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BIOMASS RESOURCE ASSESSMENT ON THEORETICAL AND AVAILABLE

POTENTIAL OF SUGARCANE USING LiDAR-DERIVED AGRICULTURAL LAND-


COVER MAP IN VICTORIAS CITY, NEGROS OCCIDENTAL, PHILIPPINES

Marciano B. Cadalin1, Judith R. Silapan 2, Marjorie V. Remolador 3, Ma. Rosario Concepcion O. Ang4
1
University of the Philippines Cebu, Phil-LiDAR 2, Cebu City, 6000, Cebu Philippines
Email: mbcadalin@gmail.com;
2
University of the Philippines - Cebu, Cebu City, 6000, Cebu, Philippines
Email: jsilapan@hotmail.com;
3
University of the Philippines Diliman, Phil-LiDAR2, REMap, Quezon City, 1101 Metro Manila, Philippines
Email: mvremolador@gmail.com; and
4
University of the Philippines, Diliman, Quezon City, 1101 Metro Manila, Philippines
Email: concon.ang@gmail.com

KEYWORDS: Bagasse, Bioenergy, GIS, Suitability and Optimality Analysis

ABSTRACT: The Biomass Theoretical (Bn) and Available potential (Bav) of sugarcane’s mill-based residue, bagasse,
was assessed using LiDAR-derived Agricultural Land-cover Map and field survey-validated data in Victorias City,
Negros Occidental. This baseline assessment aims to serve as input to a more detailed Biomass Resource Assessment
for Bioenergy Development in the whole Province of Negros Occidental. The GIS-based calculation revealed that
there is 1,842.71 hectares of cultivated land area (An) for sugarcane. The field survey data recorded an annual average
crop yield of 62 metric tons/hectare. Utilizing the bagasse’s crop-to-residue conversion factor of .29 kg
bagasse/sugarcane, the derived residue yield (Yn) is at 17.98 metric tons/hectare. Using the mathematical model: 𝐵𝑛 =
𝐴𝑛 𝑌𝑛 , the calculated Bn is 33,132 metric tons. Moreover, the field survey showed that Victorias Sugar Mill
Corporation’s efficiency of biomass collection (fg) is at 100%. The lower heat value (LHV) based on Department of
Energy derived values (DOE) is 16.56 megajoules for bagasse and the calculated availability of bagasse for energy
production (an ) is at 10%. Considering the 13,390 hectares total land area (Ar ) of the city, using formula: 𝐵𝑎𝑣 =
𝑓𝑔 𝐵𝑛 𝑎𝑛 𝐿𝐻𝑉𝑛
, the calculated Bav is 1.2M megajoules/hectare. Generally, the biomass resource assessment
𝐴𝑟
methodology used in this paper can be replicated to the rest of the cities and municipalities of Negros Occidental.
Consequently, these detailed Municipal/City-based Biomass Resource Assessment Maps will be the major inputs of
the provincial-based analysis of a suitable and optimal site for Bioenergy development.

1. INTRODUCTION

The Philippines have assessed its biomass resources at a provincial level, but it lacks finer geographical focus on its
city or municipal units (NREL, 2008; DOE, 2013). A more detailed calculation and/or estimation of the biomass in
respect to its spatial distribution is unequivocal. It ensures higher certainty in policy and decision making (Capareda,
2006; FAO, 2012). Suitability and optimality analysis for a Bioenergy plant relies mostly of its reliability on the
detailed and accurate data inputs (Capareda et al., 2006; Milbradnt, 2008). Biomass Resource Assessment has long
since been one of the basic requirements for the determination of whether a Bioenergy plant is suitable in an area or
not (NREL, 2008; DENR, 2012; and DOE, 2013). Moreover, the Sugar Regulatory Administration (SRA) is aiming
to diversify the sugarcane industry to not just sugar production but power generation as well. The best location for
this development is Negros Occidental. It covers 54% of the national feedstock for sugar mills (SRA, 2013; BAS,
2013). Being able to capture the biomass theoretical and available surplus in the form of bagasse and account its
available potential for Bioenergy production will greatly contribute to a deterministic analysis of Bioenergy
development (Elauria et al., 2005; DOE, 2013).

Biomass energy is derived from plant-based material and residues whereby solar energy has been converted into
organic matter. Biomass can be used in a variety of energy-conversion processes to yield power, heat, steam, and
fuel. One of the biomass energy sources include agricultural crops and residues such as sugarcane (Boyle, 1996,
Samson et al., 2001, NREL, 2008). Sugarcane has two types of biomass residues, the cane trash and bagasse. Cane
trash is the field residue left after harvesting the cane stalk while bagasse is the fibrous residue left over after milling
of the cane. Bagasse contains mainly cellulose, hemi cellulose, pentosans, lignin, sugars, wax, and minerals (Boyle,
1996). The composition of bagasse depends on the variety and maturity of sugarcane as well as harvesting methods
applied and efficiency of the sugar processing. Bagasse is usually combusted in furnaces to produce steam for power
generation. It is also emerging as an attractive feedstock for bioethanol production (Mendoza et al., 2001; NREL,
2008).
This research used the Agricultural Land-cover Map processed by the Philippines Agricultural Resources Mapping
using LiDAR (PARMap), under the Phil-LiDAR 2 Project. Adopting the methods employed by the Philippine
Renewable Energy Mapping using LiDAR (REMap), the field survey was conducted on May 4, 2014. The interview
was administered by the University of the Philippines Cebu – Phil-LiDAR 2 Project with the Technical Team of
Victorias Sugar Mill Corporation located in Victorias City, Negros Occidental as respondent. Finally, this research
answers the need of a detailed resource assessment focused on crop and place-specific analysis. The information can
benefit local government units, researchers and investors in their further analysis and feasibility studies for Bioenergy
development.

2. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

The basic premise of this framework is focused on the assessment of the theoretical biomass potential and available
biomass potential in a given area or boundary of sugarcane cultivation. Moreover, the actual assessment is limited to
bagasse. The nomenclature presented by Voivontas et al. were considered as the basis of organizing the parameters
in the calculation of the Biomass Theoretical (Bn) and Available potential (Bav). All data considered in the calculation
are based on the LiDAR-derived Agricultural Land-cover Map of Victorias City and the field data validated from
Victorias Sugar Mill Corporation.

Figure 1. List of Parameters from GIS-based Data Calculation and Field Surveys (Voivontas et al., 2001)

2.1 Theoretical Potential

The theoretical biomass potential is the total annual production of agricultural, forestry and other residues in a region
(Boyle, 1996). In this study, the biomass theoretical potential represents the total quantity of bagasse generated as
residue of a particular sugar mill. This involves the determination of cultivated area of sugarcane and its residue yield
using the .29 kg bagasse/sugarcane conversion factor derived from Biomass Atlas of the Philippines (2000). The
cultivated area for sugarcane is geospatially computed from the generated Agricultural Land Cover map while the
residue yield is obtained by multiplying the crop to residue conversion factor and actual crop yield data derived from
the field interview with the sugar mill’s technical team. The theoretical biomass potential is a function of the
cultivated area and the bagasse residue yield of the sugarcane and can computed using Equation 1 (D. Voivontas et
al., 2001):

𝐵𝑛 = 𝐴𝑛 𝑌𝑛 , (1)

2.2 Available Potential

The available biomass potential is defined as the energy content of the biomass that can be technically and
economically harvested and used for energy purposes. In this paper, the actual energy value is expressed in
megajoules/hectare. This unit maybe subjected to further conversion depending on the actual need of the assessment.
Parameter values used in the computation such as lower heating value was obtained based from the standards
specified by DOE. However, efficiency of biomass collection and availability for energy production were gathered
from field validation for a more accurate result. The energy content of the available biomass potential for each crop
is evaluated using Equation 2 (D. Voivontas et al., 2001).
𝑓𝑔 𝐵𝑛 𝑎𝑛 𝐿𝐻𝑉𝑛
𝐵𝑎𝑣 = (2)
𝐴𝑟

3. METHODOLOGY

3.1 Feedstock Sources

The first step of the assessment was the determination of feedstock sources and mill site. Feedstock sources are the
specific barangays that supply the sugarcane stalks to the mill site within the city. A list from Sugar Regulatory
Administration (SRA) was obtained and was cross-validated through actual declared lists from the milling plant itself.
Subsequently, with the use of actual processed Agricultural Land-cover Map (classified Map using Object-based
Image Analysis or OBIA) from Philippine Agricultural Resources Mapping using LiDAR (PARMAP) these
Barangays were plotted accordingly. Moreover, based on the list of sugar mills from SRA a particular mill site in
Victorias City was identified. The sugar mill was geographically tagged using GPS during the actual field survey.

3.2 GIS-based Derived Parameters

The GIS-based approach of this paper has been adopted from the Biomass component of the Philippine Renewable
Energy Resources Mapping (REMAP), under Phil-LiDAR 2 Project (see Figure 2).

Figure 2. Workflow of the Biomass Resource Assessment (REMAP – Phil-LiDAR2 Project, 2015)

The data required in the nomenclature than can be derived from the Agricultural Land-cover Map were collated and
computed. This would include the cultivated crop area and area of region. These parameters were geospatially
computed using GIS tools and were significantly utilized in the calculation of Biomass Theoretical and Available
Potential, employing the mathematical framework presented by Voivontas et al., 2001.
3.3 Field Survey and Secondary Data Collection

A survey questionnaire was devised in order to gather field data. This is to ensure that secondary statistical data are
cross validated before qualifying it as parameter (REMap, 2014). The crop yield was determined initially through the
data from Bureau of Agricultural Statistics (BAS) and was further validated by the actual field survey. This is to
determine the parameter values such as the conversion factor of bagasse from sugarcane and the lower heating value
of bagasse (LHV) which were already derived by the Biomass Atlas of the Philippines as of year 2000.
4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

4.1 The Feedstock Sources

Victorias City is composed of 26 Barangays (see Figure 3) with a total land area of 133.92 km2 (DENR, 2013). Based
on the data from SRA, 20 of which are feedstock sources of sugarcane. These Barangays are listed under the mill
district of Victorias Mill Corporation. Meanwhile, cultivated area for sugarcane (see Figure 4) has been segregated
for further calculation from the actual Agricultural Land Cover Map. As of 2014, total cultivated area for sugarcane
is 1,842.71 ha.

Figure 3. Barangays of Victorias City Figure 4. Cultivated Area for Sugarcane

4.2 Derived Parameters from Literature, Field Survey and Land Cover Map

Using the nomenclature presented by D. Voivontas et al., the set of parameters were derived. The GIS-based
calculation has been processed with three major inputs, the secondary data; field data; and the land-cover attributes.
Table 2 presents the gathered calculated parameters. First, crop yield value of 62 metric tons/ha was cross validated
with the annual average from Bureau of Agricultural Statistics by also asking the data based from the sugar mill’s
observation. Crop to residue conversion factor was also obtained from Biomass Atlas, 2000. This value was
multiplied by the field-validated crop yield in order to obtain the residue yield of 17.98 metric tons/hectare. Second,
through the field questionnaire, the collection efficiency and availability of bagasse for energy production were
computed based from the information provided by the sugar milling technical representative. With 100% collection
efficiency, Victorias Sugar Milling have declared a surplus bagasse of 10%. Lastly, lower heating value was
conveniently obtained from literature with a value of 16.56. This value was validated from other derived values and
variation is not significant (Noon & Daly, 1996; Liang and Meng, 1996; NREL; 2008).

Table 1. Parameters Derived from Field Survey and Literature


Lower Heating Value
Crop Yield Conversion Factor (from Residue Yield Collection Baggase Surplus
(kJ/Kg)
(Metric Tons/Ha) Biomass Atlas, 2000) (Metric Tons/Ha) Effeciency (% ) (% )
(from Biomass Atlas, 2000)
62 0.29 17.98 100 10 16.56

4.3 Agricultural Land Cover Map

This Agricultural Land Cover Map was processed using Object-based Image Analysis through the use of Support
Vector Machine methodology. Aside from LiDAR derivatives, the processing team used the aid of orthophotos and
other Layer algorithms. This map had to go through accuracy assessment and passed with an average of 97% overall
accuracy and 96% Kappa Value Coefficient (PARMap, 2014).
Figure 5. Agricultural Land Cover Map of Victorias City
(PARMAP – Phil-LiDAR 2, UP Cebu)

Extracted data attributes from the Agricultural Land-Cover Map of Victorias City (see Figure 5) served us the major
data input in the calculation of Land Area and Cultivated Area for Sugarcane. Since the map contains various
agricultural features, Sugarcane (excluding fallow) has been segregated. Table 2 shows all 26 Barangays of Victorias
with the corresponding Land Area and Area Cultivated for Sugarcane. The Brgy. X (Estado), Brgy. VIII (Pob.) and
Brgy. XII emerged as having the top 3 largest cultivated areas for sugarcane with 439.30 ha, 296.19 ha and 292.47
ha, respectively. Other areas were not included in the calculation as LiDAR data is still being acquired (PARMAP,
2014)
Table 2. Attribute Data for Land Area and Cultivated Are for Sugarcane of Victorias City

Cultivated Area for


Name of Barangay Land Area (Ha)
S ugarcane (Ha)
BARANGAY X (ESTADO) 2924.58 439.03
BARANGAY XI (GAWAHON) 1716.79 0
BARANGAY VIII (POB.) 943.86 296.19
BARANGAY XIII 933.47 187.44
BARANGAY XII 889.38 292.47
BARANGAY XIV 749.56 172.24
BARANGAY XX 692.20 111.82
BARANGAY XVIII-A 324.56 92.09
BARANGAY XXI 287.00 76.46
BARANGAY XIX 236.16 98.02
BARANGAY XIX-A 93.06 0
BARANGAY XVII 72.13 14.47
BARANGAY XV-A 70.41 30.73
BARANGAY VI (POB.) 67.32 0
BARANGAY XVIII 51.82 11.66
BARANGAY XV 35.63 6.12
BARANGAY VI-A 33.85 0.18
BARANGAY XVI 33.75 6.13
BARANGAY IX (DAAN BANWA) 33.73 0
BARANGAY V (POB.) 31.89 0.42
BARANGAY I (POB.) 23.71 3.56
BARANGAY III (POB.) 15.88 0
BARANGAY IV (POB.) 13.16 0
BARANGAY VII (POB.) 11.12 3.67
BARANGAY II (POB.) 6.01 0
BARANGAY XVI-A 2.57 0
Total 10293.62 1842.71

Since area calculated from the map is mainly based on the availability of the actual LiDAR-derived data, this may be
lesser than the actual declared Land Area from DENR. Cultivated area for sugarcane may also appear to be lesser
than the average declared data from Department of Agriculture because this only captured a certain temporal phase
of the dynamic sugarcane agriculture (PARMap, 2014).

4.4 The Biomass Theoretical Potential of Each Barangay of Victorias City

Table 3. Attribute Data for Theoretical Potential for each Barangay of Victorias City
Theoretical Potential
NAME OF BARANGAY
(Metric Tons )

BARANGAY X (ESTADO) 7893.74


BARANGAY VIII (POB.) 5325.41
BARANGAY XII 5258.68
BARANGAY XIII 3370.16
BARANGAY XIV 3096.96
BARANGAY XX 2010.60
BARANGAY XIX 1762.44
BARANGAY XVIII-A 1655.83
BARANGAY XXI 1374.77
BARANGAY XV-A 552.59
BARANGAY XVII 260.11
BARANGAY XVIII 209.60
BARANGAY XVI 110.23
BARANGAY XV 110.04
BARANGAY VII (POB.) 65.99
BARANGAY I (POB.) 63.98
BARANGAY V (POB.) 7.58
BARANGAY VI-A 3.26
BARANGAY II (POB.) 0.03
BARANGAY IV (POB.) 0.01
BARANGAY XI (GAW AHON) 0.00
BARANGAY XVI-A 0.00
BARANGAY XIX-A 0.00
BARANGAY VI (POB.) 0.00
BARANGAY III (POB.) 0.00
BARANGAY IX (DAAN BANW A) 0.00
Total 33132.00
Figure 6. The Biomass Theoretical Potential Map of Victorias City

The Biomass Theoretical Potential of Victorias City sums up to 33,132 metric tons of bagasse. Out of 26 Barangays,
20 of which are feedstock sources (See Table 3). Consistently, Brgy. X (Estado); VIII; and XII are among the top
contributors with 7,893.74 metric tons; 5,325.41 metric tons; and 5258.68 metric tons of bagasse, respectively. Most
of these Barangays are located in the inner part of the City.

4.5 The Biomass Available Potential of Each Barangay of Victorias City

Table 4. Attribute Data for Available Potential for each Barangay of Victorias City
Available Potential
NAME OF BARANGAY
(Megajoules /Ha)
BARANGAY VII (POB.) 129973.63
BARANGAY XIX 123583.66
BARANGAY XI (GAW AHON) 98284.56
BARANGAY XVIII-A 97915.27
BARANGAY X (ESTADO) 93434.05
BARANGAY XVII 84484.84
BARANGAY XVI-A 79324.16
BARANGAY XIV 68420.96
BARANGAY XV-A 66986.40
BARANGAY I (POB.) 59787.24
BARANGAY XXI 59713.15
BARANGAY XV 54083.48
BARANGAY XX 51138.13
BARANGAY VIII (POB.) 48101.14
BARANGAY XIII 44697.16
BARANGAY II (POB.) 44677.17
BARANGAY V (POB.) 3933.70
BARANGAY IX (DAAN BANW A) 1597.27
BARANGAY IV (POB.) 79.22
BARANGAY VI-A 18.10
BARANGAY XII 0.00
BARANGAY XVIII 0.00
BARANGAY XVI 0.00
BARANGAY XIX-A 0.00
BARANGAY VI (POB.) 0.00
BARANGAY III (POB.) 0.00
Total 1210233.29
Figure 7. The Biomass Available Potential Map of Victorias City

Upon computation, the total Biomass Available Potential of Victorias City is 1,210,233.29 megajoules/hectare. This
means that in Victorias City, every hectare of sugarcane, can at least produce 33.39 megawatt-hour (MWh) of
electricity. One MWh is equivalent to one megawatt of constant power expended for one hour of time. This unit is
often used for metering large amounts of electrical energy supplied to industrial customers by power generation
companies (DOE, 2013). Geographically, most Barangays located at the center of the city has the highest Available
Potential values (see Figure 7). These include Brgy. VII (Pob); Brgy. XIX; and Brgy. XI (Gawahon) with 129,973.63
megajoules/hectare; 123,583.66 megajoules/hectare; and 98,254.56 megajoules/hectare, respectively.

5. CONCLUSION

Victorias City has a Biomass Theoretical Potential of 33,132 metrics tons and a Biomass Available Potential of 1.2
Million megajoules/hectare or equivalent to 33.39 MWh of electricity per hectare.

LiDAR-derived Agricultural Map provides a more detailed data that can facilitate a barangay-level of assessing the
biomass resources. This detailed GIS-based calculation facilitates easier and faster way of deriving parameters needed
for Biomass Resource Assessment. This also ensures that the smallest unit of management, the Local Government
Unit, has a way of looking at the geographical distribution of its feedstock.

6. RECOMMENDATION

Geographical analysis as to where the highest and lowest yield for sugarcane may provide a good management input
in terms of agricultural land use planning. This data may be treated as guide as to where the DA and SRA, or more
specifically the LGU of Victorias may focus on of lowering crop vulnerability and enhancing productivity.

This method may be replicated to other cities and municipalities. Results from each cities and municipalities can be
incorporated as inputs for a Provincial-based Biomass Resource Assessment and the Suitability and Optimality
Analysis for Bioenergy Development.
7. REFERENCES

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Laboratory - USAID- NREL, Los Baños.

Boyle G., 1996. Renewable energy power for a sustainable future. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.

Capareda, S.C., Overend, R.P., 2006. The use of global positioning system (GPS) to estimate point sources of selected
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Liang T, Khan MA, Meng Q., 1996. Spatial and temporal effects in drying biomass for energy. Biomass and
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Mendoza, T., Samson, R., Elepano A., & Duxbury P., 2001. Overview of Biomass Resources in the Philippines.
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Milbrandt, Anelia, 2008. Survey of Biomass Resource Assessments and Assessment Capabilities in APEC
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Noon CE, Daly MJ., 1996. GIS-based biomass resource assessment with BRAVO. Biomass and Bioenergy. 10 (2–
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NREL (National Renewable Energy Laboratory), 2008. “Survey of Biomass Resource Assessments and Assessment
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PARMap (Philippine Agricultural Resources Mapping using LiDAR, 2014. Agricultural Land-Cover Map of
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REMap (Renewable Resources Mapping using LiDAR), 2014. Manual for Biomass Resource Assessment. Phil-
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Samson, R., et al., 2001. Strategies for Enhancing Biomass Energy Utilization in the Philippines. NREL, REAP –
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SRA (Sugar Regulatory Administration), 2013. Directory of Sugar Mills in the Philippines. Retrieved September
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