Factory Inspection Test Plan & Procedure PDF

00 Ravindra 2/May/18 FOR APPROVAL
REV.NO. ISSUED BY DATE REVISION DETAILS

CLIENT :
PROJECT :
SUPPLY, ERECTION, OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE OF COMBINED CYCLE

GAS TURBINES TO UPGRADE POWER CAPACITY AT SABIYA POWER &
DISTILLATION PLANT SITE (BY 750 MW) STAGE‐3
CONTRACT NO. :
MEW/C/5200‐2017/2018
MEW DWG. NO. :
A/SE/TRFO/TST/571491
CONTRACTOR :
ALGHANIM INTERNATIONAL GENERAL TRADING & CONT. CO. W.L.L.
CONTRACTOR'S CONSULTANT :
L&T-Sargent & Lundy Limited

CONSULTANT/SUBCONTRCTOR/SUPPLIER :
ABB ABB Engineering Technologies Co. KSCC

Project : Orig. PC
SABIYA STAGE ‐3 KW1016

Date Name Scale: xx Size: A4 Type QE03
Drawn 2/May/18 GB Title Contents Code
Designed 2/May/18 GB FACTORY INSPECTION TEST PLAN & PROCEDURE

Checked 2/May/18 GB OIL FILLED & DRY TYPE UNIT AND STATION ATA
AUXILIARY TRANSFORMERS
Approved 2/May/18 RV
Department UNID Index/Rev.
400071491 00
Document No. Page No.
KW1016/QE03/ATA/7938031 1 OF 54
ABB
Prepared by: Reviewed by:
QMS Document
Approved by:
Q24-4000-03
Date:
Mohammad Al-Mutairi Ahmed Bagais Mohammed Al-Mutwa 2015-06-30

Valid for Comments
ABB Electrical Industries Co. Ltd. Issued for Implementation
Instruction for Test Procedure of Oil Immersed and Dry Type Distribution &
Earthing Transformer
1. RESPONSIBLE
The responsible for the content and implementation of this instruction is the BU Manager for the Distribution
Transformer Division.
2. PURPOSE
Tests serve as an indication of the extent to which a transformer is able to comply with a customer's
specified requirement; for example to check the loading capacity, dielectric withstand & further operating
characteristics.
3. BOUNDARIES
The instruction is valid for the electrical testing (routine test, type test and special test) of fully assembled oil
immersed and dry type distribution & earthing transformer.
4. REFERENCES
4.1 Testing of Power Transformers by ABB, ISBN 3 - 00 - 010400 – 3
4.2 IEC 60076 · 1. General
· 2. Temperature Rise Test
· 3. Insulation level, dielectric tests and external clearance in air.
· 4. Guide to the lightning impulse and switching impulse testing –
· Power transformers and reactors.
· - 10. Determination of sound levels.
4.3 IEC 60076-11. Dry-type transformers.
4.4 IEC 60296, Fluids for electro technical applications – Unused mineral insulating oils for
transformers and switchgear.
4.5 IEC 289, Earthing Transformer – Zero Sequence Impedance Measurement.
4.6 IEEE C57.12.20 Rev_2011_Overhead-Type Distribution Transformer
4.7 IEEE C57.12.00 -2010_General Requirements for Liquid-Immersed DTR_Power_Reg_Transformer
4.8 IEEE Std C57.12.91™-2011
5. GENERAL
The purpose of quality control is to ensure that the quality of the product will be correct for the application, and
will be neither excessive nor insufficient. Quality control is the result of constant research and development in
the industry over the years. ABB engineers continuously contribute to this development, both through in-house
work as well as national and international industrial co-operation involving, for example, the exchange of
experience via literature and participation in standardized organizations of all categories.
6. PREPARATION FOR TEST

The following points shall be observed before carrying out transformer tests.
· Check test area security and safety circuit for proper operation.
· Check warning indicator lights for proper operation.
· Check connection leads and contacts for damage.
· Check calibration dates of all instruments.
· Unit to be tested must be free of obstructions.
· Check for proper tank earthing connections.
· Check transformer for correct oil level and the function of other accessories if it available.
· Check the transformer for correct lead connection, phase marking and type of busing.
Q90-0110-04
Page 1 of 52
ABB QMS Document Q24-4000-03
· Unauthorized person are not allowed to enter the test area.

· Only trained test personnel shall carry out the tests. When a non testing person is engaged/present, he
will be informed of the safety precautions to be taken and be under supervision by assigned test
personnel during the complete time of testing.
7. SAFETY PROCEDURE
The following safety procedures must be followed by the test engineers, testing assistance and customers
who come for witnessing the test. Only trained person is allowed to do the test and to help the test.
· Check the earthing switch properly working or not.
· Check the door inter-locking for proper operation.
· Check the safety scanners for proper operation.
· Close the doors for safe testing.
· Check the transformer earthing connection.
· Check the warning light.
· Keep ladder or other accessories in safe distance.
· Put insulating barrier between HV & LV bushings during high voltage test.
· Put insulating barrier between HV phases during induced over voltage test.
· Keep all persons out (even testing assistance) from the testing bay during any high voltage test.
· Use the ground stick after high voltage test to make sure the discharging of the transformer.
8. TEST EQUIPMENT
The test station for the distribution transformers at ABB Electrical Industries Co. Ltd., KSA is an automatic
test station which can be divided in to the following units:
8.1. Equipment Room (2nd floor Room).
The main components in the Source Supply Rom are:
v EPS 1 (400 KVA, 610 Amp)
v EPS 2 (600 KVA. 920 Amp)
v Step up transformer (Dry) 1: 400KVA & (380V/400, 1200, 15000, 25000, 36000V)
v Step up transformer (Dry) 2: 600KVA & (380V/400, 1200, 15000, 25000, 36000V)
.
8.2. Routine Test Area:
The transformer room consists of the following equipments:
v 3 CTs (2.5, 5, 10, 20, 50,100,300,600A).
v 3PTs (400, 1200, 5000,15000,25000,36000 V).
v Pneumatic Switch (8 Switches)
v Hipot (100KV).
v Hipot (10K V).
8.3. Shielding Room:

v 3 CTs (2.5, 5, 10, 20, 50,100,300,600,1000A).
v 3PTs (400, 1200, 5000,15000,25000,36000 V).
v Pneumatic Switch (1 Switch)
v Hipot (100KV).
v Hipot (10K V).
v Partial Discharge Filter (10KV, 50A).
v Impulse Equipment’s (Impulse generator, 400KV & Charging unit & Impulse Divider & sphere gap).
v Loose Instrument:
· DELTA 4000 (Megger).
· 5KV Insulation Tester (Megger).
· Sound Level Meter (35 – 130 dB)
· Digital Millimeters.
· Pulse Generator (Calibrator).
8.3. Control Room:
The control consists of Four Testing Desk with the inbuilt instruments, PLC, PCs and emergency switches.
The testing control, measurement and calculation performed by software program in each PC of the Testing
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Desk. All calculations performed by the data acquisition program is based on formulas extracted from
applicable IEC & ANSI standards for testing of distribution transformers.
8.3.1 Testing Desk1:

v PC.
v Inbuilt PLC.
v Inbuilt changing relays PLC.
v Transformer Turn Ratio Meter (Rytech).
v Winding Resistance (Rytech).
8.3.2 Testing Desk 2:

v PC.
v Precision Power Analyzer (YOKOGAWA).
v Emergency switches.
v PC.
v Inbuilt PLC.
v Precision Power Analyzer (YOKOGAWA).
v PC.
v Agilent multimeter.
v Winding Resistance meter (Rytech).
v Generator Control GC223.
v Partial Discharge Analyzer.
8.4. Test Area

The test objects are placed in the test zone considering the safety condition of area and they are connected
to the test circuit via a test selector switches (changing relays or Pneumatic switches). All terminals of the
transformer are connected to the test selector switch by means of special leads with connection clamps. The
switch is operated and controlled from Testing Desk by software program which enables the operator to
change the test circuits as required.
8.5. Start-up of test equipment

In order to start-up the testing station, the following procedure should be followed in order to avoid damage of
equipment and to verify proper function of all equipment.
8.5.1 Cabinet #3 (Near the mean door of the control room)
1. Make sure the main MCB switch indicator in ON position.
2. Make sure the nominal voltage is 380V in the panel meter.
3. Make sure the Red indication lamp of “Charging indicator” for the breaker switches of EPS1& EPS2.
4. Make sure to select the required EPS of the testing area (EPS1 for routine test area & EPS2 for the
shielding room).
5. Turn the key of required EPS “QF control mode” to Local and press the “QF close bottom”, the Red
indication lamp will lit to indicate the breaker is closed and turn the key “QF control mode” to Null.
8.5.2 Testing Desks (inside the control Room)
v Make sure to know the function of each Testing Desk as follow:

A. The tests that performed in the routine test area use the below Testing Desk:
A.1 Testing Desk1: For Ratio Test & Vector Group Test & Winding Resistance Rest.
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A.2 Testing Desk2: For No Load Test & Induce Test & Separate Test & Load Test.
B. The tests that performed in the shieling room use the below Testing Desk:
B.1 Testing Desk 3: For Winding Resistance Test & No Load Test & Induce Test & Separate Test &
Partial Discharge Test & Temperature Rise test & Sound Test.
B.2 Testing Desk 4: For Impulse Test & Partial Discharge Test & Temperature rise test.
v Turn on power supply of PLC in the bottom of Testing Desk1 for Routine Test Area.
v Turn on power supply of PLC in the bottom of Testing Desk 3&4 for Shieling Room.
v Turn on power supply of PCs , Transformer Turn Ratio Meter, Winding Resistance meter, Precision
Power Analyzer, Agilent multimeter, Partial Discharge Analyzer and Generator Control GC223.
v Make sure that all the emergency switches on Testing Desk and for inbuilt instruments are open.
When all test tests have been performed, all data is calculated and summarized which will be
reflected on the test protocol (test report).
9. TEST CATEGORIES AND SEQUENCE

The tests are grouped in three main categories: routine test, type test and special test. All tests are
performed according to different standards and ABB practice. Routine test are tests required for each
individual transformer. Type test are actually the design tests on a transformer which is representative of the
other transformers, to demonstrate that these conducted transformers comply with specified requirements
not covered by routine tests. Special tests are tests other than type or routine tests agreed to by the
manufacturer and the purchaser.
ROUTINE TEST:
1. Ratio & Vector Group Test.
2. Measurement of Winding Resistance.
3. No Load Loss & Excitation Current Measurement.
4. Induced Over Voltage Withstand Test.
5. Applied Potential or Separate Source Test.
6. Load Loss and Short-Circuit Impedance Measurement.
7. Leak Testing with Pressure for Liquid –Immersed Transformer (Tightness Test).
8. Core Insulation Test.
9. Partial Discharge Measurement (only for dry type transformer)
10. Special impulse test for distributions transformers as per ANSI (See 7.2 of Lighting Impulse Test)
TYPE TEST:
1. Temperature Rise Test
2. Lightening Impulse (Full Wave) Test
3. Sound Level Measurement
SPECIAL TEST:
1. Insulation Resistance Measurement
2. Dielectric Test of Transformer Oil.
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3. Excitation Test.
ROUTINE TEST
TITLE: RATIO AND VECTOR GROUP TEST
1. PURPOSE
The purpose of this procedure is to describe how to carry out a test which allows the transformation ratio to
be measured and the connection unit for which the transformer has been designed, to be checked.
2. DESCRIPTION
These measurements are made to verify the voltage ratio of the windings, their inter-connections and their
phase displacement. For purposes of measurement, the transformer is excited by a low voltage from HV side
of the winding and measured in both side winding to calculate the ratio. The observed ratio is accepted if
they are within the tolerance of the rating.
Connection designations and phase displacements are stated in international as well as in national
standards. The individual windings of polyphase transformer can be connected in star, delta or zigzag
depending on the application. The phase displacement between the windings is between 0° and 360°
depending on the connection method. Parallel operation of the transformers requires that the no-load ratio
and the vector group is the same to avoid circulating current.
3. SCOPE
This procedure applies to all type of distribution & earthing transformer up to 5 MVA and highest system
voltage up to 36 kV.
4. APPLICABLE STANDARD
This procedure is based on the standards IEC 60076-1-2011 & IEEE Std C57.12.90-2010.
5. PROCEDURE
1. Connect the test leads properly to the test abject.
2. Start the transformer tap at position-1.
3. The test will performed on Testing Desk1.
4. Switch ON the “Transformer Turn Ratio Meter”.
5. Turn ON the PC of the testing Desk 1.
6. Click the icon program in the desktop “Test Program” in the PC to open the testing program.
7. Click “Test” in the “” Test report” Window and then select “New Routine test”
8. Enter the “User ID” & “password” to open the transformer speciation window.
9. Make ready the specification of the transformer needs to be tested from the test program.
10. Make sure the number of the test to avoid duplication measurement.
11. Click “New”, then click “Resi &Ratio test” to move to test window.
12. Click “PLC start” in the test window.
13. Select the test voltage from “Test Volt”.
14. Make sure the reading position in the test window as per the tap position of the transformer.
15. Make sure all the safety functions are closed. In case if any of the safety functions are open,
there will be message will appear in the test window to indicate which function to check.
16. Click “Ratio Start” and the measurement will perform by the Transformer Turn Ratio Meter and
then will transfer to test Window.
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17. After completion of one tap, do change the tap changer of the transformer by manually
18. Click “Tap Next” or “Tap Prev” to select the next tap for ratio test.
19. Then repeat 14 to 17 and this way continue the all taps and result (ratio & vector) will be save
automatically on the test window.
20. Click “PLC stop” and there is message from test window as “Save test Data? Yes or No” then
click “Yes” and this test (ratio) will be stop.
21. Test Completed.
6. MEASURING CIRCUIT:
7. TEST RESULTS
v The term “Voltage ration” is defined as the theoretical voltage ratio ( turns ratio):
R= (Np/Ns)=(Ep/Es) (1)
Where, R= Voltage Ratio
Np=number of primary turns.
Ns=number of secondary turns.
Ep= open-circuit voltage of the primary.
Es= open-circuit voltage of the secondary.
v The voltage ratio is measured for each tapping connection of the transformer. In the report the
specified tapping voltage ratios are stated, as well as the measured ratios.
v The vector test, the ratio meter (TTR) shows the ratio test result (V1/V2) and vector group of the
transformer after complete the test for each tap which will be also recorded in the computer screen.
And this results will be automatically saved under result data sheet.
8. TEST APPARATUS
· PC.
· PLC.
· Transformer Turn Ratio Meter.
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9. EVALUATION
The tolerance for the non-load transformation ratio for the principal tapping will be the lower of the following
values or the tolerance will be established by mutual agreement and will be specified in the contractual
documents: ± 0.5% of the specified ratio
TITLE: MEASUREMENT OF WINDING RESISTANCE

1. PURPOSE
The purpose of this procedure is to describe a test which allows the ohmic resistance of the windings of
transformer to be measured. The value of this resistance can be applied to calculate ohmic losses and
additional losses by calculating the difference between the load losses measured and the ohmic losses
calculated.
2. DESCRIPTION
Winding resistance is measured in order to verify the continuity of windings, their correct connections and to
create a basis for load loss in case a temperature rise test is agreed for temperature determination.
Resistance is determined by DC measurement using a voltmeter/ ampere meter method. An important
parameter for resistance measurement is the winding temperature. Therefore, it is prerequisite for good
measurement that the winding temperature is stable and known.
An important error source during the resistance measurements is the induced voltage due to the large
inductance of the transformer windings. This induced voltage may be created by the connection transient or
by an unstable power source. The setting time of the switching transient may be several minutes.
3. SCOPE
voltage up to 36 kV. This is also applicable to measure the hot resistance during temperature rise test of the
transformer.
This procedure is based on the standard IEC 60076-1-2011 & IEEE Std C57.12.90-2010.
5. PROCEDURE
1. Connect the test leads and temperature sensor properly to the test abject.
2. Start the transformer tap with the required tap as per the transformer specification.
3. The test will performed on Testing Desk1 for routine test area.
4. The test will performed on Testing Desk 3&4 for shieling room.
5. Make sure to select the switch in the Testing Desk1 “station 1 start” for testing in the routine test
area. The green indication lamp will indicate that the switch ON.
6. The switch in the Testing Desk1” Station 2 start” for testing in the shieling room.
7. Switch ON the “Winding Resistance Meter”.
8. Turn ON the PC of the testing Desk 1 or Testing Desk3 as per the testing place.
14. Click “New”, then click “Resi &Ratio test” to move to test window.
there will be message will appear in the test window to indicate which function to check.
16. Click “PLC start” in the test window.
17. In Testing Desk1:
17.1 Click on the first the yellow box of “ LV1-DC Resistance” phase to phase “uv” and the
measurement will continue automatically for the all winding and result will be save automatically
on the test window.
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17.2 Tick “manual stop” for the reading one by one for each yellow box in the test window.
18. In Testing Desk2:
18.1 Click on any of the yellow box to take the reading one by one.
18.2 Tick “channel R1\R2” to select the resistance winding meter channel for the measurement.
19. Click “PLC stop” and there is message from test window as “Save test Data? Yes or No” then
click “Yes” and this test (resistance winding) will be stop and the measurements will be saved.
20. Test Completed.
6. MASURING CIRCUIT:
7. TEST RESULTS
The resistance is measured at nominal tap. As per ABB testing procedure the applied current should be
greater than 1.2 times of the excitation current and the maximum value of the current will be 10% of the rated
current as per IEC or 15% of the rated current as per IEEE Std C57.12.90-2010.The resistance measurement
will be calculated automatically by the test program with using the winding resistance meter and result will be
displayed in the computer screen automatically. The resistance calculated by automatic system or manual
system are based on the following formula:
Winding Resistance, R = V / I (2)
8. TEST APPARATUS
· PC.
· Inbuilt changing relays PLC.
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· Winding Resistance Meter
9. EVALUATION
Value should be comparable with each phase.
TITLE: NO LOAD LOSS AND CURRENT MEASUREMENT
1. PURPOSE
The purpose of this procedure is to describe the test which determines the value of the losses in the
transformer's magnetic circuit as well as the intensity of the exciting current.
2. DESCRIPTION
The transformer performance in no load operation is observed to determine the properties of the transformer
core. The test performed by applying specified or rated voltage and frequency to one winding (typically the
lower voltage winding) while the other winding is left open-circuited. During the test, the average 3-phase
values of average-voltage, rms voltage and current along with the total 3-phase watts will be recorded. The
performance is considered acceptable provided that currents and losses are within specifications.
3. SCOPE
This procedure is based on the standards IEC 60076-1-2011 & IEEE Std (C57.12.90-2010 & C57.12.00-2010).
5. PROCEDURE
1. Connect the test leads and temperature sensor properly to the test abject and Make sure to use
the barriers in high voltage side if needed.
3. The test will performed on Testing Desk 2 for routine test area.
4. The test will performed on Testing Desk 3 for shieling room.
5. Switch ON the Precision Power Analyzer (YOKOGAWA).
6. Turn ON the PC of the testing Desk 1&2 or Testing Desk3 as per the testing place.
12. Click “New”, then click “Power Test” to move to test window and the tests that can conduct as
follow:
12.1 Testing Desk1 (for routine test area): Iron test, Induced test, load test and separate test.
12.2 Testing Desk3 (for shieling room): Resistance test, Iron test, induced test, load test,
separate test and manual power.
there will be a message will appear in the test window to indicate which function to check
14. Click “ Iron test “ and The test window consists of:
14.1 The tests that can be conduct as per the testing place and Testing Desk.
14.2 “Test parameter” which show the specification of the transformer and test for each test.
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14.3 “Test result” which show the results after performing the test.
14.4 Functions to control the test as follow (Auto PT CT, Start, Go, Clear, manual stop)
14.5 CTs Taps, the green circular with blue indication will indicate which tap have been
selected and the tap can be changed by clicking the required tap and the green circuit and
blue indication will move to it.
14.6 PTs Taps, the green circular with blue indication will indicate which tap have been
14.7 Step Transformer Taps, the green rectangular indication will indicate which tap have
been selected and the tap can be changed by clicking “U” or “D” to the required tap and the
green rectangular indication will move to it.
14.8 EPS details window to show the output of EPS supplier.
14.9 WT300 detail window to show the output of the precision power analyzer.
14.10 pneumatic switches and the main circuit breaker (CB) window, the green indication ON
will indicate with pneumatic switch is closed and the red indication OFF will indicate with
pneumatic switch is open.
15. Click “Auto PT CT” and wait for the tap adjustment for Setup Transformer, CTs and PTs.
16. Make sure that the green indication is blinking of “EPS Connect” and that will indicate the
communication between the PLC and EPS.
17. Then click “start” to operate the EPS and to close the pneumatic switches.
18. Make sure the green indication of EPS and for the pneumatic switches and CB as per the testing
area as follow:
18.1 Routine test area (Testing Desk 2): The green indication ON will for (CB1, S1 &S3).
18.2 Shieling room (Testing Desk 3): The green indication ON will for (CB2, S9).
19. Click “Go” to apply the voltage and the test will continue automatically until reach the target
voltage which is 100% of the mean value voltage. Then the test will stop and there will be
message from test window as “Save test Data? Yes or No” then click “Yes” and this test (no load)
will be save the measurement.
20. Test completed.
7. TEST RESULT
The following losses occur at no load:
- Iron losses in the transformer core and other constructional parts.
- Dielectric losses in the insulation
- Load losses caused by the no load currents.
Since the two last mentioned losses are very small, they are generally ignored.
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The following formulas is valid for iron losses:

IEC:
Po=Pm (1+d) (3)
Where, Po= No load losses after correction.
Pm= Measured no load losses.
d= (Va - Vr)/Va *100
Va = Mean value of the voltage (U')
Vr= r.m.s. value of the voltage (U)
IEEE (ANSI):
Po = Pm / (P1 + kP2) (4)

Where, Po= no-load losses, corrected for waveform, at temperature Tm.
Pm = measured no-load losses at temperature Tm
P1 = per unit hysteresis loss, default = 0.5 P.U.
P2 = per unit eddy-current loss, default = 0.5 P.U.
k = (Er / Ea) ^2
Er = voltage measured by rms voltmeter.
Ea = voltage measured by average-voltage voltmeter.
Temperature correction:
The temperature correction is required for the below conditions:
A. The average oil temperature is within ± 10 ºC of the reference temperature Tr.
B. The difference between the top and bottom oil temperatures does not exceed 5 ºC.
Pr (Tr) = Po x (1 + (Tm – Tr) x KT) (5)

Where, Pr (Tr) = no-load losses corrected to the core loss reference temperature, Tr
Pc(Tm) = no-load losses, corrected for waveform, at temperature Tm
Tm = top oil temperature at time of test in ºC.
Tr = standard core loss temperature = 20 ºC.
Exciting Current as per IEC & IEEE (ANSI)
%Iex = (Ir / I) x 100 (6)
Where: %Iex = the percent exciting current for the test condition
Ir = the measured rms current
I = the rated current for the test condition
When carrying out the no load measurement, the voltage wave shape may somewhat differ from the
Sinusoidal form. This is caused by the harmonics in the magnetizing current which cause additional voltage
drops in the impedance of the supply. The readings of the mean value meter and R.M.S. meter will be
different.
Because the losses are to be determined under standard conditions, it is necessary to correspond to test
conditions where the supply voltage is sinusoidal. In the test, the voltage is adjusted so that the mean value
voltmeter indicates the required voltage value.
8. TEST APPARATUS
· PC.
· PLC.
· Precision Power Analyzer (YOKOGAWA)
9. EVALUATION
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Unless it is expressly indicated otherwise, the transformer is considered to be correct when the mean
losses do not exceed +15% as per IEC and +10% as per IEEE (ANSI) of the offered.
The 15% tolerance as per IEC will be applicable provided that total losses are not greater
than 10% with regard to those offered.
The 10% tolerance as per IEEE (ANSI) will be applicable provided that total losses are not
greater than 6% with regard to those offered.
The tolerance to be applied in the no load current will be +30% as per IEC over that offered except if
indicated otherwise.
TITLE: INDUCED OVER VOLTAGE TEST

1. PURPOSE
The purpose of this procedure is to describe how to carry out a test which will check the insulation between
windings and between the sections of the winding.
2. DESCRIPTION
The object of this test is to secure that the insulation between the phase windings, turns, coils, tapping leads
and terminals, for non-uniformly insulated windings also the insulation between these parts and earth,
withstand the temporary over voltages and switching over voltages to which the transformer may be
subjected to during its lifetime.
The test voltage from a suitable power source is supplied to one of the winding sets so that the core is
excited. Consequently, voltage corresponding to the turns ratio is induced in all the windings of the
transformer. The voltage is quickly raised to the specified level and keeps there for a predetermined
duration. The test voltage is always much higher than the rated voltage (normally twice the rated voltage for
uniform insulation). Therefore, in order to avoid over excitation of the core, a correspondingly higher
frequency is required for the test voltage than the rating of the transformer.
The test is monitored by observation of voltages and currents. The test is successful if no collapse of the
test voltage occurs.
3. SCOPE
voltage up o 36 kV.
This procedure is based on the standards IEC 60076-3-2013 & IEEE Std (C57.12.90-2010 & C57.12.00-
2010).
5. PROCEDURE
1. Connect the test leads the test abject and Make sure to use the barriers in high voltage side if
needed.
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follow:
there will be a message will appear in the test window to indicate which function to check.
14. Click “ Induced test “ and The test window consists of:
14.5 CTs &Taps, the green circular with blue indication will indicate which tap have been
17. Make sure that the frequency as per the test frequency as per the requirement
area as follow:
voltage as per the test voltage and time will start up to target duration. Then the test will stop and
there will be message from test window as “Save test Data? Yes or No” then click “Yes” and this
test (induced test) will be save the measurement.
21. Test completed.
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7. TEST RESULT
The testing of a three phase winding is preferably carried out with balanced three phase voltage induced in
the winding's three phase. The excitation voltage is applied to the low voltage windings and high voltage
windings are left open-circuited.
The minimum test frequency as per ANSI= [Et/ (1.1xEr)] x rated frequency. (7)
If the frequency used in the test (fe) is higher than twice the rated frequency (fn), the duration of the test as
IEC is obtained in the following way:
t = 120 x (f n/fe) seconds (but min. 15 s, max. 60 s). (8)
The test frequency that we used in testing is 160 Hz unless there is agreement with the costumer for specific
frequency. So the duration of the test at 160 Hz is:
· 45.0 seconds for 60 Hz transformer
· 37.5 seconds for 50 Hz transformer
In case of resonance, the test frequency may be selected at any value between 100 Hz to 200 Hz.
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8. TEST APPARATUS
· PC.
· PLC.
· Precision Power Analyzer (YOKOGAWA).
9. EVALUATION
For the duration of the test the transformer should withstand a voltage equal to twice the rated voltage. The
test voltage between line terminals should not be greater than the rated voltage for the industrial power
frequency voltage test.
The test will be considered to be satisfactory when no sudden variations in the current absorbed by the
transformer are observed or no collapse or breakdown observed.
TITLE: APPLIED POTENTIAL OR SEPARATE SOURCE TEST OR LOW

POWER FERQUECNY
1. PURPOSE
The purpose of this procedure is to describe how to carry out a test which checks the insulation between the
different windings and between the windings and the earth.
2. DESCRIPTION
This test will demonstrate the capability of the insulation between windings, and between windings and
structural (core) parts, to withstand the stresses from specified, sinusoidal power frequency test voltages.
The test voltage (single phase) from a suitable power source is applied on winding sets on each side of the
insulation. The voltage is quickly raised to the specified level and kept there for a certain fixed duration,
usually one minute. This procedure does not excite the transformer core electromagnetically. During test one
winding will be connected to power source and another winding will be grounded.
This test is monitored by measurement of the voltages. This test is useful if no collapse and highest of the
test voltage occurs.
3. SCOPE
This procedure applies to all type of distribution & earthing transformer up to 5 MVA system voltage up to 36
kV.
This procedure is based on the standards IEC 60076-3-2013 & IEEE Std (C57.12.90-2010 & C57.12.00- 2010).
5. PROCEDURE
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1. Connect the test leads properly to the test abject and Make sure to use the barriers in high
voltage side if needed.
follow:
14. Click “ separate test“ and The test window consists of:
14.10 pneumatic switches and the circuit breaker (CB, 2KM & 3KM) window, the green
indication ON will indicate with pneumatic switch is closed and the red indication OFF will
indicate with pneumatic switch is open.
16. Make sure that the frequency and the voltage test as per the requirement of transformer
specification.
17. Then click “LV start” for LV side test or “HV start” for HV side test to operate the EPS and to
close, circuit breaker and the pneumatic switches.
area as follow:
18.1 separate source test for LV side test:
18.1.1 Routine test area (Testing Desk 2) for test voltage 10KV and below: The green indication
ON will be for (2KM, S2, S4, S5 and S8).
18.1.2 Routine test area (Testing Desk 2) for test voltage above 10KV: The green indication ON
will be for (3KM, S2, S4, S5 and S7).
18.1.3 Shieling room (Testing Desk 3): The green indication ON will be for (2KM-2) and test lead
will direct from the Hipot (10KV or 100KV) as per the test voltage.
18.2 separate source test for HV side:
18.2.1 Routine test area (Testing Desk 2): The green indication ON will be for (3KM, S2, S3 and
S6).
18.2.2 Shieling room (Testing Desk 3): The green indication ON will be for (3KM-2) and test lead
will direct from the Hipot (10KV or 100KV) as per the test voltage.
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voltage as per the test voltage and time will start up to target duration. Then the test will stop and
there will be message from test window as “Save test Data? Yes or No” then click “Yes” and this
test will be save the measurement.
20. Test completed.
6.1 separate source for LV side:
6.1 separate source for HV side:
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7. TEST RESULT
The transformer should withstand the voltage applied for 60 seconds at rated frequency and the test voltage
will be according to IEC 60076-3-2013, table2 and IEEE Std & C57.12.00- 2010, table 4&5.
8. TEST APPARATUS
· PC.
· PLC.
9. EVALUATION
A successful test occurs if the test voltage remains constant and no other physical ills such as noise, smoke or
bubbles in the oil manifests themselves. The test voltage for LV and HV windings and duration of the test are
indicated in the report.
TITLE: LOAD LOSS & SHORT CIRCUIT IMPEDANCE MEASUREMENT

1. PURPOSE
The purpose of this procedure is to describe a test which allows us to determine the value of the losses which
occur in the windings (copper losses & stray losses) and the impedance voltage when the rated current flows
through the windings.
2. DESCRIPTION
This test serves to determine the transformer impedance and the losses created by current in the windings at
rated frequency. This test will be carried out at room temperature. For the test LV windings are short-circuit
terminated and HV windings are excited to cause a suitable current as close as possible to the rated current
in the excitation circuit, although IEC specifies the test current should not be below 50% of the rated current.
The currents, voltage and power will be measured; where necessary, observed losses are calculated to rated
conditions with regard to observed current and temperatures. An important parameter during this test is the
temperature of the windings. Therefore, this has to be stabilized before the test. The test should be done at
nominal tap unless there is agreement for specific tap with the costumer.
The performance is considered acceptable provided the impedance and losses are within the relevant
tolerances.
3. SCOPE
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2010).
5. PROCEDURE
2. Short circuit the LV side by use of the copper busbars.
follow:
15.4 Functions to control the test as follow (Auto PT CT, Start, Go, Clear, manual stop,
Temp, Auto and Res meter)
18. Make sure the reading of the temperature is matching the winding resistance temperature by
using the suitable function Auto or Res meter.
area as follow:
20.1 separate source test for LV side test:
20.1.1 Routine test area (Testing Desk 2) for secondary current below 2000A: The green
indication ON will be for (CB1, S1, S4 and S5).
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20.1.2 Routine test area (Testing Desk 2) for secondary current above 2000A: The green
indication ON will be for (CB1, S1 and S4).
20.2 Shieling room (Testing Desk 3): The green indication ON will be for (CB2 and S9)
current which is 100% of the rated current. Then the test will stop and there will be message from
test window as “Save test Data? Yes or No” then click “Yes” and this test (Load test) will be save
the measurement.
22. Test completed.
6. MEASURING CIRCUIT
7. TEST RESULT
7.1 Load loss:

According to the standards, the measured value of the losses shall be corrected to a winding temperature of
75°C (or 120°C for dry type transformer) as per IEC and 85°C as per ANSI. The transformer is at ambient
temperature when the measurements are carried out, and the losses values are corrected to the reference
according to the standards as follows.
The DC losses (copper loss) at the measuring temperature are calculated using the resistance values
obtained in the resistance measurement (resistance measured between phase terminals).
The corrected measured of the resistance as per the reference temperature is as follow:
RHVlt = RHVw ((K + qlt)/(K + qw)) (9)
RLVlt = RLVw ((K + qlt)/(K + qw)) (8)
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Where: RHVlt = winding resistance for HV at test condition.

RLVlt = winding resistance for LV at test condition.
RHVw = winding resistance for HV at resistance test.
RLVw = winding resistance for HV at resistance test.
qlt = average winding temperature at the load loss test.
qw = average winding temperature at the resistance test.
K = material constant.
For ANSI For IEC

K = 234.5 for copper windings K = 235 for copper windings
K = 225 for aluminum windings K = 225 for aluminum windings
K = 229 for stray loss correction
When a combination of aluminum
and copper windings are present
After establishing the winding resistances at the load test temperature, the DC loss (Pcm) component for
the pair of windings can be determined.
Pcum = 1.5x (I² 1N x RHVlt + I² 2N x RLVlt) (10)
Where: Pcum = DC loss.
RHVlt = winding resistance for HV at test condition.
RLVlt = winding resistance for LV at test condition.
I1N = the measured current for primary at test condition.
I2N = the measured current for secondary at test condition.
The stray losses Psm at the measuring temperature are:
Psm = Pkm – Pcum (11)
Where: psm = stray loss.
Pcum = DC loss.
Pkm= the measured power.
Having established the total load loss (Pkm), the DC loss component (Pcum), and the stray loss component
(Psm) at the test condition and temperature, these losses must be converted to the representative losses at the
reference temperature.
Pc = Pcum ((K + qrt)/ (K + qlt)) (12)
Ps= Psm ((K + qlt)/ (K + qrt)) (13)
PK= (Pkm + Psm) x (Im/Ir) 2 (14)
Where: Pc = stray loss at the reference temperature.
Ps = DC loss at the reference temperature.
Pk= the measured power at the reference temperature.
Psm = stray loss
Pcum = DC loss.
Pkm= the measured power
Im = measured current at test condition
Ir = rated current
qrt = reference temperature (75 oC for oil or 120 oC for dry) as per IEC and
85 oC for oil as per ANSI
The reference temperature may be different than mentioned value when agreed with customer.
K = material constant.
The short circuit resistance Rkm at the measuring temperature is:
Rkm = 100 x (Pkm / Sn) % (15)
Where, Rkm= percent of the short circuit resistance.
Pkm= Pkm= the measured power.
Sn = rated power of the transformer
7.2 Impedance Voltage
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The voltage attained when rated current is circulated in the test circuit for each test condition is defined as the
impedance voltage. The percentage of the ratio of the impedance voltage to the test condition rated voltage is
termed the % impedance.
EZ%= (Vm/Vr) x 100 x (Ir/Im) (16)

Where: EZ% = percent impedance
Vm = measured voltage at test condition when rated current.
Vr = rated voltage
Im = measured current at test condition
Ir = rated current
8. TEST APPARATUS
· PC.
· PLC.
9. EVALUATION
9.1 Load loss:

Unless it is expressly indicated otherwise, the transformer is considered to be correct when the total load
loss at the reference temperature do not exceed +15% as per IEC and +10% as per IEEE (ANSI) of the
offered.
The 15% tolerance as per IEC will be applicable provided that total losses are not greater
than 10% with regard to those offered.
The 10% tolerance as per IEEE (ANSI) will be applicable provided that total losses are not
greater than 6% with regard to those offered.
9.2 Impedance Voltage:

Unless it is expressly indicated otherwise, the transformer is considered to be correct when the
impedance voltage do not exceed +10% as per IEC of the offered and ( +10% for the transformers that
have design impedance below 2.5% and 7.5% for the transformers have design impedance above 2.5%)
as per IEEE (ANSI).
TITLE: CORE INSULATION MEASUREMENT

1. PURPOSE
The purpose of this procedure is to describe how to carry out a test to determine the core insulation value of
the active part of the transformer or completed transformer if the core ground accessible.
2. DESCRIPTION
The test is carried out with a 250 - 5000 V insulation measuring instrument which measures between core
and between the ground terminals for one minute. The core insulation is given as MΩ (mega- ohm). The
room temperature at which readings are taken should be taken into account.
Core insulation tests - Megger tests - are performed to determine the insulation value from core to earth
(ground). Knowledge of the core insulation is of value when evaluating the condition of the core. It
should be stated that variations in insulation resistance can be caused by numerous factors including:
design, temperature and insulation parts of core structure. When core insulation is not enough, it
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can often be brought back to the required value by checking the insulation of core or by re-drying the active
part.
3. SCOPE
This procedure is based on standards IEC 60076-1-2011, IEEE Std (C57.12.90-2010 & C57.12.00- 2010) and
ABB Standard (ref: ABB Power Technology, S.A., Distribution Transformer).
5. PROCEDURE
5.1 Connect the Insulation Tester's positive terminal to core side of the transformer.
5.2 Connect the Insulation Tester's negative terminal to ground (earthing) terminal side of the transformer.
5.3 Press "ON" button of the Insulation Tester and wait for a moment for menu.
5.4 Select the voltage (1000-2500 V) and time (one minute) depending to the test requirement.
5.5 Press the “Test” button and wait until the test complete and take the reading.
5.6 Test complete.
7. TEST RESULT
Core insulation resistance varies with the applied voltage and ambient temperature. Normally these
measurements are used to carry out to make sure the core is grounding in one point and to avoid any
another grounding point for the core to eliminate any effect on the core during the operation especially on
the sound of the transformer and to control the excitation current.
8. TEST APPARATUS
· Insulation Resistance Tester, 250 V - 5000 V.
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9. EVALUATION
The core insulation shall be tested as per the following standard:
· IEC passing criteria as per the following:
§ For active part (oil transformer) shall be tested at 500V for a duration 1 minute between the core
and frame earth connection without breakdown in the voltage.
§ For complete transformer or Dry transformer shall be tested at 2500V for duration 1 minute
between the core and earth connection without breakdown in the voltage.
· ANSI: the complete assembly of the transformer shall be tested at least 500V for duration 1 minute
and the core insulation shall be measured.
· ABB standard pass criteria as per the below table:
INSULATION TEST VOLTAGE Duration MINIMUM VALUE

BETWEEN (Volt) (s) (MΩ)
Core –Ground 1000 60 > 2MΩ
Core-Ground 2500 60 >2MΩ
TITLE: TANK PRESSURE AND LEAK TEST PROCEDURE
1. PURPOSE
The purpose of this procedure is to describe how to carry out a pressure test and leak test which checks the
transformer tank (corrugated/radiator) strength capacity with the pressure applied on its wall and as well as to
verify that each transformer is checked against external leakages.
2. DESCRIPTION
The transformer tank fins and radiator should be strong enough to withstand stresses produced by oil when
its volume increase due to oil temperature rise, due to load & ambient temperature rise. Normally more than
design/operating pressure is applied to check the tank and radiator/fin’s mechanical strength. During the test,
no deformation found guaranteed the mechanical strength of tank, fins and radiator of the transformer and no
leakage ensure a safe operation condition.
The test shall be done by pumping in oil into the tank as long as the right pressure has been reached. If there
is no agreement, the test pressure is usually 25% higher than the design/operating pressure applied for 8
hours for hermetically sealed transformer and 30 kPa for 8 hours for external radiator type transformer. The
value shall be read from pressure gauge meter placed on the top cover.
3. SCOPE
This procedure is based on standards ABB, IEC 60076-1-2011 and ANSI standard ref IEEE Std C57.12.00-
2000, Table 19.
5. PROCEDURE
5.1 Check and make tight all the points related to the oil leakage.
5.2 Remove the buchhloz relay (if connected) from the transformer.
5.3 Connect the corresponding oil pipe to the bottom valve.
5.4 Put pressure gauge meter into the pocket.
5.5 Switch "ON" the power supply of the oil pump.
5.6 Start oil pump.
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5.7 Inject oil into the transformer up to the required pressure level and observe the pressure in the Pressure
Gauge Meter.
5.8 Left the transformer for 8 hours, if there is no agreement.
5.9 Spray flow finder (white powder) to possible weak point.
5.10 After specified standing time, check the units for possible leakage.
5.11 Check the pressure in the Pressure Gauge Meter.
5.12 If leakage is identified, send back the unit for repair than repeat the test after repair.
5.13 Pull back same quantity of oil injected during pressure/leak test.
5.14 Switch "OFF" the oil pump.
5.15 The test is completed.
6. OIL FLOW CIRCUIT
The purified oil is reserved in the oil tank after purification and bring to oil filling area through a pipe line with the
help of oil pump. The oil is then feed to the transformer by an oil pump to create a positive pressure inside the
tank.
7. TEST RESULT
IEC passing criteria for the transformers (≤ 20 MVA & 70KV) as per the following:
· At least of 30 KPa pressures applied for 8 hours and found no deformation or any leakage in the
tank or radiators guaranteed that the test is passed.
· For tanks that are specifically designed to be flexible for liquid expansion (corrugated), leak and
lifetime tests need to be agreed.
ANSI passing criteria as per the following:
· 7.1 Hermetically sealed transformer: 25% higher pressure than the design/operating value applied
for 8 hours and found no deformation or any leakage in the tank or fins guaranteed that the test is
passed.
· 7.2 External radiator type transformer: 30 KPa pressures applied for 8 hours and found no
deformation or any leakage in the tank or radiators guaranteed that the test is passed.
If there is a leak in the transformer then the pressure will fall down during standby time.
The below two curves shows the status of healthy and leakage condition:
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8. TEST APPARATUS
·Pressure Gauge Meter
·Adapter
·Oil Pump
9. DESCRIPTION OF THE MAJOR PARTS

·Reserve oil tank
·Purified oil tank
·Oil pump
·Control cabinet
·Connection pipe
·Pressure gauge
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10. EVALUATION
No deformation or no leakage during the test ensured the quality of the tank, fins and radiator.
TITLE: PARTIAL DISCHARGE MEASUREMENT (for DRY TYPE Transformer)

1. PURPOSE
The purpose of this procedure is to describe how to carry out a test which ensures that the internal insulation
of a transformer is free of air or gas bubbles or that discharges that occur in them are under a specified
value.
2. DESCRIPTION
This is a refined, non-destructive technique of tests of the insulation of dry-type transformers. It permits a
more detailed supervision of the insulation than is possible by a simple observation of the complete
breakdown during the induced voltage test. The procedure is similar to the induced over voltage test.
Additional measuring equipment for observation of high frequency phenomena created by local, non-
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catastrophic insulation breakdown is necessary. The measuring technique calls a special voltage sequence,
with a testing time of 3.5 minutes.
The insulation is considered to have successfully passed the test if the partial discharge level was below
specified values. It is a routine test for dry type transformer only
3. SCOPE
This procedure applies to all dry type distribution transformers up to 5 MVA and highest system voltage up to
36 kV.
This procedure is based on the standard IEC 60076-11.
5. PROCEDURE
1. Connect the test leads to the test abject and Make sure to use the barriers in high voltage side if
needed.
2. Connect Pulse Generator to transformer terminals along with capacitive voltage divider.
3. Connect the PD circuits and make the calibration of the PD meter in order to assure the reading
is correct. Then measure the background noise that should be less than 5 PC.
7. Turn ON the PC of Testing Desk3.
follow:
15. Click “ MANUAL POWER “ and The test window consists of:
15.4 Functions to control the test as follow (Auto PT CT, PLC Start, Go, Clear, Emergency,
manual stop, PD, Step1, step 2, Mode (I or U or P))
18. Make sure that the frequency and inject voltage as per test the requirement
19. Then click “PLC start” to operate the EPS and to close the pneumatic switches.
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area as follow:
21. Click “PD” and adjust “step 1 and step2” as per the test requirement.
22. Select the voltage mode form “Mode” which is U.
voltage as per the test voltage and time start up manually by pressing start in the test result
window. Then the test will stop and there will be message from test window as “Save test Data?
Yes or No” then click “Yes” and this test will be save the measurement.
24. The test measurements will be on the software program called ‘ PD’
25. Test completed.
7. TEST RESULT
The insulation is considered to have successfully passed the test if the partial discharge level is below the
specified values. The maximum value of partial discharge in the transformer shall be calculated subtracting
the measured background noise from measured partial discharges at specified voltage.
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8. TEST APPARATUS
· PC.
· PLC.
· Precision Power Analyzer (YOKOGAWA).
· Partial Discharge Meter (2.5 to 50000 pC).
· Pulse Generator (External Calibrator).
· Capacitive Voltage Divider.
· Secondary Measuring Unit.
· PD meter.
10. EVALUATION
This value of partial discharges expressed in Pico coulombs (unit of apparent charge) will not be more than
10 PC as per IEC 60076-1 or according to the agreement between customer and ABB Electrical Industries
Co. Ltd.
.
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TYPE TEST
TITLE: TEMPERATURE RISE TEST
1. PURPOSE
The purpose of the temperature rise test is to verify guaranteed temperature rises for oil, windings and core,
and to verify the thermal design of the transformer including the capability of its cooling equipment.
2. DESCRIPTION
Testing oil transformers:
For oil cooled transformers the test is made in short circuit operation like the impedance and load loss test.
During this test all heat transfer equipment must be in operation, such as pumps, heat exchanger, fans etc. if
applicable.
The current circulating in the winding are adjusted to create winding losses equal or close to the sum of no-
load losses and load losses. Electrical quantities as well as the temperatures at various spots, including
temperature of heat transfer media (oil, air) are measured. Operation is maintained until thermal steady state
has been reached or according to standardized rule. After this, the current are slightly reduced to create the
actual winding losses at rated load (rated current) and operation is continued for another hour to stabilize
these conditions.
After disconnection the applied load, the winding resistance is quickly and repeatedly measured within short
time as per the standard rules. The results are then extrapolated backwards in time to the disconnection
moment and serve as a thermometer for determination of the winding temperatures.
Testing Dry transformers:

For Dry transformer the test is made in two conditions which are load condition (short circuit) and no load
condition (open circuit) and the sequence of the test is optional. The test shall be with air natural condition or
with air forced condition as per the agreement between the manufacture and the customer.
The load condition shall be tested at rated current while the no load condition shall be tested at rated voltage.
The operation of the test is maintained until thermal steady state has been reached for three hours and after
that the disconnection of the applied current or voltage, the winding resistance shall be measured within short
time as per the standard rules.
3. SCOPE
voltage up to 36 kV. This procedure is also applicable for compact sub-stations, & RMU units.
2010).
5. PROCEDURE
5.1 For the cold resistance measurements:
1. Turn on the two winding resistance meter (type test meter & routine test meter).
2. Make sure that the switch of routine test meter on the type test station position.
3. Connect winding meter (A) lead test to LV side of transformer.
4. Connect winding meter (B) lead test to HV side of transformer.
5. Set the inject current (DC) for each winding meter as per the required current.
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6. Press “start” on the meter to start the resistance reading.

7. When the resistance reaches the stability press “stop” and takes the measurements.
8. Test completed.
5.2 For the temperature measurements:
1. Turn on the PC and the temperature meter.
2. Connect the sensors on the transformer as per the test requirements.
2.1 for oil transformer:
o Sensor - 1 : Top oil
o Sensor - 2 : Long Cooler (Top)
o Sensor - 3 : Long Cooler (Bottom)
o Sensor - 4 : Short Cooler (Top)
o Sensor - 5 :Short Cooler (Bottom)
o Sensor - 6 : Ambient -1 (should be placed around the transformer 1to2m away from
tank)
o Sensor -7 : Ambient -2 (should be placed around the transformer 1t 2m away from tank)
o Sensor -8 : Ambient -3 (should be placed around the transformer 1-2 m away from tank)
o Sensor-9: Ambient -4 (should be placed around the transformer 1-2 m away from tank)
Note: sensor connection may be changed as per test object's requirement
2.2 For Dry transformer:
o Sensor - 1: Core (Top)
o Sensor - 2 : HV winding middle phase (Top)
o Sensor - 3 : LV winding middle phase (Top)
o Sensor - 6 : Ambient -1 (should be placed around the transformer 1to2m away from
tank)
o Sensor -7 : Ambient -2 (should be placed around the transformer 1t 2m away from tank)
o Sensor -8 : Ambient -3 (should be placed around the transformer 1-2 m away from tank)
o Sensor-9: Ambient -4 (should be placed around the transformer 1-2 m away from tank)
Note: sensor connection may be changed as per test object's requirement
3. Run the test program and make sure the setting as per the test requirements.
4. Start the scanning the temperature and the reading will take every hour.
5.3 For the load or losses or voltage injection to the transformer:

1. Connect the test leads the test abject and Make sure to use the barriers if needed.
follow:
12. Make sure all the safety functions are closed. In case if any of the safety functions are open, there
will be a message will appear in the test window to indicate which function to check.
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16. Make sure that the test frequency as per the test requirement.
17. Make sure the current and voltage as per the test requirement.
area as follow:
20. Click “PD” and adjust “step 1 and step2” as per the test requirement.
21. Select the voltage mode form “Mode” which is “U” to control the voltage injection.
22. Select the voltage mode form “Mode” which is “I” to control the current and losses injection.
23. Click “manual stop” for continuous injection.
24. Click “Go” to apply the voltage or the current, test will continue automatically until reach the target
value as per the test voltage or current and time start up manually by pressing start in the test
result window. Then the test will stop and there will be message from test window as “Save test
Data? Yes or No” then click “Yes” and this test will be save the measurement.
25. The temperature reading will start parallel by using the software program that connected to the
temperature meter.
26. The rate of change of oil temperature rise, winding temperature rise and core temperature rise
have been fallen below 1K per hour , have remained there for a period of 3 hours. It is called a
saturation condition.
27. For oil transformer with current or losses injection after the saturation condition, the current will
reduce to the rated current, and then take the hot resistance.
28. For dry transformer with rated current or rated voltage injection after the saturation. After that take
the hot resistance.
29. Test completed.
5.4 For the cold resistance measurements:

9. Turn on the two winding resistance meter (type test meter & routine test meter).
10. Make sure that the switch of routine test meter on the type test station position.
11. Set the inject current (DC) for each winding meter as per the required current.
12. Set the time duration for the test and connect the flash memory for transfer the resistance
reading for each winding meter.
13. Remove the test leads in short time within 1 minutes.
14. Connect winding meter (A) lead test to LV side of transformer.
15. Connect winding meter (B) lead test to HV side of transformer.
16. Make sure that the safety function not operates during the reading.
17. Press “start” on the meter to start the resistance reading.
18. When the time duration reached press “stop” and takes the measurements.
19. Test completed.
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7. TEST RESULT
The temperature rise tests establish if the cooling system of the transformer is able to maintain the winding
temperature rise, oil temperature rise and core rise within the guaranteed values. The following procedure
describes the temperature rise test for oil transformers and dry transformers.
7.1 Oil transformer

7.1.1 Oil Temperature Rise:
For ANSI Standards For IEC Standards

qAOT = qtop – ((qtc - qbc)/2) (17) qAOT = (qtop + qbot)/2 (18)
where:
qAOT = average oil temperature
qtop = top oil temperature
qtc = temperature of moving oil at the top of cooling means
qbc = temperature of moving oil at the bottom of cooling means
qbot = bottom oil temperature
qAOR = qAOT – qamb (19) qTOR = qtop – qamb (20)

Where:
qAOR = average oil rise
qamb-oil = average ambient temperature
qTOR = top oil temperature rise
If the total loss applied during the oil temperature rise portion of the test is greater or less than the required
loss for the test condition, a correction factor must be applied. This correction factor is valid if the attained
losses are within 20 % of the required loss and by agreement might be reached -30% of the power.
qAORc= qAORm x (W req/W att)n (21)
Where:
qAORc = calculated average oil rise for the required loss
qAORm = average oil rise measured at the attained loss
W req = required loss for the test condition
W att = loss for attained at the test condition
n ANSI IEC
0.8 Cooling type OA ON.. <= 2500 kVA
0.9 FA ON.. > 2500 kVA
1.0 FOA, FOW OF.., OD..
7.1.1 Winding Temperature Rise:

Once the resistance at time 0 (time of shutdown) is determined, the e average winding temperature can
be calculated.
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qW DG = (Rtime0 / Rw) x ( qw +K) - K (22)
Where:
qWDG = winding temperature for winding and terminals under test.
Rtime0 = determined resistance at time 0, for the winding and terminals under test.
Rw = resistance between terminals measured during cold resistance test
qw = temperature during cold resistance test
K = material constant
For ANSI For IEC

K = 234.5 for copper windings K = 235 for copper windings
K = 225 for aluminum windings K = 225 for aluminum windings
Average winding rise, q WDGA = qW DG - qamb-sd (23)

Where:
qamb-sd = average ambient at time of winding shutdown
Winding gradient, q WDGARD = qWDGA - qAOR (24)
if the current applied during the temperature rise test are greater or less than the required current for the
test, a correction factor must be applied to the winding gradient as follows:
n (25)
q W = qWD x (Ireq/Iatt)
Where:
q W = calculated winding gradient for the required current
q WD = winding gradient measured at the attained current
Ireq = required current for the test condition
Iatt = attained current for the test condition
n= ANSI IEC
1.6 Cooling type OA, FA and ON.. & OF..
non-directed FOA, FOW
2.0 directed flow FOA, FOW OD..
7.2 Dry transformer ( IEC standard):
7.2.1 Winding temperature rise
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7.2.2 Winding temperature rise correction for reduce current:
8. TEST APPARATUS
· PC.
· PLC.
· Two Winding Resistance Meter
· Temperature meter.
· Temperature Sensors (thermocouple).
9. EVALUATION
The magnetic circuit and the metallic parts and adjacent materials will not in any case reach a value which
could damage these components or adjacent parts.
The temperature rise of the winding, the oil and the core must not exceed the limits of design value or the
agreed value between the manufacturer and customer.
Page 38/52
TITLE: LIGHTNING IMPULSE TEST

1. PURPOSE
The purpose of this procedure is to describe how to carry out a test which permits us to deduce the behavior
of transformer when it is subjected to over voltage in the form of a standardized wave similar to those
produced in lines as a result of atmospheric discharges.
2. DESCRIPTION
This test serves to verify the capability of the insulation to withstand the stresses from a standardized voltage
impulse applied at the winding terminal. The voltage impulse is created by the discharge of a capacitor bank
(Impulse Generator) into a suitable network connected to the transformer terminal. The network is adjusted
(if necessary, during pre-tests at reduced amplitude) to create standardized impulse shape of specified
amplitude (Typical 1.2 microsecond front time and 50 microseconds to half value).
The shape of the full amplitude impulse is carefully compared with the shape of the reduced amplitude
pretest. Good similarity in the shapes indicates that the insulation has successfully withstood the test. The
standardized lightning impulse insulation test is the result of considerable industrial experience and research.
It is a good, practical representation of stresses on the insulation, created by atmospheric over voltages
induced in power line systems.
3. SCOPE
This procedure is based on the standard IEC 60076 -3 & 4 & IEEE Std (C57.12.90-2010 & C57.12.00-2010).
5. PROCEDURE
1. Connect the test lead the test abject and Make sure to use the barriers if needed.
2. Connect the external sphere gap if the test required.
5. Switch ON the impulse generator control.
7. Set the “setup”, “control” and “trip” of impulse generator control as per the test requirement.
8. Make sure all the safety function not operating by checking the “alarms” in the impulse generator
control.
9. Run the software program to trigger the waveforms measurements.
10. Select the inject voltage on the impulse generator control menu as per the requirement voltage test.
11. Press “rest” to rest the test and counter.
12. The light “ready bottom” will indicate the test ready to inject.
13. Press “HV ON” to start the voltage injection.
14. Wait until the voltage reach the target value and the software will trigger after the injection on the
bushing
15. Make sure to be the waveform as per the standards requirements to start the test (calibration
condition).
16. After the calibration step, start the test by repeating the step 7-14.
17. Turn off the impulse generator control and impulse PC.
18. Make sure to put the ground stick to the impulse circuit.
19. Test completed
Page 39/52
7. TEST RESULT
The test voltage is of negative polarity to reduce the risk of external flashover in the test circuit. The
standardized type of wave is one in which the conventional duration of the wave front is 1.2 μs (front time)
and the conventional duration to the half value is 50 μs (tail time).
A lack of any important difference between the voltage and current graphs at a reduced voltage and full
wave voltage shows that the insulation has withstood the test.
Impulse voltage testing is performed on each terminal of each winding that is indicated in the test instructions.
Successful testing is determined by comparing the reduced wave(50%-70%) and full wave(100%), voltage
and current waveforms.
When indicated, each terminal, including the neutral as applicable, will be subjected to the specified voltage
for the terminal voltage class.
Page 40/52
7.1General tests and order of application:
ANSI – line terminals

1 Reduced Full Wave (RFW), 1 Full Wave (FW), 2 Chopped Waves (CW) and 1 Full Wave (FW).
ANSI – neutral terminals

1 RFW and 2 FW
IEC
Reduced Standard Wave (RFW) and 3 Full Standard Wave (FW),
Note, if Front of Wave or Switching Impulse tests are required, the order of impulse tests may be
modified.
7.2 Special routine test for distribution transforms as per ANSI
1 Reduced Full Wave (RFW), 1 Full Wave (FW),
8. TEST APPARATUS
· Impulse Generator (400KV)
· External Sphere gap
· Voltage Divider
· Impulse Generator Control.
· Impulse PC
9. EVALUATION
The tolerance to be applied to these values are :
± 30% for the wave front time (1.2 ± 30%)
± 20% for the half value (50 ± 20%)
Peak value tolerance is ± 3%
In high power transformer with low inductance windings and/or great capacity the waveform may not be
reached. In these case amplitude and wave shave are not explanatory with the above tolerance.
The test pass if there is no significant difference between the reduced full wave and full wave’s
impulse voltage & current.
Page 41/52
TITLE: SOUND LEVEL MEASUREMENT

1. PURPOSE
The purpose of this procedure is to describe how to carry out a test which allows the level of noise or sound
pressure emitted by the transformer's magnetic core to be measured.
2. DESCRIPTION
This test will verify the audible sound created by the transformer and its fans if applicable. As the audible
sound from a transformer is essentially created by magnetostrictive effects in the core, the test is executed
with the transformer excited in no-load operation as previously described in "No Load Loss and Current
Measurement".
Sound level depends on flux density and current in the windings i. e. electromotive force. But the effect of
the current which causes sound pressure is very less as compare to the sound pressure causes by the flux
density and we can neglect the sound pressure causes by the current during load condition. So, we can
consider that the sound pressure level measurement should be done at no load test condition and the result
is same at no load condition and load condition.
The test area has to be carefully chosen with respective to other noise sources and with respect to
surrounding walls, buildings, etc., that may reflect sound in an unfavorable. The test point boundaries can be
located at a distance of 0.3 meters provided that there is no danger when carrying out measurements. The
measuring point’s height should be half of the transformer height and there being a minimum of 6 measuring
points.
For safety reasons, in case of transformers without enclosure, the prescribed boundaries can be located at a
distance of 1 meter from the main radiating surface. For measurement made with forced air cooling
auxiliaries in service, the prescribed boundaries shall be 2 meter away from the main radiation surface.
3. SCOPE
This procedure is based on the standards IEC 60076-10 and IEEE Std (C57.12.90-2010 & C57.12.00-2010).
5. PROCEDURE
1. Connect the test leads to the test abject and Make sure to use the barriers in high voltage side if
needed.
2. Take the background noise of sound measurements by using sound meter considering the
distance of the measurement
follow:
Page 42/52
17. Make sure that the frequency and inject voltage as per test the requirement
area as follow:
19.1 Shieling room (Testing Desk 3): The green indication ON will for (CB2, S9)..
20. Select the voltage mode form “Mode” which is U.
21. Click “manual stop” for continuous injection.
voltage as per the test voltage and time start up manually by pressing start in the test result
window. Then the test will stop and there will be message from test window as “Save test Data?
Yes or No” then click “Yes” and this test will be save the measurement.
23. Take sound measurements by using sound meter considering the distance of the measurement
while the injection of the transformer.
24. Test completed.
Page 43/52
7. TEST RESULT
7.1 Prescribed contour:
· If the height of Transformer ≤ 2.5m.So the measurement shall be at half of transformer height.
· If the height of the transformer >2.5m. So the measurement shall be (1/3 & (2/3) of transformer
height.
7.2 Microphone position:
· Not more than 1m and at least six points of reading.
7.3 The average background sound pressure level:

Calculate Lpa-amb, the average background sound pressure level using the formula with all measured
values, before and after the transformer measurements.
é1 i=N
ù
å10
0.1*L pai - amb
Average L pa -amb = 10 * log10 ê ú (29)
ëN i =1 û
Where, Lpai-amb =Background sound pressure level at point “i”

N = number of measuring points
Background correction factor according to IEEE

Difference, in decibels, Range of values to be Correction, in decibels, to be added to
between the combined considered on the the combined transformer and ambient
transformer and ambient calculation of the to obtain the corrected sound pressure
sound pressure level and the difference level of the transformer.
ambient sound pressure level
dB dB dB
<5 - Test is not acceptable
5 >5.0 and <5.5 -1.6
Page 44/52
6 >5.5 and <6.5 -1.3

7 >6.5 and <7.5 -1
8 >7.5 and <8.5 -0.8
9 >8.5 and <9.5 -0.6
10 >9.5 and <10 -0.4
- >10 0
IEC Acceptance criteria:
7.4The average A-weighted sound pressure:

Calculate Lpa, the average A-weighted sound pressure level for “N” points with the formula:
é1 i= N
ù
å10
0.1* L pai
Average L pa = 10 * log 10 ê ú (30)
ëN i =1 û
Where, Lpai = Corrected for ambient A-weighted sound pressure level at measuring point “i”
N = number of measuring points
7.5 Determine Ki, the environmental correction factor as follows:
For IEEE Ki = 0
é ù
ê 4 ú
For IEC K i = 10 * log 10 ê1 + ú (31)
ê æ Aöú
ê çè S ÷ø ú
ë û
Where, S = Measurement surface
A = Sound absorption area
Note: the maximum allowable value of the environmental correction K is 7 dB
7.6 Calculation of the measurement surface:
· For the distance of measurement of 0.3m the S=1.25*H*lm. (32)
· For the distance of measurement of 2m the S= (2+H) *lm. (33)
· For the distance of measurement of 1 m the S= (1+H) *lm. (34)
· For the distance of measurement of more than 2m the S= (3/4π)* lm. (35)
Where, Im = Length of the prescribed contour & H= Transformer height.
7.7 Calculation of the sound absorption area:
æV ö
A = 0.16 * ç ÷ (36)
èT ø
Where, V= Test room volume & T= Reverberation time.
Page 45/52
7.8 Calculate Lpac, the average sound pressure level corrected for ambient as follows:
Lpac = Lpa – Ki (37)

9. Calculate Lwac, the average A-weighted sound power level corrected for ambient and environment:
æS ö
Lwac = L pa + 10 * log10 çç ÷÷ S 0 = 1m 2
è S0 ø
8. TEST APPARATUS
· PC.
· PLC.
· Sound level measurement meter.
9. EVALUATION
Operating transformers generate sound, or more correctly noise, whereby noise is defined as unwanted
sound. To protect the population from noise inconveniences, rules and regulations exist in most countries
requiring electric components - e.g. transformers - to operate within specified noise limit. For this reason
knowledge of the audible sound emissions from a transformer is highly important.
The maximum value of the acoustic sound pressure (noise) of dry type transformer will be established by
mutual agreement between the customer and ABB. For oil immerge transformer the sound pressure (noise)
should comply the IEC & ANSI standard.
SPECIAL TEST
TITLE: INSULATION RESISTANCE MEASUREMENT

1. PURPOSE
The purpose of this procedure is to describe how to carry out a test to determine the insulation resistance
value of the transformer.
2. DESCRIPTION
The test is carried out with a 250 - 5000 V insulation measuring instrument which measures between
windings and between windings and earth for one minute. The resistance is given as MΩ (mega- ohm).
The room temperature at which readings are taken should be taken into account.
Insulation resistance tests - Megger tests - are performed to determine the insulation resistance from
individual windings to earth or between individual windings. Knowledge of the insulation resistance is of
value when evaluating the condition of the transformer.
It should be stated that variations in insulation resistance can be caused by numerous factors including:
design, temperature, dryness, and cleanliness of parts, especially of bushings. When insulation resistance is
not enough, it can often be brought back to the required value by cleaning and drying.
3. SCOPE
This procedure is based on the standard IEC 60076 -1, 2000, clause 10.1.3 and ABB Standard (ref: ABB
Power Technology, S.A., Distribution Transformer).
Page 46/52
5. PROCEDURE
5.1 Make short all HV bushing terminal with a piece of wire.
5.2 Make short all LV bushing terminal with a piece of wire.
5.3 Connect the Insulation Tester's positive terminal to HV side of the transformer.
5.4 Connect the Insulation Tester's negative terminal to LV side of the transformer.
5.5 Press "ON" button of the Insulation Tester and wait for a moment for menu.
5.6 Select the voltage (5000 V) and time (one minute) by using the LHS and RHS arrow key.
5.7 Press and turn the test button to clock wise up to the maximum position and then release it.
5.8 Wait one minute for result. Set will be "OFF" automatically after complete the test.
5.9 Make earthing with LV terminal.
5.10 Repeat the item 5.7 to 5.8 for second measurement.
5.11 Remove the earthing from LV terminal and make the earthing on HV terminal.
5.12 Make the Insulation Tester connection reverse I.e. positive to LV and negative to HV.
5.13 Select the voltage (2000 V or 2500 V).
5.14 Repeat the item 5.7 to 5.8.
5.15 Test complete.
# HV - LV Measurement.
Transformer
u
U
v
V
w
W
HV side LV side
+ -
INSULATION
RES. TESTER
# HV - LVG Measurement.
Transformer
u
U
v
V
w
W
HV side LV side
+ -
INSULATION
RES. TESTER
# LV - HVG Measurement.
Transformer
u U
v V
w W
LV side HV side
+ -
INSULATION
RES. TESTER
7. TEST RESULT
Page 47/52
Insulation resistance varies with the applied voltage and ambient temperature. Normally these
measurements are used to carry out a comparison with other measurements which are taken when the
transformer in operation and cannot, by themselves, be used to determine that the insulation is incorrect
unless the failure in the insulation is clear.
8. TEST APPARATUS
8.1. Insulation Resistance Tester, 250 V - 5000 V.
9. EVALUATION
Any measuring comparisons should always be carried out at the same voltage. For encapsulated
transformers, the following limits are the passing criteria for insulation resistance test.
INSULATION TEST VOLTAGE MINIMUM VALUE

BETWEEN (Volt) (MΩ)
HV - LV 5000 1 MΩ per kV HV
HV - LVG 5000 1 MΩ per kV HV
LV - HVG 2000 or 2500 2
TITLE: DIELECTRIC TEST OF TRANSFORMER OIL

1. PURPOSE
The purpose of this procedure is to describe how to carry out a test to determine the dielectric strength of the
transformer oil.
2. DESCRIPTION
Electric strength is not a criterion of insulating oil manufacturing quality, but a conventional test intended to
reveal the extent of physical pollution by water and other suspended matter, and the advisability of carrying
out drying and filtration treatment before the oils are introduced into the apparatus for which they are
intended.
3. SCOPE
The test is, in principle, the same for all classes of oil (for transformers, for oil-filled cables, for circuit
breakers, for capacitors), whether new or used.
This procedure is based on the standard IEC 156.
5. PROCEDURE
5.1 The vessel containing the test oil is gently agitated and turnover several times in such a way as to
ensure as far as possible a homogeneous distribution of the impurities contained in the oil without
causing the formation of air bubbles.
5.2 Take sample very carefully from the drain valve (bottom valve) of the transformer or from the oil tank so
that possible absorption of humidity cannot be too strongly emphasized.
Note: The oil is sampled at the place where it is considered to be most polluted, for example, at the lowest
point of the receptacle holding it.
5.3 Immediately after taking the sample, it is poured down into the cell, slowly in order to avoid air bubbles
forming. The oil temperature should be same as that of ambient temperature at the time.
5.4 Switch "ON" the power supply of the test set and left it for sometimes.
5.5 Press the "START" switch.
5.6 The test shall be carried out seven times automatically and saved the result in the memory.
5.7 Switch "OFF" the power supply.
5.8 Test complete.
Page 48/52
2.5 mm gap Electrodes
Vessel with
sample oil
------------------
------------------
------------------
Test Set
7. TEST RESULT
The report shows, expressed in kilovolts, the breakdown voltages obtained during all the tests which have
been carried out, and the average of the results. There are seven tests have been carried out. First test
reading should not be considered in the test result. Remaining six readings should be made average and that
is the break down voltage of the sample oil.
8. TEST APPARATUS
· Automatic Oil Test Set (Foster Transformer
Ltd.)
- Electrode Type = Copper
- Sphere Gap = 2.5 mm
- Test Frequency = 60 Hz
- Test Method = Automatic
· Vessel (for sample oil)
9. EVALUATION
Breakdown voltage of transformer oil indicates its ability to resist electrical stress in electrical equipment. The
required minimum break down voltage is 70 kV.
Page 49/52
TITLE: EXCITATION TEST

1. PURPOSE
The purpose of this procedure is to describe how to carry out a test to check the core sheet assembly and
stacking condition of the transformer.
2. DESCRIPTION
The excitation test is just like a no load loss test with 100% rated voltage after increased110% rated voltage
for one hour. The excitation current and losses shall be measured at 90%, 95%,100% and 105% of the rated
voltage before the commencement of the dielectric test. After complete the dielectric test the excitation loss
shall be measured at 100% rated voltage. The excitation voltage then is increased to 110% rated voltage
and the transformer left excitation for one hour. The voltage shall then be reduced to 100% rated voltage and
the excitation loss measurements repeated.
3. SCOPE
This procedure is based on the ABB standard.
5. PROCEDURE
follow:
Page 50/52
area as follow:
voltage of the mean value voltage. Then the test will stop and there will be message from test
window as “Save test Data? Yes or No” then click “Yes” and this test (no load) will be save the
measurement.
20. Test completed.
Page 51/52
7. TEST RESULT
The following losses occur at no load:
- Iron losses in the transformer core and other constructional parts.
- Dielectric losses in the insulations.
- Load losses caused by the no load currents.
During excitation, the core gets heated up and releasing the stress which improves the grain orientation and
also improves the magnetic path. Due to this reason, no load loss measure after the excitation test will be
changed what before the excitation test. If the core sheets are not placed perfectly with each other, then the
result will vary by more than 7.5%.
8. TEST APPARATUS
· PC.
· PLC.
9. EVALUATION
The variation of losses before and after one hour excitation is the passing criteria of this test. A difference of
more than 7.5% between any of the 100% rated voltage excitation loss measurements shall be explained to
the Engineer's satisfaction.
Page 52/52

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00 Ravindra 2/May/18 FOR APPROVAL

REV.NO. ISSUED BY DATE REVISION DETAILS

SUPPLY, ERECTION, OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE OF COMBINED CYCLE

ALGHANIM INTERNATIONAL GENERAL TRADING & CONT. CO. W.L.L.

L&T-Sargent & Lundy Limited

ABB ABB Engineering Technologies Co. KSCC

SABIYA STAGE ‐3 KW1016

Designed 2/May/18 GB FACTORY INSPECTION TEST PLAN & PROCEDURE

Document No. Page No.

Mohammad Al-Mutairi Ahmed Bagais Mohammed Al-Mutwa 2015-06-30

6. PREPARATION FOR TEST

· Unauthorized person are not allowed to enter the test area.

8.3. Shielding Room:

8.3.1 Testing Desk1:

8.3.2 Testing Desk 2:

8.4. Test Area

8.5. Start-up of test equipment

8.5.2 Testing Desks (inside the control Room)

v Make sure to know the function of each Testing Desk as follow:

9. TEST CATEGORIES AND SEQUENCE

2. Measurement of Winding Resistance.

3. No Load Loss & Excitation Current Measurement.

4. Induced Over Voltage Withstand Test.

5. Applied Potential or Separate Source Test.

6. Load Loss and Short-Circuit Impedance Measurement.

8. Core Insulation Test.

9. Partial Discharge Measurement (only for dry type transformer)

2. Lightening Impulse (Full Wave) Test

3. Sound Level Measurement

2. Dielectric Test of Transformer Oil.

TITLE: MEASUREMENT OF WINDING RESISTANCE

Winding Resistance, R = V / I (2)

· Winding Resistance Meter

TITLE: NO LOAD LOSS AND CURRENT MEASUREMENT

The following formulas is valid for iron losses:

Po = Pm / (P1 + kP2) (4)

Pr (Tr) = Po x (1 + (Tm – Tr) x KT) (5)

Exciting Current as per IEC & IEEE (ANSI)

%Iex = (Ir / I) x 100 (6)

TITLE: INDUCED OVER VOLTAGE TEST

TITLE: APPLIED POTENTIAL OR SEPARATE SOURCE TEST OR LOW

6.1 separate source for LV side:

6.1 separate source for HV side:

TITLE: LOAD LOSS & SHORT CIRCUIT IMPEDANCE MEASUREMENT

7.1 Load loss:

Where: RHVlt = winding resistance for HV at test condition.

For ANSI For IEC

7.2 Impedance Voltage

EZ%= (Vm/Vr) x 100 x (Ir/Im) (16)

9.1 Load loss:

9.2 Impedance Voltage:

TITLE: CORE INSULATION MEASUREMENT

INSULATION TEST VOLTAGE Duration MINIMUM VALUE

Core –Ground 1000 60 > 2MΩ

Core-Ground 2500 60 >2MΩ

TITLE: TANK PRESSURE AND LEAK TEST PROCEDURE

9. DESCRIPTION OF THE MAJOR PARTS

TITLE: PARTIAL DISCHARGE MEASUREMENT (for DRY TYPE Transformer)

Testing Dry transformers:

6. Press “start” on the meter to start the resistance reading.

5.3 For the load or losses or voltage injection to the transformer:

5.4 For the cold resistance measurements:

7.1 Oil transformer