CALCULUS PROJECT

Complied by :

 Anayosi br. Ginting (4183322002)

 Jessica Kristanti Hartono (4183121036)
 Lasma Enita Siahaan (4182121010)
 Octaviani D. Naibaho (4183121028)

PHYSICS DEPARTEMENT
FACULTY OF MATHEMATICS AND SCIENCES STATE
UNIVERSITY OF MEDAN
2018

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 PART I

PRELIMINARY

A. Background

Along with the times, knowledge continues to grow so that more complex triggering the
students to improve science and technology. Mathematics is a definite science, which is
unchanged from the first until today even continues to grow.

Mathematics is the study of the structure and the amount of

perubahan.Paramathematicianslooking for variouspattern, formulateconjecturesnew, and
establish the truth throughdeductionthatstrictderived fromaxiomsanddefinitionscorresponding.
Mathematics continued to develop over time and the development of the times. Today,
mathematics is used throughout the world as an essential tool in many fields,
including,technique,medical/medicalandsocial Sciencesaseconomyandpsychology,Applied
mathematics, A branch of mathematics which covers the application of mathematical knowledge
to other fields.

Derivativefunction(Differential) is another function of a previous function, for example,

the function f becomes f 'which has a value not uniform. The concept of a derivative as a major
part of the calculus of thought at the same time bySir Isaac Newton(1642 - 1727),
expertmathematicsandphysicsnationEnglishandGottfried Wilhelm Leibniz(1646 - 1716),
mathematician German nation.

The derivative is one of the basis or foundation in the analysis so that mastery of the
concepts and principles of the derivative function can help to solve a problem in everyday life. A

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function can be analyzed based on the idea of going up or down, the optimal and beloknya point
by using the concept of derivative. In the following sections, we will try to observe a variety of
real-world problems and learn some cases and examples to find the concept of derivative.

In everyday life, we often find the pace of change. The pace of change is closely
related to speed. In the following discussion, the authors focused on the section rate related,
maximum and minimum, as well as the function of rise and fall function.

B. Problem Formulation

1. How the shape or material concepts related rate?

2. What form or concept along with examples of questions on the minimum and maximum
material?

3. What form or concept along with examples of questions on the material functions up and
down function?

C. Objectives

Explaining the concept along with examples of forms or questions on the matter related
rate, maximum and minimum, as well as the function up and function down by the theorems that
have so readers better understand and understand the material.

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 CHAPTER II

SOLUTION TO PROBLEM

1. SUMMARY

A. RELATED RATE

If obtained variables that depend on nwaktu y t, then if it is derived will be dy / dt called

instantaneous rate of change. And when y is a distance, the instantaneous rate of change is
referred to as speed. Many of the pace that we find in our lives everyday as the rate of water into
the bucket, extensive enlargement of oil pollution, the rate of wind to fly a kite and
lainnya.Apabila rate in addition to the variable y related to t, there are also variables x and we
also know about dx / dt, then we can look for dy / dt for dy / dt and dx / dt are both related and
called rate berkaitan.Jika we got a question about the pace of related stories like, then we must
have a systematic procedure or step -step:

-Step 1.Suppose t stated time. Draw a diagram which is valid for all t> 0. magnitudes give
identifier whose value does not change when t increases, the values of the constants are known.
Give the name of the letter on the magnitude of the change with time, and add the appropriate
lines of the picture with these variables.
-Step 2. Indicate what is known and what is the desired information about the variable-
peubah.Informasi will be shaped derivatives with respect to t.
-Step 3. Write an equation connecting the variables are valid for all time t> 0, not just at certain
moments.
-Step 4, Diferensialkan equation found in step 3 implicitly against t. The resulting equation,
contains derivatives with respect to t, valid for all t> 0.

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-Step 5, Substitute equation found in step 4 for all the data that is valid at any given moment
where the answer to problems is required. Complete the desired derivative.

Exercise
A boy flying a kite. If the kite high 90 dm above the level of the hand, and the wind blew in
the horizontal direction at a rate of 5 dm / sec, how fast the child is stalling thread at the time
length of 150 dm? (Think of yarn form a line, even though this assumption is not realistic) .

Answer:

Step 1, Suppose the distance between the child with a kite is x, high kite off the ground is y,
the length of yarn (which is considered to be straight, although in reality are not straight) are
considered to z, and t denote the number of seconds while stalling thread, it was found that the
speed wind can be said that an increase in the distance the boy with a kite, namely dx / dt.

Step 2, It is known that winds 5 dm / s, then dx / dt = 5. High y = 90 dm y unchanged said to

be high from time to time so that the derivative dy / dt = 0. The length of yarn when it is z = 150
dm, which sought is a thread stalling speed is dz / dt.

Step 3, According to the theorem of Pythagoras,

z2 = x2 + y2

Step 4, By differentiating implicitly against t and wear Chain Rule, then we have

or

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 Step 5, for all t> 0, dx / dt = 5 and dy / dt = 0, dy / dt equal with 0 because the kite high of
hands of the child remains unchanged 90 dm. Meanwhile, when the length of yarn 150 dm the
value of x being the distance of a child with a kite is

After that we replace the data in the above into the equation step 4, the obtained

Thus, the speed of the boy playing for the current thread yarn length is 150 dm 4 dm / sec.

B. MAXIMUN AND MINIMUM

Suppose the function f with domain S, to determine the maximum and minimum values, namely:

1. Determine if f has a maximum or minimum value in S.

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2. Asume that the value was there.

3. Determine the maximum and minimum values.

The formal definition to determine the maximum and minimum values are:

definitions:

Suppose S, the area of origin f, loading point c, we say that:

(I) .f (c) is the maximum value of f on S if f (c) ³ f (x) for all x in S;

(Ii) .f (c) is the minimum value of f on S if f (c) £ f (x) for all x in S;

(Iii) .f (c) is an extreme value of f in S if it is a maximum or minimum value.

However, not all functions can achieve maximum value and minimum value, but f must
be continuous and interval set S must be closed as the following theorem

Theorem A:

(Existence theorem Max-Min). If f is continuous on a closed interval [a, b], then f reaches a
maximum and minimum value.

Key points of maximum and minimum theory consists of three types of dots, that is the end
point, the stationary points and singular points. Then the so-called critical point, namely the
function of any point within the area of origin function that includes one of the three types of key
points at the top. As explained in Theorem B follows:

theorem B

(Critical Point Theorem). Suppose f is defined on an interval I which contains the point c. If f (c)
is an extreme point, then c must be a critical point; namely c form one:

(I) .period end of I .;

(Ii) stationary .period of f (f '(c) = 0);

(Iii) .period singular of f (f '(c) does not exist).

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So we can conclude a simple way to calculate the maximum or minimum value of a continuous
function f on a closed interval I, namely:

Step 1: Find the critical points of f on I.

Step 2 Compute f at every critical point. The biggest is the maximum value; the smallest is the
minimum value.

Problems example :

Find the maximum and minimum values of y (x) = x2 + 6x + 5 on the interval [-4.0].

completion:

® The derivative of y (x) is y '(x) = 2x + 6

® The critical point of y (x) is the solution of the equation:

y '(x) = 2x + 6 = 0 (multiplied by ½)

x+3=0

x = -3

® so, which generates extreme value of y (x) = -4, -3, 0.

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y (-4) = (-4) 2 + 6 (-4) + 5 = -3

y (-3) = (-3) 2 + 6 (-3) + 5 = -4

y (0) = 02 + 6 (0) + 5 = 5

So, the maximum value is 5 [achieved on y (0)] and the minimum value is -4 [achieved at y (-3)].

C. UP FUNCTIONS AND DOWN FUNCTIONS

 Function Definition Up and Down

A function f is said to ride on an interval if for any two numbers x1 and x2 in the interval,
x1 <x2 result f (x1) <f (x2).
A function f is said to be down on an interval if for any two numbers in the interval x1dan x2, x1
<x2 result f (x1)> f (x2)
A function is said to rise if x moves to the right, the function graph move up and down if
the function graph is moving downwards. For example, functions in addition to riding on the
interval (-∞, a), constant on the interval (a, b), and get off at the interval (b, ∞). As shown
theorem Test Function Up and Down below, the positive derivative will result in a function to
rise, the negative derivative will result in the function down, and derivative zero in the entire
interval will result in the function is constant on the interval.

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  Theorem Test Function Up and Down
Suppose f is a continuous function on a closed interval [a, b] and differentiable on the
open interval (a, b).
1. If f '(x)> 0 for all x in (a, b), then f ride on [a, b].
2. If f '(x) <0 for all x in (a, b), then f down on [a, b].
3. If f '(x) = 0 for all x in (a, b), then f is constant on [a, b].

verification
case 1: To prove the first case, assume that f '(x)> 0 for all xdalam interval (a, b) and let x1 <x2
are any two points in the interval. Based on the Average Value Theorem, we know that there are
a number csedemikian so that x1 <c <x2, and

Because f '(c)> 0 and x2 - x1> 0, then f (x2) - f (x1)> 0, which implies that f (x1) <f (x2). So, f
ride on the hose.
case 2: For this case, we can prove it by using a groove similar to the first case.

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case 3Suppose f '(x) = 0 for all x in the interval (a, b) and let x1 <x2 is duat any point in the
interval. Based on the Average Value Theorem, we know that there are a number c such that x1
<c <x2, and

Because f '(c) = 0 then f (x1) - f (x2) = 0, the result f (x1) = f (x2). Thus, the function is not up or
does not go down. In other words, the function is constant on the interval.

Problems example:
Determine the function inverval rise and fall of the function y = x3 + 3x2 -24x.
Answer: f (x) = x3 + 3x2 -24xf '(x) = 3x2 + 6x - 24f' (x) = (3x + 12) (x-2) x = -4 or x = 2
then we describe on the number line

By looking at the unknown bialngann line f '(x)> 0 when x <-4 or x> 2 (function ride) and f' (x)
<0 when -4 <x <2 (down function)
so:ride function when x <-4 or x> 2 function falls as -4 <x <2

2. ADVANTAGE AND LACK

The material that we bring these have a surplus or a shortage, namely:

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 Advantages: This material is already quite complete because it is equipped with sample
questions in each section are given so as to facilitate the reader to better understand and
depth.
 The drawback: This material can not we develop through a medium of learning because
this material is quite difficult to develop in the media learning and this material is more
appropriate when only explained through powerpoint or summaries of the material so that
anyone who reads it can quickly understand the intent of this material as rate-related,
function up and down function, as well as the maximum and minimum values.

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 CHAPTER III

COVER

A. Conclusion

Based on the above we can draw the conclusion that the material derivative that can be
applied to the material rate related, maximum and minimum as well as the function of rise and
also functions down, where the rate of which is related to it have a relationship with the material
velocity in physics, while the issue of the maximum and minimum it with regard to finding a
stationary value in advance and on the functioning ride down function also relates to
mediferensialkan a continuous function.

B. Suggestion

Thus the Basic Mathematics paper, this paper is certainly still many shortcomings that
must be completed to achieve perfection, the future we will be more focused and in explaining
the details of the above with sources more which can certainly be justified. We are just ordinary
people who are full of shortcomings, for that we ask in all humility, to provide suggestions and
constructive criticism, with the hope that this paper could be more perfect.

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 BIBLIOGRAPHY

jihad1810.wordpress.com/2009/04/09/turunan-laju-yang-berkaitan/

sitirodiah2911.wordpress.com/2009/03/14/penggunaan-turunan/

www.konsep-matematika.com/2015/12/nilai-maksimum-dan-minimum-suatu-fungsi.html

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