNARC guide [31] all the groups can be classified as VF1 in terms
of their viscosity. Increases in T5min times, which is an indication of
the potential segregation resistance, are measured to be less than
1 s in all groups.
The L-box and U-box tests are used to evaluate the filling and
passing ability of SCC. In both methods, a closed vertical chamber
is filled with the concrete to be tested such that a hydrostatic pres-
sure head is created. After a slide is opened the concrete has to le-
vel out through vertical or horizontal flow obstacles [34]. The
difference in levels determines the tendency to blocking. EFNARC
guide [30] states a blocking risk of the mixture when the L-box
blocking ratio is below 0.8 and the blocking ratio (H2/H1) should
be between 0.8 and 1.0. This ratio is determined to be in between
0.84 and 0.91 for all mixtures and the test results are obtained to
stay within this target range. According to EFNARC [30], when
the height difference of concrete is less than 30 mm for U-box,
SCC has well filling and passing ability. The lowest H2 H1 value
is measured to be 4 mm for 55% FA group and the highest value
is obtained to be as 27 mm for control group. However, all mea-
sured values are in between the target range while FA additive
showed better results by means of filling and passing ability.
3.2. Effect of curing regimes
Three different curing regimes were applied to the specimens
before the compressive strength tests as air curing in laboratory,
water curing for 3, 7 and 28 days in a lime saturated water tank
and steam curing. For each curing condition three specimens were
produced and the effect of curing regimes on the compressive
strength of SCC is discussed below.

Table 6
Proportions of the Produced Mixtures (kg/m3).

Mixture Cement SF FA Total powder Fine aggregate Coarse aggregate Water Super plasticizer
0% (Control) 500 – – 500 967 694 175 8
5% SF 475 25 – 500 958 687 175 8
10% SF 450 50 – 500 954 685 175 9
15% SF 425 75 – 500 948 681 175 10
25% FA 375 – 125 500 938 673 175 7.5
40% FA 300 – 200 500 923 663 175 7.5
55% FA 225 – 275 500 908 652 175 7.5

Table 7
Fresh concrete workability test results.

Mixture Slump-flow value (mm) V funnel time (s) T50 time (s) L-box blocking ratio U-box H2 H1 (cm)
0% 630 6.08 6.13 0.84 2.7
5% SF 650 6.25 6.75 0.87 1.5
10% SF 670 6.55 7.48 0.87 1.0
15% SF 660 6.80 7.30 0.86 1.0
25% FA 660 6.95 7.70 0.85 0.5
40% FA 680 6.20 6.80 0.88 0.5
55% FA 700 7.00 7.60 0.91 0.4

Fig. 2. Effect of air curing on the compressive strength for SCC groups.
16 _ Tohumcu / Materials and Design 51 (2013) 12–18
A.F. Bingöl, I.

Fig. 3. Effect of water curing durations on the compressive strength for SCC groups.

3.2.1. Air curing
Three concrete specimens from each group were kept in labora-
tory conditions at 20 ± 20 °C and 55% relative humidity. The com-
pressive strength values of all groups after air curing are
presented in Fig. 2 and compared with standard cured (28 days
water curing) specimens. Air curing resulted in reductions in com-
pressive strength for all groups. Reductions for compressive
strength were 28%, 33% and 37% for concrete mix having SF
replacement of cement by 5%, 10% and 15%. Air curing resulted
in decrease in compressive strength for FA groups with the ratios
of 28%, 24% and 25% for concrete mix having FA replacement of ce-
ment by 5%, 40% and 55%. The reduction in the compressive
strength of control group without any mineral admixture replace-
ment was 37%. The reason for the reductions in compressive
strength is the evaporation of water from the concrete specimens.
For the progress of hydration at least 80% relative humidity is nec-
essary [35]. Due to low humidity hydration is not completed, so air
curing caused reductions in compressive strength for all groups.
Similarly Türkmen and Kantarcı [36] reported that the lime-satu-
rated cured samples give higher compressive strength than dry
cured samples of concrete. Mannan et al. [37] reported that the loss
of moisture in the capillary pores due to evaporation or dissipated
hydration may cause reduction in hydration resulting in lower
strength.
3.2.2. Water curing
Total of nine specimens from each group were cast for deter-
mining the effect of water curing duration on the compressive
strength of SCC. Three of them were cured for 3 days, three speci-
mens were cured for 7 days and the other three specimens were

Fig. 4. Effect of steam curing durations on the compressive strength for 60 °C.
 _ Tohumcu / Materials and Design 51 (2013) 12–18
A.F. Bingöl, I. 17

Fig. 5. Effect of steam curing durations on the compressive strength for 70 °C.

cured for 28 days in lime-saturated water tank. After curing in specimens and the lowest values were taken from the 3 days of
water for 3 and 7 days the specimens were kept in laboratory con- water cured specimens.
ditions until 28 days. At the end of 28 days compressive strength
test were performed. The test results of these specimens are pre-
3.2.3. Steam curing
sented in Fig. 3 and effect of water curing duration on the compres-
The effects of duration of steam curing on the compressive
sive strength is discussed. As initially expected, the highest
strength for 60 °C, 70 °C and 80 °C were presented in Figs. 4–6
compressive strength values were measured for the 28 days of
respectively.
water cured specimens for all groups. The compressive strength
The experimental results indicated that optimum steam curing
values of SCC without mineral admixture were 60.9, 75.4 and
duration for the SCC without mineral admixture is 12 h for all cur-
78.3 MPa for 3, 7 and 28 days of water curing durations, respec-
ing temperatures. The highest compressive strength is obtained
tively. The 3 days of water cured specimens gained 77% compres-
from the specimens steam cured for 12 h at 80 °C, with the value
sive strength of standard cured concrete, while this ratio was
of 43.0 MPa. This value corresponds to 55% of that of standard
96% for 7 days of water cured specimens. The increase in the curing
cured specimens. The reason for the strength loss can be explained
duration resulted in increases in compressive strength values. Con-
with the fact that high temperature produces a non-uniform distri-
crete mixes with SF and FA replacement were observed to act in
bution of hydration products, leaving weak zones in the cement
the same manner. For all ratios of SF and FA replacements, the
paste that govern the strength [29]. In general, the increase in heat-
highest strength values were obtained from 28 days of water cured
ing duration and SF replacement ratio resulted in increases in com-

Fig. 6. Effect of steam curing durations on the compressive strength for 80 °C.
18 _ Tohumcu / Materials and Design 51 (2013) 12–18
A.F. Bingöl, I.
pressive strength. Specimens with 15% SF replacement exposed to
steam curing exhibited significant increase in strength as com-
pared to those of specimens with lower SF replacement amounts
under the same curing environments. Increase in the amount of
FA replacement caused decreases in compressive strength. For
the concrete mixes with FA replacement, the average particle size
of the mineral admixture is higher compared to that SF and the
pores in paste and interfaces are not filled completely. Thus, con-
crete has larger capillary pores, and lower compressive strength
[38]. The highest compressive strength ratio with respect to those
of standard cured specimens, for FA groups, was obtained from 55%
of FA replacement at 70 °C for 16 h of curing duration. For this
group, the strength ratio was 95% of that of standard water cured
specimens. The strength gain can be attributed to the improve-
ment of hydration process under steam curing.
4. Conclusions
This paper presents an experimental research program to deter-
mine the effect of different curing regimes on the compressive
strength properties of SCC with different ratios of SF and FA
replacements. Based on the results, the main conclusions can be
stated as follows:
(1) All investigated concrete mixtures provided satisfactory
self-compacting properties in the fresh state; furthermore,
FA series showed better performance compared to SF
series by means of workability properties. When the self-
compacting properties of fresh SCC such as slump-flow,
V-funnel T50 time, L-box ratio and U-box ratio are of concern,
it can be mentioned that concrete mixes with FA replace-
ments are more successive for improving all of them.
(2) The increase in the replacement percentage of SF resulted in
increases in compressive strength; while the increase of FA
content affected the compressive strength inversely. SCC
mixes with 15% SF replacement of cement content provided
the highest compressive strength. Fresh and hardened con-
crete test results showed that, it is possible to manufacture
SCC using SF and FA with acceptable SCC properties.
(3) The highest compressive strength values were obtained
from standard cured specimens (cured in water for 28 days).
The increase in the water curing duration resulted in
increases in compressive strength. Air curing caused com-
pressive strength decreases and the lowest strength values
are obtained from air cured specimens for all groups.
(4) For steam curing regime, the optimum performance was
obtained from 55% FA replacement group at 70 °C for 16 h
of curing period. For this group, the compressive strength
was 95% of that of standard cured specimens. Both SF and
FA replacement groups gained more strength according to
control group without any mineral admixture, at steam cur-
ing applications.
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