ECE666: Power System Operations

Winter 2017: Solution to Assignment 3

Problem-1
System or Network Available Loading Capacity on System or Path Area-1 to
Path Response (%) Limiting Facility (ALC), MW ATC, MW Area-4 ATC
Area-1 5 70 1400
Area-2 10 200 2000
Area-3 14 130 928.6
Area-4 11 175 1590.9
Tie 1-2 20 400 2000 928.6 MW
Tie 1-3 80 1200 1500
Tie 2-3 15 250 1666.67
Tie 2-4 10 200 2000
Tie 3-4 90 900 1000

a) The transaction of 1000 MW between Area-1 to Area-4 is not feasible.

b) The ATC for the interconnection is 928.6 MW and the limiting facility of Area-3 determines the ATC.

Problem-2
i) Sudden decrease of 100 MW load in Area-A when the system is on primary regulation:
Area-A: D1 = 1%, R1 = 6%
0.01× 3400 MW 3700 MW
D1 = = 56.67 MW 1 = = 1027.78 MW
0.01× 60 Hz Hz R1 0.06 × 60 Hz Hz

Area-B: D2 = 1.5%, R2 = 5%
0.015 × 6000 MW 7500 MW
D2 = = 150 MW 1 = = 2500 MW
0.01 × 60 Hz Hz R2 0.05 × 60 Hz Hz

Total system frequency response capability is therefore,

β = D1 + D2 + 1 R + 1 R
1 2
= (56.67 + 150 + 1027.78 + 2500) MW = 3734.45 MW
Hz Hz

Steady state frequency deviation after the loss of load is given by:
− ∆PL − (− 100MW )
∆f ss = = = 0.0268Hz
β 3734.45 MW
Hz

Steady state generation and load changes in each area are as follows:
∆PG1 = −
1
R1
(
∆f = − 1027.78 MW
Hz
)
⋅ (0.0268Hz ) = −27.54MW

∆PD1 = D1∆f = 56.67 MW( )⋅ (0.0268Hz ) = 1.52MW

Hz
∆f = −(2500 MW )⋅ (0.0268Hz ) = −67 MW
1
∆PG2 = −
R2 Hz

∆PD2 = D2 ∆f = (150 MW )⋅ (0.0268Hz ) = 4.02MW

Hz

1
 Area-A Area-B
Generation 3000 – 27.54 = 2972.46 MW 6500 – 67 = 6433 MW
Load 3500 – 100 + 1.52 = 3401.52 MW 6000 – 4.02 = 5995.98 MW
Tie Line Flow 429.06 MW from B to A
Frequency 60.0268 Hz

ii) Both areas will regulate their Area Control Errors to zero, and there will be no deviations in
frequency or tie-line power flows.

Problem-3:
a. Scheduled interchanges:
Area-1 to Area-2: 400 MW
Area-1 to Area-3: 300 MW
b.

Area-1 Area-2 Area-3

D, MW/Hz D1 = 1% D2 = 2% D3 = 1.5%
0.01 × 4500 MW 0.02 × 9600 MW 0.015 × 7600 MW
D1 = = 75 D2 = = 320 D3 = = 190
0.01 × 60 Hz 0.01 × 60 Hz 0.01 × 60 Hz
1/R, MW/Hz R1 = 5% R2 = 6% R3 = 6%
1 6200MW 1 9800 MW 1 7700 MW
= = 2066.67 = = 2722.22 = = 2138.89
R1 0.05 × 60 Hz R2 0.06 × 60 Hz R3 0.06 × 60 Hz

β, MW/Hz β1 = D1 +
1
= 2141.67 β 2 = D2 +
1
= 3042.22 β 3 = D3 +
1
= 2328.89
R1 R2 R3

Steady state frequency error following a 500 MW load interruption, system only on primary regulation:
−∆PL −(−500MW )
∆f ss = = = +0.06655Hz
β I + β 2 + β3 (2141.67 + 3042.22 + 2328.89)MW / Hz

System condition post-event:

Area-1 Area-2 Area-3
∆PD = D∆f ss , MW ∆PD1 = 75 × 0.06655 = 5MW ∆PD 2 = 320 × 0.06655 = 21.3MW ∆PD3 = 190 × 0.06655 = 12.65MW
∆PG1 = −2066.67 × 0.06655 = −137.54 MW ∆PG 2 = −2722.22 × 0.06655 = −181.16 MW ∆PG 3 = −2138.89 × 0.06655 = −142.34 MW
∆f ss MW
1
∆PG = −
R
Load, MW 5000 – 500 + 5 = 4505 MW 9,600 + 21.3 = 9,621.3 MW 7,600 + 12.65 = 7612.65 MW
Generation, MW 5,700 – 137.54 = 5562.46 MW 9,200 – 181.16 = 9018.84 MW 7,300 – 142.34 = 7,157.66 MW
Tie-Line 1057.46 MW exported 602.46 MW from Area-1 455 MW from Area-1
=> 602.46 MW to Area-2; 455 MW to Area-3
Frequency 60.06655 Hz

2
Problem-4:
We are given that:
CPROBOld(50 MW or More on Outage) = 0.00048
CPROBOld(150 MW or More on Outage) = 0.00037
CPROBOld(250 MW or More on Outage) = 0.00025

New generator added in 2017: C = 100 MW, FOR = 0.1.

We obtain the new cumulative outage probability table a follows:

CPROB New ( X ) = CPROB Old ( X ) ⋅ (1 − FOR ) + CPROB Old ( X − C ) ⋅ FOR
CPROB(− ve number ) = CPROB(0) = 1

CPROB New (50) = CPROB Old (50) ⋅ (1 − FOR) + CPROB Old (50 − 100) ⋅ FOR
= (0.00048) ⋅ (0.9) + (1) ⋅ 0.1 = 0.100432

CPROB New (150 ) = CPROB Old (150 ) ⋅ (1 − FOR) + CPROB Old (150 − 100) ⋅ FOR
= (0.00037) ⋅ (0.9) + (0.00048) ⋅ 0.1 = 0.000381

CPROB New (250) = CPROB Old (250) ⋅ (1 − FOR) + CPROB Old (250 − 100) ⋅ FOR
= (0.00025) ⋅ (0.9) + (0.00037) ⋅ 0.1 = 0.000262

a) Peak demand in 2017 = 925 MW.

LOLP in 2017 is the probability that 175 MW or more is on outage. Since the nearest value on the
cumulative outage probability table is CPROBNew(250), we have,
LOLP in 2017 = Prob(175 MW or more on outage) = CPROBNew(250) = 0.000262

b) It can be expected that the load will not be served for 500*0.000262 or 0.131 hours, out of the 500
hours of peak load.

3
Problem-5:
CPROB New ( X ) = CPROB Old ( X ) ⋅ (1 − FOR ) + CPROB Old ( X − C ) ⋅ FOR
CPROB(− ve number ) = CPROB(0) = 1

MW or More Initialize Unit-1 convolved Unit-2 convolved Unit-3 convolved

on Outage (X) Table (200 MW, FOR = 0.05) (250 MW, FOR = 0.03) (400 MW, FOR = 0.04)
0 1.0 1*.95 + 1*.05 = 1.0 1*.97 + 1*.03 = 1.0 1*.96 + 1*.04 = 1.0
50 0 0*.95 + 1*.05 = .05 .05*.97 + 1*.03 = .0785 .0785*.96 + 1*.04 = .11536
100 0 0*.95 + 1*.05 = .05 .05*.97 + 1*.03 = .0785 .0785*.96 + 1*.04 = .11536
150 0 0*.95 + 1*.05 = .05 .05*.97 + 1*.03 = .0785 .0785*.96 + 1*.04 = .11536
200 0 0*.95 + 1*.05 = .05 .05*.97 + 1*.03 = .0785 .0785*.96 + 1*.04 = .11536
250 0 0*.95 + 0*.05 = 0 0*.97 + 1*.03 = .03 .03*.96 + 1*.04 = .0688
300 0 0 0*.97 + .05*.03 = .0015 .0015*.96 + 1*.04 = .04144
350 0 0 0*.97 + .05*.03 = .0015 .0015*.96 + 1*.04 = .04144
400 0 0 0*.97 + .05*.03 = .0015 .0015*.96 + 1*.04 = .04144
450 0 0 0*.97 + .05*.03 = .0015 .0015*.96 + .0785*.04 = .00458
500 0 0 0*.97 + 0*.03 = 0 0*.96 + .0785*.04 = .00314
550 0 0 0 0*.96 + .0785*.04 = .00314
600 0 0 0 0*.96 + .0785*.04 = .00314
650 0 0 0 0*.96 + .03*.04 = .0012
700 0 0 0 0*.96 + .0015*.04 = .00006
750 0 0 0 0*.96 + .0015*.04 = .00006
800 0 0 0 0*.96 + .0015*.04 = .00006
850 0 0 0 0*.96 + .0015*.04 = .00006
900 0 0 0 0*.96 + .0*.04 = 0
950 0 0 0 0
1000 0 0 0 0
1050 0 0 0 0
1100 0 0 0 0

Load = 700 MW=> LOLP700 MW = P(150 MW or More on Outage) = 0.11536

Load = 650 MW=> LOLP650 MW = P(200 MW or More on Outage) = 0.11536
Load = 750 MW=> LOLP750 MW = P(100 MW or More on Outage) = 0.11536