Chemosphere 50 (2003) 619–625

www.elsevier.com/locate/chemosphere

Decolorization and degradation of H-acid and other dyes

using ferrous–hydrogen peroxide system
K. Swaminathan *, S. Sandhya, A. Carmalin Sophia,
K. Pachhade, Y.V. Subrahmanyam
National Environmental Engineering Research Institute (NEERI), CSIR Complex, Chennai 600113, India
Received 15 March 2002; received in revised form 4 September 2002; accepted 18 September 2002

Abstract

In this study, advanced oxidation process utilizing FentonÕs reaction was investigated for the decolorization and
degradation of two commercial dyes viz., Red M5B, Blue MR and H-acid, a dye intermediate used in chemical in-
dustries for the synthesis of direct, reactive and azo dyes. Effect of Fe2þ , H2 O2 , pH, and contact time on the degradation
of the dyes was studied. Maximum color and COD removal was obtained for Red M5B, H-acid and Blue MR at 10–25
mg/l of Fe2þ dose and 400–500 mg/l of H2 O2 dose at pH 3.0. The initial oxidation reaction was found to fit into first
order rate kinetics and the rate of oxidation of H-acid was higher than the other dyes. Release of chloride and sulfate
from the FentonÕs treated Red M5B dye and sulfate from H-acid and Blue MR indicates that the dye degradation
proceeds through cleavage of the substituent group.
Ó 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.

Keywords: Azo dyes; FentonÕs reagent; COD removal; Color removal

1. Introduction dyestuffs, many of which are reported to be toxic and

Synthetic dyes which are used extensively in textile,
paper and printing industries can be classified mainly
as azo, anthraquinone, vat, phthalocyanine, indigo,
polymethine, carbonium, and nitro dyes. Most of these
dyes are manufactured through different stages invol-
ving nitration, reduction, halogenation, amination, sul-
fonation, diazotization and oxidation using benzene,
toluene, xylene, naphthalene, anthracene, as raw mate-
rials (Abrahart, 1977). The effluents from these indus-
tries vary widely in composition and contain organic
and inorganic compounds and have high level of color
and COD. Colored textile effluents contain persistent
*
Corresponding author. Tel.: +91-44-2541964; fax: +91-44-
2541964.
E-mail address: kanchana74in@yahoo.co.in (K. Swamina-
than).
0045-6535/03/$ - see front matter Ó 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
PII: S 0 0 4 5 - 6 5 3 5 ( 0 2 ) 0 0 6 1 5 - X
carcinogenic (Anliker, 1979). Direct discharge of these
effluents can cause formation of toxic aromatic amines
under anaerobic conditions in receiving media and
contaminate the soil and groundwater, necessitating
proper treatment before discharge into the environment.
Commonly employed methods for color removal such
as adsorption, coagulation–flocculation, oxidation and
electrochemical methods are quite expensive and have
operational problems (Lin and Peng, 1996; Rama-
krishna and Viraraghavan, 1997).
Many of the synthetic dyestuffs are resistant to bio-
logical degradation due to the presence of large degree
of aromatics, and hence color removal by bio processing
is difficult and not complete (Carliell et al., 1996). Recent
studies indicate that several advanced oxidation pro-
cesses (AOPs), such as photolysis, ozone and hydrogen
peroxide system which generate strong oxidant (OH)
may be an alternative for the oxidation of many organic
compounds from water and wastewater (Legrini et al.,
620 K. Swaminathan et al. / Chemosphere 50 (2003) 619–625

1993). Degradation of commercial reactive dyestuffs by

heterogeneous and homogeneous AOPs resulted in
higher treatment efficiencies in terms of color, TOC,
COD (Arslan and Balcioglu, 1999; Arslan et al., 2001).
Among the different AOPs, FentonÕs reagent (a mixture
of H2 O2 and Fe2þ ) has been lately used for different
treatment processes because of its ease of operation and
low cost (Bigda, 1995). The Fenton and photo-Fenton
reaction using Fe2þ , H2 O2 and UV light have been
shown to be effective in mineralizing several recalcitrant
pollutants like PCBs, chlorinated herbicides, chloro-
phenols, perhalogenated alkanes and dye effluents (Pig-
natello and Chapa, 1994; Pignatello and Sun, 1995;
Huston and Pignatello, 1996; Arslan et al., 1999; Huston
and Pignatello, 1999). Studies by Bossmann et al. (2001)
on photochemical enhanced Fenton reaction for the
degradation of poly vinyl alcohol revealed that the
mechanism of heterogeneous and homogeneous photo-
catalytic reaction is different.
The oxidation reaction of FentonÕs process is com-
plex and the main reactions are

Fe2þ þ H2 O2 ! Fe3þ þ OH þ OH ðIÞ

Fe3þ þ H2 O2 ! Fe2þ þ Hþ þ HO2 ðIIÞ

Pignatello (1992) and Pignatello and Sun (1995) dem-

onstrated that ferric ion in the Fenton system can be
reoxidized to form ferrous ion and hydroxyl radicals.
Hydroxyl radicals were considered as primary oxidizing
species in Fenton reaction (Lipczynska-Kochany, 1991;
Pignatello and Chapa, 1994). Recently other metal
based oxidant intermediates, such as hydrated higher
valent iron species (FeIVþ , ferryl species) were suggested
to be involved during FentonÕs reaction (Bossmann et al.,
1998; Pignatello et al., 1999). The reaction taking place
will be
Fig. 1. Structure of azo dyes and H-acid.
The present study attempts to use FentonÕs reagent to
decolorize and degrade two extensively used azo dyes
viz., Red M5B, and Blue MR and H-acid (1-amino-8-
naphthol-3, 6-disulfonicacid), a dye intermediate. The
structure of the dyes is presented in Fig. 1 and the
characteristics are detailed in Table 1.

Fe2þ þ H2 O2 ! fFeIV ¼ 0g ! Fe3þ þ OH þ OH

ðIIIÞ 2. Materials and methods

The hydroxyl free radical generated would attack the
unsaturated dye molecules and the azo bond (N@N) in
the chromophore or chromogen, thus decolorizing the
wastewater. The rate of the oxidation reaction depends
on the concentration of hydroxyl free radical, reaction
conditions and pH (Pignatello, 1992; Zhu et al., 1996;
Bossmann et al., 1998). Deng et al. (2000) reported that
the decolorization of reactive dyes by photo-Fenton
system was dependent on the molecular structure of the
dyes. The susceptibility of azo dyes to decolorization by
Fe III–EDTA–H2 O2 oxidation is affected by the sub-
stituent on the phenolic ring (Nam and Tratnyek, 2000).
Their study revealed that the dyes substituted with
halogen atoms were oxidized to a greater extent than the
corresponding methyl or methoxy groups.
2.1. Reagents
FeSO4 7H2 O (MERCK, purity 96%) was prepared
at a predetermined concentration of 10 g/l. H2 O2
(MERCK, 30%) and other chemicals used in the ex-
periment were of analytical grade. Commercial grade
dyes obtained from Color Chem (India) Ltd. were used
without any purification. A known concentration of the
dye was prepared in deionized water and used for all
studies.
2.2. Experimental procedure
The experiments were carried out in a closed reactor
of 1 l capacity. A known volume of the dye solution was
 K. Swaminathan et al. / Chemosphere 50 (2003) 619–625 621

Table 1
Main characteristics of dyes
Dye sample Concentration COD kmax pH Chloride Sulfate
(mg/l) (mg/l) (nm) (mg/l) (mg/l)
Red 5MB 250 142 530, 239, 278, 320 4.42 – –
H-acid 250 215 446, 358, 235 3.52 – –
Blue MR 250 180 595, 377, 254 4.15 – –

taken in the reactor. Predetermined amount of FeSO4

was added and 30% H2 O2 solution was dripped into the
sample and stirred using a magnetic stirrer. The experi-
ments were carried out at pH 3.0. After reactions com-
pleted, samples were filtered through 0.45 lm filter paper
and immediately analyzed.

2.3. Analysis

pH, COD, chloride and sulfate were measured as per

Standard Methods (1995). The UV–VIS spectra of the
samples were recorded from 200 to 800 nm using spec-
trophotometer (Shimadzu Model UV 160A). Color re-
moval was measured for each dye at the wavelength in
the visible range, where maximum absorbance was ob- l
tained. Residual hydrogen peroxide was determined by Fig. 2. Effect of Fe2þ dose on COD removal of dyes and
potassium iodide titration method (Kormann et al., H-acid.
1988). Accordingly, correction was made in the COD
determination for residual H2 O2 (Huang et al., 2001).
Ammonium and nitrate concentration was measured
using E Merck kit, Aquamerck No. 1. 11117. 0001 and
No. 1.14771.0001, respectively.

3. Results and discussion

3.1. Effect of Fe2þ dose

To study the effect of iron dose on COD and color

removal of dyes, the following experiments were carried
out. H2 O2 dose was fixed at 500 mg/l for all the dyes.
FeSO4 dose as Fe2þ was varied from 5 to 50 mg/l.
At Fe2þ dose of 10 mg/l (Fig. 2), the COD removal
(COD0  CODt /COD0 ) observed for Red M5B was
0.77. On increasing the iron concentration, no further
increase in COD removal was observed. The treated dye
sample was colorless and did not show any absorbance
in the visible region indicating that color removal could
be achieved at low concentration of Fe2þ . However UV
scan (Fig. 3) of the treated solution showed a peak at
218 nm indicating that the dye was not mineralized
completely. Studies have shown that during FentonÕs
oxidation, color removal of dye was faster than COD
removal (Kang and Chang, 1997). The reason could be
due to the formation of stable intermediate products,
which require longer time for further oxidation. Arslan
Fig. 3. UV–VIS absorption spectra of Red M5B: (a) before
treatment and (b) after treatment.
et al. (2001) reported, on photocatalytic treatment of
simulated dye effluents, decolorization was faster than
COD and TOC removal. Their studies indicated that
decolorization due to the eletrophilic attack of the
chromophoric groups by OH radicals might be a pri-
mary step and COD and TOC removal indicated the
ultimate oxidation of the wastewater. During solar
photocatalytic degradation of two dyes, color removal
at 3 h exposure was 100% and 88% and the corres-
ponding TOC removal was 81% and 41.6%, respectively.
TOC removal increased on increase in exposure time
(Wang, 2000).
622 K. Swaminathan et al. / Chemosphere 50 (2003) 619–625
For H-acid, when the iron concentration was in-
creased from 5 to 25 mg/l, COD removal was increased
from 0.43 to 0.80 and remained constant thereafter.
Similar observations were reported on the decomposi-
tion of nitrophenols (Kang et al., 1999; Ma et al., 2000).
For Blue MR, COD removal of 0.71 was observed at an
iron dose of 20 mg/l. On increasing the iron dose, though
COD removal increased marginally, a precipitate was
formed which could be due to the formation of insoluble
ferric hydroxide.
3.2. Effect of H2 O2 dose
It is known that addition of H2 O2 influences the de-
composition of complex organic compounds by Fen-
tonÕs reaction. The data presented in Fig. 4 show that as
H2 O2 dose was increased, COD removal increased rapi-
dly for all dyes. At 100 mg/l H2 O2 , COD removal for
Red M5B, H-acid and Blue MR were 0.36, 0.09 and
0.05, respectively. On increasing the H2 O2 concentration
to 400–500 mg/l, COD removals observed were 0.78 for
Red M5B, 0.81 for H-acid and 0.71 for Blue MR.
Further increase in H2 O2 did not enhance the COD re-
moval. Similar observation was made by others (Benitez
et al., 1996; Bossmann et al., 1998). Acceleration in the
decolorization rate of dyes by hydrogen peroxide and
UV was observed when the initial concentration of H2 O2
was increased which was reported to be due to an in-
crease in the available OH radicals (Mohey El-Dein
et al., 2001). Kang et al. (1999) reported that an optimal
ratio of H2 O2 to Fe2þ is an important factor to achieve
better performance in FentonÕs reaction. In photo-Fen-
ton oxidation of p-chlorophenol, addition of excess
H2 O2 did not improve the degradation which could be
due to auto decomposition of H2 O2 to O2 and water
(Ghaly et al., 2001).
Fig. 4. Effect of H2 O2 dose on COD removal of dyes and
H-acid.
Fig. 5. Effect of pH on absorbance of dyes and H-acid.
3.3. Effect of pH
The data presented in Fig. 5 show that as the pH was
increased, the color of the solution intensified and the
absorbance also increased which may be due to a hy-
perchromic shift in the molecule. At alkaline pH, H2 O2
is unstable and looses its oxidizing potential. For all
dyes, pH 3.0 was found to be optimum. Pignatello
(1992) had reported that photo-Fenton reaction is op-
timum at pH 2.8 where approximately half of the Fe(III)
exists as Fe3þ ion and half as Fe(OH)2þ ion. Below this
pH, the concentration of Fe(OH)2þ declines and at
higher pH the Fe(III) precipitates as oxy hydroxide
and reduces the transmission of radiation (Faust and
Hoigne, 1990). Color removal of synthetic dye waste-
water by FentonÕs and photo-FentonÕs reaction was
achieved at pH range 3.0–4.0 (Solozhenko et al., 1995;
Deng et al., 2000). The reason could be that acidic pH
enhances the formation of extremely reactive hydroxyl
radical and thus the oxidation efficiency. Maximum
degradation of p-chlorophenol was observed at pH 3.0
using UV and photo-Fenton system (Ghaly et al., 2001).
3.4. Effect of contact time
Effect of contact time on COD removal efficiency in
FentonÕs oxidation is presented in Fig. 6. COD removal
increased for all the dyes when contact time was in-
creased. At 15 min contact time, COD removal observed
was 0.18, 0.55 and 0.59 for Red M5B, H-acid and Blue
MR, respectively, and at the end of 120 min, maximum
COD removal of 0.78, 0.99 and 0.82 was obtained for
Red M5B, H-acid and Blue MR. The treated samples
were colorless and showed no absorbance in the visible
range. UV scan of treated H-acid sample did not show
any peak indicating nearly complete degradation of
H-acid by FentonÕs reaction, which is in agreement with
the COD removal. For the other two dyes, though the
 K. Swaminathan et al. / Chemosphere 50 (2003) 619–625 623

Fig. 7. Release of sulfate and chloride during FentonÕs process.

Fig. 6. Effect of contact time on COD removal of dyes and
H-acid.
ammonia for H-acid was ranging from 3 to 7 mg/l and
absorption of the dye solution reduced over the UV for the other two dyes 5 mg/l. Nitrate concentration
range, mineralization was not complete as observed by a increased from 1 to 3 mg/l for all dyes. Further, identi-
peak shift at 218 nm for Red M5B and at 268 nm for fication of intermediate products is needed in order to
Blue MR. Arslan et al. (2001) showed that during postulate the pathway of degradation.
photocatalytic treatment of dyestuffs, color removal is a
primary step and slow COD and TOC removal was 3.6. Degradation rate
observed. During advanced oxidation of Reactive Black
5, by UV light and H2 O2 complete decolorization The decolorization of dyes by FentonÕs reaction was
compared to 40–50% mineralization of the dye was observed to be a function of time. The experimental data
observed (Mohey El-Dein et al., 2001). Further miner- on initial oxidation were fitted into the following equa-
alization could be achieved with extended irradiation tion
time.
ln½At =A0  ¼ Kt
3.5. Effect of substituent groups
where A0 and At are absorbance of the dyes at time 0 and
The structure of the dyes indicate that they contain at time t. K is the first order rate constant in min1 and t
different substituent groups viz., chloride and sulfonic is the time in min. When [ln At =A0 ] was plotted against
acid groups in Red M5B and sulfonic acid groups in the time (Fig. 8) a linear relationship with correlation
other two dyes. Studies have shown that the degradation coefficient > 0:8983 was obtained. The reaction may
of dyes proceeds through replacement of the substituent
group and ring opening. Release of sulfate and chloride
during FentonÕs reaction as presented in Fig. 7 indicate
that the dye degradation may proceed through cleavage
of chloride and sulfo groups in the dye molecules.
Concentration of sulfate increased rapidly with increase
in contact time for all the dyes (Fig. 7) which was similar
to the trend in COD removal. This shows that during
oxidation process, sulfo group may be substituted by
OH radical resulting in the release of sulfate in the so-
lution. As seen from Fig. 7, the concentration of chlo-
ride increased rapidly with increase in contact time for
Red M5B substantiating that the degradation of this dye
also proceeds via replacement of substituent groups viz.,
chloride and sulfonic acid. Similar results are reported
by others (Zhu et al., 1996; Nam and Tratnyek, 2000;
Wang, 2000). During FentonÕs reaction, ammonia and Fig. 8. First order reaction plot for initial oxidation of dyes and
nitrate were released for all dyes. Concentration of H-acid.
624 K. Swaminathan et al. / Chemosphere 50 (2003) 619–625
follow pseudo-first order kinetics considering H2 O2
concentration (Ma et al., 2000; Yoshida et al., 2000).
The rate of oxidation of the dyes were in the order
H-acid > Red M5B > Blue MR. Mohey El-Dein et al.
(2001) reported that decolorization rate of azo dye by
UV and H2 O2 was first order with respect to dye con-
centration. The dependence on H2 O2 was shown be first
order for low concentration and zero order for high
concentration.
4. Conclusion
The present study demonstrated that two commercial
dyes viz., Red M5B and Blue MR and H-acid, a dye
intermediate could be decolorized and mineralized by
FentonÕs process. The experimental results indicate that
during FentonÕs oxidation, decolorization was faster
than degradation. The rate of oxidation was influenced
by dose of Fe2þ , H2 O2 , pH and contact time. The op-
timum conditions required for maximum degradation
were pH 3.0, Fe2þ concentration of 10–25 mg/l and
H2 O2 dose of 400–500 mg/l. Increase in contact time
enhanced the degradation of the dyes studied. Nearly
complete removal of COD could be achieved for H-acid
when the contact time was increased to 120 min. For
Red M5B, a COD removal of 0.78 and for Blue MR a
COD removal of 0.82 was achieved at a contact time of
120 min. It was also observed from the results that the
degradation of the dyes were in the order H-acid > Red
M5B > Blue MR. Release of chloride, sulfate, ammonia
and nitrate during FentonÕs oxidation indicated that the
degradation of dyes might proceed through cleavage of
substituent groups. This investigation has demonstrated
the potential of applying FentonÕs process for the
treatment of wastewater containing dye and dye inter-
mediates.
Acknowledgements
The authors wish to express their thanks to the Di-
rector, NEERI Nagpur, for permitting to publish this
paper.
References
Abrahart, E.N., 1977. Dyes and their Intermediates. Edward
Arnold Ltd., London.
Anliker, R., 1979. Ecotoxicology of dyestuffs––A joint effort by
industry. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Safety 3, 59–74.
Arslan, I., Balcioglu, A.I., 1999. Degradation of commercial
reactive dyestuffs by heterogeneous and homogeneous
advanced oxidation processes: A comparative study. Dyes
Pigments 43, 95–108.
Arslan, I., Akmehmet Balcioglu, I., Tuhkanen, T., 1999.
Oxidative treatment of simulated dye house effluent by
UV and near UV light––assisted FentonÕs reagent. Chemo-
sphere 39, 2767–2783.
Arslan, I., Balcioglu, A.I., Bahnemann, D.W., 2001. Photo-
chemical treatment of simulated dye house effluents by
novel TiO2 photocatalysts: Experience with the thin film
fixed bed (TFFB) and double skin sheet (DSS) reactor.
Water Sci. Technol. 44 (5), 171–178.
Benitez, F.J., Beltran-Heredia, J., Acero, L.J., Gonzalez, T.,
1996. Degradation of protocatechuic acid by the advanced
oxidation process. Ozone/UV radiation and H2 O2 /UV
radiation. Water Res. 30, 1597–1604.
Bigda, R.J., 1995. Consider FentonÕs chemistry for wastewater
treatment. Chem. Eng. Prog. 91, 62–66.
Bossmann, S.H., Oliveros, E., Gob, S., Siegwart, S., Dahlen,
E.P., Payawan Jr., L., Straub, M., Worner, M., Braun,
A.M., 1998. New evidence against hydroxyl radicals as
reactive intermediate in thermal and photochemically
enhanced FentonÕs reactions. J. Phys. Chem. A 102 (28),
5542–5550.
Bossmann, S.H., Oliveros, E., Gob, S., Kantor, M., Goppert,
A., Lei, L., Yue, P.L., Braun, A.M., 2001. Degradation of
polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) by homogeneous and hetero-
geneous photocatalysis applied to the photochemically
enhanced Fenton reaction. Water Sci. Technol. 44 (5),
257–262.
Carliell, C.M., Barclay, S.J., Buckley, C.A., 1996. Treatment of
exhausted reactive dye bath effluent using anaerobic diges-
tion: Laboratory and full-scale trials. Water S.A. 22, 225–
233.
Deng, N., Luo, F., Xiao, M., Wu, X., 2000. Decoloration of
aqueous solution in the UV/Fe0 system. Water Res. 34,
2408–2411.
Faust, B.C., Hoigne, J., 1990. Photolysis of Fe(III)––hydroxy
complexes as sources of OH radicals in clouds, fog and
rain. Atmos. Environ. 24, 79–89.
Ghaly, M.Y., Hartel, G., Mayer, R., Haseneder, R., 2001.
Photochemical oxidation of p-chlorophenol by UV/H2 O2
and photo-Fenton process. A comparative study. Waste
Manage. 21, 41–47.
Huang, Y.H., Chen, C.C., Huang, G.H., Chou, S.S., 2001.
Comparison of novel electro FentonÕs reagent in treating a
highly contaminated waste water. Water Sci. Technol. 43
(2), 17–24.
Huston, P.L., Pignatello, J.J., 1996. Reduction of Perchloroalk-
anes by ferrioxalate generated carboxylate radical preceding
mineralization by the photo Fenton reaction. Environ. Sci.
Technol. 30,, 3457–3463.
Huston, P.L., Pignatello, J.J., 1999. Degradation of selected
pesticide active ingredients and commercial formulations in
water by the photo assisted Fenton reaction. Water Res. 33,
1238–1246.
Kang, S.F, Chang, H.-M., 1997. Coagulation of textile
secondary effluents with FentonÕs reagent. Water Sci.
Technol. 36 (12), 215–222.
Kang, S.F, Wang, T.-H., Lin, Y.-H., 1999. Decolorization and
degradation of 2,4-dinitrophenol by FentonÕs reagent.
J. Environ. Sci. Health, A 34, 935–950.
Kormann, C., Bahnemann, D.W., Hoffmann, M.R., 1988.
Photocatalytic production of H2 O2 and organic peroxides
in aqueous suspensions of TiO2 , ZnO and desert sand.
Environ. Sci. Technol. 22 (5), 798–806.
 K. Swaminathan et al. / Chemosphere 50 (2003) 619–625
Legrini, O., Oliveros, E., Braun, A.M., 1993. Photochemical
process for water treatment. Chem. Rev. 93, 671–698.
Lin, S.H., Peng, F.C., 1996. Continuous treatment of textile
wastewater by combined coagulation, electro-chemical oxi-
dation and activated sludge. Water Res. 30, 587–593.
Lipczynska-Kochany, E., 1991. Degradation of aqueous nitro-
phenols and nitro benzene by means of Fenton reaction.
Chemosphere 22, 529–536.
Ma, Y.S., Huang, S.T., Lin, J.G., 2000. Degradation of 4-
nitrophenol using the FentonÕs process. Water Sci. Technol.
42 (3–4), 115–160.
Mohey El-Dein, A., Libra, J.A., Wiesmann, 2001. Kinetics of
decolorization and mineralization of the azo dye reactive
Black 5 by hydrogen peroxide and UV light. Water Sci.
Technol. 44 (5), 295–301.
Nam, S., Tratnyek, P.G., 2000. Reduction of dyes with zero
valent iron. Water Res. 34, 1837–1845.
Pignatello, J.J., 1992. Dark and photoassisted Fe3þ catalyzed
degradation of chlorophenoxy herbicides by hydrogen
peroxide. Environ. Sci. Technol. 26, 944–951.
Pignatello, J.J., Chapa, G., 1994. Degradation of PCBs by ferric
iron, hydrogen peroxide and UV light. Environ. Toxicol.
Chem. 13, 423–427.
625
Pignatello, J.J., Sun, Y., 1995. Complete oxidation of metalo-
chlor and methyl parathion in water by the photo assisted
Fenton reaction. Water Res. 29, 1837–1844.
Pignatello, J.J., Liu, D., Huston, P., 1999. Evidence for an
additional oxidant in the photo assisted Fenton reaction.
Environ. Sci. Technol. 33, 1832–1839.
Ramakrishna, K., Viraraghavan, T., 1997. Dye removal using
low cost adsorbents. Water Sci. Technol. 36 (2–3), 189–196.
Solozhenko, E.G., Soboleva, N.M., Goncharuk, V.V., 1995.
Decolorization of azo dye solutions by FentonÕs reagent.
Water Res. 29, 2206–2210.
Standard Methods for Examination of Water and Wastewater.
APHA, AWWA and WPCF, 1995. American Public Health
Association, 19th ed., Washington DC, USA.
Wang, Y., 2000. Solar photocatalytic degradation of eight
commercial dyes in TiO2 suspension. Water Res. 34, 990–
994.
Yoshida, M., Lee, B.D., Hosomi, M., 2000. Decomposition of
aqueous tetrachloroethylene by Fenton oxidation treat-
ment. Water Sci. Technol. 42 (1–2), 203–208.
Zhu, W., Yang, Z., Wang, L., 1996. Application of ferrous–
hydrogen peroxide for the treatment of H-acid manufac-
turing process wastewater. Water Res. 30, 2949–2954.