Ecological Survey of TidalLink Lakes Badin Sindh Pakistan

Ecological Survey of Tidal Link
Lakes of District Badin, Sindh,

Pakistan
Final Report
2007
2007-8
Document submitted to
the World Bank
Ecological Survey of Tidal Link
Lakes of District Badin, Sindh,
Pakistan
Final Report
2
Table of Contents
Page No.
Acknowledgments
1. Introduction------------------------------------------------------------------------ 1
2. Materials and Methodology for Biological Samples Collection --------- 2

and Analysis
3. Results of Biological Analysis --------------------------------------------------- 3

3.1 Physico-chemical features observed in Field ----------------------------------- 3
3.1.1 Temperature ------------------------------------------------------------ 3
3.1.2 Transparency ----------------------------------------------------------- 3
3.1.3 Depth -------------------------------------------------------------------- 3
3.1.4 Salinity ------------------------------------------------------------------- 3
3.1.5 Conductivity ------------------------------------------------------------ 4
3.1.6 pH ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 4
3.1.7 Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) --------------------------------------- 4
3.2 Phytoplankton and algae ------------------------------------------------- 4
3.3 Zooplankton ---------------------------------------------------------------- 5
3.4 Macro Crustacean --------------------------------------------------------- 5
3.5 Fishes ------------------------------------------------------------------- ------ 6
3.6 Birds -------------------------------------------------------------------------- 6
4. Discussion on Biological Analysis --------------------------------------------- 6
5. Materials and Methodology of Physioco-Chemical Samples ------------ 9

Collection and Analysis
5.1 Material and Methods of water Samples Collection ----------------- 9
5.2 Location of Sampling Sites ------------------------------------------------ 9
3
5.3 Preparation of Sample Containers -------------------------------------- 10
5.4 Collection of Water Samples --------------------------------------------- 10

5.5 Collection Procedures --------------------------------------------------- 10
5.6 Methodology of Water Samples Analysis --------------------------- 12
5.7 Determination of Chemical Parameters in ------------------------ 13
Water Samples Sample thawing and segregation
5.8 Laboratory Procedures ----------------------------------------------- 13-14
6. Results and Discussion of Physico-Chemical Analysis ---------------- 15-22

7. Recommendations ------------------------------------------------------------ 23
8. References ---------------------------------------------------------------------- 24
9. Tables 1-25 --------------------------------------------------------------------- 25-55
10. Annexes I-VIII ---------------------------------------------------------------- 56-78
4
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
This draft final Report is based on the work of a team of scientists and specialists that
included field work in Badin and the Dhands carried out between late June and October,
2007:
The freshwater fishery assessment was carried out with the support of a team that
included Dr. M. A. Mahar, Associate professor, Department of Freshwater Fisheries,
University of Sindh Jamshoro. Dr. S. I. H. Jafri, retired professor of Limnology and
Fisheries, University of Sindh, Jamshoro. Water chemistry and pollution studies were
carried out with the help of Dr. Moazzam Ali Khan, Associate professor, and his team at
the Institute of Environmental Studies, University of Karachi.
The Bird census work was assisted by Mr. Rafiq Ahmed Rajput, Sindh Wildlife
Department, Government of Sindh.
5
Ecological Survey of Tidal Link Lakes of District
Badin, Sindh, Pakistan
1. Introduction
The LBOD stage I project was planned and constructed in 1986 to carry saline water
from water logged agriculture land of Nawbshah, Mirpurkhas and Sanghar district of
Sindh. The main spinal drain collected water from many smaller drains and carried it into
Pataji lake via KPOD and into Shakoor lake via DPOD. In 1993 KPOD was excavated
further to constitute as Tidal Link Canal (TLC) to accommodate the increase quantity of
saline effluent. TLC was 40Km long canal which carried saline water to Arabian Sea
through Shah Samando Creek. The drainage system was working well and large area of
agriculture land was reclaimed. The TLC was provided with a 560 m long weir to provide
water to a group of interconnected tidal lakes (Pataji, Chlori, Mehro and Sanhro) between
(24°-25° N, 68°-69° E) having an area of about 70 Km2 . Cholri weir which connected
the TLC to Cholri lake collapsed on 24th June 1998 due to some technical reasons. On
21st May 1999, a tropical cyclone hit the coastal areas of Badin and Thatta districts. As a
result of this cyclone TLC was badly damaged with 54 breaches in both the embankments
of TLC (Qureshi, 2004).
The present situation is that the TLC is functioning as a natural channel draining the
saline effluent of LBOD areas to the sea but the tidal influence of sea water has increased
in TLC and adjoining lakes. Traditionally the tidal link area and its associated lakes have
been a source of commercial fishing of shrimp and fish. After the construction of TLC
6
the salinity of lakes were increased (5.9 -22 ppt) (Jafri, 1997). The commercial fish had a
proportion of species of Marine origin and few (5 species ) of freshwater origin (Jafri et.
al, 2000). Similarly another report indicated abundance of freshwater macrophytes (17
species in freshwater zone of Sanhro and Mehro lakes) and 114 species of algae in tidal
link lakes (Laghari, et. al. 2000).
The present rapid assessment has been carried out to assess the post cyclone and present
scenario of tidal link lakes. It shows that how the increase the mixing sea water has
effected the ecology, chemistry and biological components.
2. Materials and Methodology for Biological Samples Collection and

Analysis
Collection of samples of water, plankton and fish were made three times, in June and July
2007 from 4 major locations such as, Mehro Lake, Tidal Link Canal, Pateji Lake,
Sanhro Lake and associated drains. Water samples were collected in sterilized plastic
bottles for analysis of chemical parameters. The locations of sample sites were recorded
with Global Positioning System (GPS) device model Magellan Meridian Platinum,
temperature, pH, salinity, conductivity and TDS were noted on the spot with WTW 320
conductivity meter, Ecoscan pH digital meter, Ecoscan TDS digital meter respectively
and transparency of water was measured with Secchi disc. Depth was recorded with
measured scaled bamboo.
Zooplankton samples were collected with the help of plankton net No.25 (mesh size
55µ). For quantitative analysis, 50 liter of water sample was filtered in same plankton net
on the spot and the specimens were preserved in 4% formalin in sterilized plastic bottles.
The enumerations of the zooplankton were done in counting tray under the binocular
microscope at x100 magnification. Identification of the zooplankton and other
7
invertebrates was carried out with taxonomic keys (Ward and Whipple, 1976; Mizuno,
and Takahashi, 1991; Battish, 1992; Yunfang, 1995; and Pennak, 2001).
Phytoplankton samples were collected with plankton net No.25 (mesh size 55µ) and
preserved in 4 % formalin in sterilized plastic bottles. Identification of plankton was
done by taxonomic keys (Desikachary, 1959; Prescott, 1966; Gerloff and Cholnoky,
1970). Specimens were photographed by digital camera model DCM35 (350k pixels 1.0,
USB) with magnification of ×100 and ×400 under the Tinocular microscopes (Nikon
Eclipse E-200 and Swift model 300-D).
Fish samples were collected with the help of cast net and sein net. Data of commercial
fishes was recorded from the local landing centers in the area. Shrimps and crabs were
collected from local fisher men in live condition. Specimens were preserved in air tight
ice box and brought in laboratory for identification. Photography was done by Nikon
digital camera of 5 mega pixels. Identification of the species was carried out by
taxonomic keys (Fischer and Bianchi, 1984, Talwar and Jhingran 1991).
Bird fauna of Tidal Link Lakes was also observed during the visits i.e. June and July
2007. The species were observed and identified with the help of Leitz binocular
magnification of 8x22 and Kowa spotting scope magnification of 10x to 60 x . Bird
species were identified with the help of “Birds of Pakistan” by T.J. Roberts 1992, Birds
of Indian sub-continent by Richard Grimmett et. al 1998, A Field Guide of Birds of
Pakistan by Z.B. Mirza 2007.
8
3. Results of Biological Analysis
3.1 Physico-chemical features observed in Field
3.1.1 Temperature: The temperature of surface water maintained between 25° to
34° C (Table 1-5). It varies according to the air temperature, depth of water and
time of observation.
3.1.2 Transparency: The transparency of water depends upon the turbidity due
to particles of suspended silt and detritus. The range of transparency was found 5-
30 cm (Table 1-5).
3.1.3 Depth: The depth of water at various sampling stations varied from 0.6 -1.3
m. (Table 1-5).
3.1.4 Salinity: Salinity is the most significant feature of the Tidal link Lakes
varies in various areas according to the mixing of freshwater from canals and
drains and sea water from Tidal link Canal. The salinity in Mehro Lake was 3 -
10.5 ppt (Table-1) in June but after heavy rains in July it was gone down to 4 - 6.9
ppt (Table-5).In Tidal link Canal the salinity range was 1.2 - 4.5 ppt at low tide
(Table -2).While in Pataji Lake the salinity was quite high 22.6 ppt (Table-3). In
Sanhro Lake the salinity range was 1.4 – 7.3 ppt. (Table-4).
3.1.5 Conductivity: Conductivity of water follows the changes of salinity in

water. It ranged from 2.98 – 43.3 mS/cm.
3.1.6 pH: The pH of water was within the normal range. It was 6.2 – 7.3
(Table1-5).
9
3.1.7 Total Dissolved Solids (TDS): The lake water TDS range was found to be
1.68 – 26 g/l (Table 1-5). The variations of TDS are due to the quantity of various
kinds of salts in the water.
3.2 Phytoplankton and algae:

Tidal link lakes are the largest brackish water body in Pakistan which covers an area of
70 sq. km. Fresh water enters in these lakes in the form of drains which are full of
nutrients, hence this area supports, rich phytoplankton life. In the open waters of Mehro
lake, the algal genera present Anabaena., Merismopedia , Lyngbya ., Oscillatoria and
Spirulina , belong to the class Cyanophyta and Chlorococcum , Noduleria , Oocystis ,
Pediasterium , Spyrogyra , Scenedesmus , Euglena , and Phacus belong to class
Chlorophyta while Anomoenies , Asterionella, Cymbella , Gyrosigma and Navicula
belong to the class Bacillariophyta (Tab.6). Pateji and tidal link canal waters having high
salinity (5-22 ppt) contained only the species of class Cyanophyta, Anabaena sp., Nostoc,
Enteromorpha , Lyngbya , Ulothrix , and one species of genus Navicula of class
Bacillariophyta was found attached with aquatic grass floating weeds (Tab.7-8).
In Sanhro Lake the growth of algae was in the form of mat, as well as in the form of
phytoplankton, belonging to the genera Anabaena sp., Nostoc sp., Oscillatoria sp.,
Spirulina sp., Arthrospira sp., Microcystis sp., belong to class Cyanophyta and
Actinastrum sp., Botryococcus sp., Oocystis sp., Coelastrum sp., Coccomonas sp.,
Scenedesmus sp., Pediasterium sp. belong to class Chlorophyta while Cyclotella sp.,
Cymbella sp., Gomphonema sp., Gyrosigma sp., Navicula sp., Rhoicosphenia sp., and
Tabellaria species of class Bacillariophyta were recorded (Table 9).
3.3 Zooplankton:
Zooplankton samples were studied from Tidal link Lakes (Table 10-13). The planktonic
fauna consisted of a wide range of animal groups. Rotifera (8 species) was the dominant
group in all samples. The order Copepoda is represented by 4 species these include
10
1Cyclopoid, 1 Calmoid and 2 Harpecticod species. Larval stages of shrimp Nauplius,
Zoyea and Mysis were also present in all the samples. Fish larvae belonging to
Oreochromis mossambicus and of Clupid fishes were found in various samples.
Quantitatively rotifers and penoid larvae, copepodite stages and fish larvae dominated in
various samples.
The qualitative and quantitative studies of plankton of Tidal link Lakes indicates that
many types of fish and shrimps successfully breed and grow in this brackish
environment. It has been indicated that estuarine areas offer the best nursery ground for
the breeding of fish and crustaceans. To complete the developmental stage of their life
cycle, shrimps at some stage of development need the water of low salinity (brackish
water) it seems that tidal link lakes are serving as very good breeding ground for fish and
shrimps.
3.4 Macro Crustacean :

Among macro crustaceans, the shrimps are the most important commercial commodity.
In tidal link lakes, 3 species of prawn have been identified (Tab.14). In local language all
these are referred as Kiddi, Jaira and Kalri. Parapenaeopsis stylifera, Kiddi is the
smallest in size and grows to about 8 – 10 cm. it is golden in colour. Penaeus monodon is
the largest shrimp caught in this area. It grows to about 15 – 20 cm in length. It has dark
blue horizontal bands on its body, hence is referred as “Tiger Shrimps” or “Supper
shrimps”. Penaeus japonicus, Kalri was commonly found in all lakes of Tidal Link
Canal area.
Two species of crabs have also been recorded from this area (Tab.14). Swamp crab,
Scylla serrata is the most common species, which is caught in shrimp nets. After tying
their legs with a string, these crabs are sent to the market in live condition. These crabs
grow to large size.
11
3.5 Fishes:
A variety of fishes have been identified from lakes of Tidal link lake area. A total number
of 16 species have been recorded (Tab.15-17). Occurrence of tilapia, Oreochromis
mossambicus is quite interesting. It has been known that although it is a fresh water fish,
it can tolerate wide range of salinity. In these lakes salinity ranges between 3 – 20 ppt.
This indicates that it is successfully breeding in these lakes. Though, salinity of fresh
water is very low (0.2 – 0.5 ppt), but some fishes do enter in the area of low salinity such
species are referred as, “Euryhaline”. Some of these fishes are found to breed
successfully in these lakes of brackish water. 11 species recorded from these lakes are of
commercial importance.
3.6 Birds:
During the studies, 89 species of birds belonging to 17 orders and 23 families have been
recorded. The list of birds observed in the area along with their numbers has been given
in the Table 23. The time of observation is before the bird migratory season. The
migration begins after the 15th of August and is also depend on the weather conditions. If
winter winds start earlier, migration take place earlier or some times it get late till the 1st
week of September.
4. Discussion on Biological Analysis

Tidal Link Lakes are truly brackish water environment (Jafri, 1997). After the destruction
of TLC structure due to cyclone in 1998 (Qureshi, 2004), there have been drastic changes
in environment of the lakes. The volume of flow of water from the lake and into the lakes
during high tide and low tide has increased considerably. As compared to earlier study
(Jafri et. al. 2000), when the water level was maintained by cholri wier. The shore line
remained less submerged, now the situation id different and coast line of Tidal link lakes
fluctuates daily with high and low tide, exposing large area of beaches. This change in
12
habitat has caused immense damage to macrophytes such as Typha and Phragmites
species and the bottom fauna on the shores of Sanhro and Mehro Lakes.
The mean salinity of water has increased and at present no freshwater species of fish have
been observed. All the fishes collected are of the marine origin. The occurrence of
phytoplankton of marine origin (Leghari et. al., 2000) has also been observed. Some
zooplankton of freshwater origin have also been observed (Ref: NIO). It appears that both
in Sanhro and Mehro lakes where canal water, rain and agriculture run-off enters, a zone
of freshwater is created for some time and distance, beyond which the water of higher
salinity is present. Despite all these regular fluctuations of environment, the Tidal link
Lakes are providing a subsistent fishery of brackish water fish and shrimp.
Bird data was collected in June and July which is not a migratory season but some of the
migratory species were observed in the area are those which were injured or can not fly
due to overweight at the end of last migratory season, during the field visit at Mehro lake
bulky coots were observed. The occurrence of certain species of waterbirds in summer is
very usual. According to the previous observations Pelican, Shelduck, Oyestercatchers
and painted snipes were also seen in June and July. Breeding of Black wing stilt, little
terns, whiskered terns , red wattled lapwings, weaver birds, common mynahs, bank
mynahs, common blue kingfisher, pied king fishers, white breasted king fisher was also
observed in the area.
Beside the species of waterbirds, forest birds of the surrounding habitat were also
observed. Sindh Wildlife Department conducting waterbird census only at Juboh lagoon
and Nurri lagoon each year from early 80’s in the month of January but there is no
consistency in the data, the census were not organized in 1988,1989 and 1990 at Jubho
lagoon. Again in 1990 census was conducted on this wetland, and then from 1992 to
2000 census was not organized at Jubho. According to the secondary data the low
population (1498) of water birds were observed in 2004 (Table 25) and the number of
13
species was (24 species). In 2006 the number of species was very low (only 5 species) at
Jubho was observed, as compared to the previous years. The population is declining and
this declining pattern starts from 2001 and in 2006 it was same.
Nurri lagoon is also facing the similar problems of population and species declining. The
census was conducted from 1988 to 1992 and after a gap from 1993 to 2000 again census
was organized in 2001 to 2006 with the gap of 2005. This lagoon is also showing a
similar type of waterbirds population declining pattern. There is discrepancy in the data
which is not showing a clear picture of the area and the status of many migratory species
including some threatened species.
Tidal Link and its associated wetlands are very important staging ground for migratory
birds so there is a need to collect data at least for 3-5 years continuously to get a clear
picture of the area about how many species are using these wetlands as staging ground
and how many species are using it as wintering ground. It is also import to observe the
behavior of the locally migrant and resident species which were observed in thousands.
For example Flamingo were counted in many thousands in mid 80’s this locally migrant
species which breed in Pachham Island in the centre of the Great Rann of Kutch in
Gugrat India (Ali 1945) that area is also called “Flamingo city”. This area contains half of
the total world population of Greater Flamingo and the largest single assemblage any
where in the species range (IUCN 1983).
These birds use the Tidal Link wetland area as their resting, roosting and feeding grounds
as they feed in shallow water and these wetland are ideal feeding habitat to these filter
feeders. The breeding season of these birds’ starts after monsoon therefore these birds
shifted to their breeding site in India and only non breeders were left in the Tidal link
area.
14
During the present study one very important point came up when the Ramsar Information
Sheets (RIS) were studied. The coordinates of these two wetlands (Jubho & Nurri) were
different as it was observed in the field. In the RIS the coordinates of Jubho lagoon is
located in the Mehro lake and the coordinates of Nurri Lagoon is also showing in the
wrong direction see map of Wetland International (Annexure-I). It is suggested that it
need to be clarify and correct with the help of the concerned authorities.
5. Materials and Methodology of Physioco-Chemical Samples

Collection and Analysis
5.1 Material and Methods of water Samples Collection

The representativeness of data of environmental samples largely depends upon the
sampling methodology. The objective of sampling is to collect a portion of material small
enough to transport in a convenient way without changing the composition of material
being tested. The objective implies that the quality and the quantity of components under
test will be the same in the sample as in the material being sampled. Thus
representativeness of the samples largely depends upon how accurately sampling
methodology is carried out.
5.2 Location of Sampling Sites

Twenty different locations were selected which were previously identified to cover the
entire area including lakes and open drains.
Use of Instruments
On-site Instruments
The following instruments were used for on-site measurements of water quality
parameters and field observations.
1. Salinity and pH meter (HACH), for in-situ measurement
15
2. Pocket calculator, with trigonometric functions
3. Stop watch
4. Sunglasses (Polaroid type)
5. Thermometers: liquid in glass type with shield
6. Plastic bottles (2.5 lit)
7. Amber glass bottles
8. Scoop
5.3 Preparation of Sample Containers
All the sample containers were first washed using laboratory grade detergent. They were
then washed with tap water and rinsed with distilled water. Finally they were acid washed
using HCl and rinsed with deionized distilled water. The glass containers were dried in an
oven at 180οC and kept over night prior to use. In the same way the plastic containers
were cleaned first with soap and water, finally rinsed thoroughly with distilled water.
5.4 Collection of Water Samples

Water samples were collected from pre-designated locations using standard procedures as
described in Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater (APHA,
1995).
Sampling Depths
Water samples were collected from the mid depth at each station.
5.5 Collection Procedures
Sample bottles or containers were prepared as per standard procedure described in

Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater (APHA, Before sample
collection attempts were made to avoid contamination of any interfering material (paper,
twigs, debris, etc).
16
ii pH
Glass bottles with a volume of 150-300 ml were used to determine pH.
sample was drawn with same degree of care as for the oxygen samples.
Contamination with the air was rigorously avoided.
ii. Total suspended solids (TSS)
Approximately 2.5 liter of water sample was collected for the estimation
of TSS and stored at < 4.0 0C.
iii. Salinity
Same sample drawn for pH was used to check salinity.
iv. Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5)
The samples for BOD analysis were collected in amber glass bottle to
prevent the samples from sunlight and stored at < 4.0 0C.
v. Chemical oxygen demand (COD)
Approximately 2.5 liter sample was collected in a separate plastic

container and was preserved by adding H2SO4 to pH <2.0.
vi. Cyanide
For the estimation of cyanide the same sample was used collected for
BOD estimation.
vii. Nitrate
The sample collected for COD estimation was also used for the estimation
of nitrate.
viii. Phosphate
The samples for BOD analysis were also used for the estimation of total
phosphates.
17
ix Phenol
The analysis for phenol was made using the samples collected for TSS
estimation.
x. Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen (TKN)
The samples collected for the estimation of COD and nitrate were also
used for TKN estimation.
xi. Metals
The same samples were also used for the estimation of metals.
xii. Pesticides
Approximately 3 liters of samples were collected in a separate plastic

containers and were used for the analysis of some of the commercially
available pesticides.
Onboard Preservation of Samples
All the samples of water after initial on-board-processing were frozen in an ice bath and
finally shifted to deep freezer at –20°C within 3-4 hours of sample collection. All these
samples were kept at –20°C until final transportation to the Institute of Environmental
Studies, Karachi University.
Transportation of Samples
All samples of water properly labeled were finally transported to the Institute of
Environmental Studies, Karachi University in Styrofoam boxes. During transportation the
temperature was maintained at –20°C.
These samples were kept at –20°C till the start of laboratory investigations, which
commenced within two days of arrival at Karachi.
18
5.6 Methodology of Water Samples Analysis
In –situ measurement
pH Measurement
Sample pH was determined using HACH Sension 156 Multiparameter pH probe.
Final reading was taken after about one minute of constant reading.
Salinity Measurement
Salinity of the samples was determined using HACH Sension 156 Multiparameter
salinity probe. The reading was taken in the same way as for pH.
5.7 Determination of Chemical Parameters in Water Samples Sample thawing

and segregation
The samples stored in a deep-freezer at –20°C were thawed at room temperature
before analysis.
Laboratory Procedures
Total suspended solids (TSS)
The TSS were measured by the methods described in the Standard Methods for
the Examination of Water and Wastewater (2003).
Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5)
The parameter was determined titrimetrically using azide modification method as

described in Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater
(2003).
Chemical oxygen demand (COD)
Dichromate reflux method was used to determined COD of the water samples as
per method reported in Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and
Wastewater (2003).
Cyanide
19
Cyanide was determined using barbituric acid method as reported in Standard
Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater (2003).
Nitrate
Estimation of nitrate was made by brucine method as per method described in

Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater (2003).
Phosphate
Samples were digested using persulfate digestion method followed by Ascorbic

acid method for the estimation of phosphate as reported in Standard Methods for
the Examination of Water and Wastewater (2003).
Phenol
For the estimation of phenol the samples were distilled followed by potassium
ferrocyanide method as described in Standard Methods for the Examination of
Water and Wastewater (2003).
Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen (TKN)
TKN was determined titrimetrically using Kjeldahl method as per method given
in Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater (2003).
Metals
An appropriate quantity of sample was dried in an oven at 106˚C to remove water.

The sample was dried to a constant weight and digested with concentrated HNO3.
The digestion of the sample continued till the sample became colourless. 5 ml of
HNO3 acid and deionized water were added. The sample was then filtered using
Whatman filter paper no.1 and the volume was made upto 25 ml in a volumetric
flask using deionized water.
Metal contents of the samples were measured with the help of atomic absorption
spectrophotometer (Pye Unicam, SP-2900) using standard techniques as
20
mentioned in the Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater
(2003).
Pesticides
Sample Preparation
About 2 litres of marine water sample was condensed upto 25 ml on a water bath.
The condensate was extracted with n-hexane thrice the quantity of sample in a
separatory funnel. Approximately 25 ml sediment sample was extracted with n-
hexane in a similar way using separatory funnel. In both the cases n-hexane
extract was dried in a rotary evaporator and sample was reconstituted in methanol
(HPLC grade) and filtered through a membrane filter of 0.22 µm.
High Pressure Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)
The HPLC (Shimadzu, Japan) chromatographic system consisted of a solvent

delivery pump LC-10AS, connected with an auto injector model SIL-6A and a
rheodyne injection valve fitted with a sample loop (20 µl). A guard column filled
with µBondapak C18 analytical waters µBondapak reversed phase column,
effluents was monitored by using UV-detector (visible spectrophotometer detector
SPD-10A). The output of the detector was connected to a chromatopack (CR6A).
Mobile phase consisted of methanol (Merck HPLC grade). The methanol was first
distilled twice and further purified by filtration through Millipore filtration unit
(0.2 and 0.4 µm Millipore filter; Micropore, Nylon). The filtered methanol was
degassed prior to use by sonication.
21
The flow rate was adjusted at 1.5 ml/minute with total elution time of 12 minutes
for each run. The column was flushed with deionized distilled water and methanol
whenever required removing impurities and was allowed to equilibrate between
runs.
6. Results and Discussion of Physico-Chemical Analysis

Data collected during the course of study is presented and discussed. The sampling was
conducted during the month of June and July 2007. In all 11 different sites were selected
on the basis of their environmental significance. The samples were analyzed for their
physical, chemical characteristics. In addition the samples were also analysed for the
availability of pesticides if any.
Physical parameters
The results of the physical parameters are reported in Table 18.
i. pH
The pH of the effluent samples fluctuated between 7.28 and 8.54 indicating that the
effluent samples are is quite basic. The maximum pH was observed at Mehro lake
whereas the minimum was present in the sample collected from Serani Drain. Moreover
pH of the samples are with in the permissible limit as per NEQS.
ii. Total suspended solids (TSS)
According to NEQS maximum permissible limits for TSS are 200 mg/l for inland water,
400 mg/l for sewage treatment and 200mg/l into the sea as can bee seen form Table 15.4.
The TSS values of all the samples ranged between 77-200 with an average value of 124
mg/l. The maximum concentration of TSS was present at Serani Drain. However, in all
the samples the TSS values are with in the acceptable range as per NEQS. Approximately
75 % of the municipal suspended solids are organic in nature and nearly half of which are
settle able. Therefore, the distribution of these solids is not uniform among these samples.
The presence of TSS in the samples indicates organic contamination of both domestic
and industrial origin.
22
iii. Salinity
The salinity of samples ranged between 1.20- 22.20 ‰. It has been observed that salinity
of the entire system some times increased due to sea water intrusion. However, the above
mentioned physical parameters are not responsible for causing any significant
environmental problem.
Chemical parameters
The results of chemical parameters are reported in Table 19.
iv. Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5 )

One of the important indicators of the pollution potential of water and wastewater is
BOD5. BOD5 represents the concentration of biologically oxidizable matter and that can
be taken into account as indicator of organic pollution. It is a measure of biologically
oxidizable chemical substances in a body of matter. It is different from COD in that it
takes into account the presence of only those organic components that are readily
oxidized by micro organisms during phase of incubation of processed sample for 5 days
at 20°C. Organic form of carbon is important for heterotrophic microbial activity while
inorganic carbon including carbon dioxide is essential for autotrophic as well as
photosynthetic metabolism. Their presence in excessive quantity indicates organic
pollution.
The variation of BOD5 at different sampling sites is shown in Table 19. BOD5 level of
the sample ranged between 44-89 mg/l , indicating the presence of organic load. The
environmentally acceptable level of BOD5 is <50 mg/L. However, at high range (> 50
mg/L) BOD5 tends to reduce dissolved oxygen and causes the development of obnoxious
odour. It also increases the oxygen demand of receiving waters. The maximum
concentration of BOD was found at Mehro Lake (89mg/l) where as minimum was
present at Karo Ghangoro drain (44mg/l). High BOD5 interferes with aquatic life and
23
harmful to fishes as it tends to deplete dissolved oxygen. BOD5 generating compounds
such as hydrocarbons are toxic to fish beyond 10-20 mg/L, aldehydes are toxic to fish at
500 mg/L etc. In general the BOD5 of the samples are with in the range as per NEQS
Table 22. However, continuous accumulation of organic pollutant may be detrimental to
the desirable aquatic life of the area.
v. Chemical oxygen demand (COD)

COD is a measure of chemically oxidizable substances present in water. It includes both
biologically and chemically utilizable substances. The variations of COD at different
sampling sites are shown in Table 5.3. The COD level ranged from 132 -1080 mg/l. The
high COD level in the samples indicates the presence of industrial compounds that are
resistant to biological oxidation. The maximum COD level was found at Pateji lake (1080
mg/l). This is the area indicating that is receiving a sizeable amount of harmful effluent.
Similarly at Sanhro lake open water area the COD level was 400 mg/l this is the site
which is receiving effluent from sugar mill and agriculture run off. The COD values at
other 2 sites including Mehro near shore and Karoghangoro drain outlet are quiet
alarming i,e. 520 and 560 mg/l respectively.
The former site represents the main lake which is continuously receiving industrial
discharges and also the agriculture run off. Similarly Karoghangoro drain outlet in Mehro
lake also represents much alarming level of COD. The NEQS limit of COD ranged
between 150-400 mg/l. Rest of the site also represents significant values of COD which
means that the sites are under serious threat due to inorganic and organic pollution of
both domestic and industrial origin.
vi. Cyanide
Cyanides are used in different industries like metal treating industry, coke and gas
manufacturing. The later two are the major sources of cyanide in the wastewater. The
trend of cyanide is reported in Table 18. The average value of cyanide is 1.75 mg/ l. The
24
maximum concentration of cyanide was detected at Pateji lake. The NEQS limit for
cyanide is 1.0 mg/l. From the Table 19 it can bee seen that the cyanide level is still
alarming and if such levels if maintained over long periods may be toxic to some of the
fish species and other aquatic fauna. The possible source of cyanide in the sampling sites
is mainly from the discharges of industrial origin.
vii. Nitrate
Nitrate and phosphates are considered as nutrient parameters and are important for
biological activity. High concentration of nitrates and phosphates when discharged into
lakes results in algal bloom, which depreciates the quality of water if used for human
consumption and other wise. Algal blooms in any water body caused Eutrophication and
low oxygen level, impart bad tastes, odour and colour, which are difficult to remove.
Nitrates in addition, are also responsible for blue baby syndrome, which is responsible for
infant mortality.
The maximum concentration of nitrate (27.6 mg/l) was found in the sample collected
from Tidal Link Canal. The major source of nitrate is agriculture run off. In addition the
Tidal Link Canal also receive sizable quantity of domestic and industrial effluent. High
concentration of nitrate is responsible for the problem of eutrophication in receiving
water bodies.
viii. Phosphates
The concentration of phosphate ranged between 1.00-6.9 mg/l with an average value of
2.55 mg/l. The maximum concentration of phosphate was found at Serani Drain.
The possible sources of nitrate and phosphates could be the inorganic fertilizers, which
are being used using indiscriminately by the farmers of nearby agricultural field
contaminating the ground water aquifers. However, the concentrations of are not much
alarming but their continuous accumulation may be toxic from environmental health view
point in future.
25
ix. Phenol
The concentration of phenol ranged between <0.01-4.72 with an average value of 4.46
mg/l. The NEQS limit of phenol ranged between 0.1 -0.3 mg/l. Phenols are usually
present in discharges from petroleum refining, steam power plants, rubber processing
plants, glass and asbestos manufacturing. The phenol concentration is relatively higher
(4.75 mg/l) at Mehro Lake during the first sample before the rains. The concentration of
phenol is well below the maximum permissible limit in the samples taken after heavy
rainfall. Higher concentrations of phenol are reported to be carcinogenic if enters into the
food chain. Moreover, their presence in drinking water also increases the chlorine
demand for disinfection.
x. Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen (TKN)

TKN values in the water samples are summarized in Table 19. The average of all stations
was 6.13 where as minimum and maximum values ranged between 4.82-7.89 mg/l. The
maximum concentration of TKN was found at Serani Drain. In most of the cases the
TKN values are in the range of almost 5.0 mg/l ranged. There is no increasing or
decreasing pattern of TKN was observed as such. The fluctuations in TKN values only
exist only at narrow range.
xi. Metals (As, Cr, Cd, Pb, Cu, Ni)

The results of metal analysis are presented in Table 20.
i. As
It was found in all the samples, the minimum and the maximum value ranged
between <0.001-.01 with an average value of 0.005. It is contributed by likely
dietary requirement of many foods such as meat, fish poultry, grains and cereals.
Organic arsenic is less toxic than inorganic arsenic in excessive amounts, arsenic
cause acute GIT damage and cardiac changes, Chronic does can cause vascular
disorders such as Blackfoot disease. The concentration of As is well below the
maximum permissible limit as per NEQS( 1.0 mg/l)
26
ii. Cr.
The concentration of Cr is fluctuated with in a narrow range of 0.03-.024 mg/l.
The average value of Cr found in all sites was 0.126. The possible source of Cr is
from the discharge of industrial effluent. From the environmental health point of
view the concentration of Cr is not much alarming. The low concentration of
chromium is because of the fact that metals become insoluble and may settle
down in the sediments.
iii. Cd
It is contributed by electroplating, pigment and plasticizer production. Cd was not
detected in any of the samples.
iv. Pb
Lead is a heavy metal and cause toxicity to animals and plants. Different doses
cause toxicity to different parts and areas. It also affects central nervous system
and has been attributed to cause mental retardation. In the present study the
average concentration of Pb was 0.049mg/l. Lead is mostly contributed into
wastewater through plumbing material. Battery and pain manufacturing plants and
also through Lead containing air from automobile exhausts.
v. Cu
Copper was present in all the samples, average values was 0.03 ranging between
0.023-0.046. The presence of Cu in excessive quantity is detrimental to marine
life. It is required in traces for human beings. The USEPA has proposed 1.3 mg/L
Cu as the maximum contaminant level goal (MCLG).Cu is contributed by textile
industries.
27
vi. Ni
Nickel is not readily absorbed through GIT. However very small amount may be
absorbed specially when taken in high dose when it can cause decreased weight
gain blood and enzymatic changes. Nickel compounds have been found to be
carcinogenic via respiration. The incidence of big concern in Nickel refinery
workers was found greater than others. Ni was not detected in any of the samples.
xii. Pesticides
Pesticides have been used extensively for the last 25 years and are generally considered
to be persistent in nature. There are more than hundred pesticides in common usage.
Many of them are available in several formulations or under several trade names. These
pesticides are commercially classified according to the properties of the active
ingredients as either selective or non-selective.
It is estimated that 31 to 48 billion pounds of organophosphate insecticides are used each

year only in the United States. The WHO estimates that 500,000 pesticides poisoning
cases occur annually in the world and that 170 are fatal (5000 deaths/year).
Pesticides that are soluble in both water and fats are usually taken up more quickly by
man and animals as the traces of these pesticides along with their metabolites and
breakdown products are ubiquitously present in abiotic and biotic environment. In
addition the proportion of pesticides that is absorbed by the gut depends on the movement
of the gut and the rate of passage of foodstuff through it.
Pesticides are suspected to play a causative role in the alteration of sexual development in
the wild life species. Several organophosphorus insecticides and their analouges have
been found to be teratogenic in rodents and in chick embryos and also toxic for aquatic
fauna.
28
In Pakistan about 254 metric tons of pesticides formulations were used which increased
to 16,226 metric tons in 1976-77and their use increased exponentially in the last decade .
The results of pesticide analysis are reported in Table 21. From Table 21. It can be seen
that none of the water sample showed any significant concentration of pesticide. The
environmental impact of these pesticide residues and their effect on human health is a
matter of much concern. Recent studies on the estrogen like behavior of DDT and PCBs
in human suggest the implication of these compounds in breast cancer. It is also reported
the presence of DDT in planktons and in the marine bottom deposits in China. The
presence of DDT indicates its past use and confirm the long term persistence in the
environment.
In the present study it seems that most of the pesticides that are being used in the area are
mostly biodegradable and hence therefore appeared in low concentration.
29
Recommendations:
1- It has been observed that damage of tidal link canal is beyond repair, so some
other means to be worked out to divert the low salinity water of drains into
Tidal link Lakes.
2- Measures are taken to stop the dumping of pollutants into canals and drains so
as to maintain a clean environment in the lake for healthy fish production.
3- Long term monitoring of ecological and biological parameters is required so

as to formulate proper management plan for the Tidal link Lakes.
4- As these lakes provide the livelihood to thousands of fisherfolk settled around

these lakes it is imperative that a good harvest of fish and shrimp be ensured
by maintaining a pollution free environment in these lakes.
5- Clarify the boundaries of the two Ramsar sites Nurri and Jubho located in the
area.
6- A Comprehensive Management plan is needs to be developed to cover all the

aspects (Socio economic and biodiversity) of the wetlands.
30
References
Ali, Salim 1945. The bids of Kutch. Oxford university Press.
Battish,S.K.1992. Zooplankton of India. Oxford & IBHP Publishing Co., 66 Janpath,

New Delhi, p.233.
Desikachary ,T. V. 1959. Cyanophyta. Ind. Agr. Res. Council New Delhi, pp. 686.
Gerloff J. and B.J. Cholnoky 1970. Diatomaceae II. Herausgegeben An Seinem Zweiten
Todestag. Russia.
IUCN Conservation Monitoring centre 1983. A Preliminary Environmental Profile of the

India –Pakistan boarderlands in the Sindh –Kutch region. A report of the World
Bank. IUCN Conservation Monitoring centre, Cambridge.
Jafri, S.I.H. 1997. Final Report, Fisheries survey of Choteari reservoir (Distt: Sanghar)
and Tidal Link Lakes (Distt:Badin) LBOD-WAPDA, Department of Freshwater
Biology and Fisheries, University of Sindh, Jamsharo. p134.
Jafri, S.I.H., S.S. Ali, M.A. Mahar, S.M. Hussain and Z. Khatoon, 2000. Fisheries
Potential of Tidal link Lakes (Distt:Badin) of Sindh Coast of (North Arabian sea).
Pak. J. Zool.32 (4) ; 301-306.
Laghari, S.M., S.I.H. Jafri, M.A. Mahar, K.H. Lashari, S.S.Ali, T.M. Jahangir and
M.Y.Khuhawar, 2000. Limnological Study of Sanharo, Mehro, Pataji and Cholri
Lakes of District Badin, Sindh, Pakistan. Pak. J. Biology.Sc. 3 (11): 1904-1909.
Mizuno,T. and Takahashi, K. 1991 An illustrated guide to freshwater zooplankton in

Japan. Tokai University press, p.532.
31
Pennak, R.W 2001. Freshwater invertebrates of the United State. 2nd Ed., John Willy and
Sons, New York, U.S.A., p. 803.
Prescott, G.W. 1962. Algae of western great lake area. W.M.C.Brown Company, lowa,
U.S.A. pp.977.
Talwar and A. G. Jhingran 1991. Inland Fishes of India and Adjacent countries. Vol I &
II. Oxford & IBH publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd, New Delhi, India.
Ward, H. B. and G.C. Whipple 1959. Fresh Water Biology. 2nd Ed., John Willey and
Sons, London.
Yunfang H.M. S., 1995. Atlas of freshwater Biota in China. Pub.China Ocean Press,
Beijing. Pp 110-128.
Table:1. Analysis of physico-chemical parameters of Mehro lake
S.No. Parameters St.1 St.2 St.3

1 Coordinate 24º22.308N, 24º22.031N, 24º22.365N,
068º39.460E 068º39.526E 068º39.743E
2 Time of collection 9:02 am 10:45 am 11:10 am
3 Temperature ºC 29 39 40
(Air)
4 Temperature ºC 25 25.4 29
(Water)
5 Transparency of 22.5 17.5 12.5
water (cm)
6 pH 6.74 7.08 7.30
7 Salinity (ppt) 3 10 10.5
8 Conductivity 5.27 23.41 21.72
(mS/cm)
9 TDS (g/l) 3.509 14.98 15.34
10 Depth of water (m) 0.6 1.05 0.9
St.1. Fulali Guni Drain fallpoint in Mehro Lake

St.2. Zeropoint Mehro Lake 1km inside St.3. 03 km inside right side Mehro Lake
Table: 2. Analysis of physico-chemical parameters of Tidal Link Canal
S.No. Parameters St.1 St.2 St.3

32
068º49.46E 068º49.450E 068º49.509E
2 Time of collection 10:20 am 11:15 am 11:40 am
(Air)
4 Temperature ºC 31.7 31.6 31
(Water)
5 Transparency of 12.5 7.5 5
water (cm)
6 pH 6.62 6.67 6.59
7 Salinity (ppt) 1.2 2.4 4.5
8 Conductivity 2.98 5.27 9.12
(mS/cm)
9 TDS (g/l) 1.68 2.78 4.37
10 Depth of water (m) -- -- --
St.1. Jhati Tar
St.2. LBOD main channel St.3. Junction of Rangers post/NIO post near Jhati Tar
Table: 3. Analysis of physico-chemical parameters of Pateji Lake
S.No. St.1
1 Coordinate 24º20.822N, 068º47.336E
2 Time of collection 3:30 pm
3 Temperature ºC (Air) 36
4 Temperature ºC (Water) 34
5 Transparency of water 17.5
(cm)
6 pH 7.04
7 Salinity (ppm) 22.6
8 Conductivity (mS/cm) 43.3
9 TDS (g/l) 26
10 Depth of water (m) 0.9
Table: 4. Analysis of physico-chemical parameters of Sanharo Lake
S.No. St.1 St.2 St.3 St.4

1 Coordinate 24º19.901N, 24º19.254N, 24º17.587N, 24º19.735N,
068º35.545E 068º35.771E 068º37.865E 068º34.670E
2 Time of 11:20 am 12:00 noon 1:10 pm 3:10 pm
33
collection
3 Temperature ºC 35 36 37 35
(Air)
4 Temperature ºC 29.9 30.3 32 33.6
(Water)
5 Transparency of 12 6 00 11
water (Inch)
6 pH 7.2 6.85 6.9 6.96
7 Salinity (ppt) 2.4 1.5 7.3 1.4
8 Conductivity 5.10 3.28 14.28 3.43
(mS/cm)
9 TDS (g/l) 2.59 1.481 7.12 2.0
10 Depth of water 2.5 3 2 2.5
(feet)
St.1. Village Karoghoongaro
St.2. karoghoongaro inside 2km away from village
St.3. 05 km inside right side near kandhan drain St.4. Karoghoongaro near open drain
mouth area
Table:5. Analysis of physico-chemical parameters of Mehro Lake
S.No. St.1 St.2 St.3

068º40.760E 068º40.599E 068º40.151E
2 Time of collection 3:00 pm 3:35 pm 4:17 am
(Air)
4 Temperature ºC 28.9 28.6 29
(Water)
5 Transparency of 12.5 7.5 7.5
water (cm)
6 pH 6.81 6.81 6.81
7 Salinity (ppt) 5.8 4 6.9
8 Conductivity 10.96 7.78 12.97
(mS/cm)
9 TDS (g/l) 5.45 4.20 6.99
10 Depth of water (m) 1.2 1.3 1.2
34
St.1. Mehro shore near Sadabahar point
St.2. Haji Sumar Gao station inside3km from shore
St.3. 3 km inside right side Mehro
Table: 6. Phytoplankton (algae) recorded from Mehro Lake

________________________________________________________________________
Stations 1 2 3
________________________________________________________________________
Phylum: Cyanophyta
Class: Chroocophyceae
Order: Chroococcales
Family: Chroococcaceae
Merismopedia elegan A. Braun + - +
Microcystis bengalensis Banerji + + +
Microcystis flos-aqua Kuetz + + +
35
Microcystis incerta Lemmermann - + -
Class: Nostocophyceae
Order: Nostocales
Family: Nostocaceae
Anabaena variabilis Kuetzing + + +

Anabaena plantonica Kuetz - + +
Family: Oscillatoriaceae
Oscillatoria curviceps Ghose + + -
Oscillatoria formosa Biswas + - -
Oscillatoria laete-virens Crouan + + -
Lyngbya sp. + - -
Spirulina gigantea Schmidle + + +
Spirulina subsalsa Oersped + + +
Phylum:Chlorophyta
Class: Chlorophyceae
Order: Chlorococcales
Family: Oocystaceae
Oocystis borgei Srrow + + +
Family: Scenedesmaceae
Scenedesmus dimorphus Turp. Kuetz + - -
Family: Hydrodictyaceae
Pediasterium duplex var. clathratum Lagerheim + - -
Pediasterium simplex Raben horst + + -
Spirogyra aequinoctialis G.S.West + - -
Order:Zygnematales
Nodularia spunigena Merten - + +
Chlorococcum humicola (Naeg).Babenhorst - + -
Phylum: Euglenophyta
36
Class: Euglenophyceae
Order: Euglenales
Family: Euglenaceae
Euglena spirogyra Ehrenb. + + -
Phacus sp. + + -
Phylum: Bacillariophyta
Class: Bacillariophyceae
Anomoeoneis sphaerophora (Kutz.) Pfitz. + + +
Asterionella formosa Hass + + +
Order: Centrals
Family: Coscinoiscoideae
Cymbella affinis Kutz. - - +
Gyrosigma kutzingii (Grun.) Cl. + + -
Navicula anglica + + +
1. Mehro Lake Shore

2. 3 Km from shore (Left)
3. 3 Km from shore (Right)
Table: 7. Phytoplankton (algae) recorded from Tidal Link Canal

________________________________________________________________________
Stations 1 2 3
________________________________________________________________________
Phylum: Cyanophyta
Order: Nostocales
37
Family: Nostocaceae
Nostoc sp. + _ _
Oscillatoria perornata F.Attenuata Skuja + - +
Oscillatoria tenuis var. tergestina (Kuetz) Rabenhorst - + +
Lyngbya sp. + - -
Ulothrix tenermia - + -
Enteromorpha sp. + + -
Table: 8. Phytoplankton (algae) recorded from Pateji Lke
Phylum: Cyanophyta
Order: Nostocales
Family: Nostocaceae
Anabaena plantonica Kuetz
Oscillatoria formosa Biswas
Order: Centrals
Navicula anglica
1. Jati tar
2. Main Channel
3. Near Ranger post
Table: 9. Phytoplankton and algae recorded from Sanhro Lake
________________________________________________________________________
Stations 1 2 3
________________________________________________________________________
38
Phylum: Cyanophyta
Class: Chroocophyceae
Order: Chroococcales
Family: Chroococcaceae
Merismopedia elegan A. Braun + + -
Microcystis bengalensis Banerji + + _
Microcystis flosiqua Kuetz - + +
Microcystis incerta Lemmermann _ + +
Order: Nostocales
Family: Nostocaceae
Anabaena variabilis Kuetzing + + +
Anabaena plantonica Kuetz + - +
Oscillatoria perornata F.Attenuata Skuja + + +
Oscillatoria tenuis var. tergestina (Kuetz) Rabenhorst - - +
Nostoc sp. - - +
Arthrospira platensis (Nordst) Gomont - - +
Spirulina gigantea Schmidle + + +
Phylum:Chlorophyta
Class: Chlorophyceae
Order: Chlorococcales
Family: Oocystaceae
Botryococcus braunii Kuetz - - +
Oocystis borgei Srrow. + + +
Family: Scenedesmaceae
Actinastrum hantzschii Lagerheim - + +
Scenedesmus dimorphus Turp. Kuetz + - +
Family: Hydrodictyaceae
Pediasterium duplex var. clathratum Lagerheim + - +
Pediasterium duplex var. rugulosum Rac - - +
39
Pediasterium simplex Raben horst - - +
Order:Zygnematales
Coelastrum microporum Naegeli - - +
Phylum: Euglenophyta
Class: Euglenophyceae
Order: Euglenales
Family: Euglenaceae
Coccomonas orbicularis Stein + + +
Order: Centrals
Cyclotella sp. - - +
Cymbella gracilis (Rabens.) Cl.
Gomphonema parvulum var. subelliptica CL. - - +
Gyrosigma accuminita Kuetz - + +
Navicula anglica + + +
Navicula pupula var. rectangularis (Greg) Grun. + + +
Rhoicosphenia curvata (Kutz) Grun. - - +
Tabellaria fenestrata (Lyngb.) Kutz. + - -
1. Sanhro Lake shore

2. 2 Km from shore
3. 5 Km from shore
40
Table: 10. Quantitative analysis of Zooplankton in Mehro Lake
________________________________________________________________________
Stations 1 2 3
________________________________________________________________________
Phylum: Rotifera
Class: Monogononta
Order: Flosculariaceae
Family: Testudinellidae
Brachinus plicatilis 16 5 7
Brachionus rubens 13 16 1
Brachionus caudatus 74 6 1
Brachionus calyciflorus 17 24 2
Phylum: Arthropoda
Class: Crustacea
Order: Copepoda
Suborder: Cyclopoida
Thermocyclops hyalinus 4 0 0
Mysis stage (Penied) 34 21 0
1. Mehro Lake Shore

2. 3 Km from shore (Left)
3. 3 Km from shore (Right)
41
Table: 11. Zooplankton recorded from Pateji Lake
Phylum: Rotifera
Class: Monogononta
Phylum: Arthropoda
Class: Crustacea
Order: Copepoda
Suborder: Calanoida
Family: Diaptomidae
Heliodiaptomus sp. 17 0 0
Zoea Larvae 74 0 0
Tilapia larvae 34 0 0
42
Table: 12. Zooplankton recorded from Tidal Link Canal
________________________________________________________________________
Stations 1 2 3
________________________________________________________________________
Phylum: Rotifera
Class: Monogononta
Brachionus calyciflorus 6 0 0
Phylum: Arthropoda
Class: Crustacea
Order: Copepoda
Mesocyclops leuckerti 5 0 8
Cyclops (copepodite stage) 46 21 17
Suborder: Calanoida
Family: Diaptomidae
Diaptomus (copepodite stage) 0 0 1
Suborder: Harpacticoida
Family: Laophontidae
43
Onychocamptus mohammad Blanchard et Richard 0 3 0
Mesochra suifunensis borutzky 0 9 0
Fish larvae 6 9 0
1. Jati tar
2. Main Channel
3. Near Ranger post
Table: 13. Zooplankton recorded from Sanhro Lake

________________________________________________________________________
Stations 1 2 3
________________________________________________________________________
Phylum: Protozoa
Class: Ciliophora
Order: Peritricha
Family: Vorticellidae
Vorticella sp. 0 0 1
Family: Trichopelmidae
Pseudomicrothorax agilis 2 5 0
Phylum: Rotifera
Class: Monogononta
Brachionus forficula 23 4 0
Brachionus falcatus 81 9 12
Keratella procurva 0 0 0
Lecane inopinata 3 7 0
Phylum: Arthropoda
44
Class: Crustacea
Order: Copepoda
Mesocyclops leuckerti 3 6 0
Cyclops nupliai 35 24 79
Fish larvae 0 47 0
1. Sanhro Lake shore

2. 2 Km from shore
3. 5 Km from shore
Table: 14. Crustacean species recorded from Tidal Link Area

S. No NAME LOCAL NAME
1 Parapenaeopsis stylifera (Miline Edwards) * Kiddi
2 Penaeus japonicus (Bate) * Kalri
3 Penaeus monodon (Fabricius) * Jair
4 Scylla serrata * Mud crab/ Swamp Crab
5 Portunus pelagicus Blue Crab
* Commercially important species
45
Table: 15. List of fishes recorded from Mehro Lake
1 Nematolosa nassus (Bloch) * Dhadhi Pali
2 Pisodonophis boro ( Hamilton – Buchanan) * Sunk
3 Lutjanus lutjanus (Park) * Hira, Dandio
4 Oreochromis mossambicus (Peter) * Dayyo, Tilapia
5 Liza carinata (Valenciennes) * Moor
6 Liza subviridis (Valenciennes) * Chodi
7 Valamugil speigleri (Bleeker) * Phare
8 Eleutheronema tetradactylum (Shaw) * Rishi, Guchchia, Ranwas, Sear
46
9 Gobius ocellatus (Day) Vacho – gullo
10 Arius arius (Hamilton) * Khagga
11 Lates calcarifer (Bleeker) * Dangri
12 Pomadasys kaakan (Cuvier) * Dathi
13 Trypauchen taenia (Weber & Beaufort) * Gollo
14 Tenualosa toli (Hamilton) * Sea Palla
15 Cynoglosus dubius * Sole
* Commercial Fish species
Table:16. List of fishes recorded from Tidal Link Canal Area
1 Nematolosa nassus (Bloch) Dhadhi Pali
2 Thryssa mystax (Schneider) Kagaja; Ramphayasa
3 Pisodonophis boro ( Hamilton – Buchanan) Sunk
4 Strongylura leiura (Bleeker) Kango; bara tunchi
5 Lutjanus lutjanus (Park) Hira, Dandio
47
6 Oreochromis mossambicus (Peter) Dayyo, Tilapia
7 Liza carinata (Valenciennes) Moor
8 Liza subviridis (Valenciennes) Chodi
9 Valamugil speigleri (Bleeker) Phare
10 Eleutheronema tetradactylum (Shaw) Rishi, Guchchia, Ranwas, Sear
12 Arius arius (Hamilton) Khagga
13 Lates calcarifer (Bleeker) Dangri
14 Platycephalus indicus (Linnaeus) Rubab
15 Pomadasys kaakan (Cuvier) Dathi
16 Trypauchen taenia Gollo
Table: 17. List of fishes recorded from Sanhro Lake
1 Nematolosa nassus (Bloch) * Dhadhi Pali
2 Thryssa mystax (Schneider) Kagaja; Ramphayasa
3 Pisodonophis boro ( Hamilton – Buchanan) Sunk
4 Strongylura leiura (Bleeker) Kango; bara tunchi
48
5 Lutjanus lutjanus (Park) * Hira, Dandio
6 Oreochromis mossambicus (Peter) * Dayyo, Tilapia
7 Liza carinata (Valenciennes) * Moor
8 Liza subviridis (Valenciennes) * Chodi
9 Valamugil speigleri (Bleeker) * Phare
10 Eleutheronema tetradactylum (Shaw) * Rishi, Guchchia, Ranwas, Sear
12 Arius arius (Hamilton) * Khagga
13 Lates calcarifer (Bleeker) * Dangri
14 Platycephalus indicus (Linnaeus) * Rubab
15 Pomadasys kaakan (Cuvier) * Dathi
* Commercial Fish species
Table 18 Results of the physical parameters
Sample No. Date of Physical parameters

sample
collection
pH Total suspended Salinity
solids (mg/l) %
49
Serani Drain 26-06-07 7.28 200 2.40
Junction of Gunni 26-06-07 8.28 179 3.0

Fullali & Mirwah
drain
Mehro Lake 26-06-07 8.54 194 4.1
Mehro Lake 8.12 120 1.40

23-07-07
Sanhro Open water 8.28 98 2.40

20-07-07
Pataji Lake 19-07-07 8.49 79 22.20
Sanharo near shore 19-07-07 8.20 101 1.20
Tidal Link Drain 19-07-07 8.04 121 4.50
Mehro Lake 21-07-07 8.50 104 5.20
Karoghungro Drain 20-07-07 7.60 89 1.20
Karoghungro Drain 20-07-07 8.38 77 1.40

Outlet
Min- Max 7.28-8.54 77-200 1.20- 22.20
Average 8.15 124 4.45
Table 19 Results of the chemical parameters
Sample No. Date of Chemical parameters (mg/l)
50
sample
collection
BOD5 Cyanide CO Nitrate Phosphate Phenol TKN
D
Serani Drain 26-06-07 82 1.205 158 3.00 6.9 4.124 7.54
Junction of 26-06-07 79 0.702 132 1.10 5.1 4.546 6.96

Gunni Fullali
& Mirwah
drain
Mehro Lake 26-06-07 89 0.895 164 2.60 5.7 4.723 7.89
Mehro Lake 52 0.2 0 360 1.44 1.00 <0.01 4.82

23-07-07
Sanhro Open 61 1.40 400 1.5 2.00 <0.01 5.71

water 20-07-07
Pataji Lake 19-07-07 55 4.75 1080 5.2 1.21 <0.01 5.44
Sanharo near 19-07-07 75 0.89 140 3.3 1.01 <0.01 5.22

shore
Tidal Link 19-07-07 55 2.91 160 27.6 1.06 <0.01 5.12
Drain
Mehro Lake 19-07-07 61 1.34 520 14.1 1.07 <0.01 6.72
Karoghungro 19-07-07 44 1.84 160 19.3 2.05 <0.01 6.50

Drain
Karoghungro 21-07-07 53 1.64 560 2.9 1.02 <0.01 5.56
Drain Outlet
Min- Max 20-07-07 44-89 0.20- 132- 1.10- 1.00-6.9 <0.01- 4.82-
4.75 1080 27.6 4.72 7.89
Average 20-07-07 64.18 1.75 413 7.45 2.55 4.46 6.13
51
Table 20 Results of the Heavy Metals
Sample No. Date of

sample
collection
As Cr Cd Pb Cu Ni
Serani Drain 26-06-07 0.003 0.042 <0.001 0.041 0.023 <0.001
Junction of 26-06-07 0.01 0.136 <0.001 0.036 0.056 <0.001

Gunni Fullali
& Mirwah
drain
Mehro Lake 26-06-07 0.005 0.054 <0.001 0.062 0.039 <0.001
Mehro Lake 0.005 0.03 <0.001 0.051 0.032 <0.001

23-07-07
Sanhro Open 0.01 0.13 <0.001 0.041 0.046 <0.001
20-07-07
water
Pataji Lake 19-07-07 0.005 0.07 <0.001 0.056 0.042 <0.001
Sanharo near 19-07-07 <0.001 0.12 <0.001 <0.048 0.042 <0.001

shore
Tidal Link 19-07-07 0.005 0.14 <0.001 <0.046 0.036 <0.001
Drain
Mehro Lake 21-07-07 0.005 0.21 <0.001 <0.036 <0.032 <0.001
Karoghungro 20-07-07 0.005 0.24 <0.001 <0.032 <0.036 <0.001

Drain
Karoghungro 20-07-07 <0.001 0.07 <0.001 <0.034 <0.032 <0.001
Drain Outlet
Min- Max <0.001- 0.03- <0.001 0.032- 0.023-0.046 <0.001
.01 .024 0.062
Average 0.005 0.126 0.001 0.049 0.03 0.001
52
Table 21 Results of the pesticide analysis
Sample No. Date of Pesticides (mg/l)

sample
collection
Malathion Cypermethrin Aldrin Dialdrin
Serani Drain 26-06-07 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001
Junction of 26-06-07 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001

Gunni Fullali &
Mirwah drain
Mehro Lake 26-06-07 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001
Mehro Lake <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001

23-07-07
Sanhro Open <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001

water 20-07-07
Pataji Lake 19-07-07 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001
Sanharo near 19-07-07 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001

shore
Tidal Link Drain 19-07-07 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001
Mehro Lake 21-07-07 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001
Karoghungro 20-07-07 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001

Drain
53
Karoghungro 20-07-07 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001
Drain Outlet
Min- Max <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001
Average
Table 22. National Environmental Quality Standards (NEQS) for Municipal and
Industrial Effluents (mg/l unless otherwise defined)
S.No. Parameter Standards

Into inland Into sewage Into Sea
waters treatment
1. Temperature increase =<3oC =<3oC =<3oC
2 pH value 6 to 9
3 Five-day bio-chemical oxygen 80 250 807

demand (BOD)5 at 20oC
4 Chemical oxygen demand 150 400 400
(COD)
5 Total suspended solids (TSS) 200 400 200
6 Total dissolved solids (TDS) 3,500 3.500 3.500
7 Grease and oil 10 10 10
8 Phenolic compounds (as phenol) 0.1 0.3 0.3
9 Chlorides (as Cl) 1000 1.000 SC8
10 Fluorides (as F’) 10 10 10
54
11 Cyanide total (as CN) 1.0 1.0 1.0
12 Anionic detergents (as MBAS)9 20 20 20
13 Sulphates (SO4) 600 1.000 SC8
14 Sulphides (s’) 1.0 1.0 1.0
15 Ammonia (NH3) 40 40 40
16 Pesticides10 0.15 0.15 0.15
17 Cadmium11 0.1 0.1 0.1
18 Chromium (trivalent and hexa 1.0 1.0 1.0

valent)
19 Copper4 1.0 1.0 1.0
20 Lead4 0.5 0.5 0.5
21 Mercury4 0.01 0.01 0.01
22 Selenium4 0.5 0.5 0.5
23 Nickel4 1.0 1.0 1.0
24 Silver4 1.0 1.0 1.0
25 Total toxic metals 2.0 2.0 2.0
26 Zinc 5.0 5.0 5.0
55
27 Arsenic4 1.0 1.0 1.0
28 Barium4 1.5 1.5 1.5
29 Iron 8.0 8.0 8.0
30 Manganese 1.5 1.5 1.5
31 Boron4 6.0 6.0 6.0
32 Chlorine 1.0 1.0 1.0
Table 23. List of Birds observed at Tidal Link, Sanhro, Mehro, Pateji Lakes and
Adjoining Areas
Name
Common Scientific Status Counts
ORDER : PELICANIFORMES
FAMILY : PHALACOROCORADEA
Little Cormorant Phalacorocorex niger R 13
ORDER : CICONIFORMES
FAMILY : RDEIDAE
Indian Pond Heron Ardeola grayii R 19

Cattle Egret Bubulcus ibis R 32
Reef Heron Egretta gularis R 4
Little Egret Egretta garzetta R 6
Intermediate Egret Egretta intermedia R 8
Grey Heron Ardea cinerea R 2
ORDER : PHOENICOPTERIFORMES
FAMILY : PHOENICOPTERIDAE
56
Greater Flamingo Phoenicopterus rubber IV 33
ORDER : GRUIFORMES
FAMILY : RALLIDAE
White Breasted Waterhen Amaurornis phoenicurus R 2
ORDER : CHARADRIIFORMES
FAMILY : RECURVIROSTRIDAE
Black Wing Stilt Himantopus himantopus R 49
FAMILY: GLAREOLIIDAE
Collard Pratincole Glareola pratincola SB 2
FAMILY: CHARADRIIDAE
Little Ringed Plover Charadrius dubus WV 12

Kentish Plover Charadrius alexandrinus SB 62
Red Wattled Lapwing Hoplopterus indicus R 27
ORDER : SCOLOPACIDAE
FAMILY : RECURVIROSTRIDAE
Little Stint Calidris minuta WV 356

Curlew Sandpiper Calidris ferruginea PM 61
Dunlin Calidris alpine WV 5
Broad-billed Sandpiper Limicola falcinellus WV 3
Blacktailed Godwit Limosa limosa WV 3
Whimrel Numenius phaeopus AM 2
Curlew Numenius arquata WV 6
Spotted Red Shank Tringa erythropus WV 11
Red Shank Tringa totamus WV 32
Marsh Sandpiper Tringa stagnatilis PM 14
Green Shank Tringa nebularia WV 9
Green Sandpiper Tringa ochropus WV 5
Common Sandpiper Actitis hypolencos WV 3
ORDER : SCALOPACIDAE
FAMILY : LARIDAE
57
Black headed Gull Larus ridibundus WV 26
Slender billed Gull Larus genei R 4
Herring Gull Larus argenpatus WV 3
FAMILY: STERNIDAE
Gull billed Tern Gelochelidon nilotica WV 44

Caspian Tern Sterna caspia IV 21
River Tern Sterna aurantia WV 8
White Cheeked Tern Sterna repressa SW 2
Common Tern Sterna hirundo SW 1
Little Tern Sterna albifrons R 23
Whiskered Tern Chlibonias hybridus IV 38
ORDER : CORACIIFORMES
FAMILY : ALCEDINIDAE
White throated Kingfisher Halcyon smyrnensis R 28

Common Kingfisher Alcedo atthis R 3
Small pied Kingfisher Ceryle rudis R 31
ORDER : ACCIPITRIFORMES
FAMILY : ACCIPITRIDAE
Black Shouldered Kite Elanus caeruleus R 27

Black Kite Milvus migrans R 8
Brahminy Kite Haliastur Indus R 7
White Eyed Buzzard Butastur peesa R 4
ORDER : FALCONIFORMES
FAMILY : FALCONIDAE
Red Headed Merlin Falco chicquera R 2
ORDER : GALIFORMES
FAMILY : PHASIANAIDAE
India Grey Partridge Francolinus pondicerainus R 2
58
ORDER : COLUMBIFORMES
FAMILY : COLUMBIDAE
Blue Rock Pigeon Columba livia R 13

India Ring Dove Streptopelia decaocto R 25
Little Brown Dove Streptopelia senegalensis R 16
ORDER : PSITTACIFORMES
FAMILY : PSITTACIDAE
Rose ring Parakeet Psittacula krimeri R 4
ORDER : CUCULIFORMES
FAMILY : CUCULIDAE
Common Koel Eudynamys scoloeacea R 3

Common Crow Pheasant Centropus sinensis R 2
ORDER : APODIFORMES
FAMILY : APODIDAE
Little Swift Apus affinis R 28

ORDER : CORACIIFORMES
FAMILY : MEROPIDAE
Little Green Bee Eater Merops orientalis R 40
FAMILY: CORACIIDAE
Indian Roller Coracias bengalensis R 7
FAMILY: UPUPIDAE
Hoopoe Upupa epops WV 1
59
ORDER : PASSERIFORMES
FAMILY : ALAUDIDAE
Ashy Crowned Finch Lark Eremopterix grisea R 8

Bifasciated Lark Alaemon alandipes R 1
Crested Lark Galerida cristata R 17
Sky Lark Alanda gulgula R 3
FAMILY: HIRUNDINIDAE
Plain Sand Martin Riparia paludicola R 12

Barn Swallow Hirundo rastica WV 5
Wire Tailed Swallow Hirundo smithii R 45
FAMILY : MOTACILLIDAE
Paddyfield Pipit Anthurs rufulus R 6
FAMILY: PYCNONOPIDA
White Cheaked Bulbul Pycnonotus leucogenys R 29
FAMILY: PURDIDAE
Pied Bush Chat Saxicola caprata R 3

Indian Robin Saxicoloides fulicata R 3
FAMILY: SYLVIIDAE
Rufous Fronted Warbler Prina buchanani R 11

Plain Prinia Prinia inornata R 3
FAMILY : TIMALIIDAE
Common Babbler Turdoides caudatus R 14

Striated Babbler Turdoides earlei R 11
Jungle Babbler turdoidesb striatus R 17
60
FAMILY : NECTARINIDAE
Purple Sunbird Nectarinia asiatica R 2
FAMILY : LANIIDAE
Long Tailed Shrike Lanius schach R 4
FAMILY : DICRURIDAE
King Crow Dicrurus mecrocercus R 16
FAMILY : CORVIDAE
Indian Tree Pie Dendrocitta vegabunda R 4

Indian House Crow Corvus splendens R 65
FAMILY : STURNIDAE
Common Myna Acridotheres tristis R 27

Bank Myna Acridotheres ginginianus R 40
FAMILY : PASSERIDAE
Indian House Sparrow Passer domesticus R 169
R: Resident, IV: Irregular Visitor, SB: Summer Breeder, WV: Winter Visitor, AM: Abundant Migrant,
PM: Passage Migrant.
61
62
Table 24. Census of Waterbirds at Nurri Lagoon from 1988 to 2006
No Common Name Scientific Name 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
1 Avocet Recurvirostra avosetta 135 1370 361 150 49 18 72
2 Black Strock Clconia nigra 42
3 Blackheaded gull Larus ridibundus Nil 2700 50 43 182 12 118
Black-necked
4 Grebe Podiceps nigricollis 36
5 Black-tailed Godwit Limosa limosa Nil 172 11400 132 730 860 56
6 Black-winged Stilt Himantopus himantopus Nil 158 86
7 Brown-headed Gull Larus ridibundus Nil 50 96
8 Caspian tern Hydroprogne caspia Nil 50 2 44 8 4 6 4
9 Common Crane Grus grus 560 110 377 305 8 413
10 Common pochard Aythya ferina Nil 200 223 4000 680 417 1135 990 6700
11 Common Sandpiper Aclitis hypoieucos 46
12 Common shelduck Tadorna tadorna 93 235 74 1361 475 160 45 36 7200
13 Common Snipe Gallinago gallinago 4
14 Common teal Anas crecca 2300 10000 34000 1500 5500 8500 6700 2575 1560 11300
15 Common Tern Stema hirundo 290
16 Coot Fulica atra Nil 5000 1727 2100 6000 1368 15000 2500 1180 52000
17 Curlew Sandpiper Calidris ferruginea 12
18 Dalmatian Pelican Pelecanus crispus 22 8 930
19 Demoiselle Crane Anthropoides virgo 140
20 Dunlin Calidris alpina Nil 5 4660
21 Eurasian Curlew Numenius arquata Nil 12
22 Flamingo Phoenicopterus roseus 12560 40000 1460 1948 3650 4750 1350 890 921
23 Gadwall Anas Strepera Nil 1400 5000 2050 8392 350 270 5200
24 Garganey Anas guerquedula 41
25 Glossy Ibis Plegadis falcinellus 85
Great blackheaded
26 gull Larus ichthyaetus Nil 30 24 9 8 2
27 Great Cormorant Phalacrocorax carbo 25 56 30 18
Great Crested
28 Grebe Podiceps grisegena 2
29 Great Egret Egretta Alba Nil 5 27 42 62 24 12
30 Green sandpiper Tringa ochropus Nil 3 18
31 Greenshank Tringa nebulania Nil 29 130
32 Grey heron Ardea goliath Nil 480 52 24 16 12 16 26
33 Greylag Goose Anser anser 11
34 Gullbilled tern Gelochelidon nilotica Nil 130 167 2 170 12
35 Herring gull Larus argentatus Nil 50 11 17 22 170 9 18
36 Indian Pond Heron Ardeola grayii 12
37 Intermediate Egret Egretta intermedia Nil 15 86 18
Charadrinus
38 Kentish Plover alexandrinus Nil 13 570 12
39 Lesser Flamingo Phoeniconaias minor 180 270 72 412
40 Little cormorant Phalacrocorax niger Nil 80 72 92 46
41 Little Egret Egretta garzetta Nil 37 175 45 36
42 Little Pratincole Glareola lactea Nil 1820
43 Little stint Calidris minuta Nil 300 228 40 197 430 212
44 Little Tern Sterna albifrons 120
45 Mallard Anas platyrhnchos Nil 2 2 650 44 2100
46 Marsh Sandpiper Tringa stagnatilis Nil 110 1000
47 Moorhen Gallinula chloropos 147
48 Painted stork Mycteria leucocephala 115 1 1 4
49 Pintail Anas acuta Nil 30000 21900 400 15000 6540 9780 730 460 9700
50 Redshank Tringa totanus Nil 11 34 275 6
51 Redwattled lapwing Vanellus indicus Nil 15 96 3 34
52 Ruddy shelduck Tadorna tadorna 160 Nil 19
53 Ruff Philomachus pugnax Nil 23
54 Sandwich Tern Strena sandvicensis 7
55 Shoveler Anas clypeata Nil 200 3000 1500 30000 4870 1250 570 27100
56 Slender-billed Gull Larus genei 5
Small indian
57 pratincole Glareola lactea Nil 400
58 Smallar egret Egretta intermedia Nil 35
59 Spoonbill Platalea leucorodia Nil 3 47 45 150 95 14 2100
60 Spotbilled pelican Pelecanus philippensis Nil 2500
61 Spotted Redshank Tringa erythropus Nil 2
62 Temmincks Stint Calidris temminckii Nil 95 76
63 Tufted Duck Anas fuligula 850 460 575 170 2100
64 Reef Heron Egretta gularis Nil Nil 65 7
65 Whiskered Tern Chlidonias hybrida Nil 67 3 66
66 White pelican Pelecanus onocrotalus 11300 Nil 675 27 2560 4 350 470 231
67 white stork Ciconia ciconia 169 3 12 6 2 7
68 Whith -tailed Plover Vanellus leucurus 18
69 Wigeon Anas penelope Nil 850 2900 2500 10500 3000 2500 750 320 1250
64
Table 25. Census of Waterbirds at Juboh Lagoon from 1988 to 2006
No Common Name Scientific Name 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
1 Avocet Recurvirostra avosetta 3300
2 Black Strock Clconia nigra
3 Blackheaded gull Larus ridibundus 220 110 60 14
Black-necked
4 Grebe Podiceps nigricollis
5 Black-tailed Godwit Limosa limosa 150 270
6 Black-winged Stilt Himantopus himantopus 44
7 Brown-headed Gull Larus ridibundus
8 Caspian tern Hydroprogne caspia 34 4
9 Common Crane Grus grus 209
10 Common pochard Aythya ferina 2900 2440 250 36
11 Common Sandpiper Aclitis hypoieucos 14 12 28
12 Common shelduck Tadorna tadorna 3500 150 76 32 8 158
13 Common Snipe Gallinago gallinago 6
14 Common teal Anas crecca 2000 2500 2200 1070 250
15 Common Tern Stema hirundo
16 Coot Fulica atra 5000 3080 2950 1240 490 3000
17 Curlew Sandpiper Calidris ferruginea
18 Dalmatian Pelican Pelecanus crispus 500 60 2 2
19 Demoiselle Crane Anthropoides virgo
20 Dunlin Calidris alpina 44
21 Eurasian Curlew Numenius arquata 13
22 Flamingo Phoenicopterus roseus 15600 1800 80 62 14 130
23 Gadwall Anas Strepera 750 1200 960 470
24 Garganey Anas guerquedula
25 Glossy Ibis Plegadis falcinellus
Great blackheaded
26 gull Larus ichthyaetus 23 6 22 18
27 Great Cormorant Phalacrocorax carbo
Great Crested
28 Grebe Podiceps grisegena
29 Great Egret Egretta Alba 44 32 17 2
30 Green sandpiper Tringa ochropus 16
31 Greenshank Tringa nebulania 2 4
32 Grey heron Ardea goliath 34 8 6 4
33 Greylag Goose Anser anser
65
34 Gullbilled tern Gelochelidon nilotica 56
35 Herring gull Larus argentatus 42 66 42 2
36 Indian Pond Heron Ardeola grayii
37 Intermediate Egret Egretta intermedia 14 8 6
Charadrinus
38 Kentish Plover alexandrinus
39 Lesser Flamingo Phoeniconaias minor 2400 120 2 21
40 Little cormorant Phalacrocorax niger
41 Little Egret Egretta garzetta 86 22 13 4
42 Little Pratincole Glareola lactea
43 Little stint Calidris minuta 130 60 52
44 Little Tern Sterna albifrons
45 Mallard Anas platyrhnchos 123 970
46 Marsh Sandpiper Tringa stagnatilis 6 6 4
47 Moorhen Gallinula chloropos
48 Painted stork Mycteria leucocephala
49 Pintail Anas acuta 2000 660 730 330
50 Redshank Tringa totanus 7 12 16
51 Redwattled lapwing Vanellus indicus 16 12 8 68
52 Ruddy shelduck Tadorna tadorna 155
53 Ruff Philomachus pugnax 1120 156
54 Sandwich Tern Strena sandvicensis
55 Shoveler Anas clypeata 3000 2600 1480 450 162
56 Slender-billed Gull Larus genei
Small indian
57 pratincole Glareola lactea
58 Smallar egret Egretta intermedia
59 Spoonbill Platalea leucorodia 43 8
60 Spotbilled pelican Pelecanus philippensis
61 Spotted Redshank Tringa erythropus
62 Temmincks Stint Calidris temminckii
63 Tufted Duck Anas fuligula 450 270 75 16
64 Reef Heron Egretta gularis 16
65 Whiskered Tern Chlidonias hybrida 200 6
66 White pelican Pelecanus onocrotalus 2500 2240 900 215 20 341
67 white stork Ciconia ciconia
68 Whith -tailed Plover Vanellus leucurus
69 Wigeon Anas penelope 300 1860 1210 360 140
66
Annexure IV
Map Showing Sample Collection Locations
Source: NIO.
67
Annexure V
Nurri and Juboh Ramsar Sites Location Map
Source: Wetlands International
68
Annexure VI
Ramsar Information Sheets (RIS) Nurri Lagoon
Information Sheet on Ramsar Wetlands

Categories approved by Recommendation 4.7 of the Conference of the Contracting Parties.
NOTE: It is important that you read the accompanying Explanatory Note and Guidelines document before completing this form.
1. Date this sheet was completed/updated:
April 24, 2001
2. Country:
PAKISTAN
3. Name of wetland: Nurri Lagoon
4. Geographical coordinates: 24°30’ N, 68°70’E
5. Altitude: (average and/or max. & min.) c. 50 metres 6. Area: (in hectares) c. 2,540
7. Overview: (general summary, in two or three sentences, of the wetland's principal characteristics)
The site is characterised by a very shallow, brackish-water lagoon with barren mudflats on the northern side and is
situated in the Golaichi subdivision of Badin District. Due to the intrusion of the sea in this area, the salinity and
sedimentation have increased in the wetland. This wetland is very important wintering site for waterbirds being
shallow in depth and extending over a large area.
8. Wetland Type (please circle the applicable codes for wetland types as listed in Annex I of the Explanatory Note and Guidelines document.)
marine-coastal: A • B • C • D • E • F • G • H • I • J • K
inland: L • M • N • O • P • Q • R • Sp • Ss • Tp • Ts • U • Va • Vt • W • Xf • Xp • Y • Zg • Zk
man-made: 1 • 2 • 3 • 4 • 5 • 6 • 7 • 8 • 9
Please now rank these wetland types by listing them from the most to the least dominant:
Sp, Q, J
9. Ramsar Criteria: (please circle the applicable criteria; see point 12, next page.)
1. 2 . 3 • 4 • 5 . 6 • 7 • 8
Please specify the most significant criterion applicable to the site: 5
10. Map of site included? Please tick yes -or- no
(Please refer to the Explanatory Note and Guidelines document for information regarding desirable map traits).
11. Name and address of the compiler of this form:
Tahir Qureshi, Head of Coastal Ecosystems Unit
& Jamshed Kazi, Programme Development Officer
IUCN-Pakistan, 1 Bath Island Road, Karachi- 75530
PAKISTAN Tel: (92-21) 5861540-42, Fax (92-21) 5861448.
Please provide additional information on each of the following categories by

attachingextra pages (please limit extra pages to no more than 10):
12. Justification of the criteria selected under point 9, on previous page. (Please refer to Annex II in the
Explanatory Note and Guidelines document).
Criterion 1: The site is a good representative example of a natural wetland, featuring a combination of brackish
coastal and inland lagoons and mudflats.
Criterion 5: The site has consistently recorded very large concentrations of migratory waterbirds on a seasonal
basis. For instance, the highest ever documented numbers of waterfowl in one season has been 114, 700 (Ghalib
et al 1997). Many of these include species such as Shelducks, black/white/painted storks, painted/ Jack snipe, and
lesser/larger crested terns.
13. General location: (include the nearest large town and its administrative region)
The wetland is situated near Golarchi in Badin District of Sindh Province, 190 km South East of Karachi.
14. Physical features: (e.g. geology, geomorphology; origins - natural or artificial; hydrology; soil type; water quality; water depth water
permanence; fluctuations in water level; tidal variations; catchment area; downstream area; climate)
The Phuleli Gunni Outfall drain falls into this wetland. It is connected with Jubho, Pateji, and Chobri wetlands.
All these wetlands are inter-connected and ultimately drain into the tidal link. The water is brackish. Now it is
turning saline due to the influx of drain water and effect of seawater. Water level is increasing due to the tidal
effect.
15. Hydrological values: (groundwater recharge, flood control, sediment trapping, shoreline stabilisation etc.)
69
Not known.
16. Ecological features: (main habitats and vegetation types)
The Nurri Lagoon site comprises of four inter-connected shallow wetlands with very sparse vegetation. The only
prominent vegetation type can be seen along the mudflats, which is oryza grass, especially during the summers.
The wetland offers a good feeding and resting ground for a large number of waterbirds (particularly coots &
anatids).
17. Noteworthy flora: (indicating, e.g., which species/communities are unique, rare, endangered or biogeographically important, etc.)
Overall, the growth and diversity of wetland flora has been hindered by invasive species, such as clumps of Typha
and occasional Tamarix.
18. Noteworthy fauna: (indicating, e.g., which species are unique, rare, endangered, abundant or biogeographically important; include count
data, etc.)
This site is particularly significant because it has been known to support very large concentrations of waterbirds in
the recent past. Surveys which have been conducted regularly between 1972 and 1990, reveal an average of
50,000 birds in any given year, however the highest recorded total for any one year has reached 114,700 (Ghalib
et al 1997). Many of these include species such as black/white/painted storks, painted/ Jack snipe, and
lesser/larger crested terns, gulls and ducks.
19. Social and cultural values: (e.g. fisheries production, forestry, religious importance, archaeological site etc.)
The site is source of livelihood for surrounding villages, primarily through fisheries. It is also a sanctuary for
migratory birds and a breeding point for local species.
20. Land tenure/ownership of:
Almost all of the land is privately owned, with the exception of 77 hectares falling under the jurisdiction of the
Board of Revenue.
21. Current land use:
The land is used primarily for fishing purposes throughout the year, while illegal hunting also takes place during
the winter season. The area is under the control of the Pakistan Rangers. About 3,000-4,000 people are living in
the vicinity of the wetland.
22. Factors (past, present or potential) adversely affecting the site's ecological character, including
changes in land use and development projects:
The Nurri wetland is imperilled because of population pressure on the dwindling natural resource base. There has
been a dramatic increase in fishing and illegal hunting activities over the past two decades. Agricultural and
industrial pollution from adjoining areas has accelerated the eutrophication process, which has hastened the
spread of aquatic vegetation/weeds, leading to the disappearance of the open wadi areas.
23. Conservation measures taken: (national category and legal status of protected areas - including any boundary changes which have
been made: management practices; whether an officially approved management plan exists and whether it has been implemented)
The site is neither explicitly protected under any environmental legislation, nor having a management plan
prepared.
24. Conservation measures proposed but not yet implemented: (e.g. management plan in preparation; officially
proposed as a protected area etc.)
None, at present.
25. Current scientific research and facilities: (e.g. details of current projects; existence of field station etc.)
The Zoological Survey Department (ZSD) has been undertaking survey and research of the avifauna of the area.
Also, the National Institute of Oceanography (NIO) has been pursuing some biological studies with regard to the
site.
26. Current conservation education: (e.g. visitors centre, hides, information booklet, facilities for school visits etc.)
While there is no site-specific conservation education programme, IUCN’s Coastal Ecosystem Unit routinely
carries out awareness and environmental sensitisation activities, largely through accompanying students, local,
and foreign visitors to various coastal mangrove sites in the vicinity of Karachi. Public awareness of environment,
and particularly of national wetlands has been steadily increasing in the national media through contacts with a
number of interested and competent environmental journalists. WWF for example, had inaugurated a Wetland
Visitor Centre in the same week as World Wetland Day (February 2, 1999), which is due to be operational by the
end of June 1999. Provincial government agencies such as the Sindh Wildlife Department and the Sindh
Environment Protection Agency also carry out selected awareness campaigns, related to turtles conservation or
coastal pollution. Although, environmental awareness and conservation education activities occur throughout the
year, it should be noted that such activities tend to be clustered around specific occasions, such as World
Wetlands Day, World Water Day, or World Environment Day.
27. Current recreation and tourism: (state if wetland is used for recreation/tourism; indicate type and frequency/intensity)
None at present.
70
28. Jurisdiction: (territorial e.g. state/region and functional e.g. Dept of Agriculture/Dept. of Environment etc.)
Water and Power Development Authority (WAPDA) and the Rangers are the controlling authorities in the area.
29. Management authority: (name and address of local body directly responsible for managing the wetland)
1. Water and Power Development Authority (WAPDA)
WAPDA House, Lahore, Punjab.
Tel.: (92-42) 9202532, Fax: (92-42) 9202631
2. Sindh Forest and Wildlife Department,
Molana Din Mohd. Wafi Rd., Saddar, Karachi, Tel.: (92-21) 9204952.
30. Bibliographical references: (scientific/technical only)
Ghalib, S.A., Hasnain, S.A., and Razzaq, A. (forthcoming) Survey of the Avifauna of the Tidal Link Area 1998.
Please return to: Ramsar Convention Bureau, Rue Mauverney 28, CH-1196 GLAND, Switzerland
Telephone: +41 22 999 0170 • Fax: +41 22 999 0169 • e-mail: ramsar@hq.iucn.org
71
Annexure VII
Ramsar Information Sheets (RIS) Juboh Lagoon
Information Sheet on Ramsar Wetlands

Categories approved by Recommendation 4.7 of the Conference of the Contracting Parties.
NOTE: It is important that you read the accompanying Explanatory Note and Guidelines document before completing this form.
1. Date this sheet was completed/updated:
April 24, 2001
2. Country:
PAKISTAN
3. Name of wetland: Jubho Lagoon
4. Geographical coordinates: 24°20’N, 68°40’E
5. Altitude: (average and/or max. & min.) approx. 50 metres 6. Area: (in hectares) c. 706
7. Overview: (general summary, in two or three sentences, of the wetland's principal characteristics)
A large shallow brackish lagoon with associated mudflats and marshes, situated in Thatta District, Sindh
province. It is important for the wintering waterbirds and for the commercial fisheries.
8. Wetland Type (please circle the applicable codes for wetland types as listed in Annex I of the Explanatory Note and Guidelines document.)
marine-coastal: A • B • C • D • E • F • G • H • I • J • K
inland: L • M • N • O • P • Q • R • Sp • Ss • Tp • Ts • U • Va • Vt • W • Xf • Xp • Y • Zg • Zk
man-made: 1 • 2 • 3 • 4 • 5 • 6 • 7 • 8 • 9
Please now rank these wetland types by listing them from the most to the least dominant: Sp/Q, J
9. Ramsar Criteria: (please circle the applicable criteria; see point 12, next page.)
1 2 •3 •4 •5 •6 •7 •8
Please specify the most significant criterion applicable to the site: 1
10. Map of site included? Please tick yes -or- no
(Please refer to the Explanatory Note and Guidelines document for information regarding desirable map traits).
11. Name and address of the compiler of this form:
Tahir Qureshi, Head of Coastal Ecosystems Unit
& Jamshed Kazi, Junior Programme Development Officer
IUCN-Pakistan, 1 Bath Island Road, Karachi- 75530
PAKISTAN, Tel: (92-21) 5861540-42, fax: (92-21) 5861448,
Please provide additional information on each of the following categories by attaching

extra pages (please limit extra pages to no more than 10):
12. Justification of the criteria selected under point 9, on previous page. (Please refer to Annex II in the
Explanatory Note and Guidelines document).
Criterion 1: The site is a good representative example of a natural wetland, featuring a combination of brackish
coastal and inland lagoons and mudflats.
Criterion 5: The site regularly supports an average of 60,000 to 100,000 migratory waterfowl per annum, based
upon the census data compiled by the Zoological Survey Department during 1997.
13. General location: (include the nearest large town and its administrative region)
The site is located in Jati subdivision of Thatta District, Sindh Province, which is about 138 km Southeast from
Karachi.
14. Physical features: (e.g. geology, geomorphology; origins - natural or artificial; hydrology; soil type; water quality; water depth water
permanence; fluctuations in water level; tidal variations; catchment area; downstream area; climate)
The Kara Gungro outfall drain falls into this wetland near Golarchi. The current site is inter-connected with
Pateji, Cholri and Nurri wetlands. Pateji and Choli are connected to the Tidal Link, which ultimately drains into
Shah Samando creek. This is a very shallow and brackish wetland. The climate is maritime and summer monsoon
starts from June-July every year.
72
15. Hydrological values: (groundwater recharge, flood control, sediment trapping, shoreline stabilisation etc.)
Not known.
16. Ecological features: (main habitats and vegetation types)
It is a system of shallow wetlands and associated marshes. Very little aquatic vegetation is present. The shallow
wetlands provide food and shelter for the migratory waterbirds. The fishes and crustaceans are also part of it. Few
salt tolerant plants and aquatic plants are also found in wetland.
17. Noteworthy flora: (indicating, e.g., which species/communities are unique, rare, endangered or biogeographically important, etc.)
Tamarix and some salt-tolerant bushes can be found in the high lying areas of the wetland. Typha occupies the
lowlying areas as it receives freshwater inputs from the adjoining areas and outfall drains. Both above mentioned
species of plants are dominant and colonizer.
18. Noteworthy fauna: (indicating, e.g., which species are unique, rare, endangered, abundant or biogeographically important; include count
data, etc.)
Large populations of Greater and Lesser Flamingos 40,000 – 50,000 have been recorded as well as a sizeable
number of Dalmatian Pelicans as many as 6,000 (Ghalib et al 1997). Such large numbers of these birds are not
found in other wetlands in Pakistan.
Information Sheet on Ramsar Wetlands - page 3
19. Social and cultural values: (e.g. fisheries production, forestry, religious importance, archaeological site etc.)
The site is source of livelihood for surrounding villages, primarily through fisheries. It is also a sanctuary for
migratory birds and a breeding point for local species.
20. Land tenure/ownership of:
The site is privately owned by local inhabitants.
21. Current land use:
The land is used primarily for fishing and livestock grazing purposes, while illegal hunting also takes place
mostly during winter.
22. Factors (past, present or potential) adversely affecting the site's ecological character, including
changes in land use and development projects:
Large-scale hunting during winter has diminished the number and diversity of migratory birds, which regularly
flock to the area to feed. As a result of the construction of the tidal link canal, saltwater intrusion has taken place,
which has stunted the growth of freshwater vegetation. This condition has been aggravated by increasing levels of
industrial and agricultural pollution.
23. Conservation measures taken: (national category and legal status of protected areas - including any boundary changes which have
been made: management practices; whether an officially approved management plan exists and whether it has been implemented)
The site is not explicitly protected under any environmental legislation, nor has a management plan prepared.
24. Conservation measures proposed but not yet implemented: (e.g. management plan in preparation; officially
proposed as a protected area etc.)
None, at present.
25. Current scientific research and facilities: (e.g. details of current projects; existence of field station etc.)
The Zoological Survey Department (ZSD) has undertaken a project on the survey of the avifauna of the Tidal
Link area. The National Institute of Oceanography has also been conducting similar studies in this area.
26. Current conservation education: (e.g. visitors centre, hides, information booklet, facilities for school visits etc.)
While there is no site-specific conservation education programme, IUCN’s Coastal Ecosystem Unit routinely
carries out awareness and environmental sensitisation activities, largely through accompanying students, local,
and foreign visitors to various coastal mangrove sites in the vicinity of Karachi. Public awareness of environment,
and particularly of national wetlands has been steadily increasing in the national media through contacts with a
number of interested and competent environmental journalists. WWF for example, had inaugurated a Wetland
Visitor Centre in the same week as World Wetland Day (February 2, 1999), which is due to be operational by the
end of June 1999. Provincial government agencies such as the Sindh Wildlife Department and the Sindh
Environment Protection Agency also carry out selected awareness campaigns, related to turtle conservation or
coastal pollution. Although, environmental awareness and conservation education activities occur throughout the
year, it should be noted that such activities tend to be clustered around specific occasions, such as World
Wetlands Day, World Water Day, or World Environment Day.
27. Current recreation and tourism: (state if wetland is used for recreation/tourism; indicate type and frequency/intensity)
None at present.
28. Jurisdiction: (territorial e.g. state/region and functional e.g. Dept of Agriculture/Dept. of Environment etc.)
73
2. Rangers of Border Security Force
29. Management authority: (name and address of local body directly responsible for managing the wetland)
WAPDA House, Lahore, Punjab.
Tel.: (92-42) 9202532, Fax: (92-42) 9202631
2. Sindh Forest and Wildlife Department,
Molana Din Mohd. Wafi Rd., Saddar, Karachi, Tel.: (92-21) 9204952.
30. Bibliographical references: (scientific/technical only)
Ghalib, S.A., Hasnain, S.A., and Razzaq, A. (forthcoming) Survey of the Avifauna of the Tidal Link Area 1998.
Please return to: Ramsar Convention Bureau, Rue Mauverney 28, CH-1196 GLAND, Switzerland
Telephone: +41 22 999 0170 • Fax: +41 22 999 0169 • e-mail: ramsar@hq.iucn.org
74
Annexure VIII
Rapid Assessment Guidelines
Rapid assessment guidelines were taken from the Ramsar Convention

and other sources and adopted those which are most suited to our
situation
1. Background and introduction
2. Scope and approach of the wetland rapid assessment guidelines
3. What is "rapid assessment"?
4. Issues to consider when designing a wetland rapid assessment
i. Types of rapid assessments. Rapid assessments can range from desk studies, expert group meetings
and workshops to field surveys. They can include compiling existing expert knowledge and information,
including traditional knowledge and information, and field survey approaches.
ii. Assessments can be divided into three stages: design/preparation, implementation, and reporting.
"Rapidity" should apply to each of these stages. Rapid assessments provide the necessary results in
the shortest practicable time, even though preparatory and planning work prior to the survey may be
time-consuming. In some circumstances (for example, when taking seasonality into account) there may
be a delay between the decision to undertake the assessment and carrying it out. In other cases (for
example, in cases of disturbances and disasters), the assessment will be undertaken as a matter of
urgency, and preparation time should be kept to a minimum.
iii. Inventory, assessment and monitoring. It is important to distinguish between inventory,

assessment, and monitoring when designing data-gathering exercises, as they require different types of
information. Baseline wetland inventory provides the basis for guiding the development of appropriate
assessment and monitoring. Wetland inventories repeated at intervals do not automatically constitute
"monitoring".
iv. Rapid assessment entails speed, but it can be expensive. Costs will increase particularly when
assessing remote areas, large spatial scales, high topographic resolution, and/or a large number of types
of features. Undertaking an assessment rapidly can mean a higher cost owing to the need, for example,
to mobilize large field teams simultaneously and support them.
v. Spatial scale. Rapid assessments can be undertaken at a wide range of spatial scales. In general, a
large-scale rapid assessment will consist of the application of a standard method to a larger number of
localities or sampling stations.
vi. Compilation of existing data/access to data. Before determining whether further field-based
assessment is required, it is an important first step to compile and assess as much relevant existing data
and information as readily available. This part of the assessment should establish what data and
information exists, and whether it is accessible. Data sources can include geographic information
systems (GIS) and remote sensing information sources, published and unpublished data, and traditional
knowledge and information accessed through the contribution, as appropriate, of local and indigenous
people. Such compilation should be used as a "gap analysis" to determine whether the purpose of the
assessment can be satisfied from existing information or whether a new field survey is required.
75
vii. For any new data and information collected during a subsequent rapid assessment field survey, it is
essential to create an audit trail to the data, including any specimens of biota collected, through the
establishment of a proper metadata record for the assessment.
viii. Reliability of rapid assessment data. In all instances of rapid assessment of biological diversity it
is particularly important that all outputs and results include information on the confidence associated
with the findings. Where practical, error propagation through the analysis of data and information should
be evaluated to provide an overall estimate of confidence in the final results of the assessment.
ix. Dissemination of results. A vital component of any rapid assessment is the fast, clear and open
dissemination of its results to a range of stakeholders, decision-makers and local communities. It is
essential to provide this information to each group in an appropriate form of presentation and
appropriate level of detail.
5. When is rapid assessment appropriate?
Not all types of data and information needed for full wetland inventory and assessment can be collected
through rapid assessment methods. However, it is generally possible to collect some initial information
on all generally used inventory and assessment core data fields, although for some, rapid assessment can
only yield preliminary results with a low level of confidence. Such types of data and information can,
however, be used to identify where more detailed follow-up assessments may be needed if resources
permit.
76
Table showing adequacy of data and information quality which can partly be collected through
"rapid assessment" field survey methods
•
•
•
• !
"
• #
• $ %
•
• & ' ' (
!
• & ' ' )
• *
+
• % +
• , %
+
• %
+
• $ %
• - +
%
+ #
• . %
+
* These features can usually be derived from topographical maps or remotely sensed images, especially
aerial photographs.
77
6. Rapid assessment in relation to monitoring
Hypothesis-based research for monitoring purposes needed for management of systems may require
more comprehensive tools and methodologies than rapid assessment can provide.
Rapid assessment and trends in biological diversity. Rapid assessment designed to assess trends in
biological diversity implies that more than one repeat survey will be required. For gathering such
information, regular time-series data may be necessary, and in such circumstances this can be considered
as rapid assessment if each survey is undertaken using a rapid assessment method, although the resulting
overall assessment will generally take shape over a longer time period.
Seasonality. Most rapid assessments involve a single "snapshot" survey of a locality. However, the
seasonality of many wetlands and of the biota dependent upon them (for example, migratory species)
means that surveys of different taxa may need to be made at different times of year. The timing of a
rapid assessment in relation to seasonality is a critically important issue to take into account if the
assessment is to yield reliable results.
Other types of temporal variations in inland wetlands may also need to be taken into account, notably
variations in flow regimes of different types of inland water ecosystems, which may include:
a) perennial systems which experience surface flow throughout the year and do not cease to flow
during droughts;
b) seasonal systems which experience flow predictably during the annual wet season but may be
dry for several months each year;
c) episodic (periodic or intermittent) systems, which experience flow for an extended period but
are not predictable or seasonal. These systems usually have flow contribution from rainfall as
well as groundwater. At times, surface flow may occur in some segments only, with subsurface
flow in other segments. The fauna can differ considerably depending on the duration of flow,
colonization succession of different species, proximity of other water sources, and extent of time
during which previous flow occurred; or
d) ephemeral (short-lived) systems, which experience flow briefly and rarely and return to dry
conditions in between. Their flow is usually sourced entirely from precipitation. Only aquatic
biota able to complete their life cycles very rapidly (within a few days) are able to exploit such
flow conditions.
78
Figure showing key steps of conceptual framework for rapid assessment
79
8. Design considerations
A. Resources
The methods available for rapid wetland biodiversity assessment are contingent on the purpose and
output of specific projects. Equally important is a consideration of available resources and limitations,
especially as they apply to the scope of the assessment. Time, money and expertise are resource
limitations that determine the methodologies available to a particular assessment project. Furthermore,
they define the project in terms of its scope in the following areas: taxa, geography, site selection,
analysis, data, and sampling methods. These are important components of a wetland biodiversity
assessment, and the scope or capacity of each vary depending on the project needs and its resource
limitations.
Time, money and expertise are the key factors to consider in a rapid wetland biodiversity assessment. In
abundance, these resources allow for a great deal of flexibility, while insufficiency limits nearly all
aspects of a potential assessment project. However, in some cases abundance in one area can
compensate for limitations in another. The availability of these resources will, to a large extent,
determine the scope and capabilities of the assessment.
i) Time
Time is a fundamental consideration for any rapid assessment.
Scientifically, long-term monitoring and research offer statistical advantages over rapid assessment.
With these, more detailed and thorough sampling is possible, which can measure change over time and
produce more statistically rigorous results. However, the short time frame implicit in a rapid assessment
is what makes this type of survey appealing; it allows for a snapshot or overview allowing fast judgment
about the condition of an area. Thus, rapid assessment can provide information when informed decisions
need to be taken urgently. Rapid assessment can also be a good way to establish baseline data that can
then be used for further study if warranted. The amount of time available for the assessment is an
important resource, and adequate planning should determine how it will be spent. Rapid assessment can
never replace long-term monitoring and research.
iii) Expertise
An expert is someone who, for example, can identify specimens of a taxonomic group to the species
level, is familiar with current sampling and collection methods, can analyse data, and is familiar with the
taxonomic group within a larger biological and ecological context. It does not refer to people with a
general understanding or basic knowledge in the field. It is important to determine the availability of
experts on a local, regional and international level. Local expertise is a great resource when it is
available. Often local experts will have a good understanding of local geography, ecology, and
community issues.
B. Scope
The scope requires a consideration of the scale of various elements of an assessment. How much area
does the assessment cover? How many species will be sampled? How much data will be collected? How
many sites will be sampled?
The scope of an assessment can vary internally in the following areas: taxa, geography, site selection,
sampling, and data analysis. Each of these should be considered separately. For example, a given
assessment project may have a broad geographical scope, covering an expansive area, while the
taxonomic scope could be quite focused, concentrating on a limited number of taxonomic groups.
80
i) Taxonomic scope
ii) Geographic scope
iii) Site selection
C. Sampling and data analysis
The type of sampling method used is determined according to the objective of the assessment and should
be more or less the same for all nations, including small island states. The sampling methods used will
vary according to the need to be standardized, whether they can or cannot be technical, the time
limitations, and the type of equipment available. Most importantly, the methods should strive to provide
insightful, statistically sound data that can be applied to the purpose of the assessment.
For most studies, a variety of water quality variables should be measured. These can include
temperature, electrical conductivity measure of the total dissolved salts), pH (an measure of the water's
acidity or alkalinity), chlorophyll A, total phosphorous, total nitrogen, dissolved oxygen, and water
transparency (Secchi depth). These variables can be measured with individual instruments or with one
combination instrument that includes several types of probes.
Macrophytes can be searched visually from above or under the water surface (scuba) or by means of
special samplers. Fishes can be sampled using a wide variety of methods, keeping in mind the applicable
legislation. Asking local fishermen and examining their catches can be a helpful method as well.
Aquatic invertebrates can be sampled from the water column (plankton), from emergent, floating-
leaved, and submerged vegetation (epiphytic fauna), and from the bottom sediments (benthic
invertebrates) by appropriate sampling technique. Reptiles and amphibians are generally sampled using
nets, traps or by visual search.
81

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Ecological Survey of Tidal Link

Lakes of District Badin, Sindh,

2. Materials and Methodology for Biological Samples Collection --------- 2

3. Results of Biological Analysis --------------------------------------------------- 3

5. Materials and Methodology of Physioco-Chemical Samples ------------ 9

5.4 Collection of Water Samples --------------------------------------------- 10

5.6 Methodology of Water Samples Analysis --------------------------- 12

5.7 Determination of Chemical Parameters in ------------------------ 13

Water Samples Sample thawing and segregation

5.8 Laboratory Procedures ----------------------------------------------- 13-14

6. Results and Discussion of Physico-Chemical Analysis ---------------- 15-22

2. Materials and Methodology for Biological Samples Collection and

3.1.5 Conductivity: Conductivity of water follows the changes of salinity in

3.2 Phytoplankton and algae:

3.4 Macro Crustacean :

4. Discussion on Biological Analysis

5. Materials and Methodology of Physioco-Chemical Samples

5.1 Material and Methods of water Samples Collection

5.2 Location of Sampling Sites

1. Salinity and pH meter (HACH), for in-situ measurement

5.3 Preparation of Sample Containers

5.4 Collection of Water Samples

5.5 Collection Procedures

Sample bottles or containers were prepared as per standard procedure described in

Glass bottles with a volume of 150-300 ml were used to determine pH.

ii. Total suspended solids (TSS)

Same sample drawn for pH was used to check salinity.

iv. Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5)

v. Chemical oxygen demand (COD)

Approximately 2.5 liter sample was collected in a separate plastic

x. Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen (TKN)

Approximately 3 liters of samples were collected in a separate plastic

Onboard Preservation of Samples

5.7 Determination of Chemical Parameters in Water Samples Sample thawing

The parameter was determined titrimetrically using azide modification method as

Estimation of nitrate was made by brucine method as per method described in

Samples were digested using persulfate digestion method followed by Ascorbic

Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen (TKN)

An appropriate quantity of sample was dried in an oven at 106˚C to remove water.

High Pressure Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)

The HPLC (Shimadzu, Japan) chromatographic system consisted of a solvent

6. Results and Discussion of Physico-Chemical Analysis

iv. Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5 )

v. Chemical oxygen demand (COD)

x. Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen (TKN)

xi. Metals (As, Cr, Cd, Pb, Cu, Ni)

It is estimated that 31 to 48 billion pounds of organophosphate insecticides are used each

3- Long term monitoring of ecological and biological parameters is required so

4- As these lakes provide the livelihood to thousands of fisherfolk settled around

6- A Comprehensive Management plan is needs to be developed to cover all the

Battish,S.K.1992. Zooplankton of India. Oxford & IBHP Publishing Co., 66 Janpath,

IUCN Conservation Monitoring centre 1983. A Preliminary Environmental Profile of the

Mizuno,T. and Takahashi, K. 1991 An illustrated guide to freshwater zooplankton in

Table:1. Analysis of physico-chemical parameters of Mehro lake

S.No. Parameters St.1 St.2 St.3

St.1. Fulali Guni Drain fallpoint in Mehro Lake

Table: 2. Analysis of physico-chemical parameters of Tidal Link Canal

S.No. Parameters St.1 St.2 St.3

Table: 3. Analysis of physico-chemical parameters of Pateji Lake

Table: 4. Analysis of physico-chemical parameters of Sanharo Lake

S.No. St.1 St.2 St.3 St.4

Table:5. Analysis of physico-chemical parameters of Mehro Lake

S.No. St.1 St.2 St.3

Table: 6. Phytoplankton (algae) recorded from Mehro Lake

Anabaena variabilis Kuetzing + + +

1. Mehro Lake Shore

Table: 7. Phytoplankton (algae) recorded from Tidal Link Canal