The Cause and Effect

of Gingivitis

In partial fulfillment in English IV

Submitted to Mr. Wilbert O. Minola

Lyn D’ Amor M. Macabulit

John Vincent Artagame

February 24, 2015

 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Title Page . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .i

Table of Contents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .ii

Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . 1

Statement of the Problem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . .2

Significance of the Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

Review of Related Literature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .3

Methodology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5

Results and Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . .6

Conclusion and Recommendation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8

Appendix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION

A. Background of the Study

Filipinos love to eat their unstopping passion leads them into a bad habit if they don’t

take care of their oral hygiene.

According to statistics, Gum Inflammation or also known as “Gingivitis” is one of the

big problems in the community. It is stated that having poor oral hygiene. (Colgate 2014)

Gingivitis can cause redness, tenderness, swelling or puffiness and even bleeding.

According to Department of Health (DOH), people doesn’t have regular oral hygiene

may have a big chance to get Gingivitis.

Gingivitis caused by bacteria. Eventually, the bacteria can get into the bare at the root

of the teeth and get them away.

Gingivitis is an infection of the gums. If left untreated, it can become a more severe

infection known as periodontitis. The American Dental Association (ADA) states that

gingivitis and periodontitis are the major causes of tooth loss in adults. Overall, dental

infections are a serious cost burden to the U.S. economy: In 2010, Americans spent an

estimated $108 billion for dental services.

Your gums actually attach to the teeth lower than the gum edges that we see. This

forms a small space called a sulcus. Food can get trapped in this space and cause a gum

infection or gingivitis. Plaque is a thin film of bacteria. It constantly forms on the surface of

your teeth. As plaque advances, it hardens and becomes tartar. When plaque extends below

the gum line, infection can occur. Left unchecked, gingivitis can cause the gums to separate

from the teeth. This can cause injury to the soft tissue and bone supporting the teeth. The

tooth may become loose and unstable. If infection progresses, you may lose your tooth or

need it removed by a dentist.

B. Statement of the Problem

A. General Objective

The study was conducted to determine the cause and effect of Gingivitis.

B. Specific Objective

Specifically, the purpose of the study is to determine the following:

a. What is gingivitis?

b. What are the cause and effect of Gingivitis?

c. How to cure Gingivitis?

C. Significance of the study

If the study is found to be effective, it would profit the following:

1. CONSUMERS

They will have sufficient information about Gingivitis and awareness to the severe

oral problem.

2. MEDICAL PRACTITIONERS

They will be aware on the severe number of gingivitis and the problems of the

citizens.
CHAPTER 2: REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

Gingivitis

Gingivitis, also known as inflammation of the gums begins with plaque a clear sticky

substance that forms on your teeth every day. Gingivitis can cause redness, tenderness,

swelling or puffiness and even bleeding. (Mayo Clinic, 2013)

Causes of Gingivitis

Plaque is made of bacteria, mucus and small particles of food. Plaque contains

bacteria that cause gingivitis and tooth decay. If plaque is left unchecked, it will eventually

harden into tartar. (CHealth, 2012)

Signs of Gingivitis

Gums may be a bit red and bleed when you brush, but you may not notice anything.

Puffy gums, traces of blood on your toothbrush, change in the color of your gums, but it is

not painful. (Canada, 2013)

Risk Factors

The risk factors are the following: Poor oral hygiene, tobacco use, systemic diseases,

such as diabetes and leukemia, certain medications, pregnancy, decreased immunity, poor

nutrition, and defective fillings. (Colgate, 2014)

Minimizing the Dangers of Plaque & Gingivitis

To keep plaque under control, brush twice a day with a fluoride toothpaste and floss

daily. Use an antimicrobial mouthwash to reduce the bacteria in your mouth.

Get your teeth cleaned professionally on a regular basis, and ask your dentist about

the best cleaning schedule for you. Find out if you might benefit from a protective coating or
sealant applied to the chewing surfaces of the teeth in the back of your mouth, where tooth

decay often begins. (WebMD, 2013)

Treatment of Gingivitis

There has been evidence to suggest the effectiveness of the following as treatments

for gum disease. Green Tea, rich in antioxidants that reduces inflammation. Hydrogen

peroxide kills bacteria when used as mouthwash. Warm salt water, reduces inflammation and

kills bacteria. Baking soda and water, used to brush teeth to help neutralize the acids. Lastly,

Oil pulling (swishing or rinsing), the sesame oil can help reduce bacteria that cause gum

disease.
CHAPTER 3: METHODOLOGY

Preparation of Materials

A survey form was created according to the symptoms of Gingivitis. All the pens and

forms were provided by the researchers.

Survey

The survey contains the symptoms of Gingivitis. Twenty (20) forms were produced

and 5 forms were given to each selected section per year level.

Sampling of Data

Random Sampling was used to determine the cause and effect of Gingivitis and the

number of students suffers from Gngivitis. The selected sections were Grade 7-Diamond,

Grade 8-Lotus, Grade 9-Xenon and 4th Year Plato.

Statistical Test Used

T-test was used in the study to determine if there is a significant difference between

the Araferashrimp Feeds and Commercial Feeds for Tilapia.

Where:

 T-test for independent sample

 Sample mean of X was subtracted with sample mean of Y

 Then the answer was divided by the square root of (sample standard deviation of X 2

divided by the size of X sample) = sample standard deviation of Y2 divided by the

size of Y sample.

 Compare the result H1: Mx=My or Mx-My=0

 Make the decision.

CHAPTER 4: RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The table below shows the tabulated data of students suffers from Gngivitis and those

who don’t.

Tabulated Data on the Survey of Gingivitis

Set-Up Selected Sections per year level

Gr. 7-Diamond Gr. 8-Lotus Gr. 9-Xenon 4th Year- Plato

A. Students

suffers from 4 5 4 2

Gngivitis

B. Students

who don’t suffer 1 0 1 3

in Gingivitis

Based on the data above, Grade 7-Diamond, Grade 8-Lotus and Grade 9-Xenon have

a higher number of students who has Gingivitis. The 4th year –Plato has a lower number of

students who suffer in Gingivitis.

CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

CONCLUSION

Based on the result, there are high number of students who suffers from Gingivitis.

This signifies that we should be aware of our oral hygiene and the government to take

responsibility.

More than 75% of the population experiences gingivitis at some level. Gingivitis is an

inflammatory process confined to the gums. It is plaque-induced gingivitis is the most

common form of the disease.

Plaque is a sticky material that develops on the exposed portions of the teeth,

consisting of bacteria, mucus, and food debris. It mineralizes into tartar which makes plaque

more difficult to remove.

Everyone may get gingivitis if they have bad oral hygiene. Correct and healthy

lifestyle must be done.

RECOMMENDATION

The researchers recommend to have a good oral hygiene so that you may prevent

having gingivitis.

Get your teeth cleaned professionally on a regular basis, and ask your dentist about

the best cleaning schedule for you. Find out if you might benefit from a protective coating or

sealant applied to the chewing surfaces of the teeth in the back of your mouth, where tooth

decay often begins.

WORKS CITED

Horne, Steven B., DDS. “Gum Disease (Gingivitis).” MedicineNet.com. Ed. Charles Patrick

Davis.N.p., September 13, 2013. Web. February 18, 2015.

<http://www.medicinenet.com/>

Drescher, Steve, DDS. “Dangers of Plaque &Gingivitis to your Health.” WebMD. N.p., April

14, 2013. Web. February 18, 2015.

<http://www.webmd.com/>

Chichester, Stacy R. RDH, MS. "Anatomy &Histology of the Gingiva and Basic Oral

Hygiene." dentalcare.com., October 14, 2013. Web. February 18, 2015.

<http://www.dentalcare.com/>

Colgate. “What is Gingivitis.” Colgate. February 5, 2013. Web. February 18, 2015.

<http://www.colgateprofessional.com/>

Mayo Clinic Staff. “Gingivitis.” Mayo Clinic. May 12, 2012. Web. February 18, 2015.

<http://www.mayoclinic.org/>

http://www.healthline.com/health/gingivitis
APPENDIX A – Computations

T-test Summary of the number of students suffers from Gingivitis

Tabulated Data on the Survey of Gingivitis

Set-Up Selected Sections per year level

Gr. 7- Gr. 8- Gr. 9- 4th Year-

Diamond Lotus Xenon Plato
A. Students X1
4 5 4 2 ∑ X1=15
suffers from
X12
16 25 16 4 ∑ X12=61
Gngivitis

B. Students X2
1 0 1 3 ∑ X2=5
who don’t

suffer in X22 ∑
1 0 1 9
Gingivitis X22=11

𝒅𝒇 = (𝒏𝟏 − 𝟏) + (𝒏𝟐 − 𝟏) α=0.05

𝒅𝒇 = (𝟑 − 𝟏) + (𝟑 − 𝟏)
𝒅𝒇 = 𝟒
𝟐
(∑ 𝑿𝟏) 𝟐
|𝑺𝑺𝑨𝟏 = ∑ 𝒙𝟐 − | (∑ 𝑿𝟐)
𝒏𝟏
𝟐
|𝑺𝑺𝑨𝟐 = ∑ 𝒙𝟐 − |
(𝟏𝟓) 𝒏𝟏
|𝑺𝑺𝑨𝟏 = 𝟔𝟏 − |
𝟑 (𝟓)𝟐
|𝑺𝑺𝑨𝟐 = 𝟏𝟏 − |
|𝑺𝑺𝑨𝟏 = 𝟔𝟏 − 𝟕𝟓| 𝟑
|𝑺𝑺𝑨𝟏 = −𝟏𝟒| |𝑺𝑺𝑨𝟐 = 𝟏𝟏 − 𝟖. 𝟑𝟑|
𝑺𝑺𝑨𝟏 = 𝟏𝟒 |𝑺𝑺𝑨𝟐 = 𝟐. 𝟔𝟕|

∑ 𝑿𝟏 ∑ 𝑿𝟐
𝒙𝟏 = 𝒙𝟐 =
𝟑 𝟑
𝟓
𝟏𝟓 𝒙𝟐 =
𝒙𝟏 = 𝟑
𝟑 𝒙𝟐 = 𝟏. 𝟔𝟕
𝒙𝟏 = 𝟓
 𝒙𝟏 − 𝒙𝟐
𝒕=
𝑺𝑺𝑨𝟏 + 𝑺𝑺𝑨𝟐 𝟏 𝟏
√( )(𝒏 + 𝒏)
𝒅𝒇

𝟓 − 𝟏. 𝟔𝟕
𝒕=
√(𝟏𝟒 + 𝟐. 𝟔𝟕)(𝟏 + 𝟏)
𝟒 𝟑 𝟑

𝟑. 𝟑𝟑
𝒕=
√(𝟒. 𝟏𝟔𝟕𝟓)(𝟎. 𝟔𝟕)

𝟑. 𝟑𝟑
𝒕=
√𝟐. 𝟕𝟗𝟐𝟐

𝟑. 𝟑𝟑
𝒕=
𝟏. 𝟔𝟕𝟏

𝒕 = 𝟏. 𝟗𝟗

Since the computed t-value is greater than the critical value, there is a high number of

students who suffers from Gingivitis.