Differential Detection of /4-Shifted-DQPSK for Digital Cellular Radio Sandeep Chennakeshu, Member, EEE, and Gaty J. Saulnier, Member, IEEE Absract—This paper discusses the detection of / hited DOPSK modulation wsing a tangent type diferental detector ‘unis, Consequently, ths paper presents results obtained using the proposed IS:54 TDMA frame structure for base 19 mobile transitions. Theoretical and simulation iterorrate (BER) results are presented for static and Rayleigh fadiag. channels, HRER res are provided aa function of /\y and), where the interferer a second r/-shilted-DQPSK signal. Additonal resus ate provided which show the BER sensitivity to Doppler Frequency shits time delay spread and carier frequency offs. 1. INTRODUCTION HE proposed U.S. digital celular system will use a ‘TDMA channel acoess method and a digital modulation scheme, initally providing a threefold increase in capacity ‘over the current analog FM cellular system. Essentially, the Proposed system uses the existing 30-KHz channel structure and replaces the analog FM modulation with 2 digital modu- lation having a gross bitrate of 48.6 kbps. Each channel will be shared in a TDMA fashion, iniially by three users and, sometime later, by six users. In order to achieve a bit rate of 48.6 kbps in a 30K channel, @ modulation with a special efficiency of 1.62 bis/Hz is required. In addition, it is necessary to employ some type of spectral shaping on the Aigital modulation to limit the adjacent channel interference (ach, While these requirements can be met by conventional fil tered four phase modulation schemes such as QPSK and (OOPSK, symmetii differential phase exchange Keying [2], also known as-x/4shilted-QPSK, has some advantages forthe mobile channel, The +/4shifed-OPSK signal constellation can be viewed as the superposition of wo QPSK signal con- stellations offset by 45 degrees relative to each other, resulting in eight phases. Symbol phases ate alternately selected from ‘one of the QPSK constellations and then the other and, 3s a result, successive symbols have a relative phase dtference that is one of four angles, +=/4 and +3n/4, Fg, 1illstates the ¥ /A-shifted-OPSK signal constellation. Manus recive Ap 10, 1982; ev ane 23,1982 Si Chcauican is nf Genel Elecic Con Cope Reseach a evant, Sehenctats, NY 1201 i Saal Isnt he Elsi Compute ona Sytem Engineering Depitnant at Rend Pasetn nt Ty, NY 12160350, TEEE Log Numer 9205018 [shite QPSK sll conselsice A number of advantages of /-shifted-OPSK are cited in (3] and are summarized here. A feature of this modula- tion is that it can be detected using a coherent detector, 2 iflorential detector, ora disriminator followed bya integrate- and-dump filter. The suitability ofboth differential detection and discriminator detection provides an advantage since both ‘ean be performed by low-compleity receiver structures. On the other hand, coherent detection requires « more complex receiver than either differential or discriminator detection due to the erser recovery process, Further, in fast fading, coberent detection results in a higher ireducible BER than either differential detection oF discriminator detection [3}, [4]. From this view point, OOPSK, which requizes coherent detection, is inferioe to =/4shifled-OPSK. Using discriminator detection for /4sshited-QPSK makes i easy to produce « dual-mode (Gigital—analog) receiver, since the discriminator can be used to detect analog FM as well asthe digital 1/4-shiftd-OPSK ‘modulation, Another advantage of x /4-shifled-QPSK is that unlike OPSK, the transitions inthe signal constellation do not pass through the origin, AS a result, the envelope of =/-4 shilted-QPSK exhibits less variation than that of QPSK and, therefore, has better output spectral characteristics. However, with a reasonably linear amplifier operated with 2 smal amount of backoff, the advange over OPSK ineligible ty The proposed US. digital cellular system will use /4- shifted-DOPSK [12] which is filtoed atthe transmitter by a square r00t raised cosine filter with an excess bandwidth of cnys-sssasosu0 © 1999 IEEE35% (or roll-off of 0.35). A corresponding square rv0t raised ‘asin flor isto be used atthe receiver 7 /4shited-DOPSK, is essentially r/4-shifed-QPSK with differential encoding of the symbol phases. While the differential encoding protects against the Toss of data duc to channel phase slips, it also results in a loss of a pair of symbols when an error occu Ina Rayleigh fading channel his translates to approximately 1 3B loss in £y/No telatve to coherent /4-shifted-OPSK. 1x/4shitted-DOPSK can be produced by either differentially encoding the source bits and mapping them onto absolute phase angles of a 7/4-shifted-QPSK signal constellation or, alternately, by directly mapping the pairs of input bits onto the relative phases (£5 /4,:37/4). This second technique was used in the simulation described in tis pape. Differential detection or delay detection may be imple- rented at IF [4}, [7] or at hascband (6, [7]- The baseband jmplementation allows a convenient realization on a digital signal processor (DSP). While the baseband implementations considered in [6] and [7] are based on sine-osine detectors, the implementation discussed in this paper uses © tangent type differential detector with an integrated symbol timing and carier frequency error estimation algorithm. This detector is less sensitive to carir frequency errors and to amplitude variations in the received signal, relative to the sine-cosine detectors of [6] and {7} Tis widely accepted thatthe performance of differentist detectors degrade rapidly in the presence of ISL Consequently, 1 mobile unit employing a differential detector will not be able vo meet the performance requirements forthe US. digital cellular systems under multipath condition [15] tn such cases an equalizer is require. However, when the ISL is smal, the tlfferetal detection scheme considered here offers a simple and robust alternative to the more complex equalizer. Further, the detector presented here is easily modified to serve as @ Aliseriminator for analog FM demodulation. In this context our ‘motivation is to study the performance of the tangent type diferendal detector inthe mobile channel using U.S. digital callular signaling specifications In this paper the BER performance of the tangent type lferemtial detector i tested usin the 15-4 specified TDMA, frame steve [12] for base to mobile tansmissions, Theo- retical results, showing BER performance, are provided for Static and Rayleigh fading channels, The’ sensitivity of the detector to Dopple, delay spread, symbol timing accuracy, and carrier frequency offsets is studied through simulations and ‘corresponding results are reported. The simulations provide results for both £/No and C/T. ‘Section Il discusses the structure of the x /4-shifted-DOPSK transmitter that was used in the simulations. Section II presents the channel model and Section IV. discusses the receiver structure. Section V derives the theoretical performance of the system and Section VI provides simulation fesuls. Finally, Section VI presen some conclusions 1, TRANSMITTER In the US, digital cellular system deta is transmitted in 4 TDMA frame. A complete definition of the frame/slot re ca ad sine ‘sre ules Ping Soeece (ream) BR Ce ig ei ae Fig 2. 1854 base mai fame acta ‘TABLE he 158) a O55) on 0 o rH 1 o anit 1 1 aan/4 ° 1 ant steuctre for base-mobile and mobile-base transmission can be found in [1] and (12) Fig, 2ilusteates the fame/slotstructre used in the simulation Fig. 3 is block diagram of the tansmission scheme used inthe simulation study. Data to be transmitted is bufered and organized into the TDMA frame format as shown in Fig. 2 Next, bits Bug and Fog ate paired (d:-bits) nd mapped onto Aitferenially encoded signal phases, Agr, using a Gray code as illustrated in Table I. The /-shifted-DOPSK symbols, represented as a pair (J,Q), are then generated using the following relationship: I Ty con{du] ~ Qu sin{ Gu] o Qe = Ie-rsinfOGu] + Qu-r0mldh] ‘where Zand Qy ate the in-phase and quadrature components of the 7/4shlled-DOPSK signal cortesponding to the Kuh Symbol. Hence if 6 represent the absolute phase angle for the Ah symbol, asi trigonometric identities can be used to express (1) and 2) a8 T= cose] = coolon—1 + 6x) @ Qu = sina] = sina + B64) ® ‘The symbols ae then pulse shaped using a square roo raised cosine filter which has a frequency response of the form=m] [me] eet -| = mse || |S Se eee eee ee is | frees | cores | fica] - betas — [4 Shift DOPSK| ‘Pulse Shape — seal Race Raed |_ 1) 1 + EEL Hy — = falls aca eal pe | : els « allies “4 Prae oiemerse ae ws feat oe ey ; Fp 4. Buck sagan of he demodulator Iecnl= T, rys0 : i> ge © where ais the roll-off factor and 7 i the symbol period. Al tezmately, the square root raised cosine filer can be expressed in terms ofits impulse response which can be shown to be Xo) Leet Sell + 2) sin) + 1 - Balramar peso penfet-ods] ay ’ ‘The derivation forth Appendix Tn an aciual transmitter, the pulse shaped signa is then ‘modulated onto the caster, amplified by a power amplifier and transmitted, Ifthe power emplifer is assumed tobe linear, the transmitted signal can be represented as 8) = Soakt nT cost + dn) for all other © Impulse response is provided in o Where, ais the angular carsier frequency. Ta the simulation, the final step of placing the signal on 2 cartier is omited and the baseband in-phase and quadrature signals are passed to the channel model, While che results in this paper do not consider the effect of nonlinearities in the power amplifier, nonlinear amplification, and is effect on ACT ate considered in (16), ML, Cuannen The hascband transmitter oulpuls are processed by the channel simulation and passed to the receiver. Simulation results are presented later in the paper fora static channel, a Rayleigh fading channel, anda diserete multipath channel. For Fy] No measurements, white Gaussian noise i used as adtive interference in each of the channels. For C/1 measuremens, 4 seoond +/4:shited-DOPSK signal is wsed as additive in- terference. In this case, the relative symbol timing between the communication and interfering signals is varied uniformly ‘ver the interval £72 on a slot-by-slot basis. The discrete multipath channel is modeled as @ (wo ray model with both rays Rayleigh faded with equal average power and shifted in frequeney by 2 Doppler spread proportional to the vehicle speed, as deseried in [13]. The delay interval or delay spread, (7) between the two rays is expressod in terms of symbol periods. The rms delay spread, for this «wo ray model, i one half the delay interval betweon the two rays. IV. RECEIVER Fig. 4 is a block diagram of the receiver. The receiver ‘obiains two parallel steams of samples ofthe baseband = /4- shifted-DOPSK signal, I; and Q;, from the channel. In an actual receiver, these sample streams would be derived from a received RF signal, possibly using a digital complex sampling, system such as thse described in [6] and [8]. In the simulation the Z, and Q, simple streams each contin eight samples pet symbol