Database Management System (DBMS)

Data
The term data refers to groups of information that represent the qualitative or
attributes of a variable or set of variables. Data are typically the results of
measurements and can be the basis of graphs, images, or observations of a set of
variables. Data are often viewed as then lowest level of abstraction from which
information and knowledge are derived.

Database Management System (DBMS) is a set of computer programs that

controls the creation, maintenance, and the use
of a database. It allows organizations to place control of database development in
the hands of database administrators (DBAs) and other specialists. A DBMS is a
system software package that helps the use of integrated collection of data records
and files known as databases. It allows different user application programs to easily
access the same database. DBMSs may use any of a variety of database models,
such as the network model or relational model.
In large systems, a DBMS allows users and other software to store and
retrieve data in a structured way. Instead of having to write computer programs
to extract information, user can ask simple questions in a query language. Thus,
many DBMS packages provide Fourth-generation programming language
A DBMS also provides the ability to logically present database information to users.

A DBMS is a set of software programs that controls the organization, storage,

management, and retrieval of data in a database. DBMSs are categorized according
to their data structures or types. The DBMS accepts requests for data from an
application program and instructs the operating system to transfer the appropriate
data. The queries and responses must be submitted and received according to a
format that conforms to one or more applicable protocols. When a DBMS is used,
information systems can be changed much more easily as the organization's
information requirements change. New categories of data can be added to the
database without disruption to the existing system.

Database servers are computers that hold the actual databases and run only the
DBMS and related software. Database servers are usually multiprocessor computers,
with generous memory and RAID disk arrays used for stable storage. Hardware
database accelerators, connected to one or more servers via a high-speed channel,
are also used in large volume transaction processing environments. DBMSs are
found
at the heart of most database applications. DBMSs may be built around a custom
multitasking kernel with built-in networking support, but modern DBMSs typically
rely on a standard operating system to provide these functions.

DBMS building blocks

A DBMS includes four main parts: modeling language, data structure, database
query language, and transaction mechanisms.

Components of DBMS

 DBMS Engine accepts logical request from the various other DBMS
subsystems, converts them into physical equivalents, and actually accesses
the database and data dictionary as they exist on a storage device.
 Data Definition Subsystem helps user to create and maintain the data
 dictionary and define the structure of the files in a database.
 Data Manipulation Subsystem helps user to add, change, and delete
information in a database and query it for valuable information. Software
tools within the data manipulation subsystem are most often the primary
interface between user and the information contained in a database. It allows
user to specify its logical information requirements.
 Application Generation Subsystem contains facilities to help users to
develop transaction-intensive applications. It usually requires that user
perform a detailed series of tasks to process a transaction. It facilitates easy-
to-use data entry screens, programming languages, and interfaces.
 Data Administration Subsystem helps users to manage the overall
database environment by providing facilities for backup and recovery, security
management, query optimization, concurrency control,
and change
management.

The goal of Three-Schema architecture is to separate the user applications and

physical database. In this architecture, schemas can be defined at the following
three
levels:

 The internal level:- The internal level has an internal schema which
describes the physical storage structure of the database.
 The conceptual level:-The conceptual level has a conceptual schema, it
describes the entities, data types, relationships, user operations, and
constraints.
 The external level or view level:- The external or view level includes a
number of external schemas or user views. It describes the part of the
database that a particular user group is interested in and hides the rest of the
database from that user group.

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The internal level has an internal schema, which describes the physical storage
structure of the database. The internal schema uses physical data model, which
describes the complete details of data storage, access paths for the database, and
how the data’s are retrieved or inserted in the database. A data model is a collection
of conceptual tools for describing the data, data relationship, data semantics and
consistency constraints.

The conceptual level has a conceptual schema that describes the whole database for
different users who access the database. The conceptual schema hides the details of
the physical storage structures and concentrates basically on entities, relationships,
and constraints. The external or view level includes a number of user views. Each
external schema describes the part of the database that a particular user group is
interested in and hides the rest of the database from other user groups.
Implementation data model is used at this level. Each user group will refer to its
own
external schema. Hence the DBMS should be capable of transforming the request
specified in the external schema into request against the conceptual schema. The
process of transforming requests and results between levels are called mappings.

The three-schema architecture explains the concept of data independence, which is

defined as the capacity to the change the schemas at one level of the database
system without having to change the schema at next higher level. The three-schema
architecture makes it easier to achieve true data independence. There are two types
of data independence, Logical data independence is the capacity to change the
conceptual schema without having to change the external schemas or application
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programs. Only the view definition and the mappings need to be changed in the
DBMS that supports logical data independence. Physical data independence is the
capacity to change the internal schema without having to change the external
schemas.

Data independence is accomplished because, when the schema is changed at one

level the schema at the next higher-level remains unchanged only the mapping
between the two levels is changed. View is also called as “Virtual table” because
view
does not contain physically stored records and will not occupy any space. A multi-
user database whose users have variety of applications must provide facilities for
defining multiple views. This three-schema helps us to provide data security of
data’s
among different users accessing the database, ensures data integrity and avoid
duplication of data’s in the database. It helps us to establish and maintain
relationship among the data’s in the database.

Database model
A database model or database schema is the structure or format of a database,
described in a formal language supported by the database management system, In
other words, a "database model" is the application of a data model when used
in
conjunction with a database management system.

Collage of five types of database models.

Schemas are generally stored in a data dictionary. Although a schema is defined in
text database language, the term is often used to refer to a graphical depiction of
the database structure.
Various techniques are used to model data structure. Most database systems are
built around one particular data model, although it is increasingly common for
products to offer support for more than one model. For any one logical model
various
physical implementations may be possible, and most products will offer the user
some level of control in tuning the physical implementation, since the choices that
are made have a significant effect on performance. An example of this is the
relational model: all serious implementations of the relational model allow the
creation of indexes which provide fast access to rows in a table if the values of
certain columns are known.
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Flat model

The flat (or table) model consists of a single, two-dimensional array of data
elements, where all members of a given column are assumed to be similar values,
and all members of a row are assumed to be related to one another. For instance,
columns for name and password that might be used as a part of a system security
database. Each row would have the specific password associated with an individual
user. Columns of the table often have a type associated with them, defining them as
character data, date or time information, integers, or floating point numbers. This
may not strictly qualify as a data model, as defined above.

Hierarchical model

In a hierarchical model, data is organized into a tree-like structure, implying a single

upward link in each record to describe the nesting, and a sort field to keep the
records in a particular order in each same-level list. Hierarchical structures were
widely used in the early mainframe database management systems, such as the
Information Management System (IMS) by IBM, and now describe the structure of
XML documents. This structure allows one 1:N relationship between two types of
data. This structure is very efficient to describe many relationships in the real world;
recipes, table of contents, ordering of paragraphs/verses, any nested and sorted
information. However, the hierarchical structure is inefficient for certain database
operations when a full path (as opposed to upward link and sort field) is not also
included for each record.

Parent–child relationship: Child may only have one parent but a parent can have
multiple children. Parents and children are tied together by links called "pointers". A
parent will have a list of pointers to each of their children.

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