Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
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Gel / Water
PHPA/KCl Rheology
Oil/Water Engineered
All Oil
Synthetic
Biopolymer
Clear Sized Salt
Sized CaCO3
MMH
Water, Brines
VLS Polymer
1
Monovalent Salt DIF
Drilling Completion
ROP Formation damage
Wellbore stability Clay hydration
Hole cleaning Fines migration
Solids removal Incompatible water
Lubricity Solids plugging
Inhibition Emulsions
FLO-
Fluid TROL
Loss reducer
Calcium Carbonate Filtrate
Sandstone
2
Monovalent Salt DIF
Temp.Stab.
DIF DESIGN CHART
Rheology
Density
FLO-PRO can be designed to meet
all drill-in targets
Field Brines
K-Formate
CaCl2
K-52
NaBr
NaCl
Possible
KCl Optimum
Freshwater
Salts
z NaCl, KCl, Field Brines, Seawater,
CaCl2, K-52, Formates, NaBr
z Provides Wide Density Range
z Improves Polymer Temperature
Stability to > 325°F
z Provides Inhibition
z Improves Polymer Yield
3
Calcium Carbonate Sizing
z Mix CaCO3 sizes, such as fine and
medium, to the get desired median
(average) size
z Total amount of CaCO3 for bridging
should be about 10 - 30 ppb
pp
z For example: Pore throat 50 microns,
median CaCO3 25 microns. Use 38% SAFE
CARB F (7 microns) and 62% SAFE CARB
M (36 microns)
Bridging Particles
Particle Size (microns)
100
Sand
80
60
Silt
40
20
0 Clay
0 500 1,000 1,500 2,000 2,500
Permeability (md)
Viscosifier
z Provides LSRV
4
DIF Fluid Properties
LSRV- Low Shear Rate Viscosity
z Zone Between 3 Rpm and 0 Gel
Flattens Out
z Keeps Operation Out of Trouble
LSRV Advantages
z Hole Cleaning
z Suspension
z Lubricity
y
z Fluid Loss
Measuring LSRV
z Brookfield Viscometer
z 0.3 RPM - 0.0636 sec-1
z Spindle
2L - max. 100,000 cps
3L - max. 400,000 cps
5
LSRV: Biopolymer vs. HEC
Fann rpm
40
Viscositty, 1000 cp
3 6
30 1.5-ppb
FLO-VIS
20
10
2.5-ppb
HEC
0.01 0.1 1 10
-1
Shear Rate, sec
z Hydroxypropyl Starch
6
Other Components
z Biocide - Glutaraldehyde
z Glycols - Lubricant, Inhibition
z Thermal Stabilizers
z S
Scavengers
z Breakers
z pH Modifiers
pH Modifiers
Formulation
z FLO-VIS, 1 - 3 ppb, around 2 ppb, Get
All the Shear Possible
z FLO-TROL, 0 - 8 ppb, around 2.5 ppb
z Magox, 2-3 ppb, or Caustic after
P l
Polymers, to
t gett pH
H up Around
A d 9.5
95
z SAFE CARB, 30 - 120 ppb
z KLA-GARD, 4 - 8 ppb
z Lubricant, If Required
7
Experience
z Over 500 Wells Worldwide for 18
Operators
z 17.5” to 2.125” Hole Diameters
z 0 - >100° Angle
z 300 - 5,000’ Horizontally
z 10 Md - 6 Darcy Permeabilities
z Slotted Liners, Gravel Packs and
Pre-Packed Screens
Advantages
z Flexibility in Density
z Flexibility in Inhibition
z Flexibility
l b l in Formulation
l
z Environmentally Safe
z Non-Damaging
z Cost Effective
Advantages
z Eliminated Packoffs, Need for Sweeps
z Dramatically Reduced Stuck Pipe,
Lost Circulation Occurrences
z Increased Liner Footage Efficiency
From 86% to 99%
z Reduce Torque and drag
z Reduce Pump Pressures
z Enhanced Ability to Slide
8
DIF Limitations
z C
Cement,
t pH
H With C
Calcium,
l i Cit
Citric
i AAcid
id
z Keep Clean
z Destroy at End
z Keep Simple