TABLE OF CONTENT

CONTENT PAGE

ABSTRACT 2

INRODUCTION
3
I. OBJECTIVE

LITERATURE RIVIEW 4-5

METHODOLOGY
I. FLOWCHART OF STUDY
6-8
II. EQUIPMENT
III. PROCEDURE

RESULT, ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION

I. RESULT
9-13
II. ANALYSIS DATA
III. DISCUSSION

CONCLUSION 14

REFERENCES 15

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2.0 ABSTRACT

Bending of beams is a frequently encountered loading situation in practice. A slender member

subject to traverse loads is termed as a beam under bending. At any cross-section, the traverse
loads generate shear and bending moment to maintain equilibrium. One of the common principles
used to determine the loading capacity of a structure is the first yield criterion, which assumes that
the maximum load is reached when the stress in the extreme fabric reaches yield stress. However,
the design based on this rule is not economical for a beam carrying static load, and a substantial
reserve of the strength is disregarded. In order to make use of the material strength fully, we must
explore possibilities of loading the beam into the plastic region. The learning outcomes for this
experiment are to application the engineering knowledge in practical application, to enhance
technical competency in structural engineering through laboratory application, to communicate
effectively in group and to identify problem, solving and finding out appropriate solution through
laboratory application.

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3.0 INTRODUCTION

The bending moment at any point along the beam is equal to the area under the shear force diagram
up to that point. (Note: For a simply supported beam, the bending moment at the ends will always
be equal to zero.)

To calculate the bending moment the beam must be broken up into two sections:

(a) One from x = 0 to x = L/2 and

(b) The other from x = L/2 to x = L.

The bending moment M(x) at any point x along the beam can be found by using the following
equations:

Bending moment diagrams are simply plots of the bending moment (on the y-axis) versus the
position of various points along the beam (on the x-axis). Thus, the following is the generalized
bending moment diagram for the beam shown above.

Bending moment diagrams are simply plots of the bending moment (on the y-axis) versus the
position of various points along the beam (on the x-axis). Thus, the following is the generalized
bending moment diagram for the beam shown above.

3.1 OBJECTIVE

1. To examine how bending moment varies with an increasing point load.

2. To examine how bending moment varies at the cut position of the beam for various loading
condition

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4.0 LITERATURE REVIEWS

A bending moment is the reaction induced in a structural element when an external force or
moment is applied to the element causing the element to bend. The most common or simplest
structural element subjected to bending moments is the beam. The diagram shows a beam, which
is simply supported at both ends. Simply supported means that each end of the beam can rotate;
therefore each end support has no bending moment. The ends can only react to the shear loads.
Other beams can have both ends fixed therefore; each end support has both bending moment and
shear reaction loads. Beams can also have one end fixed and one end simply supported. The
simplest type of beam is the cantilever, which is fixed at one end and is free at the other end (neither
simple nor fixed). In reality, beam supports are usually neither absolutely fixed nor absolutely
rotating freely.

The internal reaction loads in a cross-section of the structural element can be resolved into a
resultant force and a resultant couple. For equilibrium, the moment created by external forces (and
external moments) must be balanced by the couple induced by the internal loads. The resultant
internal couple is called the bending moment while the resultant internal force is called the shear
force (if it is transverse to the plane of element) or the normal force (if it is along the plane of the
element).

The bending moment at a section through a structural element may be defined as the sum of the
moments about that section of all external forces acting to one side of that section. The forces and
moments on either side of the section must be equal in order to counteract each other and maintain
a state of equilibrium so the same bending moment will result from summing the moments,
regardless of which side of the section is selected. If clockwise bending moments are taken as
negative, then a negative bending moment within an element will cause "sagging", and a positive
moment will cause "hogging". It is therefore clear that a point of zero bending moment within a
beam is a point of contra flexure—that is the point of transition from hogging to sagging or vice
versa.

Moments and torques are measured as a force multiplied by a distance so they have as unit newton-
metres (N·m), or pound-foot (lbf·ft). The concept of bending moment is very important in
engineering (particularly in civil and mechanical engineering) and physics.

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Use This Statement:

“The bending moment at the “cut” is equal to the algebraic sum of the moment of force acting to
the left or right of the cut”

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5.0 METHODOLOGY

5.1 FLOW CHART OF STUDY

Group Prepare for Analysis

Experiment
Discussion Proposal Data

5.2 EQUIPMENT

1. Apparatus for bending moment experiment

2. Digital Force Display

3. Hanger and Mass

5.3 PROCEDURE

1. The Digital Force Display meter zero with no load was check.

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 2. The beam carefully loaded with the hangers in any positions and loads as example in Figure
1, Figure 2 and Figure 3 and Table 1 completed.
3. The force reading converted into bending moment (Nm) using:

Bending moment at a cut (Nm) = Displayed Force x 0.125

4. The support reaction (RA and RB) and the theoretical bending moment at the cut was
calculated.

Figure 1: W1 with 3.92N and W2 with 2.94N

Figure 2: W1 with 3.92N and W2 with 2.94N

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Figure 3: W1 with 3.92N and W2 with 2.94N

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6.0 RESULT, ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION
6.1 RESULT
No. W1 (N) W2 (N) Experimental RA (N) RB (N) Theoretical
Bending Moment Bending
(Nm) Moment (Nm)
1 3.92 2.94 0.1625 3.2964 3.5636 0.2049
2 3.92 2.94 0.0500 4.6464 2.2136 0.3954
3 3.92 2.94 0.0875 2.9400 3.9200 -0.5480

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6.2 ANALYSIS DATA
FIGURE 1

Σ𝐹𝑦 = 0

𝑅𝐴 + 𝑅𝐵 − 3.92 − 2.94 = 0

Σ𝑀𝐴 = 0

−3.92(0.1) − 2.94(0.4) + 𝑅𝐵(0.44) = 0

𝑅𝐵 = 3.5636𝑁

𝑅𝐴 = 3.2964𝑁

After cut section,

𝑀 + 3.92(0.2) − 3.2964(0.3) = 0

𝑀 = 0.2049𝑁

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FIGURE 2

Σ𝐹𝑦 = 0

𝑅𝐴 + 𝑅𝐵 − 3.92 − 2.94 = 0

Σ𝑀𝐴 = 0

−3.92(0.1) − 2.94(0.2) + 𝑅𝐵(0.44) = 0

𝑅𝐵 = 2.2136𝑁

𝑅𝐴 = 4.6464𝑁

After cut section,

𝑀 + 3.92(0.4) + 2.2136(0.1) − 4.6464(0.3) = 0

𝑀 = 0.3954𝑁

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FIGURE 3

Σ𝐹𝑦 = 0

𝑅𝐴 + 𝑅𝐵 − 3.92 − 2.94 = 0

Σ𝑀𝐴 = 0

−3.92(0.14) − 2.94(0.4) + 𝑅𝐵(0.44) = 0

𝑅𝐵 = 2.94𝑁

𝑅𝐴 = 3.92𝑁

After cut section,

𝑀 + 3.92(0.44) − 3.92(0.3) = 0

𝑀 = −0.5480𝑁

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6.3 DISCUSSION

From the result of the experiments, for figure 1 (value bending moment is 0.1625Nm), for figure
2 (value bending moment is 0.05Nm) and for figure 3 (value bending moment is 0.0875Nm).
Compare with using theory method, for figure 2 (bending moment is 0.1738Nm), for figure 3
(value bending moment is 0.3552Nm) and for figure 4 (bending moment is 0.3258Nm).

𝐷𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑓𝑖𝑔𝑢𝑟𝑒 1

0.2049 − 0.1625
= × 100%
0.1625
= 26.09%

𝐷𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑓𝑖𝑔𝑢𝑟𝑒 2

0.3954 − 0.05
= × 100%
0.05
= 690%

𝐷𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑓𝑖𝑔𝑢𝑟𝑒 3

−0.5480 − 0.0875
= × 100%
0.0875
= 726%

The bending moment can be calculate based on the data distance. Based on our data, this
experiment consider as unsuccessful due the higher different percentage. One of the possible
reasons for this is that failure in each of these beams occurs by other modes rather than the pure
bending process stipulated. This resulted in the material failing, and hence the ultimate
experimental load attained was lower than the theoretical calculated value. In the case of the beam
with the rectangular hollow cross-section, it was observed that a region of bending occurs in the
region where the roller support was placed. The deformation in that region caused the material to
fail.

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7.0 CONCLUSION

In conclusion, we can conclude, this experiment proves that the theory of bending moments can
be proved by an experiment conducted in the laboratory. Things that affect the value of the bending
moment can also be identified.

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8.0 REFERENCES

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