SIMULATION AND EXPERIMENTAL

VERIFICATION OF SINGLEPHASE UNITY

POWER FACTOR PWM BOOST RECTIFIER
WITH IMPROVED VOLTAGE PROFILE
A DISSERTATION

Submitted in partial fulfillment of the award of Degree of Master of

Engineering in Power Systems

Rajiv Gandhi ProudyogikiVishwavidhyalaya, Bhopal, M.P.

Submitted by

Arun Kumar

Enrollment No. – 0129EE14MT02

Under the Supervision

Of

Prof. Ashish Bhargava

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering

BHABHA ENGINEERING RESEARCH INSTITUTE, BHOPAL,
M.P.
 i

BHABHA ENGINEERING RESEARCH INSTITUTE BHOPAL (M.P.)

(Approved by All India Council of Technical Education (AICTE)Affiliated to
Rajiv Gandhi Proudyogiki Vishwavidyalaya Bhopal (M.P.)
Technical University of Madhya Pradesh

CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the work embodies in this dissertation entitled ‘Simulation
and Experimental Verification of Single Phase Unity Power Factor PWM
Boost Rectifier with Improved Voltage Profile’ being submitted by
Enrollment No. 0129EE14MT02’ in partial fulfillment of the requirement for
the award of „Master of Engineering inPower Systems’ discipline to Rajiv
Gandhi Proudyogiki Vishwavidhyalaya, Bhopal (M.P.) during the academic
year 2014-16 is a record of bonafide piece of work, undertaken by her in the
supervision of the undersigned.

Approved and Supervised By:

Prof. Ashish Bhargava Dr. Mohit Gangwar

Department of Electrical and Principal, BERI Bhopal
Electronics Engineering Date:
Date:
2
 3

BHABHA ENGINEERING RESEARCH INSTITUTE BHOPAL (M.P.)

(Approved by All India Council of Technical Education (AICTE)
Affiliated to Rajiv Gandhi Proudyogiki Vishwavidyalaya Bhopal (M.P.)Technical
University of Madhya Pradesh

DECLARATION

I „Arun Kumar’, a student of „Master of Engineering in Power Systems‟,

session: 2014 - 16, Bhabha Engineering Research Institute, Bhopal,
(M.P.),hereby declare that the work presented in this dissertation entitled
‘Simulation and Experimental Verification of Single Phase Unity Power
Factor PWM Boost Rectifier with Improved Voltage Profile’is the outcome
of my own bona fide work and is correct to the best of my knowledge and this
work has been undertaken taking care of Engineering Ethics. It contains no
material previously published or written by another person nor material which
has been accepted for the award of any other degree or diploma of the university
or other institute of higher learning, except where due acknowledgment has been
made in the text.

(Arun Kumar)

Enrollment No.: 0129EE14MT02

Dr. Mohit Gangwar

Principal, BERI Bhopal
Date:
 ii

BHABHA ENGINEERING RESEARCH INSTITUTE BHOPAL (M.P.)

(Approved by All India Council of Technical Education (AICTE)
Affiliated to Rajiv Gandhi Proudyogiki Vishwavidyalaya Bhopal (M.P.)Technical
University of Madhya Pradesh

DECLARATION OF PLAGIARISM

I hereby declare that the work, which is being presented in the dissertation
entitled ‘Simulation and Experimental Verification of Single Phase Unity
Power Factor PWM Boost Rectifier with Improved Voltage Profile’
fulfillment of the requirement for the award of Master of Engineering in
Power System submitted in the department of Electrical and Electronics
Engineering is an authentic record of my own work carried under the guidance
of Prof. Ashish Bhargava. I have not submitted the matter embodied in this
report for award of any other degree.

I also declare that, “A check for plagiarism has been carried out on the thesis
and is found within the acceptable limit and record of which is enclosed
herewith.”

Arun Kumar

Enrollment No.: 0129EE14MT02

Prof. Ashish Bhargava Dr. Mohit Gangwar

Department of Electrical and Principal, BERI Bhopal
Electronics Engineering Date:
Date:
 iii

BHABHA ENGINEERING RESEARCH INSTITUTE BHOPAL (M.P.)

(Approved by All India Council of Technical Education (AICTE)
Affiliated to Rajiv Gandhi Proudyogiki Vishwavidyalaya Bhopal (M.P.)Technical
University of Madhya Pradesh

APPROVAL CERTIFICATE

This dissertation work entitled ‘Simulation and Experimental Verification of

Single Phase Unity Power Factor PWM Boost Rectifier with Improved
Voltage Profile’submitted by is approved for the award of „Master of
Engineering in Power Systems‟

Internal Examiner External Examiner

Date: Date:
 iv

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to thank my guide Ashish Bhargav, Associate Professor,

Department of Electrical Engineering, Bhabha Engineering Research
Institute, Bhopal (M.P.) for the guidance, supports and ideas he gave during
the work.

I also extend my deepest gratitude to Dr. Mohit Gangwar Principal, Bhabha

Engineering Research Institute, Bhopal (M.P.) for providing all the necessary
facilities and true encouraging environment to bring out the best of my
endeavours.

I also like to express my gratitude to Priyanka Mishra, the entire faculty and
lab staff/technicians and my friends of Bhabha Engineering Research
Institute, Bhopal (M.P.) for continuous support and help to complete this
thesis.

I also acknowledge my parents, family and Friends for the moral support they
extended to me in completion of this thesis work.

Arun Kumar

Enrollment No.: 0129EE14MT02

 v

ABSTRACT
PWM Rectifier is widely beenused in communication, computers and industrial. One of the
leading issues inline-frequency operated power converter design is how to consume power
from the gridbut not to return it. The Unity Power Factor (UPF) PWM has become an
important designissue as a consequence of recent legislation. Central Electricity Regulatory
Commission(CERC) legislation restricts the harmoniccontent of power supplies. One of them
is international standards known asIEC61000–3–2. The advantages of UPF are more than
legislative compliance. Theadvantages include greater efficiency, larger power density and
improved power qualityresult in economic benefits to the electricity service provider. The
goal of this dissertation is todevelop a unity power factor rectifier. The motivation in
developing this product was todevelop a regulated power supply capable of producing power
with low level of harmoniccurrent distortion. This research involves the design of a 500W
Unity Power FactorRectifier. The converter operates at an input voltage of 100VAC and
regulated output at150VDC. This allows the converter to operate directly from a residential
mains outlet. Toobtain the output at low level voltage, a second-stage DC to DC converter is
added. Theprototypes were fully tested at different parameters to test its capabilities.

Keywords –Switched Mode Power Supply, Unity Power Factor, Pulse Width Modulation,
Total Harmonic Distortion
.
 vi

TABLE OF CONTENT

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 Introduction 2
1.2 Research Background 3
1.3 Problem Statement 4
1.4 Research Objective 5
1.5 Design Methodology 5
1.6 Applications 7

CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE SURVEY 9

2.1 Introduction 10
2.2 IEEE Papers 10

CHAPTER 3: TECHNOLOGY ADAPTED 12

3.1 Introduction 13
3.2 Non-Linear Load and its Effects 14
3.3 Harmonic Mitigation 15
3.4 Standards Regulating Line Current Harmonic 16
3.4.1 IEC 1000 3-2 Standard 17
3.4.2 IEEE 519-1992 Standard 18
3.5 Power Factor Correction 18

CHAPTER 4: PROPOSED METHODOLOGY 19

4.1 Introduction 20
4.2 Methodology 20
4.3 Problem Area to be Investigated 20
4.4 Software to be used 21
4.5 System Classification 21

CHAPTER 5: SIMULATION MODELING 22

5.1 Introduction 23
 vii

5.2 Mathematical Modeling 23

5.3 Single Phase Shunt Active power Filter 23
5.4 Design of Controller 24
5.5 Design Specification 26
5.6 DC Link Voltage Value 26
5.7 Switching Frequency Consideration 26
5.8 Simulation and Experimental Results of the Designed Converter 27
5.8.1 Simulated Input Current Waveform 27
5.8.2 Simulated Voltage at the front end diode rectifier output 27
5.8.3 Simulated DC Link Voltage 27
5.9 Experimental Results 27

CHAPTER 6: CONCLUSION & FUTURE SCOPE 28

6.1 Conclusion 29
6.2 Future Scope 29

LIST OF FIGURES
 viii

Figure No. Description Page No.

1.1 Flow Chart of Research Work

1.2 Diode Bridge Rectifier

1.3 Input And Output Waveform Of Bridge Rectifier

1.4 Diode Bridge Rectifier With Capacitor

1.5 Input And Output Waveform Of Bridge Rectifier With Capacitor

3.1 Block Diagram Of Basic Distributed Power System

3.2 Linear Load Sine Wave

3.3
Schematic Diagram Of Single Phase Diode Bridge Rectifier
3.4 Typical Line Voltage And Current Waveform

3.5 Third Harmonic Current

 ix

LIST OF TABLES
Table No. Description Page No.

3.1 Representation Of Standard Ieee 519-1992 And Odd Harmonic Limit

4.1 System Specification

5.1 Design Specification

LISTOF ABBREVIATIONS
Sr. No. Abbreviations Description
 x

1 SPWM Sinusoidal Pulse Width Modulation

2 IGBT Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor

3 RMS Root Mean Square

4 ADC Analog to Digital Converter

5 PI Controller Proportional Integral Controller

6 AC Alternating Current

7 DC Direct Current

8 IC Integrated Circuit

9 THD Total Harmonic Distortion

10 SMPS Switched Mode Power Supply

11 TDD Total Demand Distortion

 11

CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
 12

CHAPTER1-INTRODUCTION

1.1 INTRODUCTION
In the present situation, the evolution of growing in computers, laptops, uninterrupted
powersupplies, telecom and biomedical equipment has become overpowering. Hence,
theutilization of such equipment results high power consumption and small power density
whichprovided a large market to Distributed Power System (DPS). Power conditioning;
typically,rectification is essential usually for electronics equipment. Rectifier behaves as
nonlinear loadproducing non-sinusoidal line current due to the nonlinear input characteristic.
The steadygrowth of use of electronics equipment is become a significant problem as per the
line currentharmonic is concerned. Their adversative effects on the power system are
acknowledgedhealthy. Hence fore, in three-phase systems, the neutral current magnitude
increases andbecomes the cause of overheating of transformers and induction motors, as well
as thedreadful conditions of system voltage waveforms. There are numbers of
internationalstandards to limit the harmonic content, caused due to the line currents of
equipment coupledto electricity distribution networks. Accordingly, a reduction in line current
harmonics, orPower Factor Correction – PFC is vital. This idea is the inspiration to this
research effort. Theobjective is to improve the power factor nearly unity with minimum Total
HarmonicDistortion (THD).
There are two types of PFC‟s.
1) Passive PFC,
2) Active PFC.
For this dissertation work small EMI(LC) passive PFC and Boost Converter active PFC are
presented with suitable switchingcontrol. Different conventional and nonlinear control
schemes are analysed for the switchingof Boost PFC Converter, which is the key to obtain
power factor nearly to unity with leastpercentage of THD. There are some major conventional
control techniques that areimplemented for the dissertation work, which are;
1) Peak Current Control
2) Average CurrentControl
3) PI Control.
 13

Also, for improved dynamic response and large stability range at highfrequency the nonlinear
controllers;
1) Dynamic Evolution Controller and
2) Sliding ModeController are applied.
For each case the input power factor is closed to unity and the linecurrent waveform is
observed as sinusoidal with THD percentage is in the tolerate limit.

1.2 RESEARCH BACKGROUND

As the use of energy is increasing, the requirements for the quality of the supplied electrical
energy are more tighten. This means that power electronic converters must be used to convert
the input voltage to a precisely regulated DC voltage to the load. Regulated DC power
supplies are needed for most analog and digital electronic system. Most power supplies are
designed to meet regulated output, isolation and multiple outputs (Mohan, et al. 2005).

Regulation means that the output voltage must be held constant within a specified tolerance
for changes within a specified range in the input voltage and the output loading. Isolation is
needed when the output may be required to be electrically isolated from the input. They may
be multiple outputs that may differ in their voltage and current ratings. Such outputs may be
isolated from each other.

Beside these requirements, common goals are to reduce power supply size and weight and
improve their efficiency. Traditionally, linear power supplies have been used. However,
advances in semiconductor technology have led to switching power supplies, which are
smaller and much more efficient, compared to linear power supplies. But the cost comparison
between linear and switching power supplies depends on the power rating (Dixon, 1988).

The number of switched mode power supplies (SMPS) and other power electronics appliances
are increasing. SMPS are needed to convert electrical energy from AC to DC. SMPS are used
as a replacement of the linear power supplies when higher efficiency, smaller size or lighter
weight is required. Motors, electronic power supplies and fluorescent lighting consume the
majority of power in the world and each of these would benefit from power factor correction.
In the middle of 1990s, many of the countries of the world have adopted requirements for
power factor correction for new products marketed within their borders.

Most of researches in power factor correction are based on reduction of harmonic contents in
the line current. In passive PFC, only passive elements are used to repair the shape of input
 14

line current. Obviously, the output voltage cannot be controlled. In active PFC circuit, an
active semiconductor device is used together with passive elements to shape the input current
and also controlling the output voltage (Ross, 1997).

1.3 PROBLEM STATEMENT

The term “power factor” or PF in the field of power supplies is slightly deviate from the
traditional usage of the term, which applied to reactive AC loads, such as motors powered
from the AC power line. Here, the current drawn by the motor would be displaced in phase
with respect to the voltage. The resulting power being drawn would have a very large reactive
component and little power is actually used for producing work. However, in power
electronics field, some of that equipment generates pulsating currents to the utility grids with
poor power quality at high harmonics contents that adversely affect other users (Mohan, et al.
2005). The situation has drawn the attention of regulatory bodies around the world.
Governments are tightening the regulations and setting new specifications for low harmonic
current. Since the number of electronic appliances is growing, an increasing amount of non-
sinusoidal current is drawn from the distribution network (Mohan, et al. 2005). Consequently,
due to the increasing amount of harmonic currents drawn, the distribution network becomes
more and more polluted. As a direct consequence, available power from the grid becomes
less. This is because unnecessary current components, which contribute to the root mean
square (RMS) value of the line current is drawn from the grid which produces unnecessary
power. On the other hand, the harmonic currents distort the line voltage waveform, and may
cause malfunction in sensitive electrical equipment connected to the grid. In SMPS, the
problem lies in the input rectification and filter network. The equipment connected to an
electricity distribution network usually needs some kind of power conditioning, typically
rectification (Dalal, 2005). AC to DC rectifiers usually interfaced with the mains. These
devices convert the sinusoidal line voltage to a DC voltage. However, the rectification process
produces a non-sinusoidal line current due to the nonlinear input characteristic. The most
significant examples of nonlinear loads are reviewed in next chapter. It is a well-known fact
that the input current of an SMPS tends to have a non-sinusoidal, distorted waveform. The
distorted line current of a power converter is composed of the line frequency component and
higher frequency harmonic components of the current. It should be noted that only the line
frequency component of the current is carrying the power when voltage is sinusoidal
(Erickson, 2005). The current drawn by simple SMPS is non-sinusoidal and out-of-phase with
the supply voltage waveform so the most common rectifier and SMPS designs have a very
 15

low power factor of below than 0.60, and their use in personal computers and compact
fluorescent lamps presents a growing problem for power distribution. PFC circuits can reduce
this problem and are required in some European countries by regulation. PFC is not yet
widely required or used in North America and Asian countries. Linear power supply units
also do not have unity power factors, but they do not have current waveform like SMPS does.

1.4 RESEARCH OBJECTIVE

The Active Power Factor Correction (APFC) is a method to improve the power factor near to
unity, reduces harmonics distortion noticeably and automatically corrects the distorted line
current of an SMPS. It will replace the Passive Power Factor Correction (PPFC) which has
become a conventional method for the past 20 years. This research aims to implement the
Unity Power Factor (UPF) for single-phase rectifier which is used in designing the high-end
SMPS by using APFC approach. For this purpose, a power electronic circuit is inserted
between the bridge rectifier, the output filter capacitor and the load. This approach requires
additional semiconductor switches and control electronics, but permits cheaper and smaller
passive components the goals of this research are:
• To simulate and analyse the typical power supplies.
• To investigate the effects of harmonics and low power factor to thePower system.
• To simulate and analyse the methodology chosen for UPF.
• To determine the best control mode for UPF.
• To implement a single-phase UPF rectifier in designing the better SMPS.
In this dissertation, three types of converters are considered and they were designed in two
stages converter. The first stage deals with a rectification process that is AC to DC conversion
together with PFC Boost topology while the second stage deals with DC to DC conversion as
Fly back topology was used. The preferable type of PFC is Active Power Factor Correction
(APFC) since it provides more efficient power frequency. An active PFC uses a circuit to
correct power factor and able to generate a theoretical power factor near to unity. Active
Power Factor Correction also markedly diminishes total harmonics, automatically corrects
AC input voltage, and capable for a wide range of input voltage.

1.5 DESIGN METHODOLOGY

The research was carried out in two stages via analysis and experimental. Theanalysis starts
with a literature studies which are related to the thesis topic. A completedstudies and
 16

investigations were carried out on the characteristic of nonlinear loads,voltage and current
distortion, total harmonic distortion, power factor and active power.In the literature survey,
various topologies have been evaluated which might be able tofulfil the design specifications.
Based on the literature survey, two stages topologywere selected for further evaluation. The
first stage is the Boost converter and thesecond stage is the Fly back converter. After a
comparison of various topologies, thisBoost-Fly back topology benefits in terms of their
current waveform, cost and devicerating, power rating and maximum power factor
achievable.To obtain unity power factor, all the odd harmonics in the input current shouldbe
eliminated as well as not producing any displacement angle between input voltage,𝑉𝑖𝑛 and
input current, 𝐼𝑖𝑛 meaning that the value of distortion factor and displacementpower factor is
equal to unity. To generate odd current harmonics represents thecharacteristic of a nonlinear
loads, a single-phase full-bridge rectifier containing diodeswas used during the experiment. A
computer power supply was also used as one of thesamples for nonlinear loads.In measuring
power factor, harmonics in term of Total Harmonic Distortion(THD) and power ratings of
different nonlinear loads, Fluke 43B Power QualityAnalyzer was used. After collecting the
data and identifying the problems associatedwith SMPS, an active PFC circuit has been
designed in order to achieve unity powerfactor. A second stage converter is then designed to
provide voltage regulation at theoutput. Finally, the results were recorded and some
evaluations were made.The design and analysis of the above-mentioned circuit is basedon
apre-regulator circuit required for SMPS application. Most of computer SMPS now donot
have an input pre-conditioner section which makes the SMPS meet the minimumrequirements
of power factor and total harmonic distortion. By designing a two-stageconverter, the
computer SMPS would have near unity power factor and regulated DCoutput voltage. Figure
1.1 shows the flow chart on how the research is organized.
 17

FIGURE 1. 1 FLOW CHART OF RESEARCH WORK

1.6 POWER SUPPLY

In most power electronic applications, the power input from utility is a 50Hz sine wave AC
voltage. It is then converted to a DC voltage by using rectifiers. The inexpensive way to
convert AC to DC in an uncontrolled manner is by using rectifier with diodes, as shown in
Figure 1.2. and whose input and output waveform is shown in Figure 1.3.
 18

FIGURE 1. 2DIODE BRIDGE RECTIFIER

FIGURE 1. 3INPUT AND OUTPUT WAVEFORM OF BRIDGE RECTIFIER

The DC output contains high voltage ripple that is not suitable to supply a constant DC
voltage. In most applications, the rectifiers are supplied directly from the utility source
without a 50Hz transformer. The avoidance of this costly and bulky 50Hz transformer is
important in most modern power electronic systems. It should be noted in the circuit of Figure
1.2 that if a pure resistive is connected as load; the input current follows the waveform of
 19

input voltage. The voltage and current waveforms are shown in Figure 1.3. The circuit will
have power factor equals to unity but a large output voltage ripple. This circuit models power
factor corrected rectifier and will be discussed later.

The conventional input stage of an off-line rectifier design associated with its waveforms is
shown in Figure 1.4.

FIGURE 1. 4 DIODE BRIDGE RECTIFIER WITH CAPACITOR

FIGURE 1. 5 INPUT AND OUTPUT WAVEFORM OF BRIDGE RECTIFIER WITH

CAPACITOR
 20

1.7 APPLICATIONS
The application of dissertation can be seen everywhere in today's power system world.In
power systems the rectification, inversion scheme is used when connecting systems
withvarying frequencies especially, when transferring large amounts of power over long
distances.As this process involves conversion of AC into DC (rectification) and then
converted backto AC at the receiving end (inversion).Smaller scale systems are used in
industries where three-phase power is being supplied,and single-phase is needed. In the
household this method can be used to run three-phasemachines of the household mains.
 21

CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE SURVEY
 22

CHAPTER 2-LITERATURE SURVEY

2.1 INTRODUCTION
The various literature associated to „Simulation and Experimental Verification of Single Phase
Unity Power Factor PWM Boost Rectifier with Improved Voltage Profile‟has been surveyed in
various IEEE transactions, journals, Conference papers and websites and also, their relationship
with present research work.

2.2 IEEE PAPERS

Hitesh B Hatnapure [2017]: The main consideration of this project is to control the
performance of PWM based UPFC on the bases of harmonics reduction. The proposed work
is validated by using MATLAB software.

William de Jesus Kremes[2016]:This paper presents the analysis of a single-phase

bridgeless SEPIC rectifier operating in discontinuous conduction mode with two different
modulation techniques. The rectifier operates with high power factor and output voltage
control.

Abdelouahed Touhami [2015]:This paper proposes the Unified Power Flow Controller
(UPFC) as a strong candidate to provide a full dynamic control of Power transmission
operating parameters: voltages, line impedance, and phase angle under normal and fault
conditions.

Geethu S Raj[2015]:In this paper Performance of a p-q theory based SAPF is analysed. Then
a new improved control with p-q theory is used to improve the performance of SAPF during
non-ideal grid voltage conditions and the results are compared.

Thomas Friedli [2014]:In this paper essence of Three-Phase PFC Rectifier Systems is
dedicated to a comparative evaluation of four active three-phase PFC rectifiers that are of
interest for industrial application: the active six-switch boost-type PFC rectifier, the VIENNA
Rectifier, the active six-switch buck-type PFC rectifier, and the SWISS Rectifier.

Hassan Youness[2014]: This paper presents different multiprocessor implementations of the

proportional-integral-derivative (PID) controller using two technologies: field programmable
 23

gate array (FPGA)-based multiprocessor system-on-chip and multicore microcontrollers

(MCUs).

Gabriel Tibola[2013]:This paper assists the energy management and power quality issues
related to electric transportation and focuses on improving electric vehicles loads connection
to the grid. The control strategy is designed to prevent current harmonic distortions of non-
linear loads to flow into the utility and corrects the power factor of this later.

Mohammad Mahdavi[2011]:In this paper, a new bridgeless single-ended primary

inductance converter power-factor-correction rectifier is introduced. The proposed circuit
provides lower conduction losses with reduced components simultaneously.

Yao Shu-Jun [2011]: This Paper Presents Unified Power Flow Controller circuit, give a
simple analysis about the principle of power flow control of UPFC, and a detailed simulation
model of UPFC considering the charging dynamics of its DC link capacitor is provided.

Priscila Facco de Melo [2010]: This paper proposes a high-power-factor rectifier suitable for
universal line base on a modified version of the single-ended primary inductance converter
(SEPIC).

M.K Yoong [2010]:In this paper regenerative mode of the motor act as a generator, it
transfers the kinetic to electrical energy to restore the batteries or capacitors. Meanwhile, the
brake controller monitors the speed of the wheels and calculates the torque required plus the
excessive energy from the rotational force that can be converted into electricity and fed back
into the batteries during regenerative mode.
 24

CHAPTER 3
TECHNOLGY ADAPTED
 25

CHAPTER 3-TECHNOLOGY ADAPTED

3.1 INTRODUCTION
The day by day increase in electronics consumers and the rigid occurrence of
mainsrectification circuits inside the electronic devices dominants the cause of mains
harmonicdistortion. Some form of ac to dc power supply are used within the construction of
mostmodern electrical and electronic apparatus and for each half cycle of the supply these
suppliestake pulses of current. Considering for single apparatus (a domestic television, for
example)the amount of reactive power drawn may be small, but for bulk, may be 100 or more
TVs thereactive power utilization from the same supply phase causing a flow of substantial
amountof reactive current and hence harmonics generation. The advancement in power
electronicconverters reduces the weight and size and simultaneously the performance and
function ofsuch converters preferable for industrial, commercial and residential purposes.This
reactive current can‟t be identified since the domestic tariff meter is concernedand it results
loss of revenue due to the mismatch between the developed and that usedpower. Different
streets are supplied from different phases creates 3-phase unbalance within ahousing scheme.
Through the neutral line of the star configuration unbalanced current flowsand causes heating
& burning of the conductor, in extreme cases. Also, the supply voltagewaveform gets
distorted because of the reactive current hence an EMC problem happens, foran apparatus,
sensitive to such voltage distortion. Moreover, this cumulates supplementarylosses and
dielectric stresses in capacitors and cables due to the harmonic content and hencethe increase
in currents in windings of rotating machinery and transformers and noise invarious products
and taking out of premature failure of fuses and safety modules. Since in the present situation,
the rise and growth in utilization of equipment like computers, laptops, telecom, biomedical
equipment, and uninterruptable power supplies is uncontrollable and also resulting to the
high-power draw and small power density. But industry or market appeals the diminishment
of power sources with greater power density at sensible value. Thus, it is compulsory to
deliver additional power on a smaller cost and size for the telecom and computer applications.
To settle these concerns, it is desired to endorse the distributed power system (DPS).
Therefore, DPS has expanded from an ordinary access, utilizing isolated DC-DC converters to
midway bus construction using non-isolated converters.
 26

Figure 3. 1BLOCK DIAGRAM OF BASIC DISTRIBUTED POWER SYSTEM

3.2 NON-LINEAR LOAD AND ITS EFFECTS

The distortion normal electric current waveform due to the nonlinear loads creates harmonics
in AC distribution systems. Nonlinear loads arise for variable resistance i.e. resistance varies
for each sine wave of the applied voltage, causing in a series of positive and negative pulses,
as in fig. 1.2. In AC-DC system, the connected equipment to the DPS desires some kind of
power conditioning, rectification in general, which creates a non-sinusoidal line current
because of the non-linear input characteristic.
 27

FIGURE 3. 2LINEAR LOAD SINE WAVE

In addition to the original current the sequence of pulses generates harmonic currents
additionally to the original current. In sample, the third harmonic of 50Hz is 150Hz. For 3-
phase systems, even harmonics are cancelled out; hence concern is the odd harmonics only. In
a balanced distribution network, at the common neutral conductor the current cancels each
other out when adding together and return to the source, due to which the neutral current
becomes zero. The presence of nonlinear loads, make all the third harmonic exactly in phase
and add, rather than cancels in all the phases, therefore, current and heat is developed on the
neutral conductor. The harmonic loads decrease the distribution capacity and effects to the
quality of the power of public utility systems. Computer equipment with switched mode
power supplies, battery chargers, UPSs, variable speed motors and drives, fax machines, laser
printers, photocopiers, medical diagnostic equipment etc. work as nonlinear loads, invariably.

3.3 HARMONIC MITIGATION

Realistically, completely eliminating harmonics would be very challenging and overpriced.
Understanding of the choices and their relevant costs for balancing the real harmonic load in
contradiction of the cost of the solution is the vital factor. For the minimization of the actual
harmonic loads there are numbers of selections offered but should be studied deliberately
because of the combined expenditure and usage of extra copper, is enhancing increase in
deficient.
 28

FIGURE 3. 3 SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM OF SINGLE PHASE DIODE BRIDGE

RECTIFIER

FIGURE 3. 4 TYPICAL LINE VOLTAGE AND CURRENT WAVEFORM

FIGURE 3. 5 THIRD HARMONIC CURRENT

 29

3.4 STANDARDS REGULATING LINE CURRENT HARMONIC

All the negative effects of line current distortion need for setting limits for the line current
harmonics of joined equipment to the distribution network. Standardization activities have
been carried out since long days. In 1982, the IEC-International Electro-technical Committee
published standard IEC 555-2, was approved as EN 60555-2 European standard in 1987 by
the European Committee for Electro-technical Standardization-CENELEC. In 1995 standard
IEC 1000-3-2 took position of standard IEC 555-2 and is further approved by CENELEC as
European standard EN 61000-3-2.
Maximum Harmonic Current Distortion in % of 𝐼𝑙
Individual Harmonic Order (Odd Harmonics)
𝐼𝑠𝑐 H<11 11≤h≤17 17≤h≤23 23≤h≤35 35≤h TDD
𝐼𝐿
<20 4.0 2.0 1.5 0.6 0.3 5.0
20<50 7.0 3.5 2.5 1.0 0.5 8.0
50<100 10.0 4.5 4.0 1.5 0.7 12.0
100<1000 12.0 5.5 5.0 2.0 1.0 15.0
>1000 15.0 7.0 6.0 2.5 1.4 20.0

TABLE 3. 1 REPRESENTATION OF STANDARD IEEE 519-1992 AND ODD

HARMONIC LIMIT

Even Harmonics are Limited to 25% of the odd harmonic limits.

3.4.1 IEC 1000-3-2 Standard
1. To assure satisfying power quality, it enumerates the limit of load current harmonicswhich
can be peaked from the utility.
2. It can be applied to the equipment up to 16Arms per phase, with a rated current.
3. Harmonic content of the line current are set within specific limit for electricalequipment,
since there are four (A, B, C and D) classes of electrical equipment,according to the IEC
1000-3-2. For rated power less than 75W these limits cannot beapplied.
CLASS A: The equipment, not described in one of the other three classes comes under
CLASS A. Under this class balanced three phase equipment, household appliances (shouldn‟t
be specified under CLASS D) are present.

CLASS B: Under this class compact appliances and non-professional arc welding equipment
are present.
 30

CLASS C: Lightening (dimmer for incandescent lamp belongs to CLASS A) equipment are
under this CLASS.

CLASS D: Personal Computers and monitors, television receivers etc. are the equipment with
special shape of line current and with the active input power is lower than or same to 600W
are under this CLASS.

3.4.2 IEEE 519-1992 Standard

It explains a harmonic as, “A Sinusoidal component of a periodic wave in other words
quantity including a frequency that is an integral multiple of the fundamental frequency”. For
both utilities and individual consumers, it recommends the practices and also specifies the
demand for harmonic control in power system network [7] [1]. At utility the line current
harmonic limits are given as the percentage of the maximum load current IL (fundamental
frequency component) demand at the common coupling-PCC (the electrically joined
point/merge between the utility and customer distribution systems). For low ratio of Isc/IL,
current distortion is reduced. In large the inductive impedance of the AC line controls the
distortion level. IEEE 519-1992 limits are exceeded for the non-linear load, even when only
10%. Many times, the harmonic current distortion is within IEEE 519-1992 limits, provided
the non-linear loads under 20% of the total system load.

3.5 POWER FACTOR CORRECTION

It is a measurement of the degree of the utilization of the power from grid. Mathematically it
Is the proportion of the real power to the apparent power and is in the range of 0 to 1.

Real power is in watts and is the power necessary for real work done. Apparent power is in
volt-amp. and is the vector summation of active and reactive power.
For pure sinusoidal voltage and current waveforms;
PF = Cos ɸ 3.1
Where “Cos ɸ is the displacement factor of the voltage and current. In general PFC tends to
the compensation of the displacement factor.
31
 32

CHAPTER 4
PROPOSED METHODOLOGY
 33

CHAPTER 4-PROPOSED METHODOLOGY

4.1 INTRODUCTION
This Chapter can be concluded as details of key problem area investigated and methodology
of conducting the proposed research “Simulation and Experimental Verification of Single
Phase Unity Power Factor PWM Boost Rectifier with Improved Voltage Profile”

4.2 METHODOLOGY
The following methodology is carried out in two stages via analysis and experimental. The
analysis starts with a literature studies which are related to the thesis topic. A completed
studies and investigations were carried out on the characteristic of nonlinear loads, voltage
and current distortion, total harmonic distortion, power factor and active power. In the
literature survey, various topologies have been evaluated which might be able to fulfill the
design specifications. Based on the literature survey, two stages topology were selected for
further evaluation. The first stage is the Boost converter and the second stage is the Fly back
converter. After a comparison of various topologies, this Boost-Fly back topology benefits in
terms of their current waveform, cost and device rating, power rating and maximum power
factor achievable.To obtain unity power factor, all the odd harmonics in the input current
shouldbe eliminated as well as not producing any displacement angle between input voltage,
𝑉𝑖𝑛 and input current, 𝐼𝑖𝑛 meaning that the value of distortion factor and displacement power
factor is equal to unity. To generate odd current harmonics represents the characteristic of a
nonlinear loads, a single-phase full-bridge rectifier containing diodes was used during the
experiment. A computer power supply was also used as one of the sample for nonlinear loads.

4.3 PROBLEM AREA TO BE INVESTIGATED

After going through literature survey,the design and analysis of the above-mentioned circuit is
based on a pre-regulator circuit required for SMPS application. Most of computer SMPS now
do not have an input pre-conditioner section which makes the SMPS meet the minimum
requirements of power factor and total harmonic distortion. By designing a two-stage
converter, the computer SMPS would have near unity power factor and regulated DC output
voltage.
 34

4.4 SOFTWARE TO BE USED

The software used for this research study is MATLAB along with Simulink tool box which
can be utilized to achieve desired objectives.

• To simulate and analyze the typical power supplies.

• To investigate the effects of harmonics and low power factor to the power system.
• To simulate and analyze the methodology chosen for UPF.
• To determine the best control mode for UPF.
• To implement a single-phase UPF rectifier in designing the better SMPS.

4.5 SYSTEM CLASSIFICATION

TABLE 4.2: SYSTEM SPECIFICATION

MATLAB® version: R2014a

Operating system: Windows 8.1 Single Language

Processor: Intel® Core™ i3-370M CPU @ 2.40

GHz

Installed memory: 3.00GB

System type: 64-bit Operating System, x64 processor

 35

CHAPTER 5
SIMULATION MODELING
 36

CHAPTER 5- SIMULATION MODELING

5.1 INTRODUCTION
The Unity Power Factor (UPF) SMPS has become an important design issue as a consequence
of recent legislation. European legislation restricts the harmonic content of power supplies.
One of them is international standards known as IEC61000–3–2. The advantages of UPF are
more than legislative compliance. The advantages include greater efficiency, larger power
density and improved power quality result in economic benefits to the electricity service
provider. The goal of this thesis is to develop a unity power factor rectifier. The motivation in
developing this product was to develop a regulated power supply capable of producing power
with low level of harmonic current distortion. This research involves the design of a 500W
Unity Power Factor Rectifier. The converter operates at an input voltage of 100VAC and
regulated output at 150VDC. This allows the converter to operate directly from a residential
mains outlet. To obtain the output at low level voltage, a second-stage DC to DC converter is
added. The prototypes were fully tested at different parameters to test its capabilities. The
future work to be completed on this project includes developing a computer power supply
operated at unity power factor which can be applied for domestic and industrial use. Future
designs could be enhanced by the implementation of a resonant switching stage in the second
stage converter to increase the overall efficiency.

5.2 MATHEMATICAL MODELING

Initially, the complete simulation was assigned to only one of the group members. However,
it was soon found that the simulation was too complex for one member to handle. It was then
divided in two stages. Stage 1 was to convert the kinetic energy of the single-phase 220 Vrms
induction machine that outputs single-phase DC. Stage 1 is called AC-DC con- version. Stage
2 was to take Stage 1's DC voltage and convert it back to the single phase 100 Vrms. This
stage is called DC-AC conversion. For both of the converters, IGBT's were chosen as the
switches and the switching pulses were generated using SPWM method, which is explained in
Stage 1.

5.3 SINGLE PHASE SHUNT ACTIVE POWER FILTER

Single phase shunt active filter consists of IGBT/MOSFET based inverter shunted with
DClink capacitor. It is connected to point of common coupling through AC link reactor. The
 37

power circuit diagram of single phase shunt active power filter connected system.It consists of
single phase supply utility, single phase bridge rectifier, single phase IGBT based voltage
source inverter, controller and load.

5.4 DESIGN OF CONTROLLER

The heart of the active power filter system is its controller. Proper control scheme enables
active power filter to carry out harmonic elimination as well as reactive power compensation.
The controller of shunt active power filter is divided into two parts i.e.

1. Inner current control loop

2. Outer DC link voltage control loop

5.4.1 Outer DC link Voltage Controller

To control DC bus voltage, it is required to take care of little amount of power flowing
intoDC capacitor, thus compensating for switching and conduction losses. The dc link voltage
control loop does not require being as fast as it responds to steady state operating condition.
The actual DC link voltage is compared with a reference DC link voltage and passed through
a PI controller. To maintain dc-link voltage at a fixed reference value, the dc-link capacitor
requires a certain amount of real power, which is directly proportional to the difference
between the reference and actual voltages.

5.4.2 Hysteresis Current Controller

The hysteresis band current controller is used to generate pulses for the switching pattern
ofthe inverter. There are numerous current control methods, but quick current controllability
and easy implementation make hysteresis current control method much more superior than
other current control methods. Some of the better properties possessed by hysteresis band
current controllers are robustness, excellent dynamics and fastest control with
minimumhardware. This method switches the transistor when the current error fed to it exceeds
the fixed band. Smaller the band width better is the accuracy. If current becomes more than the
upper limit of the hysteresis band (+h), the switch in the upper part of the

Inverter arm becomes turned off and the switch in the lower arm becomes turned on. Hence, the
current starts decreasing. While decreasing if the current falls below the lower limit of the
hysteresis band (-h), the lower switch of the inverter arm becomes turned off and the upper switch
becomes turned on. Consequently, the current gets back into the hysteresis band. So, the actual
 38

current is forced to follow the reference current within the hysteresis band. Operating principle of
hysteresis current controller is depicted in the Fig.2.4 Variable switching frequency is the
disadvantages of this method.

5.5 DESIGN SPECIFICATION

It is required to design a 500 W output, single stage power factor corrected powersupply with
the following specifications:

Sr. No. Specifications Unit

1 Input Supply Voltage 100 Volt
2 Output Voltage 150 Volt
3 Maximum Power 500 Watt
4 Switching Frequency 50 hz
FIGURE 5. 1 DESIGN SPECIFICATION

Using the equations and analysis presented previously and the fact that the on time should
not exceed 50 % for proper operation of the circuit, the circuit parameters are chosen as
follows:

The maximum duty cycle 𝐷𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.45

The minimum peak line voltage

𝑉𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑛 =85 2=120.2 Volt

5.6 DC Link Voltage Value

The minimum dc link voltage is found a

𝑉𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑛 120.2
𝑉𝑑𝑐 = = =218.6 Volt
1−𝐷 1−𝐷

5.7 Switching Frequency Consideration

The higher the value of 𝑓𝑠𝑤 , the better it is in terms of the size and weight ofmagnetic
components. But, it is well known that with an increase in switching frequency the
switching losses increase. From loss calculations at different frequencies it is seen that a
 39

frequency equal to 𝑓𝑠𝑤 =50 kHz is a good compromise in terms of lower switching Losses
and lower dc link voltage level. If we use MOSFET switches for the full bridge,then the dc
voltage is better to be kept below 550 volts and a minimum load is required atthe output side
equal to 165 W or 33 % of the rated Load

5.8 Simulation and Experimental Results of the Designed Converter

The full bridge converter circuit was simulated using PECAN and PSIMsimulation
packages for the given design example and the simulation results are providedwhich verify
the proper design and choice of circuit components. Also a laboratoryprototype was built
and tested.

5.8.1 Simulated Input Current Waveform

The input current waveform is presented for operation at 50 kHz and 500 Woutput power.
The resulting waveform is shown in Fig. 5.5 and the harmonic spectrumof this waveform
is shown in Fig. 5.6 and 5.7.

5.8.2 Simulated Voltage at the Front-End Diode Rectifier Output

This voltage is the sum of the rectified input voltage and the auxiliary voltagewhich is
added from the auxiliary winding to shape the input current waveform.

5.8.3 Simulated DC-Link Voltage

The simulated waveformof the dc link voltage is provided in Fig. 5.1 1

5.9 Experimental Results

A 500 Watt laboratory prototype was built and tested for operation at low input voltage. The
experimental results confirm the high power factor and sinusoidal input current shape.
Experimental current waveforms before filtering are shown in Fig 5.1 0 and in Fig. 5.1 1 after
the filtering action. The phase shift control techniques are used to control the two legs of the
full bridge converter.
 40

CHAPTER 6
CONCLUSION
&FUTURE SCOPE
 41

CHAPTER 6-CONCLUSION AND FUTURE SCOPE

6.1 CONCLUSION
A new single stage power factor correction ACDC converter has been studied and analysed
for operation in both continuous and discontinuous current modes. The features of the
proposed converter topology confirmed by design, simulation and experimental results can be
summarized as follows:

(1) The supply current can be sinusoidal shaped by means of the auxiliary circuit.

(2) Line input harmonies are mainly at twice the switching frequency.

(3) The discontinuous load inductor current allows the operation at reduced dc link voltages.

The independent and high frequency operation of the load inverter allows the design of
control loops with wide band width.

The applicability is for low-medium power ranges.

The above features lead to the following irnproved characteristics:

a) Unity displacement power factor operation.

b) Minimum line current harmonic distortion.
c) Reduced switch voltage ratings.
d) Negligible load voltage harmonics.
e) Light converter and easy control circuitry.

6.2 FUTURE SCOPE

The following work is proposed for the future research on this topic

1. Development of IGBT based AC/DC converter for higher power levels.

2. Investigation of resonant mode auxiliary circuits in the proposed converter structure.
 42

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 46

LIST OF PUBLICATION
 47

LIST OF PUBLICATION
[1] Arun Kumar and Ashish Bhargava, “Single Phase Unity Power Factor PWM Boost
Rectifier with Improved Voltage Profile: A Review” International Journal of Scientific
Progress and Research (IJSPR) ISSN: 2349-4689 Issue 129, Volume 44, Number 01,
November 2018

[2] Arun Kumar and Ashish Bhargava, “Simulation and Experimental Verification of
Single Phase Unity Power Factor PWM Boost Rectifier with Improved Voltage
Profile” International Journal of Scientific Progress and Research (IJSPR) ISSN: 2349-
4689 Issue 129, Volume 44, Number 01, November 2018
 48

PLAGIARISM REPORT