Paddy Planting Machine

Agri Bot (Paddy Transplanting Machine)
CHAPTER 1
LITERATURE REVIEW
1.1. RICE CROP
India is known to be an agricultural country (Krushi Pradhan Desh). About 70% of the
population of India is dependent on farming directly or indirectly. The farmers are using the
same methods and equipment since ages. The time is changing and things need to change
as well in order to develop the methods and equipment. So, that productivity increases.
Agriculture also plays a vital role in the Indian economy. Its contribution in the GDP is now
reached one sixth of the total. The Government of India has also started taking steps in the
form many initiatives in which the farmers are made aware about the technologies they can
use in farming. There are basically five steps that a farmer needs to do properly to get
increased productivity. These five steps namely are:
[1] Ploughing
[2] Seed Sowing
[3] Irrigation Process
[4] Harvesting
[5] Threshing.
1.2. RICE ZONES

In India, rice is grown in almost half the states, with West Bengal leading the way in terms
of production with 14.71 million tonnes, followed by Uttar Pradesh(12.22 million tonnes)
and Andhra Pradesh (11.57 million tonnes) as per the Agricultural Statistics 2014-15,
Ministry of Agriculture & Farmers Welfare.
Figure 1: Map showing the rice growth in India
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1.2. METHODS OF RICE PLANTING
There are two methods of planting rice:-
1.2.1. Transplanting
In this method prepared seedlings are transplanted in the field.
Transplanting is done with following two methods:
a. Random
In the random method, seedlings are transplanted without a definite
distance or space between plants as you can see in this frame.
Figure 2: Random method for Rice planting
b. Straight Row
The straight-row method follows a uniform spacing between plants. The
seedlings are transplanted in straight rows.
Figure 3: Straight row method for rice planting

1.2.2. Direct seeding
In this method, direct seeding of rice with dry land preparation is done.
Direct seeding is done with three methods:

a. Broadcasting
b. Drilling
c. Dibbling
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 Broadcasting
You can broadcast seeds uniformly on the field or in furrows in a field.
After broadcasting, cover the seeds using a spike-tooth harrow.
Figure 4: Broadcasting method for rice planting

 Drilling
Another technique is drilling seeds by hand on prepared furrows, or by seed
drillers.
Figure 5: Drilling method for rice transplanting
 Dibbling
The third technique is dibbling, or hill planting. This is usually practiced
along mountain slopes or where plowing and harrowing are difficult.
Use a long wood or bamboo pole with a metal scoop attached at the
end for digging holes. Then drop the seeds into the holes and cover
them with soil.
Figure 6: Dibbling method for rice transplanting
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1.3. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

Selection of area of research
As we know that the rice is one of the staple foods of the India. A large scale of farmers is
involved in the cultivating and production of rice. Introducing the technology to the rice
farming will result in many advantages such as: • Better production • Good quality • Less
labour required • Saves time • Low cost .
Today, India is facing a big problem of child labour along with the farming. The highlighted
point is that child labour and farming are interrelated to a great extent. If the technology in
farming increases, the requirement of labour will decrease. This will help the nation to get
rid of two major problems. The highest number of labour required in rice planting is for
transplanting i.e. seed sowing. Many new equipment are invented and modified in order to
rescue the effort and get more result in this process. To plant the rice seedlings a rice
transplanter is being developed and in many countries like china, japan, korea, etc it is
already brought in use. But here in India the rice transplanter is not affordable to the
farmers. The rice transplanter in foreign country is runned on diesel engine and the current
situation of the Indian farmers is not well enough to buy the transplanters to use it. So, a
manual rice transplanter is being developed in India so that the cost of transplanter
decreases. In manual transplanting practice, 8-12 labourers are required to transplant one
acre. However, if a self-propelled rice transplanter is used, three people can transplant up
to four acres in a day.
Research problem
Mechanical transplanting of paddy seedlings is a solution to the prevailing situation in the
India to release the work force and to reduce the cost of paddy production. Farmers are
aware of the advantages associated with transplanting of paddy over the broadcasting. But
they are unable to practice it for high scarcity of labour. Still the transplanting machines
available for the country are imported. Engine driven transplanters are high in cost and the
inter-raw, intra-raw spacing are fixed which are not suitable for the Indian condition. Existing
manually operated transplaners are inefficient. The main reason for the poor acceptance
was the low capacity of the machine. A simple engine operated transplanter or manually
operated transplanter having an average capacity of one hectare per day would be a better
solution.
Method of establishments
Here are two methods practices in establishment of paddy in India. Those are direct sowing
/ seeding and Transplanting. 1 Direct sowing / seeding there are two types- Wet seeding &
dry seeding. Wet seeding Pre germinated seeds are used to broad-casted into puddled as
well as leveled fields which are free from standing water. At same time of puddling basal
fertilizer must be added in it. Spraying should be done when seedlings will come up to 10
inches long. The stand establishment by this method varies with the quality of land
preparation, weed competition, water management & rain water during the first period after
sowing. Dry seeding unterminated dry seeds are sown into dry mud in orientation as per
requirements.
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CHAPTER 2
UNDERSTANDING OF PROJECT
2.1. INTRODUCTION
A paddy transplanter is a specialized machine fitted with a transplanter mechanism (usually
having some form of reciprocating motion) driven by the power from the live axle, in order
to the transplant rice seedlings onto paddy field.
The importance of this project is to design a paddy transplanting mechanism to transplant

paddy seedlings for small scale farmers in the country. Mechanical transplanting of paddy
seedlings is a solution to the prevailing situation in India to release the work force and to
reduce the cost of paddy production. Farmers are aware of the advantages associated with
transplanting of paddy over the broadcasting. But they are unable to practice it for high
scarcity of labour. Still the transplanting machines available for the country are imported.
Engine driven transplanters are high in cost. Existing manually operated transplanters are
inefficient. The main reason for the poor acceptance was the low capacity of the machine.
The mechanical rice transplanter is fitted with a tin/aluminium based tray on which mat type
nurseries are placed during the operation.
Multiple pickup forks that pick up a seedling from mat type nursery on the seedling tray and
put the seedling into the earth, as if the seedling were taken between human fingers.
Machine transplanting using rice transplanters requires considerably less time and labor
than manual transplanting.
Figure 7. A paddy transplanter
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2.2. CATEGORISATION OF PADDY TRANSPLANTERS

Transplanters classification based on two parameters:
1. Type of nursery requirements.

2. Nature of prime mover.
On the basis of Nursery
 Washed seedling transplanter

 Mat-type seedling transplanter
I) Washed seedlings transplanter:

• Use washed roots seedling on mat that has four to six leaves appearance
about 20 to 30 cm long washed at time of transplanting.
• In some instances overgrown roots are pruned to facilitate easier
transplanting operation requiring about 175 people per hour per hectare.
Figure 8. Washed seedling transplanter
II) Mat-type seedling transplanter:

• The seedlings are nursed on a mixed soil sample with a known quantity of nutrients
additives fallowed by sprinkling a pre-germinated seeds on the soil of thickness 1.5-
2.0 cm and allowed to grow for a period in between 20-25 days in the nursery
before uprooting to permanent field.
Figure 9. Mat-type seedling transplanter
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On the basis of prime mover requirements:-

• Manual transplanter
• Self-propelled transplanter
1) Manual transplanter :-
Figure10. Hand cranked rice transplanter
2) Self propelled transplanter:-
Figure 11. Self-Propelled transplanter
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2.3. ADVANTAGES
• Efficient use of resources by saving on labour, cost saving, water saving.

• Timely transplanting of seedlings of optimal age.
• Ensures uniform spacing and optimum plant density with 2-3 seedlings/hills).
• Higher productivity compared to traditional methods.
• Less transplanting shock, early vigor of seedling, better tillering and uniform
maturity of crop that facilitates timely harvest and reduces harvest losses.
• Less incidence of disease in seedlings due to less root injury.
• Improving soil health through eliminating puddling.
• Generates employment and alternate sources of income for rural youth through
custom services on nursery raising and mechanical transplanting.
• Ensures uniform spacing and optimum plant density (30 -35 hills/m2 with 4-6
seedlings/hills)
• Reduces stress, drudgery and health risks of farm labors
.
2.4. LIMITATION
• Transplanting is tedious and time-consuming (up to 30 man days/ha)

• Planting laborers can suffer from back problems (health risk)
• Difficult to get enough labor at peak periods to plant on time
• Difficult to maintain optimum spacing and uniform plant density, especially with
random transplanting and contract labor
• Low plant density with contract transplanting on area basis lowers yields
• Possible Risk that in rain fed areas seedlings (especially of modern varieties) may
get too old before rain falls and the field is ready to be planted.
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2.5. METHODOLOGY
Figure 12. Rough Sketch
 The seedlings are to be picked up from a tray which is provided with slots to
facilitate an uninterrupted movement of the fingers.
 During the downward travel, the fingers pick up the seedlings, carry these to
the soil and plant at a desired depth at a nearly upright position.
 During the return motion the fingers are required to move without interfering
with the seedlings that are planted as well as arranged in the tray. Thus, the
path of forward travel and the path of return travel shall be different.
 The finger must not interfere with other members of the machine during its
motion.
 Panting cycle are continuous as the machine moves with a constant forward
speed of travel.
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2.6. PARTS AND FUNCTIONS
1. Frame
Frame is made by low carbon steel sheet of 2.7mm. Desired shape of
frame is obtained by using press and cutting machine. Sheets are then
drilled using bench drilling machine. Then parts of frame are weld to give
a proper structure to it.
2. Sprocket
The main function of sprockets is to transmit torque through chain. There are two
sprocket-one drivers and other driven mounted on respective shafts.
3. Chain
The function of chain is to transmit torque from driver to driven sprockets. The chain
is simplex type.
4. Tray
This is used to store the rice plant from where the planting finger pick the plant and
saw in the ground. This tray has two vertical guide slots.
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5. Shaft
The shaft is used to transmit rotational motion produced by chain drive to the planting
finger which is attached at both the end of the shaft.
6. Planting Finger
The planting finger is the main element which is responsible for the plantation of
the nursery seed. It has the specific shape which picks the nursery seed and plant
in mud. It oscillates at certain angle and it is called as fixed fork mechanism.
2.7. WORKING
As the process is manual the worker has to provide the initial motion. When the rice
transplanter will move forward the ground wheels will get rotate. The wheels are provided
with the fins so that they can travel easily in the mud. The ground wheels are used to
maintain constant distance between the two successive plants. Then we have larger
sprocket is provided on the same shaft with the ground wheels and hence at the same time
sprocket will also rotate. Sprocket is in engagement with the smaller sprocket by using the
chain drive. As the power will get transmitted to the smaller sprocket, it will rotate. The
speed is increased from driver to driven shaft as we used 3:1 bar linkage so that it will
oscillate for certain angle. As the drive is provided by the worker it will not have high speed
and hence through this sprocket arrangement we have increase the planting finger speed.
As the planting speed ratio. On the same shaft planting finger will be fixed through the four
finger will oscillate, it will pick the rice plant from the tray and plant in mud. The planting
finger is designed in such a way that rice plant should be easy to pick during the motion
and also it should pick during the downward motion only
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CHAPTER 3
3.1. Timeline
Table 3.
S.No. Task Name Duration Date

1 Literature Review 4 Weeks 02-09-2018
2 Solid Modeling 8 Weeks 03-11-2018
3 Design Analysis 4 Weeks 02-02-2019
4 Optimization 4 Weeks 03-03-2019
5 Final Model 4 Weeks 10-03-2019
6 Design Finalization 6 Weeks 01-04-2019
7 Fabrication 4 Weeks 20-04-2019
8 Final Report 2 Weeks 04-05-2019
3.2. SCOPE
Our project requires to build a low cost rice transplanter which is suitable to be used
in the rice fields of India. In light of this, we will be covering following areas in this
project:
3.2.1. Initial Data and information gathering:

Initial information for rice transplanting machine will be collected from online literature,
Farmers who work in the rice fields will also be contacted. Information obtained from
the farmers will be of prime importance as they will be asked what kind of machine
they want and what type of machine will be suitable for their fields.
3.2.2. Selecting Testing parameters:
After the essential information of machine is gathered from literature review and
surveying the farmers, testing parameters will be selected that are essential for the
machine to be successful and usable in the practical environment.
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3.2.3. Solid modeling:
Solid modeling of our machine will be carried out on computer software package.
Following are the main parts of the machine that will be modeled.
 Frame
 Planting mechanism
 Seed feeding tray
 Drive train
 Floaters
 Shaft
3.2.4. Fabrication:
After the solid modeling has been finalized, the machine will be fabricated with some
parts manufactured according to specifications and some bought from the market.
3.3. Parts that will be bought or fabricated

Following are the parts that will be fabricated:
 Frame:
Frame will be modeled and designed on SolidWorks software package.
 Planting assembly
This assembly comprises of various parts that include shafts, bars, linkages, chains
and sprockets. All parts will be modeled and designed on SolidWorks and only
following parts will be fabricated, remaining parts will be bought from the market:
a. Shafts
b. Linkage bars
 Seed feeding box:
It is the box on which seedlings will be placed and fed to the planting mechanism. These
box are not readily available in the market according to our requirements so they will be
manufactured.
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CHAPTER 4
MATHEMATICAL MODELING
4.1. POWER TRANSMISSION MECHANISM DESIGN
4.1.1. Calculating diameter of shafts

The radius of shafts are calculated by using bending moment diagrams of each shaft.
The formula used for this purpose is:
J = ԉ/𝑐4 c is radius of shaft
τall is the max allowable shear stress of mild steel=115 MPa

Ʈmax is calculated by using the force and bending moment diagrams on
wheel shaft.
4.1.2. Calculating diameter of gears
After evaluating the teeth of sprockets radius is also evaluated to use it in designing phase
and calculating force phase.
The formula for the diameter calculation of sprocket is
The teeth t1 = T1 = T2 = T3 = 12 and t2 = T2 = T4 = T6 = 32

Using the formula described above to fine out the diameter of all gears.
Pitch of teeth is 0.005meters
For t1: 0.
d1 = 0.0191 meters
For t2:
d2 = 0.05 meters
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4.2. CALCULATING DURABILITY OF SYSTEM
For frame design as shown in the figure 6, let us assume that Mass of rice plants is 5kg
& Mass of frame and accessories is 20kg. Total Mass (M) = 25kg (Assuming)
Total Force (F) = M× g -----(1A)
Where (g) is acceleration due to gravity
F = 25×9.81 N
F = 245.25 N
There are four key points where total weight acts on links, so considering load is
distributed equally at each point i.e. each link. Force acting on each link is given by
F1 = F/4 ------(2A)
F1= 981/4 = 245.2 N
Length of link 1 is 910mm so bending moment (M) for link 1 is given by
M = F1× L1------- (3A)
M = 245.25 × (910/1000)
M = 223.17 N-m
We are using MS angle over MS flat because MS angle has comparatively high strength
in twisting & bending than MS flat. So selecting MS angle of (22 × 22 × 2) mm
dimensions.
Calculating Moment of Inertia for MS angle (Ig)
Ig = (b × d3 / 12) ----------(4A)
Here, σ permissible = Sut / Nf
σ permissible = 650/2 = 325 N/mm2
IG1 = (22 x 23)/12 = 14.666mm4
IG2 = (203 x 2)/12 = 1333.33mm4
y = C.G. of the system= (A1y1+ A2y2)/( A1+ A2) --- (5A)
y = [{(22 x 2) x 2} + {(20 x 2) x 10}] / {(20 x 2) + (22 x 2)}
y = 15.76 mm
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Now, Ip = Moment of Inertia about parallel axis.
Ip = (IG+Ah2) --- (6A)
So,
IP1 = (IG1+A1 h12)
IP1 = 14.666 + {44 x (21-15.76)2}
IP2 = 1222.80 mm4
IP2 = (IG2+A2 h22)
IP2 = 1333.33 + {40 x (15.76 - 10)2}
IP2 = 2660.434 mm4
So, Moment of inertia
I = IP1 + IP2 I = 1222.80 + 2660.434
I = 3883.234 mm4
We know that,
(M/I) = (σ/y) --- (7A)
σ actual = (M x y)/ I
σactual = (223.17 x 103 x 15.76) / 3883.234
σactual = 90.572 N/mm2
As, σactual <σpermissible
So, Design is safe.
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4.3. POSITION ANALYSIS OF PLANTING MECHANISM
As the planting mechanism is four bar so first of all linkage system is is designed for the
required motion of planting mechanism.
The linkages lengths are taken from the literature review which are then changed to the
required dimensions for our machine using Grashoff conditions to analyze the proper
motion of four bar mechanism. Which is as follow.
The lengths and known angles are:
a = 7cm ɵ𝑎= 0 degrees
b = 19.3cm ɵ𝑏 = to be calculate
c = 12 cm ɵ𝑐 = to be calculate
d = 17.9cm ɵ𝑑 = 9 degrees
Applying the Grashoff conditions
The formula is:
S+L≤Q+P
Where,
S = length of shortest link
L = length of longest link
Q and P are lengths of remaining links
Putting lengths in above formula
7 + 19.3 ≤ 17.4 + 12
26.3 ≤ 29.4
The above equality is true thus the condition is satisfied which shows that the shortest link
will take full rotation and no toggle will occur.
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CHAPTER 5
COMPUTER MODELING
5.1. DESIGN OF FRAME:
Frame of the machine is the part which will hold all the components of RTP machine.
These components include:
1. Seedlings picking assembly
2. Seedlings planting assembly
3. Tray Assembly
4. Floater
5. Handle
6. Conversion shafts with sprockets
5.1.1. CAD Model of Frame:
Initial Design:
 Material of frame: Mild Steel

 Length of frame: 160 cm
 Width of frame: 50 cm
Figure 13. Initial design of frame
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Finalized Design:
Figure 14. Final design of frame
Following were the changes that were made later on and was finalized to be fabricated:
1. Change in length of the frame:
Length of the frame was reduced from 160 cm to 140 cm, due to following reasons.
1. To reduce the mass of the machine.

2. Change in Width of the frame:
Width of the machine was changed from 50 cm to 65 cm due to following reasons:
1. To increase the surface area of the machine,

3. Slots for holding planting arm:
Two slots for holding planting arm were created in the rear end of the frame that
will hold the planting mechanism of the machine, as shown in figure 8.
Figure 15: Highlighted slots for holding planting arm
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5.2. DESIGN OF PLANTING MECHANISM:
5.2.1. Initial Design:
The initial design that we picked for the planting mechanism of the machine comprised of
three steps process, which included; Picking of Seedlings from seedling tray, passing the
seedlings o the planting arms via picking assembly and planting the seedlings in the rice
field.
 Seedlings picking assembly:
Seedling picking assembly comprises primarily of a simple cam and follower

mechanism. In which a trajectory upon which gripper will move is used as a cam,
while the gripper will function as a follower. A set of forks will be used with the
gripper to hold the seedlings in place. Function of seedling picking assembly is to
pick the seedlings from the tray and pass them on to the planting arms of the
seedling planting assembly.
Fig.16
 Planting arm Assembly:
Planting arm assembly is the part of the machine that will plant seedlings in to the rice
field after picking it from the seedlings picking assembly. This assembly comprises of
closed loop four bar mechanism. As our machine is two row planting machine so there
are two planting arms that will plant the seedlings into the field.
Fig.17
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5.3. Design of Seedling tray:
Seedlings tray is the part of the machine that will hold the stack of seedlings. Picking arm
will then pick the seedlings from the tray and then will carry it to the planting arm to plant
them to the ground.
Figure 18. Design of seedling tray
• Seedling tray support:

It is the support that holds the seedling trays and seedling picking mechanism.
Figure 19. Design of seedling tray support
5.4. Design of Shaft
• Material : Mild Steel

• Shaft dia : 3 cm
• Shaft length : 80 cm
Figure 20. Design of Shaft
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CHAPTER 6
ANALYSIS
6.1. ANALYSIS OF THE LINKAGE
Figure 21. Path generated by linkage
The mechanism shown above in the figure was analyzed in the SAM 6.0 software.
According to the calculated parameters such as
Length of Crank,
Length of coupler,
Length of fixed link,
Length of the follower,
Length of the extension of the coupler and the angle of the extension,
The above shown profile was generated (detailed view in seedling profile)
The above motion analyses graph shows the to and fro motion of the seedling boxes with
the help of slider joints as the box moves from mean position to the two extreme positions.
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Trajectory of the head of Picking Mechanism
Speed vs Theta: Picking Head
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6.2. STRESS ANALYSES:

The yield strength of low carbon steel is 28.2e+006 N/m²
6.2.1. Stress Analyses on Frame:
Figure 22. Stress analysis of frame

Study results:
Minimum Stress: 2.53435 N/m2
Maximum Stress: 6.3178e+006 N/m2
Conclusion:
From the CAD results, it is concluded that this part will not fail under the given stresses
as the maximum stress are much lower than the yield strength of the part.
6.2.2. Stress analysis on Shaft
Figure 23. Stress analysis of shaft
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Study results:
Conclusion:
6.2.3. Stress Analysis on Seedling Box Support
Figure 24. Stress analysis of seedling box support
Study results:
Conclusion:
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CHAPTER 7
MANUFACTURING PROCESS.
Manufacturing is the production of products for use or sale using labour
and machines, tools, chemical and biological processing, or formulation. The term may
refer to a range of human activity, from handicraft to high tech, but is most commonly
applied to industrial design, in which raw materials are transformed into finished goods on
a large scale. Such finished goods may be sold to other manufacturers for the production
of other, more complex products, such as aircraft, household appliances, furniture, sports
equipment or automobiles, or sold to wholesalers, who in turn sell them to retailers, who
then sell them to end users and consumers.
Manufacturing engineering or manufacturing process are the steps through which raw
materials are transformed into a final product. The manufacturing process begins with the
product design, and materials specification from which the product is made. These
materials are then modified through manufacturing processes to become the required
part.
7.1. WELDING PROCESS.
Welding is a fabrication process that joins materials, usually metals or thermoplastics, by

using high heat to melt the parts together and allowing them to cool causing fusion. Welding
is distinct from lower temperature metal-joining techniques such as brazing and soldering,
which do not melt the base metal.
In addition to melting the base metal, a filler material is typically added to the joint to form
a pool of molten material (the weld pool) that cools to form a joint that, based on weld
configuration (butt, full penetration, fillet, etc.), can be stronger than the base material
(parent metal). Pressure may also be used in conjunction with heat, or by itself, to produce
a weld. Welding also requires a form of shield to protect the filler metals or melted metals
from being contaminated or oxidized.
7.1.1. Arc Welding Process.

Arc welding is a welding process that is used to join metal to metal by
using electricity to create enough heat to melt metal, and the melted metals when
cool result in a binding of the metals. It is a type of welding that uses a welding power
supply to create an electric arc between a metal stick ("electrode") and the base
material to melt the metals at the point of contact. Arc welders can use
either direct (DC) or alternating (AC) current, and consumable or non-
consumable electrodes.
The welding area is usually protected by some type of shielding gas, vapor, or slag.
Arc welding processes may be manual, semi-automatic, or fully automated. First
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developed in the late part of the 19th century, arc welding became commercially
important in shipbuilding during the Second World War. Today it remains an
important process for the fabrication of steel structures and vehicles.
Figure 25. Arc Welding Process

7.1.2. MIG Welding Process.
MIG welding is an arc welding process in which a continuous solid wire electrode is
fed through a welding gun and into the weld pool, joining the two base materials
together. A shielding gas is also sent through the welding gun and protects the weld
pool from contamination. In fact, MIG stands for metal inert gas. The technical name
for it is gas metal arc welding (or GMAW), and the slang name for it is wire welding.
The MIG process enables the home-hobbyist, artist, farmer/rancher, motorsports
enthusiast or DIY welder to make most types of fabrication and maintenance/repair
welds on material from 24-gauge up to 1/2-inch thick. In addition to flexibility, many
people turn to MIG welding because they've heard that it's an easy process to learn.
Some claim it's no harder to use than a glue gun.
Figure 26. MIG Welding Process
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7.2. MACHINING PROCESS.
Machining is a term used to describe a variety of material removal processes in which a

cutting tool removes unwanted material from a workpiece to produce the desired shape.
The workpiece is typically cut from a larger piece of stock, which is available in a variety of
standard shapes, such as flat sheets, solid bars, hollow tubes, and shaped beams.
Machining can also be performed on an existing part, such as a casting or forging.
Parts that are machined from a pre-shaped workpiece are typically cubic or cylindrical in
their overall shape, but their individual features may be quite complex. Machining can be
used to create a variety of features including holes, slots, pockets, flat surfaces, and even
complex surface contours. Also, while machined parts are typically metal, almost all
materials can be machined, including metals, plastics, composites, and wood. For these
reasons, machining is often considered the most common and versatile of all
manufacturing processes.
7.2.1. Turning Process.

Turning is a form of machining, a material removal process, which is used to create
rotational parts by cutting away unwanted material. The turning process requires a
turning machine or lathe, workpiece, fixture, and cutting tool. The workpiece is a
piece of pre-shaped material that is secured to the fixture, which itself is attached to
the turning machine, and allowed to rotate at high speeds. The cutter is typically a
single-point cutting tool that is also secured in the machine, although some
operations make use of multi-point tools. The cutting tool feeds into the rotating
workpiece and cuts away material.
Turning is used to produce rotational, typically axi-symmetric, parts that have many
features, such as holes, grooves, threads, tapers, various diameter steps, and even
contoured surfaces. Parts that are fabricated completely through turning often
include components that are used in limited quantities, perhaps for prototypes, such
as custom designed shafts and fasteners. Turning is also commonly used as a
secondary process to add or refine features on parts that were manufactured using
a different process. Due to the high tolerances and surface finishes that turning can
offer, it is ideal for adding precision rotational features to a part whose basic shape
has already been formed.
Figure 27. Turning Operation on Lathe Machine
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7.2.2. Facing Process.
Facing in machining can be used in two different areas: facing on a milling machine
and facing on a lathe. Facing on the milling machine involves
various milling operations, but primarily face milling. On the lathe, facing is
commonly used in turning and boring operations. Other operations remove material
in ways similar to facing, for example, planning, shaping, and grinding, but these
processes are not labeled by the term "facing."
Facing on the lathe uses a facing tool to cut a flat surface perpendicular to the work
piece's rotational axis. A facing tool is mounted into a tool holder that rests on the
carriage of the lathe. The tool will then feed perpendicularly across the part's
rotational axis as it spins in the jaws of the chuck. A user will have the option to hand
feed the machine while facing, or use the power feed option. For a smoother surface,
using the power feed option is optimal due to a constant feed rate. Facing will take
the work piece down to its finished length very accurately. Depending on how much
material needs to be taken off, a machinist can choose to take roughing or finishing
cuts. Factors that affect the quality and effectiveness of facing operations on the
lathe are speeds and feeds, material hardness, cutter size, and how the part is being
clamped down.
Figure 28. Facing Operation on Lathe Machine
29
7.3. CUTTING PROCESS.
Cutting is the separation or opening of a physical object, into two or more portions, through
the application of an acutely directed force.
Implements commonly used for cutting are the knife and saw, or in medicine and science
the scalpel and microtome. However, any sufficiently sharp object is capable of cutting if it
has a hardness sufficiently larger than the object being cut, and if it is applied with sufficient
force. Even liquids can be used to cut things when applied with sufficient force on sheet
metal.
Cutting is a compressive and shearing phenomenon, and occurs only when the
total stress generated by the cutting implement exceeds the ultimate strength of the
material of the object being cut.
7.3.1. Iron Bar Cutting.

Grinding is an abrasive machining process that uses a grinding wheel as the cutting
tool.
Figure 29. Iron Bar Cutting with Grinder
30
7.3.2. Sheet Metal Cutting Process.

Cutting processes are those in which a piece of sheet metal is separated by applying
a great enough force to cause the material to fail. The most common cutting
processes are performed by applying a shearing force, and are therefore sometimes
referred to as shearing processes. When a great enough shearing force is applied,
the shear stress in the material will exceed the ultimate shear strength and the
material will fail and separate at the cut location.
This shearing force is applied by two tools, one above and one below the sheet.
Whether these tools are a punch and die or upper and lower blades, the tool above
the sheet delivers a quick downward blow to the sheet metal that rests over the lower
tool. A small clearance is present between the edges of the upper and lower tools,
which facilitates the fracture of the material. The size of this clearance is typically 2-
10% of the material thickness and depends upon several factors, such as the
specific shearing process, material, and sheet thickness.
Figure 30. Sheet Metal Cutting
31
7.4. DRILLING PROCESS.
Drilling is a cutting process that uses a drill bit to cut a hole of circular cross-section in solid
materials. The drill bit is usually a rotary cutting tool, often multi-point. The bit is pressed
against the work-piece and rotated at rates from hundreds to thousands of revolutions per
minute. This forces the cutting edge against the work-piece, cutting off chips (swarf) from
the hole as it is drilled.
In rock drilling, the hole is usually not made through a circular cutting motion, though the
bit is usually rotated. Instead, the hole is usually made by hammering a drill bit into the hole
with quickly repeated short movements. The hammering action can be performed from
outside the hole (top-hammer drill) or within the hole (down-the-hole drill, DTH). Drills used
for horizontal drilling are called drifter drills.
Drilled holes are characterized by their sharp edge on the entrance side and the presence
of burrs on the exit side (unless they have been removed). Also, the inside of the hole
usually has helical feed marks.
Drilling may affect the mechanical properties of the workpiece by creating low residual
stresses around the hole opening and a very thin layer of highly stressed and disturbed
material on the newly formed surface. This causes the workpiece to become more
susceptible to corrosion and crack propagation at the stressed surface. A finish operation
may be done to avoid these detrimental conditions.
Figure 31. Drilling Operation
32
CHAPTER 8
PHOTO GALLERY
Figure 32: Fabricated Planting assembly support frame
Figure 33: Fabricated planting arm
33
Figure 34: Fabricated Crank pair for planting arm assembly
Figure 35: Fabricated link for Planting arm assembly
34
Figure 36: Whole planting arm assembly
Figure 37: Fabrication of planting arm
35
36
37
CHAPTER 9
9.1. COMPARISION
Table 2
S.No. Parameter Manual Transplanter Mechanical Transplanter
1 Labour High Low

requirement
2 Risk of labour High as requirement of Low as there is requirement of

on field labour on field is more than only one or two labour on field
mechanical transplanter
3 Wages of Wages requirement of the As requirement of labour is low

labours labour is high (in session then total wages for them are
one labour take Rs.300 to also lower
Rs.400 per day)
4 Spacing In manual transplanting total The transplanter is work on

between transplanting is done by pulling power only and the
plants human and hence there is power transmitted from wheel
not proper spacing between itself hence spacing is properly
two plants maintain in between two plants
5 Time 85 to 95 hours required by 60 to 65 hours required with

required providing 10 to 15 labours only 2 or 3 labours
9.2. RESULT
• Recent surveys conducted revealed that the machine transplanting works better in
no-till/unpuddled conditions compared to puddled conditions.
• This suggests that transplanting machine requires distinct soil characteristics that
prevent the sedimentation of soil.
• Under puddled conditions, soil cannot make a strong grip on the seedlings. Even
excess water (more than 1 cm) coming from top at the time of transplanting will
loosen the soil grip on the seedlings.
 Thus it performs very well under no-till conditions but not under puddled
conditions. In a way unpuddled or zero till reduces the risk of empty spaces which
is common in puddle fields due to less anchoring of seedlings.
38
9.3. EXPENSES INCURRED

Table 3
S. No. Expense head Expenditure

1 Frame 600
2 Seedling Tray 400
3 Floater 200
4 Handle 400
5 Planting Mechanism 600
6 Chain 300
7 Sprockets 500
8 Bearing 800
9 Nut and bolts 100
10 Lubricants 100
Total Rs. 4000
39
CHAPTER 10
10.1. CONCLUSION
A rice transplanter is a machine that transplants the seedlings of rice in the paddy field from
seedling box through planting arm using power of engine. This machine has vast
application is India and Asia. The basic motivation of selecting this project was to solve the
problem of farmers in transplanting rice seedlings by providing a facility of fast and
economical transplantation.
 Rice paddy transplanter is highly recommended for the local farmers though
beforehand the farmers need to be educated regarding its proper use since
mechanized transplanter requires mat type nursery.
 Since the farm land is of the average size in the area thus a mechanized paddy
transplanter would highly aid in the rice transplantation.
 It would also decrease the high dependence of farmers upon labour for
transplantation. The transplanter machine can be easily coupled to a weed remover
mechanism which could further help farmers in the weeding process of paddy
plantation.
 It would be more efficient compared to existing paddy seedling transplanter with all
perspectives.
 Lower stress, drudgery and health risks for farm labourers.
 Addresses the problem of labour scarcity.
 Increases farmers' net income.
40
10.2. SCOPE OF FUTURE WORK
1. Enhancement with motor

The machinery we made takes the feed from the base wheel which is driven by or
pulled by a human manually. The work done by a human to pull this machine can be
further more decreased by placing a motor to the base wheel so that the feed is
taken automatically from the motor to the base wheel.
2. Rice harvester
The machinery’s purpose is to plant the paddy saplings. After planting the plants
grow and the plants need to be cut down to take the crop. For this there are some
machines called rice harvesters whose purpose is to cut the grown crop. This same
mechanism can be attached at the bottom with some improvements being done.
3. Enhancement with more plant catching mechanism
The machine we used is of just two floaters provided on the third shaft. The number
of the floaters can be increased further more to develop the number of plants planted
per a revolution. As of now we were just able to plant two plants per cycle. This can
be improved by increasing the length of the third shaft and increasing the number of
floaters.
41
10.3. REFERENCES
 Goel A C. and Verma K.S. (2000),Comparative study of directly seeding and

transplanted rice”,Indian Jr. Agriculture. Research, 34(3): 194-196.
 Patra A K. and Nayak B C. (2001), Grain yield of rice under different spacing
Indian Jr. of Agronomy, 46(3): 449-452.
 Thomas E V Development of a mechanism for transplanting rice seedlings.
 Mechanism and machine Theory.
 Kepner R. A.; Bainer Roy; Barger E.L. Principles of farm machinery.
42

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Agri Bot (Paddy Transplanting Machine)

1.2. RICE ZONES

Figure 1: Map showing the rice growth in India

1.2. METHODS OF RICE PLANTING

There are two methods of planting rice:-

Transplanting is done with following two methods:

Figure 2: Random method for Rice planting

Figure 3: Straight row method for rice planting

Direct seeding is done with three methods:

Figure 4: Broadcasting method for rice planting

Figure 5: Drilling method for rice transplanting

Figure 6: Dibbling method for rice transplanting

1.3. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

The importance of this project is to design a paddy transplanting mechanism to transplant

Figure 7. A paddy transplanter

2.2. CATEGORISATION OF PADDY TRANSPLANTERS

1. Type of nursery requirements.

On the basis of Nursery

 Washed seedling transplanter

I) Washed seedlings transplanter:

Figure 8. Washed seedling transplanter

II) Mat-type seedling transplanter:

Figure 9. Mat-type seedling transplanter

On the basis of prime mover requirements:-

Figure10. Hand cranked rice transplanter

2) Self propelled transplanter:-

Figure 11. Self-Propelled transplanter

• Efficient use of resources by saving on labour, cost saving, water saving.

• Transplanting is tedious and time-consuming (up to 30 man days/ha)

Figure 12. Rough Sketch

2.6. PARTS AND FUNCTIONS

S.No. Task Name Duration Date

2 Solid Modeling 8 Weeks 03-11-2018

3 Design Analysis 4 Weeks 02-02-2019

4 Optimization 4 Weeks 03-03-2019

5 Final Model 4 Weeks 10-03-2019

6 Design Finalization 6 Weeks 01-04-2019

7 Fabrication 4 Weeks 20-04-2019

8 Final Report 2 Weeks 04-05-2019

3.2.1. Initial Data and information gathering:

3.2.2. Selecting Testing parameters:

3.2.3. Solid modeling:

 Seed feeding tray

3.3. Parts that will be bought or fabricated

 Seed feeding box:

4.1.1. Calculating diameter of shafts

The formula used for this purpose is:

J = ԉ/𝑐4 c is radius of shaft

τall is the max allowable shear stress of mild steel=115 MPa

4.1.2. Calculating diameter of gears

The teeth t1 = T1 = T2 = T3 = 12 and t2 = T2 = T4 = T6 = 32

Pitch of teeth is 0.005meters

4.2. CALCULATING DURABILITY OF SYSTEM

Total Force (F) = M× g -----(1A)

Where (g) is acceleration due to gravity

F1= 981/4 = 245.2 N

Length of link 1 is 910mm so bending moment (M) for link 1 is given by

M = F1× L1------- (3A)

Calculating Moment of Inertia for MS angle (Ig)

Here, σ permissible = Sut / Nf

σ permissible = 650/2 = 325 N/mm2

IG1 = (22 x 23)/12 = 14.666mm4