THE SYLLABUS OF AIR REGULATION IS AS FOLLOWS:

1. Air Regulation

1.1 International Agreements and Organizations

a) The Convention of Chicago

Air Navigation
- General principles and application:

Sovereignty  The Contracting states recognize that every state has complete and
exclusive sovereignty over the airspace above its territory.

Territory For the purpose of this convention the territory of a state shall be deemed to
be the land areas and territorial waters under the soverienty of such state.

- Flight over territory of Contracting states:

right of non-scheduled flight  Non-scheduled flights are those to which a schedule is not
attached. i.e. One-off flights or charter flights that are not flown on a regular basis.
Although the operations of scheduled aircraft are restricted, The aircraft engaged in non
scheduled flights have the right to fly into or across the territory , however, the state
flown over has the right to require the non scheduled aircraft to land, and to follow the
prescribed routes.

scheduled air services  No scheduled international air services may be operated into
or over the territory of other state,except with the special permission from the state.

Cabotage  Each state shall have the right to refuse permission to the aircraft of other
contacting state to take on its territory passengers mail or cargo.

landing at customs airports  The state can require that landing to be maed at a
designated custom airport and similarly the departure from the territory can be
required to be from a designated customs airport.

applicability of air regulations  all aircraft tare to be treated equally while operating from
or in the territory of a nation irrespective of their nationality.

Rules of the air  Each contracting state undertakes to adopt measures to insure that
every aircraft flying over on within its territory and that every aircraft carrying its
nationality mark shall comply with the rules and regulations relating to the flight
operations in that state.

search of aircraft  The authorities of each of the contracting states have the right to
search aircraft of the other contracting states on landing or departure and to inspect
the certificates and other documents prescribed by this convention.

- Documents to be carried in aircraft  Every aircraft of a state, engaged in Intl operations

shall carry the following documents :
a) Certificate of registration
b) air worthiness
c)pilots license of each crew
d) Log book
e) If equipped with radio the radio station license.
f) list of passengers with name and place of embarkation and destination
g) IF cargo then the detailed description of the cargo.

- International standards and recommended practices:

adoption of international standards and procedures  Each state shall undertakes to

collab in securing the highest practical degree of rules and regulation,procedures in
relation to aircraft,personnel so that the air navigation can be improve.

endorsement of certificates and licenses any aircraft or person not satisfying the
international requirement of airworthiness, shall get the license/certi endorsed giving
full details.

validity of endorsed certificates and licenses article 40

departure from international standards and procedures (notification of differences)

If any state which finds it impractical to comply with any international standard and
procedures laid down by the ICAO, want to bring in their own regulations or practices
in accordance with the ICAO rules and regulations, Shall notify the ICAO asap or give
the notice to the council within 60 days.

b) The International Civil Aviation Organization

- objective and composition

ICAO works to achieve its vision of safe, secure and sustainable development of Civil
Aviation through cooperation among its member states

It is composed of the Assembly that has Council( which includes 36 contacting states and
the president of the council is elected by the council)

The council is further divided into Commisions and Committees & the Secretariat
- duties in relation to – annexes to the convention, standards and recommended practices,
procedures for air navigation services, regional supplementary procedures, regional
air navigation, manuals and circulars

c) Other International Agreements

- The International Air Transport Agreement - the five freedoms of air 

The first 2 freedoms are technical freedom and the last 3 are commercial.
1) fisrt freedom : The priviledge to fly across its territory without landing.
2) The privilede to land for non-traffic purposes such as technical failure or some technical
issue with the aircraft.
3) The privilege to put down the pax, mail and cargo taken on in the territory of the state
whose nationality the aircraft possesses .
4) The privilege to take px, mail and cargo whose nationality aircraft posses
5) to take and to put down the pax, mail and cargo in different territority of which the
aircraft does not hold the nationality.

- The Convention of Tokyo This convention was made to deal with the unlawful acts
Such as:
1) offences against penal laws.
2) acts which may affect the safety of the aircraft or the passengers
3) offences committed by a person on board
4) Should not apply to aircraft used in military, customs or police services

Jurisdiction –
1) The state of registration is competent to exercise jurisdiction over offences and acts
committed on board.
2)
La Haye, Montreal – Jurisdiction, authority of pilot-in-command of the aircraft  pg 50
- DGCA India: Organization( Ministry of Civil Aviation ) and Structure – Indian
organizations name, composition, objectives and relevant documents (Aircraft Act
1934, Indian Aircraft Rules 1937)
- Civil Aviation Requirements
- Warsaw Convention The Warsaw Convention of 1929 concerned itself with
responsibilities and liabilities of the Carrier and the Agents of aircraft together with
matters of compensation for loss oflife or injury to passengers. This limited the liability,
except in cases of gross negligence, to 125,000 gold Poincar francs (about US$10,000)

d) PIC authority and responsibility regarding safety and security

e) Operators and pilots liabilities towards persons and goods on the ground, in case of
damage and injury caused by the operations of the aircraft

f) Commercial practices and associated rules

Dry Lease – The aeroplane is operated under the AOC of the Lessee ( the company
leasing the aircraft)

Wet Lease – The aircraft is operated under the AOC of the Lessor ( the company who is
leasing the aircraft.)

AOC/AOP – Air Operators Certificate / Permit

1.2 Annex 8 – Airworthiness of Aircraft
- applicability  The Standards of Airworthiness, detailed in Annex 8 Part 3 are
applicable to aeroplanes of over 5700kg maximum certificated take-off mass,
intended for the carriage of passengers, cargo or mail in international air navigation.
Unless specifically exempted, the standards apply to the complete aeroplane including
power-units, systems and equipment and for the standards to be applicable, the
aircraft is to have at least two engines.

1.3 Annex 7 – Aircraft Nationality and Registration Marks

- applicability

1.4 Annex 1 – Personnel Licensing

- applicability  Licensing laws apply to all the persons related to the ground or air who
are willing

SPL – min age should be 16 to fly the aircraft solo

-- should pass class 10
-- should be proficient in English language
-- Medical is valid for 24 months for SPL PPL s
-- the license is valid for 10 years same for PPL
-- Min age for SPL is 16yrs, PPL is 17yrs and CPL 18yrs and ATPL 21yrs.

- relation between Annex 1 and CARs

1.5 Rules of the Air (Based on Annex 2) [Ch 6]

- Annex 2: essential definitions,
applicability of the rules of the air These rules are applicable to all the aircraft flying over
indian territory and aircraft bearing the indian nationality and registration marks.

general rules[ PG NO 6-1] (except water operations)  pg 68

visual flight flights, instrument flight rules, signals,
interception of civil aircraft  There are two types of emergency freq 121.5MHz and
243MHz
table of cruising levels  The Crusing levels in India are divided into tracking east and
west unlike NZ which was tracking South or North

RVSM( Reduced Vertical Seperation Minima)

VFR East – Odd+500ft for VFR flights. 35,55,75,95,

VFR west – Even+500ft

IFR east – Odd heading

IFR west – Even heading

Check the book for further reference

1.6 Procedures for Air Navigation – Aircraft Operations Doc. 8168, Volume 1
a) Foreword – PAN ops
b) Definitions and abbreviations (see general statements)

c) Departure procedures - general criteria  Procedures assumes that all

engines are operating.
All calculations are based on an altitude of 2000ft and +150C unless
otherwise stated
Minimum Obstacle Clearance (MOC) & areas –
where track guidance is provided – the vertical cross-section of the area
above the centerline is divided into Primary( which Is ½ of the total width)
and the secondary( which is 1/4th of the total width)
 Full obstacle clearances are applied over the primary area reducing to
zero over the outer edges of the secondary area.
 When no track guidance is available the MOC is applied to the whole
area and considered as the primary area.
 Wherever possible, a straight departure will be specified which is
aligned with the runway. Where a departure route requires a tum of
more than 15° toavoid an obstacle, a turning departure is constructed.

standard instrument departures

 Design Considerations is kept into mind to design an instrument
departure keeping in mind the surroundings and terrain….The
navigation aid on the airport, airspace restrictions
 Wherever possible a straight departure is specified aligned with the
runway centre line.
When a departure route requires a turn more than 150 to avoid obstacle
a turning departure is required.
 The Departure procedure assume that the pilot will apply the wind
corrections according to the condtions.
 Procedure design gradient – unless otherwise stated, departure
procedure assume a 3.3% PDG straight climb till 394ft above the
aerodrome elevation.
omni-directional departures 
 Where no track guidance is provided in the design of a departure
procedure, the departure criteria are developed by using the
omnidirectional method which basically provides for initial departure
tracks to be undefined. In other words, once off the end of the runway
and at a safe height, the aircraft can be navigated in any direction
required to achieve the initial en-route point.
 The basic procedure is that the aircraft will climb on the extended
runway centre line to 120 m (394 ft) before turns can be specified, and
at least 90 m (295 ft) of obstacle clearance will be provided before turns
greater than 15° can be specified.

published information Departure routes and standard instrument departure

charts are published in accordance with standards contained in Annex 11
and Annex 4 to the Chicago Convention. Departure routes are labelled as
RNA V only when that is the primary means of navigation utilised. For
omnidirectional departures, the restrictions will be expressed as sectors to
be avoided or sectors in which minimum gradients and/or minimum
altitudes are specified to enable an aeroplane to safely overfly obstacles.

simultaneous operations on parallel or near-parallel instrument runways,

area navigation (RNAV) departure procedures based on VOR/DME, 

use of FMS/RNAV equipment to follow conventional departure procedures

Where FMS/RNA V equipment is available, it may be used when flying the
conventional departure procedures defined, provided the procedure is
monitored using the basic display normally associated with that procedure,
and the tolerances for flight using raw data on the basic display are
complied with.

d) Approach procedures
- general criteria (except tables)
 The design of an instrument approach procedure is, as we have already
discussed, in general dictated by the terrain surrounding the aerodrome. It
is also affected by the type of operations to be considered and by the types
of aeroplane flying the procedures. These factors influence the siting of,
and type of, navigation aids in relation to the runway or aerodrome. As we
have already seen for departure procedures,airspace restriction may also
affect the design of the procedure.
 Speed Is of very important considerations
 There are two types of approaches ( precision and non precision
approach)
 Precision -- A precision procedure gives accurate track guidance during
the final approach phase and information concerning height above the
threshold of the runway. In all cases external equipment is required to
provide the necessary data. By flying the
 required track and glide path (within the required accuracy) the aircraft
is kept within a protected area which ensures terrain clearance
throughout the procedure. ILS, MLS and Precision Approach Radar
(PAR) are examples of equipment that can be used as part of a
precision approach system.

For a precision approach the pilot is required to calculate the height on

the final approach at which he/she must make a decision either to land
or go around (fly the missed approach procedure). This is Decision
Height (Altitude) DH(A).

 Non precision - Where there is no ground equipment that can provide

height data to the aircraft, the procedure is defined as non-precision
although the track guidance accuracy may be as good as that required
for precision. Non precision procedures can be established where track
guidance is provided by VOR or NDB, or by track guidance elements of
precision systems ie. ILS localiser only

- approach procedures design  Wherever possible a straight in approach

will be specified which is aligned with the runway centre line (C/L). In
the case of non- precision approaches a straight in approach is
considered acceptable if the angle between the final approach track and
the runway C/L is 30° or less. Ifterrain or other restrictions preclude a
straight in approach, a circling approach will be specified.

instrument approach areas,

accuracy of fixes (only intersection fix tolerance factors, other fix tolerance
factors, 

a. Surveillance Radar Radar fix accuracies are based on radar mapping accuracies,
azimuth resolution, flight technical tolerances, controller technique tolerances, and the
speed of the aircraft in the terminal area.

1. Terminal Area Radar (TAR) within 37 Km (20 nm). Fix tolerances +/- 1.5 km
(0.8 nm).

2. En-route Surveillance Radar (RSR) within 74 km (40 nm). Fix

tolerance is +/- 3.1 km (1.7 nm).

b. DME. Fix tolerance is +/- 0.46 km (0.25 nm) + 1.25% of the distance to the
antenna.

accuracy of facility providing track, approach area splays, descent

gradient)


- arrival and approach segments : general, standard instrument arrival,

initial approach segment (only general), intermediate approach
 segment, final approach segment (except tables), missed approach
segment (only general)
- visual manoeuvring (circling) in the vicinity of the aerodrome: general, the
visual manoeuvring (circling) area (except table), visual manoeuvring
(circling) area not considered for obstacle clearance (except table),
minimum

26 CIVIL AVIATION REQUIREMENT SECTION 7 SERIES ‘B’, PART IV 16th June, 2011
 descent altitude/height, visual flight manoeuvre, missed approach whilst
circling.
- Simultaneous ILS operations on parallel or near-parallel runways
- Area navigation (RNAV) approach procedures based on VOR/DME
- Use of FMS/RNAV equipment to follow conventional non-precision
approach procedures

e) Holding procedures  In a hold, aircraft are stacked up, one on top of another
with the necessary vertical separation applied (1 000 ft). As the bottom
aircraft departs the hold to fly the approach procedure, the others above
are 'shuttled' (descended in the stack) to a lower level one at a time.

 Flying the Pattern. In flying the holding pattern described, all turns are
to be made at an angle of bank of 25° or at a rate of 3° per second (rate
1), whichever requires the lesser bank.

- in-flight procedures (except table), entry 

The Entry into the holding pattern is of 3 types each type has its own
importance so really importance to understand the concept of each
entry into the holding pattern.
 Roughly divide the holding diagram and divide it into 3 segments
Teardrop entry ----- Parralle entry and the 1800 direct entry
 Study all the 3 entries from the book pg 331

Holding  1min below 14000ft and 1.5 outbound leg for heights above
14000ft

- obstacle clearance (except table)  The min obstacle clearance height

inside the Holding is :
1) 300m ( 984ft) in the holding area
2) 600m( 1969ft) over high terrain or in mountainous areas.

f) Altimeter setting procedures (including ICAO Doc. 7030-Regional

Supplementary Procedures) – basic requirements (except tables),
procedures

 The states specify a fixed atlitude known as the transition altitude

When the aircraft is below transition altitude it is expressed in as altitude
in ft and when the aircraft is above the transition altitude its altitude is
expressed as flight levels based on altimeter setting 1013.2hPa.

 the change from altitude to flights levels and vicer versa depends upon
1) at the transition altitude when climbing
2) at the transition level while descending.
 the lowest transition altitude in india is 4000ft
the calculated height of the transition alttidue is rounded to the next 1000ft.
 g) Secondary surveillance radar transponder operating procedures (including
ICAO Doc. 7030 – Regional Supplementary Procedures)

- operation of transponders 
commercial aviation, an aircraft is not permitted to
commence a flight without a transponder. If a transponder fails and cannot
be repaired before flight, ATC approval is to be sought to fly the aircraft
without a transponder. The flight plan is to be annotated accordingly (put
"N" in item 10 of the form). A serviceable transponder is to be operated at
all times in flight regardless of whether the aircraft is in an area where SSR
is used for ATC purposes.

The following mode A codes have

special meanings and should be used when appropriate (unless otherwise directed by ATC);

a. 7700 Emergency
b. 7600 Communications failure
c. 7500 Unlawful interference with flight (unless 7700 is more
appropriate)
7.14.2 Mode S. Pilots of aircraft engaged in international civil aviation equipped with Mode
S are required to have an aircraft identification feature.

- operation of ACAS equipment 

ACAS indications are intended to assist pilots in the active
search for, and visual acquisition of, the conflicting traffic and the avoidance
of possible collisions. The indications generated by ACAS shall be used by
pilots as follows:1. Pilots shall not manoeuvre their aircraft in response to
traffic advisories only. Note: Traffic advisories are intended to assist in
visual acquisition and to alert pilots to the possibility of a resolution advisory.

- phraseology the SSR transponder is to be operated in

accordance with the following instruction. i.e 'SQUAWK IDENT' meaning
operate the IDENT feature of the equipment; or ATC may request the pilot
to 'SQUAWK ALFA 5453 and CHARLIE' meaning select Mode A code 5453
and set the response facility to Mode A+ C.

1.7 Air Traffic Services (based on Annex 11 and Doc. 4444)

a) Air Traffic Services – Annex 11 : Definitions (see general statements)

b) General

- objectives of ATS  same as prevent collision b/w aircrafts

-- collision on the manouevring area
-- search and rescue services to aircraft in emergencies etc etc.

divisions of ATS  The Air traffic services include 3 services

 1) Area Control Service – provision for the Air traffic control service for
controlled flights except for those parts of flight describe in approach
and aerodrome control services.
2) Approach control service – concerned with the arrival and departure
services
3) aerodrome control service – provision for all the services except in
approach control service

designation of the portions of the airspace and controlled aerodromes

where ATS will be provided  the designation of the portion of the airspace
where ATS services are provided are as follows:::
Flight information regions (FIR) --- Those portions of the airspace where it
is determined that flight information servie and alerting service will be
provided shall be designated as FIR.

Control area CTA and Control zones CTR --- those portion of the airscpace
where the ATS will be provided to the IFR flights
Services will also be provided to the VFR flights and must be designated
as Class B, C or D airspace.

Controlled aerodromes --- those aerodromes where the ATS is provided

Are designated as the controlled aerodromes.

classification of airspaces (appendix 4 of Annex 11),

required navigation performance (RNP),

establishment and designation of the units providing ATS  The ATS shall
be provided by the units established and designated as ::

FIR  FIR are responsible to provide the ATS services outside the
Controlled zone and over the waters.

There are 5 information regions in India ( Chennai ,Delhi,Mumbai,Kolkata

and Guwahati )

Bombay FIR (western) is identified by A

Kolkata and Guwahati(eastern) is identified by E
Delhi ( northern) FIR is identified by “I”
Chennai ( south ) FIR is identified by “O”

specifications for flight information regions, control areas(The lower limit of

the CTA should not be less than 700ft AGL) and control zones(Should
be alteast 5NM in radius) minimum flight altitudes,
priority in the event of an aircraft in emergency, in-flight contingencies, time
in ATS

c) Air Traffic Control

- application 
a) to all IFR flights in class A,B,C,D,E
b) to all VFR flight in B,C,D
c) to all SVFR flights
d) to all aerodrome traffic at controlled aerodrome
-
-
 - provision of air traffic control service, operations of air traffic control
service, separation minima, contents of clearances, co-ordination of
clearances

d) Flight Information Service

- application
- scope of flight information service

e) Alerting Service: application, notification of rescue co-ordination centres (only

INCERFA, ALERFA, DETRESFA), information to aircraft operating in the
vicinity of an aircraft in a state of emergency
f) Principles governing the identification of RNP types and the identification of ATS
routes other than standard departure and arrival routes (Appendix 1)
g) Rules of the Air and Air Traffic Services (ICAO Doc. 4444 – RAC/501/11 and
ICAO Doc. 7030 – Regional Supplementary Procedures)

- definitions (See general statements)

- relationship to other document

h) General provisions

- general air traffic services operating practices: submission of a flight plan,

clearances and information, control of air traffic flow, altimeter setting
procedures, indication of heavy wake turbulence category, position
reporting, air traffic incident report, procedures in regard to aircraft
equipped with airborne collision avoidance systems (ACAS)
- Appendix 1
i) Area Control Service
- general provisions for the separation of control traffic
- vertical separation : vertical separation application, vertical separation
minimum, minimum cruising level, assignment of cruising level, vertical
separation during ascent or descent
- horizontal separation: lateral separation application, lateral separation
application, longitudinal separation application
- reduction in separation minima
-

28 CIVIL AVIATION REQUIREMENT SECTION 7 SERIES ‘B’, PART IV 16th June, 2011
 - air traffic control clearances: contents, description of air traffic control
clearances, clearance to fly maintaining own separations while in visual
meteorological conditions, essential traffic information, clearance of a
requested change in flight plan
- emergency and communication failure: emergency procedures (only
general priority, emergency descent, action by pilot-in-command), air-
ground communication failure (only concerning the actions by pilot-in-
command), interception of civil aircraft

j) Approach Control Service

- departing aircraft: general procedures for departing aircraft generally the
aircraft needs to mention all the necessary information regarding the
departure such as the track to be followed, turn after dept, level to
maintain after dept, rate of climb to a specific level and other information

Min 1 min separation b/t departing traffic if the aircraft are diverging by at
least 450.
 If following the same track then min 2 min separation or when the
preceding aircraft is 40kt or faster.
 5 min separation before changing levels after departure if the preceding
aircraft is on different level than the behind one

clearances for departing aircraft to climb maintaining own separation while

in visual meteorological conditions, information for departing aircraft
Significant meteorological conditions
- arriving aircraft: general procedures for arriving aircraft 
Airports where STAR approach have been established arriving aircraft
should be normally be cleared to follow the appropriate STAR.

clearance to descend subject to maintaining own separation in visual

meteorological conditions, visual approach,
instrument approach 
The approach control unit shall specify the instrument approach procedure
to be used by the arriving aircraft.

holding, approach sequence,

expected approach time 

An expected approach time shall be determined for an arriving aircraft that

will be subjected to a delay of 10mins or more.
An EAT shall be transmitted to the aircraft ASAP whenever it is anticipated
that the aircraft will be required to hold for 30mins or more.

information for arriving aircraft 

Any sudden change in the conditions on the approach such as the wind
shear or the any suspect activity on the runway..
 Mean head-wind component : 10kt
  Mean tail wind component 2kt
 Mean cross-wind : 5kt

k) Aerodrome Control Service

- functions of aerodrome control towers: general 
Ground Controller function – Normally responsible for traffic on the
manoeuvring area with the exception of runways.
Clearance Delivery Position – Where parallel or near parallel runways are
used for simultaneous operations individual controllers should be
responsible for operations on each of the runways.
Clearance delivery person is responsible for delivery of startup and ATC
clearacnes to departing IFR flights.

alerting service provided by aerodrome control towers

suspension of VFR operations by aerodrome control towers 

- traffic and taxi circuits: selection of runway-in-use 

All is done by the aerodrome control towers startup procedure aerodrome
info and met info
Prior take off and taxi info
- information to aircraft by aerodrome control towers: information related to
the operation of the aircraft, information on aerodrome conditions
- control of aerodrome traffic: order of priority for arriving and departing
aircraft, control of departing and arriving aircraft, wake turbulence
categorization of aircraft and increased longitudinal separation minima,
authorization of special VFR flights

l) Flight Information Service and Altering Service

- Flight information service

- Alerting service

m) Use of radar in Air Traffic Services

29 CIVIL AVIATION REQUIREMENT SECTION 7 SERIES ‘B’, PART IV 16th June, 2011
 - general provisions: limitations in the use of radar, identification procedures
(only establishment of radar identity), position information, radar
vectoring
- use of radar in the air traffic control service
1.8 Aeronautical Information Service (based on Annex 15 and AIP, India)

- essential definitions
- applicability

1.9 Aerodromes (Based on Annex 14, Vol. 1 & 2)

a) Annex 14

- definitions
- aerodrome data
- conditions of the movement area and related facilities

b) Visual aids for navigation

- indicators and signaling devices

- markings
- lights
- signs
- markers

c) Visual aids for denoting obstacles

- marking of objects
- lighting of objects

d) Visual aids for denoting restricted use of areas

e) Emergency and other services

- Rescue and fire fighting

- Apron management services
- Ground servicing of aircraft

f) Attachment A to Annex 14

- calculation of declared distances

- radio altimeter operating areas
- approach lighting systems

1.10 Facilitation (based on Annex 9)

30 CIVIL AVIATION REQUIREMENT SECTION 7 SERIES ‘B’, PART IV 16th June, 2011
 - definitions
- entry and departure of aircraft – description, purpose and use of aircraft documents
general declaration

- entry and departure of persons and their baggage – entry requirement and procedures
for crew and other operator’s personnel

1.11 Search and Rescue (based on Annex 12)

a) Annex 12 – definitions
b) Organization
c) Operating procedures

- procedures for pilots-in-command at the scene of an accident

- procedures for pilot-in-command intercepting a distress transmission
- search and rescue signals

d) Search and Rescue Signals

- signals with surface craft

- ground/air visual signal code
- air/ground signals

1.12 Security (based on Annex 17)

a) Annex 17 – General – aims and objectives

1.13 Aircraft Accident Investigation (based on Annex 13)

a) Annex 13 – definitions, applicability

1.14 CARs : Sections 2, 7 and 8

1.15 National Law – National Law and differences to relevant ICAO Annexes and CARs.
Indian aircraft act 1934-section 1,2,8,10,11A,11B, 17&18(3/9)
Aircraft Rule 1937- Rule No. 1-19,21-29A.30,33,37A,38-
48,50,52,53,55,65,67,67A,67B,68-70,76,79-89,133A,134,140, 140(AB&C)15&161
Schedule I, II, VI, & XI
INDAIN AIRCRAFT RULES 1920-RULE NO 53-64
AIRCRAFT RULES 1954 (Public Health Rules)
AIRCRAFT RULES 2003 (Carriage of Dangerous Goods)

31 CIVIL AVIATION REQUIREMENT SECTION 7 SERIES ‘B’, PART IV 16th June, 2011
 2 Human Performance & Limitations

2.1 Human Factors : Basic Concepts

a) Human Factors in aviation

- competence and limitations
- becoming a competent pilot – the traditional approach towards ‘proficiency’, the
human factors approach towards ‘professionalism’

b) Flight Safety concepts

2.2 Basic Aviation Physiology and Health Maintenance

a) Basics of flight physiology
- the atmosphere : composition, gas laws, oxygen requirements of tissues
- Respiratory and circulatory systems: pressurization, decompression, rapid
decompression, entrapped gases, barotraumas, counter measures,
hypoxia, symptoms, time of useful consciousness, hyperventilation,
accelerations
- High altitude environment: ozone, radiation, humidity
b) Man and Environment the sensory system
- integration of sensory inputs : spatial disorientation, illusions, approach and
landing problems
c) Health and Hygiene

- personal hygiene
- common minor ailments: cold, influenza, gastro-intestinal upset
- problem areas for pilots : hearing loss, flight related hazards to hearing,
defective vision, hypotension, hypertension, coronary disease, obesity,
nutrition hygiene, tropical climates – epidemic diseases
- intoxication: tobacco, alcohol, drugs and self-medication, various toxic
materials
- incapacitation: symptoms and causes, recognition, operating coping
procedures

32 CIVIL AVIATION REQUIREMENT SECTION 7 SERIES ‘B’, PART IV 16th June, 2011
 2.3 Basic Aviation Psychology
a) Human information processing
- attention and vigilance: selectivity of attention, divided attention
- perception: perceptual illusions, subjectivity of perception
- Response selection: learning principles and techniques, drives, motivation
and performance

Human error and reliability

- Reliability of human behaviour
- Theory and model of human error
- Error generation
- Economics
- Social environment (group, organization)
b) Decision making
- decision-making concepts: structure (phases), limits, risk assessment,
practical application

c) Avoiding and managing errors: Cockpit Management

- safety awareness: risk area awareness, identification of error proneness

(oneself), identification of error sources (others), situational awareness
stress

- Co-ordination (multi-crew concepts)

- Co-operation: small group dynamics, leadership, management styles, duty

and role

- Communication: communication model(s), verbal and non-verbal

communication, communication barriers, conflict management

d) Personality

- Personality and attitudes : development, environmental influences

- individual differences in personality: self-concepts (e.g. , action vs. state-
orientation)
- identification of hazardous attitudes (error proneness)
33 CIVIL AVIATION REQUIREMENT SECTION 7 SERIES ‘B’, PART IV 16th June, 2011
 e) Human overload and under load

- arousal
- stress: definitions, anxiety and stress, effects of stress
- fatigue: types, causes, symptoms, effects of fatigue
- body rhythm and sleep: rhythm disturbances, symptoms, effects,
management, circadian rhythm
- fatigue and stress management: coping strategies, management techniques,
health and fitness programmes, relaxation techniques
f) Advanced cockpit automation

- advantages and disadvantages (criticalities)

- automation complacency
3. Operational Procedures
3.1 Operational Procedures – Special and Emergency Procedures
General:
a) ICAO Annex 6, Parts I, II and III (as applicable)
- definitions
- applicability
- general framework and contents

b) CAR-OPS – Requirements
- General requirements about
- quality system
- additional crew members
- methods of carriage of persons
- admission to flight deck
- unauthorized carriage
- portable electronic devices
- endangering safety
- additional information and forms to be carried
- information retained on ground
- power to inspect
- production of documentation and records
- preservation of documentation
- leasing
- Operator certification and supervision requirements
- general rules for Air Operator Certification
- issue
34 CIVIL AVIATION REQUIREMENT SECTION 7 SERIES ‘B’, PART IV 16th June, 2011
- variation and continued validity of an AOC
- administrative requirements
- Operational Procedures requirements
- operational control and supervision
- use of Air Traffic Services
- instrument departure and approach procedures
- carriage of person with reduced mobility
- carriage of inadmissible passengers, deportees, or
- persons in custody
- stowage of baggage and cargo
- passengers seating
- security of passenger cabin and galley(s)
- smoking on board
- take-off conditions
- application of take-off minima’s
- ETOPS
- RVSM
- All-weather Operations requirements: Low Visibility
- Aerodrome Operating Minima’s – General
- Low Visibility Operations – General operating rules
- Low Visibility Operations – Aerodrome considerations
- Low Visibility Operations – Training and qualifications
- Low Visibility Operations – Operating procedures
- Low Visibility Operations – Minimum equipment
- VFR Operating Minima
- Instrument and safety equipment requirements
- general introduction
- circuit protection devices
- windshield wipers
- airborne weather radar equipment
- flight crew interphone system
- public address system
- internal doors and curtains
- first aid kits
- emergency medical kit
- first aid oxygen
- supplemental oxygen – pressurized aeroplanes
- supplemental oxygen – non-pressurized aeroplanes
- crew protective breathing equipment
- hand fire extinguishers
- crash axes and crowbars
35 CIVIL AVIATION REQUIREMENT SECTION 7 SERIES ‘B’, PART IV 16th June, 2011
 - marking of break-in points
- means for emergency evacuation
- megaphones
- emergency lightings
- automatic emergency locator transmitter
- life jackets
- life rafts and survival ELTs for extended over-water flights
- survival equipment
- Communication and navigation equipment requirements
- radio equipment
- audio selector panel
- radio equipment VFR
- communication and navigation IFR and VFR
- Flight crew
- flight and duty time limitations and rest requirements
- cabin crew
Knowledge of basic navigation equipment, operational and regulatory, requirements for long-
range flights in MNPS, Trans-oceanic and polar airspace.
c) Special Operational Procedures and Hazards (General Aspects)
- Minimum equipment list
- AFM
- Ground de-icing
- icing conditions
- definition and recognition, on ground/in-flight
- de-icing, anti-icing, types of de-icing fluids
- performance deterioration, on ground/in-flight
- Bird strike risk and avoidance
- Noise abatement
- influence by the pilot (power setting, low drag, low power
- Fire/smoke
- actions in case of overheated brakes after aborted take-off and landing
36 CIVIL AVIATION REQUIREMENT SECTION 7 SERIES ‘B’, PART IV 16th June, 2011
- Decompression of pressurized cabin
- slow decompression
- rapid or explosive decompression
- dangers and action taken
- Windshear, microburst
- definition and description
- effects and recognition during departure and approach
- actions to avoid and actions taken during encounter
- Wake turbulence
- cause
- influence of speed and mass, wind
- actions taken when crossing traffic, during take-off and landing
- Security
- unlawful events
- Emergency and precautionary landings operations in various terrain – water
(i.e. slopes, mountains, jungle, offshore)
- definition
- cause
- factors to be considered (wind terrain, preparation, flight tactics,
landing in various terrain and water)
- passenger information
- evacuation
- action after landing
- Fuel jettisoning
- safety aspects
- Transport of dangerous goods
- Annex 18
- practical aspects
- Contaminated runways
- kinds of contamination
- braking action, brake co-efficient
- performance correction and calculations
3.2 Communications
3.2.1 VFR Communications
37 CIVIL AVIATION REQUIREMENT SECTION 7 SERIES ‘B’, PART IV 16th June, 2011
 a) Definitions

- Meaning and significance of associated terms

- Air Traffic Services abbreviations
- Q-code groups commonly used in RTF air-ground communications
- Categories of messages
b) General Operating Procedures

- Transmission of letters
- Transmission of numbers (including level information)
- Transmission of time
- Transmission technique
- Standard work and phrases (relevant RTF phraseology included)
- Radiotelephony call signs for aeronautical stations including use of
abbreviated call signs
- Radiotelephone call signs for aircraft including use of abbreviated call signs
- Transfer of communication
- Test procedures including readability scale
- Read back and acknowledgement requirements
– Radar procedural phraseology
c) Relevant Weather information terms (VFR)

- Aerodrome weather
- Weather broadcast
d) Action required to be taken in case of communication failure

e) Distress and urgency procedures

- Distress (definition – frequencies – watch of distress frequencies – distress

signal – distress message)
- Urgency (definition – frequencies – urgency signal – urgency message)
f) General Principles of VHF Propagation and Allocation of Frequencies

3.3 IFR Communications

38 CIVIL AVIATION REQUIREMENT SECTION 7 SERIES ‘B’, PART IV 16th June, 2011
a) Definitions
- Meaning and significance of associated terms
- Air Traffic Control abbreviations
- Q-code groups commonly used in RTF air-ground communications
b) General Operating Procedures

- Transmission of letters
- Transmission of numbers (including level information)
- Transmission of time
- Transmission of technique
- Standard words and phrases (relevant RTF phraseology included)
- Radiotelephony call signs for aeronautical stations including use of
abbreviated call signs
- Radiotelephone call signs for aircraft including use of abbreviated call signs
- Transfer of communication
- Test procedures including readability scale; establishment of RTF
communications
- Read back and acknowledgement requirements
– Radar procedural phraseology
- Level changes and reports categories of messages
c) Action required to be taken in case of communication failure
d) Distress and Urgency Procedures
- PAN medical
- Distress (definition – frequencies – watch of distress frequencies – distress
signal – distress message)
- Urgency (definition – frequencies – urgency signal – urgency message)
e) Relevant Weather Information Terms (IFR)
- Aerodrome weather
- Weather broadcast
f) General Principles of VHF propagation and allocation of frequencies
g) Morse Code